Nuoriso Yhdistää Maaseudun!”

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Nuoriso Yhdistää Maaseudun!” ”Nuoriso yhdistää maaseudun!” Petsamon siirtolaisnuorten Raivaaja-lehti jälleenrakennuseetoksen representoijana Johanna Tuovinen Pro gradu -tutkielma Lapin yliopisto Kuvataidekasvatus 2016 Lapin yliopisto, taiteiden tiedekunta Työn nimi: ”Nuoriso yhdistää maaseudun!” – Petsamon siirtolaisnuorten Raivaaja- lehti jälleenrakennuseetoksen representoijana Tekijä: Johanna Tuovinen Koulutusohjelma/oppiaine: Kuvataidekasvatus Työn laji: Pro gradu -tutkielma Sivumäärä: 114 + 3 Vuosi: 2016 Tiivistelmä: Pro gradu -tutkielmassani tutkin Petsamon siirtolaisnuorten jälleenrakennuseetosta Tervolan Varejoella 1950-luvulla. Tarkastelin aihetta nuorten käsinkirjoittamien Rai- vaaja-lehtien avulla. Tutkimustehtävänä oli selvittää, millainen kuva Raivaaja- aineiston avulla välittyy nuorten kokemasta jälleenrakennusajasta. Pohdin lisäksi, millaisia kollektiivisia merkityksiä lehdellä on mahdollisesti ollut nuorille. Tutki- muksen ajallinen painopiste sijoittuu aineistoni mukaan 1950-luvulle, jolloin Suo- messa elettiin jälleenrakennusaikaa. Kuvataidekasvatuksen lisäksi tutkielmani on osa nuorisotutkimusta ja visuaalisen kulttuurin tutkimusta, jossa yhdistin myös taide- ja kulttuurihistorioiden näkökulmia. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli tuoda vähemmälle tutkimukselle jääneitä Lapin alu- een evakko- ja jälleenrakennuskokemuksia yleisen historiakeskustelun yhteyteen sekä tarjota arvokasta uutta tietoa ennen tutkimattomasta aineistosta. Teoreettiset lähtökohdat asettuivat sosiaalisen konstruktionismin alueelle, sillä näen Petsamon siirtolaisten kokemusten, tietojen ja taitojen rakentuneen vuorovaikutuksessa yhtei- sön jäsenten kesken. Lähestyin päälähdeaineistoani sekä tutkimuskohdettani her- meneuttisen tulkintatradition lähtökohdista. Aineiston analyysin apuna käytin kon- tekstualisoivaa kuva- ja tekstianalyysiä, jonka sovelsin yhdistelemällä sisällönana- lyysin ja Erwin Panofskyn ikonologisen tulkintatradition menetelmiä. Nuorten jälleenrakennuseetos näyttäytyy monipuolisena. Se nousi esille useiden tee- mojen kuten työnteon, mies- ja naisroolien, vuodenaikojen ja luonnon kuvausten avulla. Varejoen nuoriso näyttäytyy aineiston perusteella yhteisölliseltä. Raivaaja rakentaa kuvaa hyvän kansalaisen ominaisuuksista. Huoli maaseudun tulevaisuudesta ja maatalouselinkeinon puolesta toimi Varejoen osaston perustamisen syinä. Lehden tuottamisella oli useita eri merkityksiä. Sen tarkoituksena oli jakaa yhteisiä aatteita ja menneisyyden muistoja, välittää tietoa, rekrytoida uusia jäseniä, kasvattaa yhteishen- keä ja harjoittaa kollektiivisia kirjoitustaitoja. Lehdet toimivat itsekasvatuksen ja sivistämisen tukena osana suomalaista kansalaisvalistusta. Kirjoitusten ja kuvien avulla saatettiin myös käsitellä vaikeita asioita, jolloin ne ovat kenties toimineet hen- kisen jälleenrakentamisen apuna. Avainsanat: käsinkirjoitettu lehti, jälleenrakennuseetos, siirtolainen, representaatio, hermeneutiikka, visuaalisen kulttuurin tutkimus, nuorisotutkimus Muita tietoja: Suostun tutkielman luovuttamiseen kirjastossa käytettäväksi. Suostun tutkielman luovuttamiseen Lapin maakuntakirjastossa käytettäväksi. University of Lapland, Faculty of Art and Design The title of the pro gradu thesis: ”Nuoriso yhdistää maaseudun!” – Petsamon siirto- laisnuorten Raivaaja-lehti jälleenrakennuseetoksen representoijana Author: Johanna Tuovinen Degree programme/subject: Art Education The type of the work: Pro gradu thesis Number of pages: 114 + 3 Year: 2016 A Summary: In my master's thesis I research Ethos of reconstruction of Petsamo-born youths in Varejoki in the 1950s. I studied the subject by handwritten Raivaaja magazine made by the youths. The research problem was to solve out what kind of image is transmit- ted of the youths ethos of reconstruction by the Raivaaja magazines. I discuss also what kind of collective meanings the magazine has had for the youths. The temporal focus is placed for Finland’s reconstruction time in the 1950s. My thesis is a part of art education, youth research and research of visual