WINTER 2004 NEWSLETTERNEWSLETTER

FALL RETREAT TAKES ON TIMELY TOPICS PRESIDENT BUSH WITH SPEAKERS, PRESENTATIONS NOMINATES KORET TASK FORCE MEMBERS TO NATIONAL BOARD onstitutional law, education, racial discussed the strengths and weakness of quotas, nuclear weapons, tax U.S. leadership. In his talk, Ferguson FOR EDUCATION SCIENCES Cpolicy, and the future of California explored how far the Anglo-American hree members of the Hoover Insti- were among the many timely topics ideals of free markets, rule of law, and rep- tution’s Koret Task Force on K–12 addressed during the Hoover Institution’s resentative government can be maintained Education were nominated by Pres- Fall Director’s Retreat, October 26–28, and how far they can be exported or glob- T ident George W. Bush to the National 2003. continued on page 8 Board for Education Sciences. Hoover senior fellow Victor Davis Nominated were Eric A.Hanushek,Car- Hanson discussed “The War on Terrorism oline Hoxby, and Herbert Walberg. in a Classical Context,”and,in the course of Hanushek, who was nominated to a his talk, examined mythologies surround- two-year term, is the Paul and Jean Hanna ing war, their causes and how they are Senior Fellow in Education at Hoover. resolved. Hoxby, who was nominated to a four- “Wars are hard to start,”said Hanson, a year term, is a professor of economics at noted classicist and author, “Most states and director of the know exactly what they’re doing and they Economics of Education Program for the take these precipitous steps because they National Bureau of Economic Research. think the risks are not as great as advan- Walberg , who was nominated to a three- tages accrued…and if one side perceives year term, is a professor emeritus in educa- that the other has lost deterrence.” tion at the University of Illinois-Chicago. Also addressing international issues was continued on page 2 Hoover senior fellow Niall Ferguson, who Victor Davis Hanson • INSIDE • THE BIG SHOW IN BOLOLAND IS ERIC HANUSHEK AWARDED FORDHAM PRIZE FOR COWINNER OF PRESTIGIOUS 2003 SCHOLARSHIP...... 3

MARSHALL SHULMAN BOOK PRIZE CHANGING IRAN FOCUS OF CONFERENCE ...... 4 he Big Show in Bololand: The American Relief Expedition Q & A:WILLIAMSON EVERS to Soviet Russia in the Famine of 1921, written by Hoover ON ASSISTING IRAQ’S T research fellow Bertrand M. Patenaude, was named co- EDUCATION SYSTEM ...... 6 winner of the 2003 Marshall Shulman Book Prize. EXHIBIT ON IRELAND’S ‘TROUBLES’LATEST OFFERING continued on page 2 AT PAVILION...... 15 HOOVER INSTITUTION News by and about Hoover fellows and the Institution updated daily. ONLINEONLINE Visit us at www.hoover.org KORET TASK FORCE ON K–12 EDUCATION continued from page 1 The Institute of Education Sciences is analysis of education policy. Task force The nominations were announced on within the Department of Education but activities have focused on and produced November 19 by the White House. functions as a separate office under the ideas and materials concerning school The National Board for Education Sci- direction of the newly established National reforms that are likely to succeed. ences, which was established in 2002 under Board for Education Sciences. The Task force members also ser ve as the Education Sciences Reform Act, is National Board for Education Sciences is editors, contributors, and members of the charged with overseeing the work of the composed of fifteen members appointed editorial board of Education Next: A Institute of Education Sciences. by the president. Journal of Opinion and Research, published This act overhauled the Office of Educa- The Koret Task Force on K–12 Educa- by the Hoover Institution. tional Research and Improvement and tion is the centerpiece of the Hoover Insti- The full text of the press release on the replaced it with the new Institute of Educa- tution’s Initiative on American Public Edu- nominations may be viewed at tion Sciences, which is designed to develop cation. Supported by the Koret Founda- http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/ and coordinate high-quality research, tion, the task force consists of a group of releases/2003/11/20031119-3.html gather statistics, evaluate programs, and national educational experts with estab- disseminate information. lished careers in systematic and scientific

