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Tesis Doctoral BLAN CO Departamento de Sociología y Trabajo Social TESIS DOCTORAL PAUTAS DE LOCALIZACIÓN SOCIO-RESIDENCIAL DE LA POBLACIÓN INMIGRANTE EXTRANJERA EN EL GRAN BILBAO Tesis Doctoral presentada por Iraide Fernández Aragón bajo la dirección de Dr. Cristina Lavía Martínez y Dr. Víctor Urrutia Abaigar para la obtención del Grado de Doctora en Sociología Diciembre 2017 (cc)2018 IRAIDE FERNANDEZ ARAGON(cc by-nc-4.0) 2 Luces sobre la ría, lluvia sobre las baldosas, bajo las nubes una gran torre, en la oscuridad de la tarde. Es así cómo me siento flotar en los tenues reflejos del paseo, junto al agua inquieta, junto al cauce. El viento limpia la memoria, me eleva sobre mis pies. El silencio de la ciudad es un silencio vivo, una invitación, un pensamiento. Caprichosa arquitectura para una noche solitaria. Pero es este espacio, quieto y vivo, lo que me da vida aire, sensación de posibilidad. Ah, si lo supiera atrapar, conservar, traducir, qué gran poema escribiría. Urrutia, 2017. Poema urbano. 3 4 AGRADECIMIENTOS Quería expresar mi agradecimiento a todas las personas que me han acompañado en este proceso y han hecho posible, de diversas maneras, que esta tesis se complete. En primer lugar, a mi directora, Cristina, por el apoyo, el tiempo dedicado y la confianza que ha depositado en mí. También quería agradecer a mi codirector Víctor Urrutia, estar simpre disponible, las charlas y los libros. Le echaremos de menos. En segundo lugar, agradezco a mis compañeros y compañeras de Begirune, José Antonio Oleaga, Xabier Aierdi, Maite Fouassier y Julia Shershneva, donde empecé mi recorrido y me formé como investigadora. No hay mejor lugar para empezar ni en mejor compañía. Eskerrik asko. Asimismo agradecer al equipo de Ikuspegi tropical que me ha ofrecido su ayuda y apoyo en estos años y también en este intenso periodo final: Beatriz Otero, Taide Arteta, Gorka Moreno, Antonio Gómez, Arkaitz Fullaondo y María José Martín. También expresar mi gratitud a mis compañeros y compañeras del Departamento de Sociología y Trabajo Social de la UPV/EHU, por todos los comentarios de apoyo y confianza. Gracias también a todas las personas que han participado en esta tesis de manera altruista y voluntaria. A las personas entrevistadas, asociaciones, a Nerea Linaza, a Arminda, a Koudjo…mucho me temo que la lista completa ocuparía más de lo debido. A mis amigos de Leeds, thanks for the good times and memories. Hicisteis de Leeds el mejor lugar del mundo. Especial mención a Sara González, gran supervisor y mejor persona. Queria agradecer a mis amigas por esa mirada paciente y cálida, siempre acompañada de risas, confianza ciega y cañas. A mis amigos, por esos animos en forma de llamada, whatsapp o conversación relajada. No puedo olvidar en esta pequeña lista de agradecimientos a mi familia. Por ellos soy como soy (en lo bueno y en lo malo, pero resaltaremos lo bueno en esta ocasión). Cuento con la gran ventaja de tener los mejores padres del mundo, y eso es mucho. Eskerrik asko ama, eskerrik asko aita. Goñi, contigo al fin del mundo. Abuelo, abuela, gracias por todas las cosas buenas, no recuerdo ninguna mala. Y a ti, por supuesto, Ima. Si alguien ha soportado mi versión más demente e irritable has sido tú. Gracias por responder cada vez que lo he necesitado, gracias por estar ahí. Lo que la sociología ha unido… Suena a frase manida, pero sin vosotros y vo otras no hubiera sido posible. Solo comparable al la compañía de Bob de fondos y el chocolate al lado del ratón. ESKERRIK ASKO! 5 6 ÍNDICE AGRADECIMIENTOS___________________________________________________________________________ 5 ÍNDICE DE TABLAS, GRÁFICOS, MAPAS Y CUADROS_______________________________________ 11 1. Introducción ________________________________________________________________________ 17 Introduction ________________________________________________________________________ 26 PART I: THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATION 2. Residential differentiation: a key concept in urban sociology ___________________ 38 2.1 Theoretical approaches to urban sociology _______________________ 38 2.2 The fundamentals of human ecology _________________________________ 42 2.2.1. The classic position _________________________________________ 43 2.2.2. The neo-orthodox perspective ____________________________ 57 2.2.3. The social cultural perspective ____________________________ 61 2.3. The residential segregation from current perspectives: dimensions, causes and effects ___________________________________________ 65 2.3.1. Definition and conceptualization _________________________ 65 2.3.2. Different realities: us, Europe, Mediterranean, Euskadi. _________________________________________ 67 2.3.3. Causes and elements to be considered when analysing segregation ___________________________________________ 