HOOVER INSTITUTION SPRING 2002 NEWSLETTERNEWSLETTER

KORET FOUNDATION COLIN POWELL, CONDOLEEZZA RICE ADDRESS HONORS TASK FORCE ON OVERSEERS, GUESTS DURING WASHINGTON MEETING K-12 EDUCATION

he 11 members of the Hoover Insti- ecretary of State Colin L. Powell and son Senior Fellow at Hoover while she is on tution’s Koret Task Force on K-12 Condoleezza Rice, assistant to the leave in Washington,shared her experi- TEducation were recognized on Spresident for national security ences on September 11 and since that date. April 26 with the 2002 Koret Prize for their affairs, were just two of the many distin- “What happened on that date [Septem- significant and continuing contribution to guished speakers who addressed Hoover ber 11] was that there was the removal of the national dialogue on education Institution overseers and guests when the innocence we had about how protected we reform. As recipients of the Koret Prize, Board of Overseers met in Washington, were by our location,across oceans from they were singled out for their individual D.C., in late February. achievements in the field of education. Board committee “The task force embodies a new voice of meetings and presenta- reason in the critical debate for public tions were conducted school reform,” said Tad Taube, president on February 25 and 26, of the Koret Foundation, a San Francisco- and the symposium based philanthropy. “Its members are to Managing American be commended for their thoughtful schol- Power in a Dangerous arship, innovative approaches, and acces- World, a Ho over Inst i- sible writings on an emotionally and polit- tution event under the ically charged subject.” aegis of Policy Review In a letter to Taube, which was read at magazine, was on Feb- the luncheon, First Lady Laura Bush ruary 27. wrote: “I appreciate the dedication of the On Tuesday, Colin Koret Foundation and the Task Force on Powell discussed the K-12 Education to ensure a quality educa- evolution of foreign tion for all children in America. The Koret policy involving Russia Secretary of State Colin Powell and Hoover director John Raisian at the Board of Overseers meeting. Foundation can be proud of its sustained and its support of the efforts concerning the many aspects of United States and the war on terrorism and the rest of the world,”said Rice.“There was China, which now stands to gain “wealth also the removal of innocence in general continued on page 11 out of trade, not the barrel of a gun.” about threats to the United States. “The two great enemies of ours during “Now, we move to knowing and acting • INSIDE • recent history—Russia and China—now on the principle that the best defense is a SENIOR FELLOW BARK AWARDED are not necessarily our friends,but they are good offense,”she said.“We will go after Al FRANCE’S LEGION OF HONOR . . 2 not our enemies,”he said,“We don’t shrink Queda and we will hold responsible the CARILLON BELLS RETURN...... 3 from their shortcomings, but want to co- states that harbor terrorists, whether they operate with them and bring them into the are witting or unwitting. Q&A: PAUL PETERSON ON rule of law and market economies.We def- “This has also brought opportunities. AMERICAN EDUCATION AND THE NEED FOR COMPETITION . . . 6 initely encourage democracy, transparen- We may have the chance to not have the cy and freedom.” historic rivalry among great powers. We EDUCATION NEXT: BIASED POLL On Monday, Condoleezza Rice, who have the opportunity to work with young STACKS DECK ...... 11 remains the Thomas and Barbara Stephen- continued on page 8 DENNIS BARK AWARDED KNIGHT’S CROSS OF THE NATIONAL LEGION OF HONOR OF THE REPUBLIC OF FRANCE

he president of the Republic of the services you have provided to our a century. And both countries share a love France, Jacques Chirac, awarded country, and in recognition of the attach- of freedom symbolized by the American THoover Institution senior fellow ment you have always shown to it. flag that flies at the French grave of Dennis L. Bark the Knight’s Cross of the “Monsieur Jacques Chirac has request- Lafayette in the cemetery of Picpus in National Légion of Honor of the Republic ed me to transmit his most cordial con- Paris.” of France (Chevalier de la Légion d’Hon- gratulations for this tribute, so well de- Bark has specialized in European affairs neur). served, which France is able to demon- since he came to the Hoover Institution in The presentation was made on October strate in this way.” 1970 on a postdoctoral fellowship. His 4 by the Count Olivier de Sugny,officier de Bark, in his letter of response, wrote, in book on the postwar history of Germany la Légion d’Honneur, at the Chateau de part: (1989), coauthored with David Gress, was Genétines in the department of the Loire. “The commitment of the heritage of published in a French translation in 1992 In 1997, Bark received the Knight’s liberty shared by France and the United by the French publisher Robert Laffont. Cross of the Legion of Merit (Das Bun- States is of an abiding nature, a friendship In 1997, Bark served as editor and con- desverdienstkreuz Erste Klasse der Bun- which began with Benjamin Franklin’s first tributor to the volume Reflections on desrepublik Deutschland) from the presi- visit to Paris in the eighteenth century. Europe: Half a Century of the European- dent of the Federal Republic of Germany. “Today America continues to recognize American Relationship,which also con- He is one of the few American scholars the enduring consequence of this friend- tained essays from scholars in England, to have been awarded both honors. ship; it was a deliberate choice to name the France, Germany,and the United States. Monsieur Bertrand Landrieu, director square opposite the White House in Wash- More recently,Bark participated in a of the Cabinet of the Office of President ington, D.C., after Lafayette. This friend- conference cosponsored by the Institution Chirac, announced the honor in a letter to ship applies to France in equal measure; it with the Club Temoin of Paris, held in De- Bark: is not an accident that the ties which unite cember 2000 in the Palais de Luxembourg, “This prestigious distinction, whose two great countries were given unique hosted by the president of the French title he [President Chirac] wishes to confer meaning by France’s gift of the Statue of senate. The subject of the conference was from the personal reserve of medals of the Liberty that has stood at the entrance to Franco-American cooperation and the president, is in recognition of the quality of the harbor of New York City for more than French Resistance during World War II.