BOLOLAND IS COWINNER OF 2003 MARSHALL SHULMAN BOOK PRIZE

continued from page 1 fairs/newsletter/02091/bololand.html and at the Press web site at The award was made by the American http://www.sup.org/cgi-bin/search/ Association for the Advancement of Slavic book_desc.cgi?book_id=4467%204493. Studies (AAASS), in conjunction with the Also winning the Marshall Shulman Harriman Institute at Columbia Univer- Book Prize was Ted Hopf, associate profes- sity, on November 22 in Toronto, Ontario, sor of political science at the Ohio State Canada. At that time, AAASS presented its University for his monograph on the inter- annual awards for distinguished contribu- national behavior of the countries of the tions to Slavic studies and five book prizes. former Communist bloc, Social Construc- The AAASS is the leading private, non- tion of International Politics: Identities & profit organization dedicated to the Foreign Policies, Moscow, 1955 & 1999, advancement of knowledge about Russia, published by Cornell University Press. Central Eurasia, and Eastern and Central Founded in 1948, the American Associ- Europe. ation for the Advancement of Slavic The Big Show in Bololand is based on Studies, a nonprofit, nonpolitical, scholarly materials in the Hoover Institution society, brings together over 3,000 scholars Archives and was published by Stanford interested in the culture, history, and lan- University Press. It portrays an American guages of the region’s peoples, and their relief expedition to Soviet Russia in 1921 to Bertrand M. Patenaude economic and political systems, and gives mitigate the impact of the famine that coherence to a field that covers a multitude killed millions. The award committee underpinnings and consequences of the of academic disciplines and diverse praised Patenaude’s work for being “an out- rescue mission.” interests. standing example of lively and engaging Information about the book is available prose, impressive historical research, and on the Hoover Institution web site at persuasive analysis of the diplomatic http://www-hoover.stanford.edu/pubaf-

2 ERIC HANUSHEK AWARDED member of the Koret Task Force on K–12 Education and a professor emeritus at the FORDHAM FOUNDATION PRIZE University of Virginia. The Thomas B. FOR DISTINGUISHED SCHOLARSHIP Fordham Prize for Valor is awarded to a leader who has made major contributions ric A. Hanushek,Paul and Jean scholar who to education reform via noteworthy Hanna Senior Fellow, has been has made accomplishments at the national, state, Eawarded the Fordham Foundation’s major contri- local, and/or school level. 2004 Prize for Distinguished Scholarship. butions to The press release on the award may be The announcement was made on January education viewed at the Fordham Foundation site 26. reform via http://www.edexcellence.net/foundation/g Hanushek, a member of the Hoover research, Eric A. Hanushek lobal/page.cfm?id=199. Institution Koret Task Force on K–12 Edu- analysis, and At http://www.edexcellence.net/doc/ cation,was cited for his passion to improve successful engagement in the war of ideas. FordhamEducationPrizes2004.pdf is a full the education of disadvantaged and In 2003, the first Thomas B. Fordham profile of Hanushek, his work, and his life, minority children, beliefs about the K–12 Prize for Distinguished Scholarship was along with that of the winner of the Foun- education system, challenge of conven- awarded to Paul Peterson, a member of the dation’s 2004 Prize for Valor, Howard L. tional wisdom about schooling, and deep Koret Task Force for K–12 Education and a Fuller, distinguished professor of educa- commitment to the cause of public professor of education at Harvard Univer- tion and founder/director of the Institute schools. sity. for the Transformation of Learning at The Thomas B. Fordham Prize for Dis- The recipient of the first Fordham Prize Marquette University. tinguished Scholarship is awarded to a for Valor in 2003 was E.D. Hirsch Jr., also a