culture, where I also combine the perspectives of art and culture histories. The aim was to bring in a connection between migrants and reconstruction experi- ences of Lapland topic that has been left out from discussion in Finnish general his- tory as well as provide valuable new information about the material that has not been researched. Theoretical my thesis settled in the area of social constructionism, as I see migrants experience, knowledge and skills were built as collectively between the Petsamo migrant community. My approach to the material is based on the visual tra- dition of hermeneutics. The research method is contextual analysis of images and texts. Ethos of reconstruction by the youth appears to be varied. It comes up a number of themes such as work, nature, description of emotions and community. Raivaaja builds the image of the characteristics of a good citizen. The reasons why the Rural Youth League of Varejoki was established was the concern about the future of the rural and agricultural economy. Production of the magazine had several different meanings: Its purpose was to share common ideas and memories of the past, to con- vey information, recruit new members, increase community and engage in collective writing skills. By acting as self-education the magazines plays the role a part of the Finnish civic education. Difficult issues were also be easier to deal with by the writ- ings and pictures in which case they also work-up the aid of mental reconstruction. Keywords: handwritten journal, ethos of reconstruction, migrant, representation, hermeneutics, research of visual culture, youth research Other information: I give a permission the pro gradu thesis to be used in the library. I give a permission the pro gradu thesis to be used in the Provincial library of Lap- land. Sisällys 1 Johdanto ................................................................................................................... 5 2 Teoreettiset lähtökohdat ....................................................................................... 11 2.1 Yhteisöllisyyden rakentuminen sosiaalisessa vuorovaikutuksessa............... 11 2.2 Visuaalisen kulttuurin tutkimus .................................................................... 16 2.3 Käsitteiden määrittely ................................................................................... 17 3 Tutkimuksen metodologiset ja menetelmälliset valinnat .................................. 20 3.1 Hermeneuttinen tulkintatraditio metodologisena lähtökohtana .................... 20 3.2 Aineisto ja kuva-analyysimenetelmät ........................................................... 25 3.2.1 Nuorten tuottama Raivaaja-aineisto tutkimuskohteena ....................... 25 3.2.2 Käsinkirjoitettujen lehtien tutkimisen eettisyydestä ............................ 28 3.2.3 Kuva-analyysimenetelmät ................................................................... 29 3.2.4 Menetelmänä kontekstualisoiva kuva- ja tekstianalyysi ...................... 33 4 Työntekoa, maisema- ja muotikuvia ................................................................... 37 4.1 Alussa oli suo, kuokka ja petsamolainen ...................................................... 37 4.2 ”Ei silloin auttanut säikähtää työn paljoutta” ............................................... 40 4.3 Luonnon metaforat kokemusten tulkkina ..................................................... 43 4.4 Piirrokset ja lehtikuvat aikansa peilinä ......................................................... 47 5 Tunteiden kuvaukset ............................................................................................. 54 5.1 ”Älä unohda hymyä!” ................................................................................... 54 5.2 Runot vaikeiden asioiden käsittelyn apuna ................................................... 56 5.3 Huoli maaseudun tulevaisuudesta ................................................................. 61 5.4 Kaipaus menetettyyn kotiseutuun ................................................................. 69 5.5 Perinnön siirtyminen sukupolvelta toiselle ................................................... 