ROMANIAN AMBASSADOR TO THE UNITED STATES SPEAKS

orin Dumitru Ducaru, ambassador pathy and support in the aftermath of from Romania to the United States, the attacks and reiterated Romania’s sol- Sspoke on Romania and Romanian- idarity with the United States in the fight U.S. relations at the Hoover Institution against global terrorism. on March 11. Ducaru, who has been a diplomat for His discussion ranged over a wide the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of variety of topics, from the present eco- Romania since 1993, came to Washing- nomic and political situation in ton, D.C., in 1998 as deputy chief of Romania to the legacy of its communist mission at the Romanian Embassy. He past. served as the representative of Romania Reflecting on the September 11 ter- to the United Nations in New York before rorist attacks, Ducaru talked about the being named ambassador to the United Romania's ambassador to the United States, Sorin D. Ducaru, right, Romanian people’s outpouring of sym- States in 2001. and George P. Shultz

2 HOOVER TOWER CARILLON BELLS RETURN he bells of the Hoover Tower caril- ditional size for a concert in- lon, which were sent to the Nether- strument. The thirteen added Tlands for recasting in 2000, were de- bells were inscribed with the livered to the Hoover Institution in Febru- names of those who support- ary. The bronze bells, ranging in diameter ed the project. The largest new from about 1 to 5 feet, were hoisted 285 feet bell weighs about 2.5 tons. by crane to the observation platform on the In addition to casting new fourteenth floor, where workers installed bells, some of the original them in a new, redesigned structure. bells were retuned and the The original thirty-five bells were sent to carillon’s mechanism, frame, the Royal Eijsbouts foundry in the Nether- keyboard, and bell clappers lands in January 2000 for major renovation were replaced. In addition, the The carillon's 48 bells being lifted in groups to the Hoover Tower observation deck. and expansion. After careful testing by the Stanford carillon’s automatic- experts at Eijsbouts, it was decided to play drum, the only working one of its kind Educational Foundation gave the bells to replace eleven of the old bells with newly in the United States, was restored. the Hoover Institution in honor of its cast ones tuned to concert pitch. Nine large The original carillon was cast for the namesake’s famine relief efforts during and and four small bells were added, increasing Belgian Pavilion at the 1939 New York after World War I. the carillon’s range to four octaves, the tra- World’s Fair. In 1941, the Belgian American

HOOVER INSTITUTION NATIONAL SECURITY FORUM FOCUSES ON TECHNOLOGY FOR PREVENTING TERRORISM

epresentatives of technology com- Saudi Peace Plan, and he offered his “Sensor Technologies for Screening and panies, academe, and government thought and hope that Saudi Arabia might Surveillance” featured presenter David H. Ragencies met at the Hoover Institu- take the role of Jordan, which until the late Dye of the Lawrence Livermore National tion during March 12–13 to address the 1980s acted as a mediator in the Middle Laboratory. “Identification Systems for use of technology to prevent and deter ter- East. Recognition and Screening” offered the in- rorism around the world. The conference, Shultz’s address at the conference dinner sights of Peter J. Weinberger, head of tech- organized by Abraham Sofaer, the George was broadcast nationally on C-SPAN. nology at Renaissance Technologies. P. S hu ltz Senior Fellow,is part ofthe The first two sessions of the conference Discussing the problems of data collec- Hoover Institution’s ongoing National Se- discussed the capabilities of technology to tion, evaluation, and transmission, curity Initiative. identify both human and material threats. continued on page 5 Making the keynote address at the con- ference dinner on March 12, former U.S. secretary of state George P. Shultz, the Thomas W. and Susan B. Ford Distin- guished Fellow, noted that action taken by the United States against terrorism in the wake of the September 11 attacks falls within United Nations National Security Council resolutions. “This threat is real and continuing,”said Shultz.“I think there is now a deep realiza- tion in this country and around the world of that fact and the need to do something about it. We are galvanized as we haven’t been before.”

He also put his support behind what Hoover fellows George P. Shultz, Sidney Drell, and Newt Gingrich participate in a has, since March 12, become known as the panel discussion on "The Proper Role of Technology in Prevention" on March 13.

3 H OOVER ON THE A IR

The Conference on Technology to They edited the book with Research Fellow Prevent Terrorism on March 12 and 13 was Kiron Skinner. covered by national and Bay Area televi- Research Fellow Dinesh D’Souza was a sion outlets. C-SPAN attended and guest on Politically Incorrect on ABC TV covered a dinner talk given March 12 by on February 20. He discussed his forth- Distinguished Fellow George P.Shultz on coming book What’s So Great about terrorism and the Middle East. It was America. broadcast later that week on C-SPAN and then made available for viewing on the C- Senior Fellow Thomas Henriksen ad- SPAN web site. KRON TV (ind., San Fran- dressed the question of whether Iraq holds cisco) featured interviews with conference weapons of mass destruction on KPIX TV organizer Abraham Sofaer,Senior Fellow was covered by KGO TV (ABC, San Fran- (CBS, San Francisco) on February 14. Sidney Drell,and Research Fellow Joseph cisco), KNTV TV (NBC, San Jose), KTVU Research Fellow David Henderson dis- McNamara. TV (Fox, San Francisco), KRON TV (ind., cussed buying and selling human organs On March 12, KTVU TV (Fox, San San Francisco), KMGH TV (ABC, on KTVU TV (Fox, San Francisco) on Francisco) interviewed Joseph McNama- Denver), KRXI TV (Fox, Reno, Nevada), Feburary 11. ra about the announcement of a nation- KCBS radio (CBS, San Francisco), and On February 6, he talked about the wide color alert system unveiled by the KGO radio (ABC, San Francisco). value of terrorism deterence programs on Office of Homeland Security. Mitch Albom on his show Albom in the KGO TV (ABC, San Francisco). Abraham Sofaer,the George P. S hultz Afternoon on WJR AM radio (ABC, Senior Fellow, was interviewed extensively Detroit) on March 28 featured Research about terrorism in March and April and Fellow Peter Schweizer,who discussed the appeared frequently on KRON TV (ind., concept of an American foreign legion. CORRECTION San Francisco), KPIX TV (CBS, San Fran- Distinguished Fellow George P. Shultz cisco), KCBS radio (CBS, San Francisco), discussed the legacy of Ronald Reagan and The length of the marriage of W. and KGO radio (ABC, San Francisco). Reagan’s approach to terrorism on Wolf Glenn Campbell, who died in Novem- Research Fellow James Noyes was also Blitzer Reports on CNN on February 6. ber 2001, was misstated in the Winter interviewed about terrorism and develop- 2002 Hoover Institution Newsletter.He C-SPAN 1 on February 18 featured in- ments in the Middle East, frequently by and Hoover senior research fellow terviews with Senior Fellow Martin An- KGO radio (ABC, San Francisco). Rita Ricardo-Campbell were married derson and Research Fellow Annelise An- for 55 years at the time of his death. The installation of the refurbished caril- derson about their coedited volume of lon bells in the Hoover Tower in February original manuscripts, In Reagan’s Hand.