70 2.3.4. Effects and impacts of segregation _______________________ 82 3. Methodology ______________________________________________________________________ 87 3.1. Methodological strategy ______________________________________________ 87 3.2 Quantitative approaches to residential segregation ______________ 90 3.2.1. Indicators for residential segregation ____________________ 91 3.2.2. Cluster Analysis _____________________________________________ 97 3.2.3. K-Means Analysis ___________________________________________ 99 3.2.4. Multidimensional scales____________________________________ 100 3.2.5. Analysis of principal components ________________________ 102 3.2.6. Simple correspondence analysis__________________________ 103 3.3. Qualitative approach to residential differentiation ____________ 105 3.3.1. The interview ______________________________________________ 105 3.3.2. Sample and fieldwork _____________________________________ 106 3.3.3. Script ________________________________________________________ 108 3.4. Secondary data and sources _________________________________________ 110 3.4.1. Municipal register ___________________________________________ 110 3.4.2. Population and Household Census________________________ 111 3.4.3. EPIE _____________________________________________________ 122 PART II: AN APPROACH TO THE CONTEXT 4. Urban and migratory context of greater bilbao __________________________________ 117 7 4.1 Bilbao metropolitan area: the scars of the industrial past _________ 117 4.1.2. Shaping the Bilbao metropolitan area ____________________ 120 4.1.3 The Greater Bilbao of today __________________________________ 126 4.2 The characterization of the municipalities of GB ____________________ 128 4.2.1 Characteristics of the municipalities of the Left Bank __________________________________________________________ 130 4.2.2 Characteristics of the municipalities of the Right Bank _________________________________________________________ 136 4.2.3 Bilbao, capital municipality _________________________________ 140 4.3 The Migratory Phenomenon in the BMA ___________________________ 141 4.3.2 Demographic overview of foreign immigration _________ 141 4.3.2 Socio-labour overview of the foreign immigration ________ 159 4.3.3 Attitude of the Basque population towards the migratory phenomenon _______________________________________________________ 165 4.4 Housing and immigration ____________________________________________ 169 4.4.1 Property market in The Basque Country _________________ 170 4.4.2 Tenancy regime ____________________________________________ 172 4.4.3 Housing conditions ________________________________________ 174 4.4.4 Public housing ______________________________________________ 175 4.5 Residential variations __________________________________________________ 180 4.5.1 Movements in Greater Bilbao _______ ______________________ 180 PARTE III: RESULTADOS DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN 5. Diferenciación socio-espacial en el AMB ________________________________________ 189 5.1 Coeficiente de localización ___________________________________________ 190 5.1.1 Área metropolitana de Bilbao _____________________________ 190 5.1.2 Bilbao y grandes municipios ______________________________ 194 5.2 Igualdad _______________________________________________________________ 200 5.2.1 Área metropolitana de Bilbao _____________________________ 200 5.2.2. Bilbao y grandes municipios _______________________________ 209 5.3 Exposición _____________________________________________________________ 217 5.3.1 Área metropolitana de Bilbao ____________________________ 217 5.3.2. Bilbao y sus grandes municipios ___________________________ 218 5.4 Concentración _________________________________________________________ 221 5.4.1 Área metropolitana de Bilbao _____________________________ 221 5.4.2 Bilbao y sus grandes municipios __________________________ 223 5.5 Centralidad ____________________________________________________________ 224 5.6 Agregación o Clustering _______________________________________________ 228 5.6.1 Área metropolitana de Bilbao _____________________________ 228 5.6.2 Bilbao y grandes municipios ______________________________ 230 8 5.7 Tipologías ______________________________________________________________ 231 5.7.1 Área metropolitana de Bilbao _____________________________ 231 5.7.2 Bilbao ________________________________________________________ 234 5.8 La diferenciación residencial en Europa ____________________________ 242 5.9 Reflexiones finales _____________________________________________________ 245 6. Estructura socio residencial del gran Bilbao _____________________________________ 248 6.1 El proceso de selección de variables _________________________________ 250 6.2 Caracterización socio-residencial
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