72 6 Yhteisöllinen nuoriso ............................................................................................ 76 6.1 Nuorisojärjestö maaseutunuorten vaikuttamisen keinoksi ........................... 76 6.2 Vireän yhteistoiminnan avulla kohti yhteisiä päämääriä .............................. 83 6.3 Hyvän kansalaisen arvot ja luonteenpiirteet ................................................. 88 7 Raivaaja-lehdet monien merkitysten rakentajana ............................................. 99 Lähteet ..................................................................................................................... 102 Liite .......................................................................................................................... 115 1 Johdanto Kolme vuotta sitten sain käsiini pinon käsintehtyjä Raivaaja-nimisiä lehtiä, jotka oli löydetty Varejoen lakkautetulta kyläkoululta. Kellertävän värinsä perusteella ne oli- vat selkeästi hyvin vanhoja. Lehtiä selaillessani havaitsin, että niihin piirretyistä ku- vista ja kirjoitetuista teksteistä huokui ahkera työnteko, positiivinen elämänasenne ja huumori. Vuosiluvut paljastivat, että kyseessä oli sodanjälkeinen jälleenrakennusai- ka. Sain tietää, että lehden tekijät olivat nuoria Petsamon siirtolaisia, jotka oli asutet- tu Tervolan Varejoelle. Kun Petsamo, joka siis kuului Suomelle vuosina 1920–1944,
Recommended publications
  • RF Annual Report
    The Rockefeller Foundation Annual Report, J. ? 49 West 49th Street9 New York 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation •Si 1?59 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation CONTENTS TRUSTEES, OFFICERS, AND COMMITTEES, TRUSTEES, OFFICERS, AND COMMITTEES, '954-1955 xii LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL xv THE PRESIDENT'S REVIEW Introduction 3 Part One. THE FOUNDATION AND PUBLIC POLICY The Course of Investigation 4 On Being Investigated 5 Public Responsibility and Free Enterprise in Philanthropy 7 The Tax Exemption Privilege 1 1 Intellectual Surveillance 15 Foundation Support for Social Studies 18 Empirical Studies 22 Alleged Subversive Activities 26 The Foundation's International Interests 29 Part Two. "... THE WELL-BEING OF MANKIND THROUGH- OUT THE WORLD." Summary of Appropriations — 1953 32 Comments on a Foundation Program 32 Changing Conditions and Changing Program 34 Foundation Program and the Needs of Higher Education 38 Interdisciplinary Problems 43 Out-of-Program Grants 45 Centers of Foundation Interest in 1953 46 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation Pan Three, ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION Meetings Applications Declined during 1953 58 Organizational Changes ILLUSTRATIONS following 61 DIVISION OF MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH Introductory Statement 69 Professional Education 70 Medical Care 96 Investigation and Control of Specific Diseases and Deficiencies 104 Development of the Health Sciences 133 DIVISION OF NATURAL SCIENCES AND AGRICULTURE Introductory Statement 153 Experimental Biology Genetics 155 Growth and Metabolism 161 Bio-Molecular
    [Show full text]
  • Official Record51 Eng.Pdf (‎6.053Mb)
    OFFICIAL RECORDS OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION No. 51 THE WORK OF WHO 1953 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR - GENERAL TO THE WORLD HEALTH ASSEMBLY AND TO THE UNITED NATIONS WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION PALAIS DES NATIONS GENEVA March 1954 ABBREVIATIONS The following abbreviations are used in the Official Records of the World Health Organization: ACC - Administrative Committee on Co-ordination CIOMS - Council for International Organizationsof Medical Sciences ECAFE - Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East ECE Economic Commission for Europe ECLA Economic Commission for Latin America FAO Food and Agriculture Organization ICAO --- International Civil Aviation Organization ICITO Interim Commission of the International Trade Organization ILO - International Labour Organisation (Office) ITU - International Telecommunication Union OIHP - Office International