SOME IMPLICATIONS OF THE TURNOVER OF POLITICAL POWER IN TAIWAN

By Linda Chao, Ramon H. Myers, and Jialin Zhang

n their new essay Some Implications ence that has marked the administration They trace the increasing political frag- of the Turnover of Political Power in of Democratic Progressive Party presi- mentation and the freezing of cross- ITaiwan (Hoover Institution Press, dent Chen Shui-bian. Chen’s “silent revo- strait negotiations as well as opportuni- 2002), Hoover fellows Linda Chao, lution” has promoted “a shared belief that ties for improving relations in the years Ramon H. Myers, and Jialin Zhang Taiwan has the qualifications of a sover- to come. discuss the repercussions of Taiwan’s eign nation and that its people have the Linda Chao is a research fellow, 2000 election on Taiwan’s relations with ethnic identity of Taiwan,not Taiwan and Ramon H. Myers is a senior fellow and mainland China and on the future of China.” Chao, Myers, and Zhang also curator of the East Asian Collection, and Taiwan’s political status. analyze mainland China’s responses to Jialin Zhang is a visiting scholar at the The authors look at the internal push Chen’s initiatives, including its offer to Hoover Institution. for both political and cultural independ- reinterpret the “one-China” principle.

4 TECHNOLOGY FOR PREVENTING TERRORISM reach out around the planet. Technology is at the center of our capacity to build intel- continued from page 3 ligence. If we are not constantly reinvesting in technology, we are simply out of touch presenter J. C. Smart of the U.S. National Cuéllar, Sofaer, and Jay Stanley of the with reality.” Security Agency, said,“ I’m not aware of a American Civil Liberties Union. Drell concurred, saying, “Efforts to more daunting challenge that’s of greater The conference’s final session on “The prevent terrorism must be based on early, sophistication than what we’re facing Proper Role of Technology in Prevention” reliable, and actionable intelligence.” here.” brought together Shultz, Hoover fellow This conference was the third National Hoover fellow Bruce Berkowitz, sitting Sidney Drell, Sullivan,and Hoover distin- Security Forum to deal with terrorism. in on the panel, agreed, adding, “There guished visiting fellow Newt Gingrich, Previous National Security Forum confer- must be a major change in how we manage former Speaker of the U.S. House of Rep- ences have dealt with cyber terrorism and government intelligence organizations.” resentatives. biological weapons. Key representatives from the business “Technology is at the center of our eco- Selected presentations from the forum sector talked about methods of enhancing nomic capabilities,” said Gingrich. “Tech- will appear in a forthcoming Hoover Press technological innovation and the bridge nology is at the center of our ability to book. between the public and private sector in new technology development. Chaired by Richard C. Hearney, president and CEO of Business Executives for National Security, the session featured presenter E. Floyd Kvamme, a par tner with Kleiner, Perkins, Caufield and Byers, a venture capital firm that focuses on new technologies and new applications of technology that will drive high-impact change. The fifth session of the conference covered the legal and ethical constraints in using new technologies. Chaired by Stan- ford Law School dean Kathleen M. Sulli- van, the session presented the views of Assistant Professor Mariano-Florentino Cuéllar (left) of the Stanford Law School Stanford Law School’s Mariano-Florentino and Hoover fellow Abraham Sofaer.

POLISH COUNCIL OF MINISTERS RECORDS GIVEN ings on 20th century Poland, already the largest and most comprehensive outside of TO OOVER RCHIVES H A Poland.” During 1944–1989 the highest authority he Hoover Institution has received undertaken to make the archives of the in the Polish state rested not in parliament, CD-ROM copies of the archives of government of communist Poland accessi- but in the Political Bureau of the Central Tthe Polish Council of Ministers for ble to scholars in Poland and abroad. Committee of the Polish United Workers’ 1944–1989. The copies are a gift of the Several Polish institutions received copies. Party. The Council of Ministers, made up Chancellery of Prime Minister Jerzy Hoover, with its rich Polish archival collec- of top party functionaries, administered Buzek, whose Solidarity government held tions and traditional interest in Poland, is the country by implementing the direc- office until October 2001. the only non-Polish repository of the tives of the party in all areas of political, The 108 CD-ROMS—until a few records. economic, social, and cultural life. months ago classified as “secret” and “top Hoover Institution’s associate director Besides Polish materials, the archives secret”—represent about 450 shelf-feet in and archivist, Elena Danielson, said, “My also include key documentation, in the archives, according to Maciej Siekiers- colleagues and I are honored to be selected Russian, on the affairs of the Council of ki, Hoover curator of Eastern Europe, who as the repository for the very important Mutual Economic Assistance, the Soviet has surveyed the materials. The massive archives of the Council of Ministers. These tool for controlling the economies of its declassification and scanning project was documents will greatly expand our hold- East European satellite countries.

5 Q &A

PAUL PETERSON: A CALL FOR SCHOOLS TO GET OFF THE TREADMILL

FELLOW Paul E. Peterson

TITLE Senior fellow and member of the Koret Task Force on K–12 Education.

RESEARCH American educational policy, including school choice plans, federal- ism, and urban policy.

AFFILIATIONS Henry Lee Shattuck Professor of Government and the director of the Program on Education, Policy and Governance at Harvard University. Recipient, John Simon Guggenheim Fellowship, a German Marshall Fund of the United States Fellowship, and a Woodrow Wilson Founda- tion Award from the American Political Science Association for the best book published in politics, government, or international relations. Former director of governmental studies at the Brookings Institution, elected to the National Academy of Education.

PUBLICATIONS Editor in chief of Education Next: A Journal of Opinion and Research. Author or editor of The Education Gap: Vouchers and Urban Schools; Earning and Learning: How Schools Matter; Lessons from School Choice; The New American Democracy; The Price of Federalism; Welfare Magnets: A Case for a National Welfare Standard; When Feder- alism Works; City Limits; and Race and Authority in Urban Politics: Community Participation and the War on Poverty. Editor of Classifying by Race and The President, the Congress, and the Making of Foreign Policy. Coeditor, with John Chubb, of The New Direction in American Politics and Can the Government Govern?

DEGREES Ph.D., University of Chicago; B.A., Concordia College, Moorhead Minnesota.

Q: What is the state of American education to tight regulation,which forces new teach- plenty of attempts to block it by teacher as you see it? ers to take particular courses, despite the unions and some school boards. In addi- A: I think there’s been very little improve- fact that there is little evidence that these tion to the political opposition, there is a ment over the last 30 years. There’s not courses enhance classroom effectiveness. question as to whether the tests will much to show it’s gotten worse,but we have Finally, until recently we have had few provide the information we need. Some of been on a treadmill. In most sectors of the mechanisms to hold schools accountable the early gains in achievement we’ve seen economy, we have made dramatic steps for educating students. could be teachers and students adapting to forward. But the amount that students the testing situation, not genuine gains in learn in school has not kept pace with the Q: Yo u s ay that we “until recently have had” learning. Until the standards and testing need for an increasingly intelligent, few mechanisms for accountability. Could programs have been in place for some capable, working population. you speak to changes you do see? years, we won’t know just how effective A: At this point, there are two types of top-down reform will be. Q: Why is this so? school reform afoot. One type of change is A: American education continues to be a “top down,”the other is “bottom up.” Q: And bottom up? noncompetitive system. And systems that The top-down reform creates a system A: Bottom-up reforms involve competi- aren’t challenged have few incentives to of standards and testing that will allow tion, more competition. This reform in- improve. School systems have been affect- top-level decision makers to learn how well volves creating new schools—such as ed by unionization and constrained by too students and schools are doing.We’ve seen charter, community, or magnet schools— many laws, contracts,and regulations, some interesting results from top-down or giving students a chance to attend making it difficult to introduce new and reforms in Texas, North Carolina, Massa- schools outside their district. We also have better ways of educating young people. For chusetts, and a few other states. But there is seen the introduction of school vouchers example, the training of teachers is subject a lot of opposition to accountability and in Milwaukee and Cleveland, where