AUTHOR, ACTIVIST PHILIP HOWARD CALLS FOR RETURN director John Raisian and Hoover overseer Tad Taube, president of the Koret Founda- TO COMMON SENSE IN USE OF LAW DURING TALK tion, to address the national debate over AT KORET TASK FORCE DINNER public education. The task force is a joint endeavor of the ducation reform has come to be the law is rigid, when we have too many Hoover Institution and the Koret Founda- viewed as a legal problem, a perspec- rules the law is overarching, and so-called tion of San Francisco, its primary sponsor. Etive that encourages frivolous law- due process—to protect individuals against Task force members are Hoover fellows suits that breed distrust of the law and the government power—is being misused. Williamson M. Evers, Chester Finn, Eric U.S. education system, according to Philip “If you are running a school, you need to Hanushek, Terry Moe, and Paul E. Peterson Howard, attorney, author, and activist with have authority and discretion. We need to and Hoover distinguished visiting fellows the organization Common Good. restore this authority to have good schools John E. Chubb, Paul Hill, E. D. Hirsch Jr., “We have lost the ability to make good and not misuse the law,”he added. Caroline Hoxby, Diane Ravitch, and choices,” said Howard,who spoke to a Howard, the chairman of the ground- Herbert J. Walberg. dinner audience gathered on January 15 breaking bipartisan legal reform organiza- The Koret Task Force forms the center- during meetings of the Koret Task Force on tion Common Good, is also the author of piece of the Hoover Institution’s Initiative K–12 Education. The Death of Common Sense: How Law Is on American Public Education, a five-year “The use of the law to ‘improve’ schools Suffocating America (Random House, commitment to the production of research is one of the reasons schools are failing,”he 1995) and The Collapse of the Common and writing on education reform. said. “This is not to say that the law isn’t Good: How America’s Lawsuit Culture The task force’s first joint work, A Primer important, as in desegregation and special Undermines Our Freedom (Ballatine, 2002). on America’s Schools, was published by the education. But when the law moves from He is vice-chairman of the law firm Cov- Hoover Institution Press in 2001. Other helping set goals, as in desegregation, to ington & Burling. books include Choice with Equity (2002) daily negotiation, it suffocates positive The Koret Task Force on K–12 Educa- and School Accountability (2002). In 2003, changes and improvements. tion met during January 14–16 to take the task force released Our Schools and Our “My premise is that the most important stock of its projects and programs and plan Future … Are We Still at Risk? An Assess- aspect in an institution, such as the schools, for the future. The task force is an elite team ment by the Koret Task Force on K–12 Edu- is the people in it. The human aspect is crit- of scholars specializing in education reform cation, also published by Hoover Institu- ical, but the law kills it,” he said. “Frankly, who have been brought together by Hoover tion Press.

3 OLITICS GOVERNANCE IN CHANGING RAN chaired the panel. P , I Discussants FOCUS OF NOVEMBER CONFERENCE included Erik Jensen, of Stanford University and ran is of enormous promise and University of Dur- Mehrangiz Kar, of importance, not only for the ham, discussed how the University of “IMiddle East and Southeast Asia Iranian intellectuals Virginia. but for the entire world,” according to view the revolutions For the last panel Hoover senior fellow Larry Diamond, that brought about Guity Nashat of the day, The Michael McFaul who opened “The Politics and Gover- changes in Iran’s Nuclear Question, Mohsen Masserat of nance in a Chang- government. Hoover research fellow the University of Osnabruek presented ing Iran,” confer- Abbas Milani chaired the panel. his paper, Iran’s Energy Policy: Current ence conducted Discussants included Haleh Esfandiari Dilemmas and Perspective for a Sustain- November 21 at of the Woodrow Wilson International able Energy Policy. Najmeddin Meshkati Hoover’s Stauffer Center, Guity Nashat of the Hoover Insti- of the University of Southern California, Auditorium. The tution, and Nayereh Tohidi of California a discussant on the panel, voiced con- purpose of the con- State University, Northridge. cerns about Iran’s intentions of develop- ference, organized Religious intellectualism was the topic ing a nuclear energy program. by Diamond and of the second morning panel, Religion The conference concluded with a Hoover fellow Larry Diamond and Politics. Forough Jahanbaksh of roundtable discussion on relations Abbas Milani, was Queen’s University discussed The Role of between the and Iran. Par- to look at the prospects and conditions Islamic Intellectuals. Discussants on the ticipants in the discussion included for peaceful political reform in Iran. panel that was chaired by Diamond Hormoz Hekmat, editor of Irannameh, The conference on Iran is part of included Donald Emmerson of Stanford and McFaul, Milani, and Diamond, all of Hoover’s International Rivalries and University; Alireza Hagigi, a journalist the Hoover Institution. Global Cooperation program, which residing in Canada; and Milani. studies foreign pol- The afternoon session opened with icy in the fields of a reception to view the exhibit Creat- security, trade and ing an Islamic Republic: Iranian Col- commerce, and the lections from the Hoover Library and rule of law. Archives. In the first panel Abdulkarim Lahiji, a human rights of the day, The lawyer, discussed his views of religion Current Political and government in Iran in the panel Landscape in Iran, Judicial System and the Rule of Law in Abbas Milani Ali M. Ansari, of the Iran. Hoover fellow Michael McFaul Iran panel