d'Hygiène Publique PASB Pan American Sanitary Bureau PASO Pan American Sanitary Organization TAA Technical Assistance Administration TAB Technical Assistance Board TAC Technical Assistance Committee UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund UNKRA - United Nations Korean Reconstruction Agency UNRWAPRNE - United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East WFUNA World Federation of United Nations Associations WMO World Meteorological Organization PRINTED IN SWITZERLAND TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction y PART I - GENERAL REVIEW Chapter 1. Communicable Diseases 3 Chapter2.The Tuberculosis Research
    [Show full text]
  • Collection of Global Course Syllabi Relating to Internally Displaced Persons
    The Brookings—SAIS Project on Internal Displacement Collection of Global Course Syllabi Relating to Internally Displaced Persons by Gimena Sánchez-Garzoli September 2004 Collection of Global Course Syllabi Relating to Internally Displaced Persons September 2004 Foreword The Brookings-SAIS Project on Internal Displacement expresses its appreciation to all of the experts from different parts of the world who have contributed their courses to this collection of global syl- labi on internal displacement. We are especially grateful to Michael Cernea of the World Bank for preparing an insightful commentary on teaching about displacement. Appreciation is due to Gimena Sánchez-Garzoli for researching and identifying courses that relate to internal displacement throughout the world and for compiling this collection. It should be noted that this collection does not include all courses that deal with the subject of internal displacement. Rather it is the first effort that brings together a broad sampling which highlights how instructors have inte- grated the subject matter into their curriculum. We hope that this collection will serve to stimulate further development of courses and trainings mate- rials on internal displacement. Such courses are vital to raising global awareness of the plight of the internally displaced worldwide and building the knowledge base necessary for finding durable solu- tions to their protection and assistance concerns. Roberta Cohen Francis M. Deng Co-Directors The Brookings-SAIS Project on Internal Displacement The Brookings-SAIS
    [Show full text]
  • B U L L ET I N N O. 7
    INTERNATIONAL FOLK MUSIC COUNCIL Hon. Secretary: Miss MAUD KARPELES 12, Clorane Gardens, London, N.W .. 3. BU L L ET I N N o. 7 SEPTEMBER 1953 Containing the Report of the FIFTH MEETING OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY held in conjunction with the Sixth Annual Conference and the Second International Festival at BIARRI1Z, FRANCE, AND PAMPLONA, SPAIN July 9th to 15th, 1953. CONTENTS PAGE SIXTH ANNUAL CONFERENCE 3 MEMBERS OF THE CONFERENCE ... 4 SECOND INTERNATIONAL FESTIVAL 10 FIFTH MEETING OF THE GENERAL AsSEMBLY ... 11 Report of the Previous Meeting 12 Election of Officers and Executive Board 13 Report of the Executive Board . 13 Finance 18 Secretariat 20 Future Conferences and Festivals ... 20 Monographs on Extra-European Music 20 Bibliography 20 Votes of Thanks 20 NoTicEs: 1954 Conference 21 Photographs 21 Notation of Folk Music 21 Membership of Council 21 STATEMENT OF ACCOUNTS 22 NATIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS 25 2 SIXlH ANNUAL CONFERENCE The Sixth Annual Conference was held in Biarritz, France, and Pamplona, Spain, from July 9th to 15th, 195 3, by invitation of the Syndicat d'Initiatives and Town of Biarritz, and of the Municipality of Pamplona. Papers* were read by:- Byron ARNOLD (Los Angeles, U.S.A.); Marius BARBEAU (Ottawa); P. DoNOSTIA (Barcelona, Spain); Bianca Maria GALANTI (Rome); Pierre GoRON (Paris); Ragnvald GRAFF (Tromso, Norway); A. MARINUS (Brussells); Genjiro MAsu (Tokyo); Carmelina NASELLI (Catania, Italy); Philippe 0YHAMBURU (Biarritz, France); Surya SENA (Colombo, Ceylon); Hugh TRACEY (Johannesburg, South Africa); K. P. WACHSMANN (Kampala, Uganda). *These will be published in the Journal of the International Folk Music Council. Vol. VI. 3. MEMBERS OF THE CONFERENCE ALLEN, Miss J.