6 Q &A

students are given a full choice of schools, going on would be to monitor the situation religious or secular. carefully over a long period of time. This is The idea of introducing competition what makes any top-down approach diffi- into education is interesting because we cult to achieve. create a context where schools need to In general, I think we will see more top- improve in order to attract new students. down than bottom-up reform. Top down is Were this to b e introduced on a large scale, more politically acceptable. Teacher it would constitute a major shift in our ed- unions fear competition more than they ucational system. fear standards and testing. But whether the So far,however, the numbers of students politically feasible will be substantively ef- scored nine points higher on the Iowa Test involved in vouchers, charter schools, fective remains to be seen.Often what’s po- of Skills. The Iowa Test is important magnet schools, and other choice pro- litically acceptable doesn’t yield the best because, over time, we’ve seen that blacks grams are so small that they haven’t created results. who score as high as whites go on to a genuinely competitive system except in a achieve as well as, as much as, whites in few places. Q: Yo u , a l o n g w i t h Wi lliam G. Howell, later life. In Michigan, Arizona, and Milwau- Patrick Wolf, and David E. Campbell, have kee—where the competitive idea has been just published a study titled The Education Q: Why do you think you saw such a dra- implemented more than elsewhere—we’re Gap: Vouchers and Urban Schools. Could matic difference, such an increase? seeing signs of a positive response from you tell us about the findings of that study? A: We think that blacks have had the least traditional public schools. Still, there A: The study is the first done on vouchers choice in schools and that other ethnic haven’t yet been any major breakthroughs. that uses the same experimental approach groups have been able to make various that is used in medical research. In medical choices for a long time. Q: How would you define a “major break- research, we decide whether something is through”? effective based on giving some people the Q: Could an increase in achievement have A: I think that would be when an entire medication, while others are given a anything to do with the parental attitude city or metropolitan area gave every placebo. Who gets what is determined at toward being able to make a choice? student a choice of schools within that city random, so the method is called a random- A: It appears that parents, when they can, or area.And it would be when every school ized field trial.Our work constitutes the select better schools for their children. It had the same resources to educate stu- first randomized field trial on school isn’t that a parent’s enthusiasm for a place dents. vouchers and one of the few such trials to propels a child to do better. They are se- Now money alone does not guarantee a be used in education research more gener- lecting genuinely better schools. Our re- good education. But money in a competi- ally. search seems to suggest that vouchers tive situation could make a big difference. When we conducted the randomized change the schools, but not the families. In So, in my view,we should increase our field trials in New York City, Washington, retrospect, this seems pretty obvious. If funding of public education but only when D.C., and Dayton, Ohio, we found that you could change families by giving them we have moved to a system that ensures parents were much more satisfied when vouchers,they would,indeed, be a that money is better used. they could send their child to a private panacea. Unfortunately, it is not that easy. school. We also found that the amount of Q: Yo u m e n t i o n e d t h e top-down reforms classroom disorder was clearly reduced Q: On the basis of your research, what do that involve testing. What do you think of when there was a choice. There was better you recommend we should do next with the fears that some teachers will “teach to communication from the school to the school vouchers? the test”? parent, and students did more homework. A: My colleagues and I recommend that a A: There are lots of problems with any And all of this occurred without adverse full-scale, citywide voucher program be form of top-down regulation. In this case, consequences. We didn’t see any increase undertaken and tested. This should be you may have to make sure there is not ex- in racial segregation. Also, there were no enacted in a city probably in the East, with cessive teaching to the test. You also need signs that the students were being taught to a high concentration of African Americans to make sure that low-performing students be less tolerant in these circumstances. and a number of private schools.Washing- are not excluded from taking the test so as The interesting finding was that African ton, D.C., would seem to be a good place to to make the results look more attractive. American students benefited a lot. In New begin. The only way you’d know exactly what was Yo r k C i t y, a f t e r t h r e e years, black students

7 B OARD OF O VERSEERS

BOARD OF OVERSEERS continued from page 1 democracies that are struggling and we can help them avoid cor- ruption.We also have the opportunity to take values we find in the Islamic world, universal values, and use education as a vehicle to spread them.”

Peyton Lake, chairman of the Board of Overseers

Research Fellow David Davenport said in his talk, “Criminal Justice on a Global Scale: Is the International Criminal Court the Answer,”that most Americans seem unaware that a new Interna- tional Criminal Court is about to be created. “Despite major reservations by the United States, and some

Condoleezza Rice, assistant to the president for national other world powers,a number of small and medium–sized nations, security affairs. along with hundreds of NGOs [nongovernmental organizations] have taken the lead in creating this court. Even though the U.S. has MONDAY PRESENTATIONS not ratified the treaty creating the court, it purports to have juris- Dinesh D’Souza, the Robert and Karen Rishwain Research diction over citizens of nonsignatory states, so Americans could Fellow, described “What’s So Great About America,” in his talk, still be charged before the court,”he said. noting that the importance of the individual and his or her auton- The court’s primary purpose is to bring to justice those accused omy sets the United States apart from other countries in large and of war crimes, genocide, and crimes against humanity, but in fact small ways.“These features are profoundly threatening to many,”he its jurisdiction is far broader than that. There is the very real possi- said.“They would use force in order to bring about what they call bility of trying American foreign and military policy, for example, virtue.But a free society answers that freedom is the necessary pre- by bringing U.S. government and military officials before the condition for virtue.” court, he noted.Although the U.S. has historically supported inter- national criminal courts, both the specific provisions of the treaty creating this court and the process by which it has come about should give America great concern. Alvin Rabushka, the David and Joan Traitel Senior Fellow, dis- cussed the colonial roots of American taxation, a project he has pursued for several years, commenting “The Founding Fathers wrote a constitution that incorporated 70 years of colonial experi- ence, which included low taxes and limited government expendi- ture. “Colonial governments often granted tax incentives to encour- age migration of settlers to the colonies and to embark on new lines of industry such as fishing, manufacturing, planting of new crops, international trade, and other economic activities. Low tax rates were the hallmark of colonial America.” John Cogan discussed Social Security reform and the view from the President’s Commission on Social Security Reform, of which he was a member in his talk. Cogan is the Leonard and Shirley Ely CNN’s Major Garrett discusses news coverage of Senior Fellow. Washington, D.C.

