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The Rockefeller Foundation Annual Report, J. ? 49 West 49th Street9 New York 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation •Si 1?59 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation CONTENTS TRUSTEES, OFFICERS, AND COMMITTEES, TRUSTEES, OFFICERS, AND COMMITTEES, '954-1955 xii LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL xv THE PRESIDENT'S REVIEW Introduction 3 Part One. THE FOUNDATION AND PUBLIC POLICY The Course of Investigation 4 On Being Investigated 5 Public Responsibility and Free Enterprise in Philanthropy 7 The Tax Exemption Privilege 1 1 Intellectual Surveillance 15 Foundation Support for Social Studies 18 Empirical Studies 22 Alleged Subversive Activities 26 The Foundation's International Interests 29 Part Two. "... THE WELL-BEING OF MANKIND THROUGH- OUT THE WORLD." Summary of Appropriations — 1953 32 Comments on a Foundation Program 32 Changing Conditions and Changing Program 34 Foundation Program and the Needs of Higher Education 38 Interdisciplinary Problems 43 Out-of-Program Grants 45 Centers of Foundation Interest in 1953 46 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation Pan Three, ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION Meetings Applications Declined during 1953 58 Organizational Changes ILLUSTRATIONS following 61 DIVISION OF MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH Introductory Statement 69 Professional Education 70 Medical Care 96 Investigation and Control of Specific Diseases and Deficiencies 104 Development of the Health Sciences 133 DIVISION OF NATURAL SCIENCES AND AGRICULTURE Introductory Statement 153 Experimental Biology Genetics 155 Growth and Metabolism 161 Bio-Molecular Structure 170 General Biology and Biochemistry 174 The Organism in Ils Environment 180 General Scientific Support 188 Agriculture Operating Programs 198 Aid to Research and Teaching 21 1 Special Projects 224 DIVISION OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Introductory Statement 231 The Functioning and Management of the Economy 233 Human Behavior and Interpersonal and Intergroup Relations 248 VI © 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation Political Science and International Affairs 256 Legal, Political, and Social Theory and Philosophy 262 Development of Social Science Talent 266 Methodology 271 DIVISION OF HUMANITIES Introductory Statement 279 Intercultural Studies American Studies 284 Near Eastern Studies 290 South Asian Studies 291 Far Eastern Studies 292 History 293 Philosophy 300 Literature 3°3 The Arts 306 General Education 313 Special Projects 316 OTHER APPROPRIATIONS 323 FELLOWSHIPS FOR 1953 329 REPORT OF THE TREASURER 345 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF GRANTS, 1953 429 INDEX 459 VII 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION Trustees, Officers, and Committees IX 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation The Rockefeller Foundation TRUSTEES, OFFICERS, AND COMMITTEES April 1953-April 1954 TRUSTEES DETLEV W. BRONK JOHN J. MCCLOY WILLIAM H. CLAFLIN, JR. HENRY ALLEN MOE KARL T. COMPTON J WILLIAM I. MYERS JOHN S. DICKEY THOMAS PARRAN HAROLD W. DODDS JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, 3RD LEWIS W. DOUGLAS DEAN RUSK HERBERT S. GASSER GEOFFREY S. SMITH WALLACE K. HARRISON ROBERT G. SPROUL JOHN R. KJMBERLY ARTHUR HAYS SULZBERGER ROBERT F. LOEB HENRY P. VAN DUSEN ROBERT A. LOVETT EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE THE PRESIDENT, Chairman WALLACE K. HARRISON HENRY ALLEN MOE JOHN R. K.IMBERLY JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, JRD ROBERT F. LOEB JOHN s. DICKEY, alternate member ROBERT A. LOVETT GEOFFREY s, SMITH, alternate member FINANCE COMMITTEE ROBERT A, LOVETT, Chairman WILLIAM H. CLAFLIN, JR. LEWIS w. DOUGLAS, alternate member JOHN j. MCCLOY GEOFFREY s. SMITH, alternate member THE PRESIDENT THE CHAIRMAN OK THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES June 30, 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation OFFICERS Chairman of the Board of Trustees JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, President DEAN RUSK Vice-Presidents LINDSLEY F. KJMBALL ALAN GREGG Secretary FLORA M. RHIND Treasurer EDWARD ROBINSON Comptroller GEORGE j. BEAL l H. MALCOLM GILLETTE 2 Director for the Division of Medicine and Public Health ANDREWJ. WARREN Director for the Division of Natural Sciences and Agriculture WARREN WEAVER Deputy Director for Agriculture j. GEORGE HARRAR Director for the Division of Social Sciences JOSEPH H. WILLITS Direct or for the Division of Humanities CHARLES B, FAHS COUNSEL CHAUNCEY BELKNAP VANDSRBILT WEBB BOARD OF CONSULTANTS FORMEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH WARD DARLEY HERMAN E. HILLEBOE JOHN H. DINGLE HUGH R. LEAVELL A. McGEHEE HARVEY ROBERT A. MOORE BOARD OF CONSULTANTS FOR AGRICULTURE GUSTAV BOHSTEDT E. C, STAKMAN 3 P. C. MANGELSDORF ERNEST C. YOUNG 'Retired June3°. 