    [Show full text]
  • International Review of the Red Cross
    EMBER SIXTH YEAR - No. 69 5 ­ EB - 9 1967 Internation~a~l_~ · CLORE\) ReVlew Gn,c of the ..-------~ Red Cross + In.er arma cari'as GENEVA 1966 INTERNA.TIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS FOUNDED IN 1863 INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS SAMUEL A. GONARD, former Army Corps Commander, Professor at the Graduate Ins­ titute of International Studies, University of Geneva~ President (member since 1961) JACQUES CHENEVIERE, Han. Doctor of Literature, Honorary Vice-President (1919) MARTIN BODMER. Han. Doctor of Philosophy (1940) LEOPOLD BOISSIER, Doctor of Laws, Honorary Professor at the University of Geneva former Secretary-General of the Inter-Parliamentary Union (1946) , PAUL RUEGGER, former Swiss Minister to Italy and the United Kingdom, Member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration (1948) RODOLFO OLGIATI, Han. Doctor of Medicine, former Director of the Don Suisse (1949) MARGUERITE GAUTIER-VAN BERCHEM, former Head of Section, Central Prisoners of War Agency (1951) FREDERIC SIORDET, Lawyer, Counsellor of the International Committee of the Red Cross from 1943 to 1951 (1951) GUILLAUME BORDIER, Certificated Engineer E.P.F., M.B.A. Harvard, Banker, Vice­ President (1955) ADOLPHE FRANCESCHETTI, Doctor of Medicine, Professor of clinical ophthalmology at Geneva University (1958) HANS BACHMANN, Doctor of Laws, Assistant Secretary-General to the International Committee of the Red Cross from 1944 to 1946 (1958) JACQUES FREYMOND, Doctor of Literature, Director of the Graduate Institute of International Studies, Professor at the University of Geneva,
    [Show full text]
  • History of National Accounts in Norway.From Free Research To
    Statistisk sentralbyrå Return adress: 113 Social and Economic Studies Statistisk sentralbyrå B NO-2225 Kongsvinger Erling Joar Fløttum, Tore Halvorsen, Liv Hobbelstad Simpson and Tor Skoglund 113 Statistics Norway History of National Accounts Oslo: PO.box 8131 Dep in Norway NO-0033 Oslo Telephone: 21 09 00 00 From free research to statistics regulated by law Fax: 21 09 49 73 Kongsvinger: NO-2225 Kongsvinger History of National Accounts Telephone: 62 88 50 00 Fax: 62 88 50 30 E-mail [email protected] Internet: www.ssb.no ISBN 978-82-537-8343-7 (printed) ISBN 978-82-537-8344-4 (electronic) ISSN 0801-3845 Price kr 180,- inkl. mva. Photo: Crestock Social and Economic Studies 113 Erling Joar Fløttum, Tore Halvorsen, Liv Hobbelstad Simpson and Tor Skoglund History of National Accounts in Norway From free research to statistics regulated by law Statistisk sentralbyrå • Statistics Norway Oslo–Kongsvinger Social and In this series, large, scientific monographs covering areas in which Statistics Economic Studies Norway has research activity are published. © Statistics Norway Symbols in tables Symbol When using material from this publication, Category not applicable . Statistics Norway shall be quoted as the source Data not available .. Data not yet available … ISBN 978-82-537-8343-7 (printed) Not for publication : ISBN 978-82-537-8344-4 (electronic) Nil - ISSN 0801-3845 Less than 0.5 of unit employed 0 Less than 0.05 of unit employed 0.0 Subject: 09.01 Provisional or preliminary figure * March 2012 Break in the homogeneity of a vertical series — Break in the homogeneity of a horizontal series | Print: Statistics Norway Decimal punctuation mark .