8 B OARD OF O VERSEERS

David Brady addressed the 2002 elections, and offered informa- tion on electoral history, the number of seats necessary for a shift in control of power, the effects of incumbency,and funding of elec- tions. “History tells us that the Democrats will pick up enough seats to wrest control from the Republicans,”he said.“However, my view is that by midyear, the economy will be out of recession, Republicans will narrowly regain control of the Senate.” “Federalize in Haste, Repent at Leisure” was the topic of the talk by Research Fellow Henry Miller,who discussed medical research and pharmaceutical development. “The notion of making vaccine research, development, and pro- duction a wholly government-operated enterprise would do little to advance either the safety of current vaccines or the development of new ones,”he said. “Far better, surely, to remove the regulatory and other disincentives that currently make vaccine development R. Glenn Hubbard, chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers so unattractive and uncompetitive.” the appointment of judges, a decision on school choice funding from the Supreme Court, and campaign finance reform legislation. The Honorable R. Glenn Hubbard, chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers, using metaphors in his remarks, called for placing the “ladder of growth” on a firm platform and “raising a taller ladder for growth” to eradicate what he termed “the poverty of opportunity.” He said entrepreneurship was discouraged in the 1990s, compromising a dynamic economy encouraging growth, change, and risk. Major Garrett, the White House correspondent for CNN, re- counted his career as a newspaper reporter who made the move to television in Washington, D.C.He described the differences between covering the U.S. Congress, in which, he said, “there are 535 doors open to a reporter for comment,”and the White House, where there are far fewer sources and information is very tightly controlled. Photos by Goodman-Van Riper Photography Columnist George Will makes a presentation to fellow board members At dinner, John B. Taylor, under secretary for international affairs, Department of the Treasury, offered remarks. Taylor, who is on leave from his appointment as a Hoover senior fellow, said the United States strongly supports fostering economic growth around the world in order to encourage democracy and economic stabili- ty,which, in turn,leads to fewer crises and longer and stronger ex- pansion. He also defended U.S. action to freeze terrorist assets and invoked the power of allies banding together to halt terrorism through financial strictures.

TUESDAY’SSPEAKERS Syndicated columnist George F. Will, who also is a member of the Board of Overseers, discussed the continuing evolution of lib- eralism and conservatism in the United States, noting that the dif- ferences between the two political parties have decreased and there are few differences between them. He pointed to four issues and John B. Taylor, under secretary for international affairs, Department of the Treasury (right), and Hoover director events to watch in the year ahead: tariffs for the U.S. steel industry, John Raisian

9 MANAGING AMERICAN POWER CONFERENCE POINTS TO U.S. ASSETS, LIABILITIES, AND CHOICES

lans for the conference Managing curity policy, 1981–1987.“For at least the United States rather unwisely “took a American Power in a Dangerous last decade,we failed to respond to attacks holiday” from concerns about interna- PWorld, held on February 27 in of terror against Americans. After events tional unrest and war. Eberstadt pointed Washing ton, D.C., were first discussed stretching back to 1993, that included a to the risks of shifting demography, such less than a day before the September 11 failed plan to assassinate President Bush, as growing elderly populations,and seem- terrorist attacks. the bombing of the Khobar Towers, we ingly unresolvable health problems such The organizers of the event did not as HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis. McFaul know on September 10 just how relevant warned that seeking an end to terrorism is the conference and its topic would useless because it will never occur. Mick- become that day, said Tod Lindberg, lethwait addressed the possibilities of editor of Policy Review,which conducted globalization as a positive force to engen- the conference under the direction of the der liberty and the challenges of alliance Hoover Institution. building and maintenance. Attendees of the gathering in February In the second panel, on U.S. choices heard a wide range of speakers, including and what should and should not be done, Richard Perle of the American Enterprise panelists were Helle Dale, Washington Institute and historian John Lewis Times; Robert Kagan, Carnegie Endow- Gaddis, Hoover senior fellow and Yale ment for International Peace; and Kori professor. Schake, National Defense University. Moderating the discussion was Tod Lind- berg. Dale, a Hoover media fellow, said the United States must be careful to manage its dominance in the world arena and not overwhelm its allies if it wishes a coalition against terrorism to prevail. Kagan exam- Richard Perle, American Enterprise Institute ined the definition of foreign interests and cautioned against unilateralism or a retreat to isolationism. Schake empha- can hardly be surprised that terrorists sized the need to promote American would continue and, in fact, become more power in economics, the military, culture, ambitious with each attack.” and diplomacy. She recommended build- Gaddis said he was surprised that the ing new alliances, constant tending to United States was as unprepared as it was those alliances, and nurturing a values- for the September 11 attack. “I’m afraid based order incorporating a set of princi- there was a great misidentification of ples that the United States can support ‘signals’ about the coming attacks as and defend. ‘noise.’” John Lewis Gaddis, Hoover senior fellow and Yale professor In the first of two panels, U.S. assets, li- abilities, and challenges were discussed by Nicholas Eberstadt, American Enterprise “It was inevitable that we would be at- Institute; Michael McFaul, the Peter and tacked,”said Perle, who is the chairman of Helen Bing Research Fellow; and John the Defense Policy Board with the De- Michlethwait, of the Economist. partment of Defense and was assistant Moderator Thomas Henriksen ob- secretary of defense for international se- served that, when the cold war ended, the