1953. • Beginning July i, 1953. * To June 30, 1953. xi 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation The Rockefeller Foundation TRUSTEES, OFFICERS, AND COMMITTEES April i g$ 4-April 195$ TRUSTEES CHESTER BOWLES JOHN J. McCLOY DETLEV W. BRONK HENRY ALLEN MOE WILLIAM H. CLAFLIN, JR. WILLIAM I. MYERS JOHN S. DICKEY THOMAS PARRAN HAROLD W. DODDS * JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, 3RD LEWIS W. DOUGLAS DEAN RUSK HERBERT S. GASSER ' GEOFFREY S. SMITH WALLACE K. HARRISON ROBERT G. SPROUL JOHN R. KIMBERLY ARTHUR HAYS SULZBERGER ROBERT F. LOEB HENRY P. VAN DUSEN ROBtUT A. LOVETT W. BARRY WOOD, JR. 2 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE THE PRESIDENT, Chairman CHESTER BOWLES HENRY ALLEN MOE DETLEV W. BRONK JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, 3RD WALLACE K.. HARRISON ROBERT F. LOEB, alternate member ROBERT A. LOVETT GEOFFREY s. SMITH, alternate member FINANCE COMMITTEE ROBERT A. LOVETT, Chairman WILLIAM H. CLAFLIN, JR. LEWIS w. DOUGLAS, alternate member JOHN j. MCCLOY GEOFFREY s. SMITH, alternate member THE PRESIDENT THE CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES » Retired June 30, 1934. a Beginning July i, 1954- xii 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation OFFICERS Chairman of the Board of Trustees JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, 3RD President DEAN RUSK Vice-Presidents LINDSLEY F. KIMBALL ALAN GREGG Secretary FLORA M. RHIND Treasurer EDWARD ROBINSON Comptroller H. MALCOLM GILLETTE Director for the Division of Medicine and Public Health ANDR Ew j. WA R REN Director for the Division of Natural Science and Agriculture WARREN WEAVER Deputy Director for Agriculture j. GEORGE HARRAR Director for the Division of Social Sciences JOSEPH H. WILLITS 1 Director for the Division of Humanities CHARLES B. FAHS COUNSEL CHAUNCEY BELKNAP VANDERBILT WEBB BOARD OF CONSULTANTS FOR MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH WARD DARLEY HERMAN E. HILLEBOE JOHN H. DINGLE ROBERT A. MOORE BOARD OF CONSULTANTS FOR AGRICULTURE GUSTAV BOHSTEDT WILL MARTIN MYERS RICHARD BRADFIELD HERMAN ALONZO RODENHISER JOHN NORMAN EFFERSON 1 Retired June 30,1954. xiii 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation To the Trustees of The Rockefeller Foundation Gentlemen: I have the honor to transmit herewith a general review of the work of The Rockefeller Foundation for the years 1952 and 1953, to- gether with detailed reports of the Treasurer of the Foundation and of the Directors for the Divisions of Medicine and Public Health, Natural Sciences and Agriculture, Social Sci- ences, and Humanities for the period January T> T953 to December 31, 1953. Respectfully yours, Dean Rusk President XV 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE PRESIDENT'S REVIEW -i 953 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation The President's Review 1952-1953 Introduction T'HE PRESIDENT of the Foundation customarily com- ments upon a year's work at the time of the issuance of the Annual Report. The Report itself furnishes information upon the grants made; the President's Review attempts to look at these grants more broadly and to inform the public of the overall direction of Foundation interests and activities. Having assumed office on July I, 1952, the incumbent President did not provide a review for 1952. The latter half of that year was largely given over to intensive preparations for the hearings of the Cox Committee of the Eighty-Second Congress, hearings which were actually held in December of that year. The detailed study of 40 years of Foundation history which this entailed left little time for reflection upon its future. This present review covers the year 1953, with some reference back to 1952. But, again, the period was one involving preparations for Congressional investigation, this time by the Reece Committee of the Eighty-Third Con- gress. Since we do not wish this review to be silent on the subject of investigation, it is divided into two main parts. Part One discusses the Congressional investigations and some of the underlying principles which have been at issue. Much of this is taken from a longer Statement filed with the Reece Committee by The Rockefeller Foundation and General Education Board, a full text of which is available upon request. 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 4 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION Part Two contains comments upon the Foundation's program and major centers of interest in 1953 and serves to introduce the Annual Report which follows. A brief Part Three covers certain formal and organiza- tional information included for the purposes of record. PART ONE The Foundation and Public Policy THE COURSE OF INVESTIGATION The Eighty-Second Congress established in 1952 a House Select Committee to Investigate Tax Exempt Founda- tions and Comparable Organizations (the"Cox Committee"); its membership included the following Representatives: Eugene E. Cox (D-Ga,)j Chairman until his death on December 24, 1952; Brooks Hays (D-Ark.); Donald L. O'Toole (D-N.Y.); Aime J. Forand (D-R.I.); Richard M. Simpson (R-Pa.); Angier L. Goodwin (R-Mass.); and B. Carroll Reece (R-Tenn.). After preliminary staff prepara- tions under the direction of Harold M. Keele, General Counsel, the Committee conducted public hearings during the period
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