HOOVER ESSAYS tion reality by making major changes in immigration laws and how they were MAKING AND REMAKING AMERICA: IMMIGRATION INTO THE administered. UNITED STATES In 1986, the United States enacted the by Philip Martin and Peter Duignan world’s largest legalization program for unauthorized foreigners and introduced ■ How many migrants should be admit- Continued immigration constantly sanctions on employers who knowingly ted? reshapes the demography, economy, and hired illegal foreign workers. Instead of ■ From where and with what status should society of the United States. slowing illegal immigration, however, this they arrive? As a country of immigrants, write Philip program allowed more foreigners to arrive ■ How should the rules governing the Martin and Peter Duignan in the new legally and illegally, which prompted system be enforced? Hoover Institution Essay Making and another round of reforms in 1996 aimed at During the 1980s and 1990s, the U.S. Remaking America: Immigration into the ensuring that new arrivals would not Congress responded to growing gaps United States, America must respond to receive welfare payments. between immigration policy and immigra- three fundamental immigration questions: continued on page 5

4 H OOVER IN P RINT

defense. Those are the costs of leading a war themselves are restructuring the ministry on terrorists and rogue states. The alternative organization, considering decentralization is to rely on other countries or the United plans, and holding forums on curriculum Nations, both of which have been unwilling reform and the future of Iraq’s school system. to act decisively. Or we could hunker down Williamson Evers, research fellow, and risk another attack like 9/11. Wall Street Journal, January 15 Do achievement test scores really predict To day’s debates over military reserve objective indicators of individual and policy are really debates over America’s role Part of President Bush’s appeal to many national success? The OECD study showed in the world. Americans is that he combines a moral cer- that, in a dozen economically advanced Bruce Berkowitz, senior fellow, tainty about ends with a ruthlessness about countries, achievement test scores accurately Pasadena Star-News, November 24 means. To achieve these ends, the president predict per-capita gross domestic product has no compunction about exploiting the and individual earnings, life expectancy and We are not in a war with a crook in Haiti.This nation’s fiscal and monetary strengths—to participation in civic and community activi- is no Grenada or Panama—or even a Kosovo the max. No question, the policy of having ties. Literacy still matters. The United States or Bosnia. No, we are in a worldwide struggle both guns and butter postpones difficult has clearly lost its lead in educating workers the likes of which we have not seen since decisions about the future of the welfare for an ever-changing knowledge economy, World War II. The quicker we understand the system, principally Medicare and Social with potentially devastating implications for awful truth, and take measures to defeat Security. But it also ensures the continuation our economy, but also for our political and rather than ignore or appease our enemies, of the nation’s “full spectrum dominance” in civic institutions. The need to improve the the quicker we will win. In a war such as this, warfare. nation’s public schools has never been the alternative to victory is not a brokered Niall Ferguson, senior fellow, New greater. peace, but abject Western suicide and all that Yor k Tim e s , December 7 Herbert Walberg, distinguished it entails—a revelation of which we saw on visiting fellow and member of the September 11. It surprises many that there is resistance to Koret Task Force on K–12 Education, Victor Davis Hanson, senior fellow, openness in [school] funding, to providing and Joseph Bast, president of the National Review Online, December 5 clear information on student performance Heartland Institute, coauthors of and to rewarding results. The resistance is Education and Capitalism (Hoover The White House had specifically told my easily seen by remembering that [California] Institution Press, 2003), San Francisco colleagues [in Iraq working with the Iraq recently had large bonuses for school per- Chronicle, January 13 Education Ministry] and me to concentrate formance, only to have them dropped even on getting the children, teachers and text- before the current round of cuts related to The part of the war that combat forces books back in the classrooms.We were wisely budget problems. The simple fact is that perform is brief. But the operations in which admonished by White House officials to offer many currently in the system do not want any reservists specialize—the war after the our best advice when asked by Iraqis, but to focus on performance. The underlying phi- war—can take 10 times as long. Because we avoid directly imposing extensive reforms on losophy here points toward the fundamental are likely to see this pattern repeated,we need the Iraqi schools. We followed this suggested elements of the currently broken system and to rethink our force structure. We may need course. Thus, we helped remove totalitarian away from fixating just on budgetary alloca- to add more active-duty forces in noncom- teachings from the classrooms, helped the tions. batant specialties or use more reservists in schools and ministry resume operations, and Eric A. Hanushek, senior fellow, San combat. Or we may need to spend more on kept our advisory office small. Now Iraqis Jose Mercury News, November 23