    [Show full text]
  • International Review of the Red Cross, November 1966, Sixth Year
    NOVEMBER SIXTH. YEAR - No. 68 International Review of the Red Cross + I n'er anna cari'as PflOPERlY OF U.S. ARMY THE JUDGE ADVOCATE GENERAL'S SCHOOl LIBRARY GENEVA 1966 INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE BED cnoss FOUNDED IN 1863 INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS SAMUEL A. GONARD, former Army Corps Commander, Professor at the Graduate Ins­ titute of International Studies, University of Geneva, President (member since 1961) JACQUES CHENEVIERE, Hon. Doctor of Literature, Honorary Vice-President (1919) MARTIN BODMER, Hon. Doctor of Philosophy (1940) LEOPOLD BOISSIER, Doctor of Laws, Honorary Professor at the University of Geneva, former Secretary-General of the Inter-Parliamentary Union (1946) PAUL RUEGGER, former Swiss Minister to Italy and the United Kingdom, Member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration (194B) RODOLFO OLGIATI, Hon. Doctor of Medicine, former Director of the Don Suisse (1949) MARGUERITE GAUTIER-VAN BERCHEM, former Head of Section, Central Prisoners· of War Agency (1951) FREDERIC SIORDET, Lawyer, Counsellor of the International Committee of the Red Cross from 1943 to 1951 (1951) GUILLAUME BORDIER, Certificated Engineer E.P.F., M.B.A. Harvard, Banker, Vice­ President (1955) ADOLPHE FRANCESCHETTI, Doctor of Medicine, Professor of clinical ophthalmology at Geneva University (1958) HANS BACHMANN, Doctor of Laws, Assistant Secretary-General to the International Committee of the Red Cross from 1944 to 1946 (195B) JACQUES FREYMOND, Doctor of Literature, Director of the Graduate Institute of International Studies, Professor at the University of Geneva, Vice-President (1959) DIETRICH SCHINDLER, Doctor of Laws, Professor at the University of Zurich (1961) HANS MEULI, Doctor of Medicine, Brigade Colonel, former Director of the Swiss Army Medical Service (1961) MARJORIE DUVILLARD, Directress of "Le Bon Secours .
    [Show full text]
  • Adherence to Long-Term Therapies: Evidence for Action
    ADHERENCE TO LONG-TERM THERAPIES Evidence for action World Health Organization 2003 WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Adherence to long-term therapies: evidence for action. 1. Patient compliance. 2. Long-term care. 3. Drug therapy – utilization. 4. Chronic disease – therapy. 5. Health behavior. 6. Evidence-based medicine. I.WHO Adherence to Long Term Therapies Project. II. Global Adherence Interdisciplinary Network. ISBN 92 4 154599 2 (NLM classification: W 85) © World Health Organization 2003 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from Marketing and Dissemination, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel: +41 22 791 2476; fax: +41 22 791 4857; email: [email protected]). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to Publications, at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806; email: [email protected]). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters.
    [Show full text]
  • Who Was at Bretton Woods?
    C E N T E R F O R F I N A N C I A L S TABILITY P A P E R I N F I N A N C I A L H ISTORY Who Was at Bretton Woods? J u l y 1 , 2014 By Kurt Schuler and Mark Bernkopf* *Kurt Schuler ([email protected]) is Senior Fellow in Financial History at the Center for Financial Stability. Mark Bernkopf once worked at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. In 1996 he established the first general central banking resource Web site. D i a l o g I n s i g h t S o l u t i o n s 1120 Avenue of the Americas, 4th Floor New York, NY 10036 T 212.626.2660 www.centerforfinancialstability.org -0- Who Was at Bretton Woods? By Kurt Schuler and Mark Bernkopf We offer for the first time a nearly complete list of the people who attended the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire from July 1-22, 1944. Keywords: Bretton Woods; International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD); International Monetary Fund (IMF); United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference; World Bank. JEL codes: N40. Copyright 2014 by Kurt Schuler and Mark Bernkopf. Reproduction is permitted provided that the source is acknowledged and no fee is charged. -1- We offer for the first time a nearly complete list of the people who attended the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire from July 1-22, 1944.