10 NEW ISSUE OF EDUCATION NEXT: Moe’s article has caused a firestorm of comments, with articles appearing in the BIASED QUESTIONS IN PHI DELTA KAPPA/GALLUP POLL Washington Post and the National Review. STACK THE DECK AGAINST VOUCHERS PDK is “framing a response” reported the Washington Post. Other topics in the spring 2002 issue of oover fellow Ter r y M. Mo e , a 1991, PDK abruptly dropped this item in Education Next,which is available online at member of the Koret Task Force favor of a new one,” explains Moe. “The www.educationnext.org, include the Hon K–12 Education, challenged new question read,‘Do you favor or debate over national testing and accounta- the findings of the 33d annual Phi Delta oppose allowing students and parents to bility, the effect of teacher certification and Kappa/Gallup Poll of the Public’s Attitudes choose a private school to attend at public teacher quality on student performance Toward t he Public Schools in an article expense?’ This question, first asked in (and the relationship between the two), published in the new issue of Education 1993, gave results that were strikingly more and alternatives that would allow superin- Next: A Journal of Opinion and Research. negative: only 24 percent expressed tendents and principals, rather than state Phi Delta Kappa’s claim that public support. Indeed, it indicated that even boards and schools of education, to decide support for vouchers is in “significant private school parents were opposed to who is qualified to teach. decline” is without foundation, Moe vouchers, a result no expert would be pre- Education Next is published by the argues, declaring that the framing and pared to believe.” Hoover Institution. Other sponsoring in- wording of key questions on school vouch- Moe argues that PDK’s “at public stitutions are the Harvard Program on Ed- ers biased the survey against vouchers and expense” item—asked regularly on its ucation Policy and Governance, the inaccurately represented public opinion on annual survey since 1993—is a woefully Thomas B. Fordham Foundation, and the the issue. inappropriate measure providing artifi- Manhattan Institute for Policy Research. “From the 1970s until 1991, Phi Delta cially low figures on public support for The editors of Education Next include Kappa (PDK) measured voucher support vouchers and that, in recent years, the Hoover fellow Paul E. Peterson, editor in with a survey item that defined vouchers as support scores have been further de- chief, and Hoover distinguishing visiting a government-funded program allowing pressed by new lead-in questions that pre- fellow Chester E. Finn Jr. Members of the parents to choose among public,private, dispose respondents to see vouchers in a Hoover Institution’s Koret Task Force on and parochial schools. After support rose negative light before they even get to the “at K–12 Education make up the editorial to 50 percent (with 39 percent opposed) in public expense” item. board of the journal.

KORET FOUNDATION The foundation commented further:“In John E. Chubb,chiefeducation officer their research and writing over the last and one of the founders of Edison Schools; HONORS several years, Koret Task Force members a private manager of public schools, in- have achieved a major impact on educa- cluding many charter schools continued from page 1 tion policy and dialogue in the United Williamson M. Evers,Hoover research education—from policy-making at the ac- States. The task force’s book, A Primer on fellow and member of the National Educa- ademic and political levels to hands-on America’s Schools,has become a leading tional Research Policy and Priorities Board programs that affect children of all ages. reference text in the field. Philanthropy Chester E. Finn Jr., former assistant The research and writing on education magazine has recognized task force secretary of education,current president of reform by the Koret Task Force will play a members as ‘a “who’s who” of creative the Thomas B. Fordham Foundation, and prominent role in the public policy dia- thinking on education reform.’” the John M. Olin Fellow at the Manhattan logue at both the state and federal levels.” The award was made to the task force Institute In announcing the award, the founda- members “for their outstanding contribu- Eric A. Hanushek,the Paul and Jean tion cited the task force for “supporting in- tions in evaluating the existing evidence on Hanna Senior Fellow at Hoover novative ideas that have the potential to school reform measures, for their valuable Paul T. Hill,research professor in the become catalysts for positive change. research on the quality and productivity of Daniel J.Evans School of Public Affairs and “Recognizing the deplorable state of K- K-12 education in the United States, and director of the Center on Reinventing 12 public education in the United States, for their innovative recommendations for Public Education, both at the University of the foundation explored means by which it positive change in the American education Washing ton could have a positive impact on public system.” E.D. Hirsch Jr., author of the series policy to effect much needed improve- Task force members are What Your Kindergartner Needs to Know ments. continued on page 12

11 ndian Wells, California, was the setting FELLOWS TAKE PRESENTATIONS TO DESERT CONFERENCE for the March 18 and 19 Hoover Insti- Itution Desert Conference. Fellows discussed their work and current affairs with more than a hundred current and prospective donors at the nomic growth with a comparison of noon Senior Fellow Paul Peterson dis- Vintage Club. modern China, Russia, and the early cussed school vouchers and the case before The event opened with remarks from United States; and Senior Fellow David the Supreme Court; Michael McFaul, the Hoover director John Raisian and a pres- Brady on the 2002 elections. Peter and Helen Bing Research Fellow, dis- entation on foreign policy by Ken Jowitt, In a dinner talk, Dinish D’Souza, the cussed American power and liberty; and the Pres and Maurine Hotchkis Senior Robert and Karen Rishwain Research Senior Fellow Norman Naimark addressed Fellow. Also speaking on Monday were Fellow, gave his ever-popular talk titled the problems and issues of humanitarian John Cogan, the Leonard and Shirley Ely “What’s So Great about America.” intervention. At dinner, Alvin Rabushka, Senior Fellow, who discussed President Research Fellow Shelby Steele opened the David and Joan Traitel Senior Fellow, Bush’s economic policy; Senior Fellow presentations on Tuesday with the talk told attendees about the colonial roots of Barry Weingast, on federalism and eco- “The Politics of White Guilt.” In the after- American taxation.

Herbert J. Walberg, an analysis of stan- ences, including history, economics and ORET OUNDATION K F dards-based testing and other accountabil- political science. HONORS ity measures. These studies expand on key The Koret Prize, established in 1996, topics addressed in the task force’s first recognizes outstanding achievement by in- continued from page 11 book, A Primer on America’s Schools, dividuals working in areas of interest to the edited by Terry M. Moe, that provides a Koret Foundation, including education, through What Your Sixth Grader Needs to historical framework for the discussion of the arts, community enhancement, Jewish Know,and professor ofeducation and hu- public education reform. life, economics,and entrepreneurial lead- manities at the University of Virginia The Koret Task Force on K-12 Educa- ership. The prize was awarded annually to Caroline M. Hoxby,professor ofeco- tion was founded in 1999 with a grant from four honorees through 2000. This year’s nomics at Harvard University the Koret Foundation. The task force has a prize, in a departure from past award prac- Ter r y M. Mo e,Hoover senior fellow five-year charter to research and write on tices, marks the rare granting of the award and professor of political science at Stan- education reform. Its members were se- to a group of 11 outstanding individuals. ford University lected for their expertise in education and Past awardees include Hoover fellows Paul E. Peterson,the Henry Lee Shat- their scholarship in relevant social sci- Milton Friedman and George P.Shultz. tuck Professor of Government and direc- tor of the Program on Education and Gov- ernance at Harvard University and a NEWSBRIEFS Hoover senior fellow Diane Ravitch,former assistant secre- George P.Shultz,the Thomas W.and Hoover senior fellow John Dunlop tary of education, current Brown Chair in Susan B. Ford Distinguished Fellow,and discussed “Chechnya in a New Global Education at the Brookings Institution, Ramon H. Myers,senior fellow,were Context” during a presentation on and research professor at New York Uni- members of a World Affairs Council March 4 at the U.S. State Department in versity panel on China–United States relations Washing ton, D.C. Dunlop, who special- Herbert J. Walb erg,a member ofthe on March 4 in San Francisco. They dis- izes in the study of the former Soviet International Academy of Education and cussed the topic “Pacific Superpowers: Union and the evolution of its successor University Scholar at the University of Illi- The Current Significance of Sino-U.S. states, appeared under the sponsorship nois at Chicago Relations” with Ambassador Wang of the International Research & Ex- Coincident with the prize, the task force Yunxiang , the consul general in San changes Board and the U.S.Department has released two more important books: Francisco of the People’s Republic of of State. Joining him in the discussion Choice with Equity, edited by Paul T. Hill, China, and Robert Scalapino, the was Mikhail Alexseev, assistant profes- an examination of vouchers and other Robson Research Professor of Govern- sor of political science at San Diego school choice systems; and School Account- ment, Emeritus, at the University of State University. ability, edited by Williamson M. Evers and California, Berkeley.

12 H OOVER I N P RINT

Had states fully deregulated their elec- So we have the battle of which vision is tricity markets,the Enron political scandal best for Taiwan’s people: the continuing would have been largely avoided. The buildup of new weapon systems on both company could not have gamed the sides of the Taiwan Strait; the relentless, system by encouraging politicians to ever expanding economic and social deregulate as it favored. I conclude that traffic between Taiwan and the mainland; flexible prices and competition are far the determined efforts of [Taiwan presi- more effective ways to improve energy dent Shui-bian] Chen and his colleagues markets than allowing bureaucrats and to press forward with the “silent revolu- politicians to determine the speed and di- tion”of Taiwan nationalism; the brutal po- rection of deregulation. litical struggle for power at every national Gary S. Becker,senior fellow, In a society where laws have become election; and a political opposition that BusinessWeek, March 18 the answer to all human problems,laws get struggles to unify divided leaders split by completely confusing and many people personal hatreds. Somewhere in this dra- Assumption of responsibility by gov- begin to be concerned with nothing other matic and complex human condition, a ernment for financing education does not than avoiding violation of the law. Such a fragile democracy struggles for consolida- require that education be delivered in gov- society is very likely to see ethics and tion and for a resolution of conflicting ide- ernment-run institutions, just as govern- morality slowly but surely recede from its ological visions as well as the historical di- ment food stamps need not be spent in midst. vision of China since 1949. government grocery stores. Education Tibor Machan,research fellow, Ramon Myers,senior fellow, spending will be most effective if it relies Yuma (Arizona) Sun, March 16 Japan Times, February 18 on parental choice and private initiative, the building blocks of success throughout India’ s discriminatory rules restricting Like it or not, Middle East oil will our society. products made with the new biotechnolo- remain central to the world economy and Milton Friedman,senior gy conflict with the broad consensus that therefore to ours. So what should be done? research fellow, New York Post, the newest techniques are no more than a Some non–Middle East supply-side steps February 20 refinement of earlier ones and that trans- would help. It doesn’t cost much to fer of a gene by molecular techniques does develop better technologies, and they can In short, the nonsimplistic European not, per se, confer risk. By implementing have a high payoff. And we can cut motor attitude, if that’s the right way to charac- wrong-headed policies that discourage the fuel use. But it is a dangerous illusion to terize it, rather closely resembles the pre- testing and use of important new products think that we (and the Europeans and September 11 response of the United and misallocating public resources, Indian others) can avoid continuing to protect States to terrorism. We have come to our bureaucrats are no less culpable than if the flow of Middle East oil. simplism only recently and only as a result they were to permit the building of an Henry S. Rowen,senior fellow, of the manifest failure of “sophistication” unsafe dam or the administration of con- International Economy, to derail what can now clearly be seen as a taminated blood products.They should be January–February long-standing and systematic effort by our held accountable. enemies to target us and kill our people. Henry I. Miller,research fellow, To d Lindb erg,research fellow, Wall Street Journal, March 26 the Weekly Standard, March 18

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www.hoover.org Comprehensive information about the Institution, its fellows, work, The Hoover Institution Newsletter is published quarterly and distributed by the Hoover scholarly output, and outreach Institution, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-6010, 650/723-0603, fax, 650/725- 8611. ©2002 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University. Send www.hooverdigest.org Quarterly Hoover Digest available online comments and requests for information to Newsletter Editor Michele M. Horaney, APR, New topical web sites, which are constantly updated Manager of Public Affairs. Staff: Public Affairs Writer: Caleb Offley, Newsletter Design: Akiko Arakawa, Newsletter production: Wm Freeman, Stanford Design Group. The www. campaignfinancesite.org Campaign finance reform history, regulations and legislation, court Hoover Institution Home Page is on the World Wide Web at www.hoover.org. cases, and reform proposals The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford University, founded in www.imfsite.org Information on the International Monetary Fund 1919 by Herbert Hoover, is one of the leading centers in the world devoted to interdis- www.russiaeconomy.org Analyzes Russia’s turbulent economic situation today ciplinary scholarship in domestic and international affairs.

13 R ECENT R ELEASES

Beyond the Color Line: New Perspectives on Making China Policy: Lessons from the Bush Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Race and Ethnicity in America and Clinton Administrations Air Power, 1909–1941 Edited by Abigail Thernstrom and Stephan Edited by Ramon H. Myers, Michel C. By Mark R. Peattie Thernstrom Oksenberg, and David Shambaugh Hoover fellow Mark R. Peattie’s new “The American racial and ethnic landscape In the aftermath of the Tiananmen Square in- book, Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese has been fundamentally transformed in cident in 1989, U.S. policymakers faced an in- Naval Air Power, 1909–1941 (Naval recent decades,” write editors Abigail and creasingly complex environment in dealing Institute Press, 2001), traces the climb Stephan Thernstrom in their introduction to with China and Taiwan. Many changes,includ- of Japanese naval aviation from its Beyond the Color Line (Hoover Press and ing the growing role played by interest group genesis in 1909 to its pinnacle as Manhattan Institute, 2002). “But public un- lobbies, the media, and Congress, increasingly Japan’s deadliest weapon on the eve of derstanding has lagged behind new realities. influenced the policymaking process. In the Pacific war. Our gaze is often fixed on the rearview Making China Policy: Lessons from the Bush Established in the 1870s, the impe- mirror, and even that view is distorted.” and Clinton Administrations (Rowman & Lit- rial Japanese navy was centuries A generation ago, blacks had much less tlefield Publishers, 2001), coedited by Hoover behind the West in tactical and tech- education, had much poorer jobs, and were fellow Ramon H. Myers, a group of leading in- nological evolution, yet Japanese more likely to live in solidly black neighbor- ternational experts explores how these factors naval aviation began development ex- hoods than they are today.Yet the old notion combined to weaken existing bipartisan tremely early in the history of flight. of “two societies, one black, one white—sep- support for positive relations with Beijing as Peattie follows the evolution of naval arate and unequal” still persists thirty years well as the institutions or rules that had pro- air tactics, the debate within the navy after it first appeared in the Kerner Commis- vided the incentives for improved Sino-Amer- as to the appropriate place of aviation sion report. ican and Sino-Taiwan relations in naval warfare, and the gradual ad- America’s changing racial and ethnic With its exhaustive research and original vances in design that led to the devel- scene is the central theme of Beyond the interpretations, this book is indispensable in opment of sophisticated military air- Color Line.In essays covering a range of understanding the intricate, delicate, and craft. Sunburst combines data found areas, including education, law, religion, im- crucial relationship between an emerging re- in previous works with important migration, family structure, crime, econom- gional power, China, and the United States. new information derived from Japan- ics, politics, and more,this volume examines Ramon H. Myers is a senior fellow and ese-language sources. where we’ve been, where we are, and where curator of the East Asian Collection at the Mark R. Peattie is a research fellow we’re going. Hoover Institution. Michel C. Oksenberg was, at the Hoover Institution and a spe- Abigail Thernstrom is a senior fellow at at the time of his death in February 2001, a cialist in modern Japanese military the Manhattan Institute and has been a senior fellow at the Institute of International history. He also serves as a research member of the Massachusetts State Board of Studies Asia/Pacific Research Center of Stan- fellow at the Asia-Pacific Research Education since 1995.Stephan Thernstrom is ford University and the Hoover Institution. Center at Stanford University. the Winthrop Professor of History at David Shambaugh is professor of political Harvard University and a Manhattan Insti- science and international affairs and director tute senior fellow. Contributors to the book of the China Policy Program at George Wash- include Hoover fellows David Brady,Thomas ington University and nonresident senior Sowell, Shelby Steele, and C. Robert Zelnick. fellow at the Brookings Institution.