    [Show full text]
  • Enero a Abril De 2016 Pepe Medel
    Enero a abril de 2016 History of Beauty Comentarios, anécdotas y relatos sobre los concursos de belleza. Integrado. Tomo II Pepe Medel Enero a abril de 2016 1 Enero 2016 7 de enero de 2016 Este es el primer comentario de 2016 y creo que lo debo dedicar al país del año, en cuestiones relacionadas a los concursos de belleza, y sí ese país no es otro que Filipinas, ya que en este año logró clasificar en los seis concursos internacionales más importantes del mundo y ganó dos de ellos. Los seis concursos más importantes del mundo son: Miss Universo el cual fue ganado por Pia Alonzo; Miss World en donde Hillarie Parungao clasificó en el top 10; Miss International en el cual Janicel Lubina clasificó también en el top 10; Miss Supranational aquí Rogelie Catacutan únicamente clasificó en el top 20; Miss Earth la ganadora fue la filipina Angelia Ong; y finalmente Miss Gran International en el cual Parul Shah logró ser 3rd. runner up. 2 Por otro lado ningún país a logrado ganar los seis concursos más importantes a lo largo de la historia, Filipinas es el país que ha logrado ganar cinco de ellos, únicamente le falta el Miss Grand International, que es un concurso que lleva apenas 3 ediciones. Filipinas ha ganado tres Miss Universe: 1969, 1973 y 2015; un Miss World en 2013; cinco Miss International: 1964, 1970, 1979, 2005 y 2013; un Miss Supranational en 2013; y tres Miss Earth en 2008, 2014 y 2015. Filipinas es un país realmente exitoso. Las fotos corresponden a Pia Alonzo Miss Universe 2015, en la segunda Magan Yung Miss World 2013 y Bea Rose Santiago Miss International 2013, Realmente Filipinas es un país exitoso en los concursos de belleza!!!!!!! Pia Alonzo es la tercera Miss Universe originaria de Filipinas, sus antecesoras han sido Gloria Díaz en 1969 y María Margarita Morán en 1973, felicidades!!!!! Megan Young es la única mujer filipina que ha ganado el título de Miss World en 2013, una bella mujer que no había quién 3 le quitara el título en ese año, es una mujer bella y encantadora.
    [Show full text]
  • Inheritance Law in Uganda:The Plight of Widows and Children
    INHERITANCE LAW IN UGANDA:THE PLIGHT OF WIDOWS AND CHILDREN VALERIE BENNETT,GINGER FAULK,ANNA KOVINA &TATJANA ERES EDITOR:GINGER FAULK* I. INTRODUCTION ...................................... 453 A. INTRODUCTION TO THE PLIGHT OF WIDOWS AND CHILDREN IN UGANDA ....................................... 453 B. BACKGROUND OF THE REPORT AND INVESTIGATION ......... 454 C. REMEDIES ...................................... 454 II. EXPLOITATIVE PRACTICES DOMINATE INHERITANCE MATTERS IN UGANDA,STRIPPING WOMEN OF THEIR PROPERTY, THEIR FAMILY, AND THEIR DIGNITY ................................... 456 A. UNDER A PATRILINEAL SYSTEM,WOMEN HAVE NO VOICE AND NO FREEDOM OF CHOICE ............................ 457 B. EXPLOITATIVE PRACTICES FORCE WOMEN FROM THEIR HOMES AND STRIP THEM OF OTHER PROPERTY .................. 459 1. Widows in Customary Societies in Uganda Are Forcibly Removed From their Homes and Deprived of Other Property .................................... 459 2. Islamic Law and Exploitative Practices Deprive a Woman of her Home and Property ................. 460 C. EXPLOITATIVE PRACTICES SEPARATE MOTHERS FROM THEIR CHILDREN ...................................... 461 III. THE SUCCESSION ACT DENIES WOMEN EQUALITY IN INHERITANCE..... 462 A. UGANDA’S SUCCESSION ACT DISCRIMINATES AGAINST WIDOWS ....................................... 463 1. The Succession Act Dispossesses the Widow of her House and her Rights in Other Property ............. 463 2. The Succession Act Separates Mother and Child ....... 466 * This article is a result of collaboration between
    [Show full text]