14 R ECENT R ELEASES

Education in the Twenty-first Century Estonia and the Estonians Digital Dealing: How e-Markets are Edited by Edward P.Lazear By Toivo U. Raun Transforming the Economy By Robert E. Hall Few issues today are more important in The past decade has seen some of the the United States than improving educa- most exciting moments in the history of Whether reaching retail customers or tion. In Education in the Twenty-first the Estonian people, marking the emer- selling stocks and bonds, the Internet Century (Hoover Institution Press, 2002), gence of a new political and socioeco- opens tremendous opportunities to tradi- editor and Hoover fellow Edward P.Lazear nomic order and the rebirth of a nation. tional business. In Digital Dealing: How e- brings together a range of Hoover scholars In the updated second edition of Estonia Markets are Transforming the Economy to address this crucial issue. and the Estonians (Hoover Institution (Norton, 2002), Hoover fellow Robert E. Nine Hoover fellows, some of the most Press, 2001), Toivo U. Raun traces the Hall explores the principles of online respected experts in the field of education history of Estonia from the first signs of dealing, drawing on his academic and reform, contribute their expertise, evi- human habitation to the present day. In practical experience to explain what sep- dence, and insights on a wide range of doing so, he both analyzes recent events arates successful business models from topics that includes national exams, ac- and places them within a crucial histori- those that fall by the wayside. countability, performance, and school cal perspective. Using examples from a wide array of funding. Throughout the book, the con- An entirely new chapter, added for the firms in the e-business community, in- tributors detail the importance of educa- updated edition, traces the country’s cluding eBay, Priceline, and Grainger, tion to both the individual and society as postcommunist transition in the 1990s. Hall details how basic principles of a whole, shedding light on what education The new edition also includes additions market design can be channeled into suc- does, on various ways to structure educa- to the chapters on the late 1980s and early cessful new applications. He analyzes the tion, on lessons that can be learned from 1990s, providing up-to-date information fundamental principles underlying the past, and on how much can be accom- on the era of glasnost and perestroika online deal making and probes the Inter- plished in the future. (1985–1991), when Gorbachev’s blessing net’s rapid transformation of the world Editor Edward P. Lazear is the Morris on a frank and open discussion of Soviet marketplace. He explores auction deal Arnold Cox Senior Fellow at the Hoover shortcomings and the need for far-reach- engines in all their major forms, real-time Institution and the Jack Steele Parker Pro- ing reform led to a striking process of deal engines and posted-price deal fessor of Human Resources, Management rebirth, renewal, and de-Sovietization. engines, antitrust issues, and the future of and Economics at Stanford University’s Toivo U. Raun is a profess or of cent r a l e-markets. Graduate School of Business. Other con- Eurasian studies and adjunct professor of Robert E. Hall is the Robert and Carole tributors to the book include Hoover history at Indiana University, Blooming- McNeil Senior Fellow at the Hoover Insti- fellows Robert J. Barro, Gary S. Becker, ton, and past president of the Association tution and a member of the economics Robert E. Hall, Jennifer Roback Morse, for the Advancement of Baltic Studies. department at Stanford University. He Paul M. Romer, George P. S hu ltz, Thomas has served as a consultant to companies Sowell, and Shelby Steele. such as Napster, Apple, and Oracle.

15 ABRAHAM D. SOFAER, SIDNEY D. DRELL NAMED TO TASK FORCE ON NATIONAL SECURITY IN THE INFORMATION AGE

wo Hoover fellows—Abraham D. realign government agencies using the ference proceedings, The New Terror: Sofaer,the George P. S hu ltz Senior best available technologies to facilitate Facing the Threat of Biological and TFellow and Sidney D. Drell—have more effective data collection on the Chemical Weapons (Hoover Press, 1999). been named to the Task Force on Na- state and federal level, expedite inter- Other members affiliated with think tional Security in the Information Age. agency sharing, and still respect individ- tanks include Michael Armacost, presi- The initiative on national security was ual privacy. dent of the Brookings Institution; John launched in the wake of the September Three major conferences, all organ- Hamre, president of CSIS; and Robert 11 terrorist attacks. It is funded by the ized by Sofaer, have been held as part of Atkinson, vice president of the Progres- Markle Foundation and is cochaired by the National Security Forum, which is sive Policy Institute. Other participants Zoe Baird,Markle Foundation president, one of the Institution’s nine research ini- come from government, law, business, and James Barksdale, former Netscape tiatives. advocacy groups, and academe, includ- Communications chairman. Also in- Drell, who is deputy director emeritus ing EdVenture Holdings chairman volved are the Brookings Institution and of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Esther Dyson; Sun Microsystems chief the Center for Strategic and Internation- Center,collaborated with Sofaer on a Na- researcher John Gage; Governor Mike al Studies (CSIS). tional Security Forum conference on bi- Leavitt of Utah; and former National Se- The task force will investigate and ological and chemical weapons in 1998. curity Agency deputy director Bill make recommendations on ways to They edited a volume based on the con- Crowell, among many others.

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