HOOVER ESSAYS harbor them, and Congress enacted legisla- tion and providing services to foreign visi- tion to fight terrorism. tors and immigrants were awarded to the This includes new measures for tighten- new Department of Homeland Security. continued from page 4 ing procedures for issuing visas to foreign However, antiterrorism measures have On September 11, 2001, foreigners in the visitors, tracking foreign students and visi- not slowed immigration to the United United States hijacked four commercial tors while they are in the United States, and States. America is poised to remain the planes. Two were flown into the World giving immigration authorities new power world’s major destination for immigrants, Trade Center towers in , to arrest and detain foreigners suspected of and as patterns in U.S.history suggest,most bringing them down and killing 3,000 ties to terrorism. The Immigration and of the newcomers will soon become Amer- people. President George W. Bush declared Naturalization Service was abolished, and icans. war on terrorists and the countries that its functions of preventing illegal immigra- continued on page 11

5 Q &A

GOING BACK TO SCHOOL FELLOW Williamson M. Evers

IN IRAQ TITLE Research Fellow; member of Hoover’s Koret Task Force on K–12 Education

RESEARCH Education policy, especially as it pertains to curriculum, teaching, testing, and accountability from kindergarten through high school. Senior adviser for education to Ambassador L. Paul Bremer of the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq, July–December 2003.

PUBLICATIONS Chapter on curriculum in Our Schools and Our Future; Teacher Quality (coeditor, 2002); School Accountability (coeditor and cocontributor, 2002); School Reform: The Critical Issues (coeditor, 2001); chapter on standards and accountability in A Primer on America’s Schools; What’s Gone Wrong in America’s Classrooms (editor and contributor, 1998). Contributor, Education Week, New York Times, Wall Street Journal, Los Angeles Times, and Christian Science Monitor. Member, editorial boards, Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics, Texas Education Review, and Education Next.

AFFILIATIONS Education policy adviser to President George W.Bush, 2000 campaign, and member, education advisory committee during transition. Member, White House Commission on Presidential Scholars. Member, California state standardized testing and reporting system’s content review panels for history and mathematics.Member,policy board of the California History–Social Science Project. President, the board of direc- tors of the East Palo Alto Charter School, and member of the board since 1997. Former member, National Educational Research Policy and Priorities Board. Member,California State Commission for the Estab- lishment of Academic Content and Performance Standards, 1996–98.

DEGREES B.A. (1972), M.A. (1978), and Ph.D. (1987) degrees in political science, Stanford University.

Q: July through December 2003, you were rity clearance, recruiting other people to Baghdad, and sense that students are eager in Iraq as an adviser for education to go to Baghdad to work on the schools, to learn. Iraqi parents love the country’s Ambassador Paul Bremer, with the Coali- learning more about the situation in Iraq, national testing program and were fer- tion Provisional Authority (CPA). During and talking to people in the White House vently concerned not to let either the war that time, you lived in Baghdad, worked about priorities. in March and April, or the subsequent with CPA colleagues and Iraqi education Q: How do you actually get there? guerrilla skirmishes, interfere with the officials, visited schools and met with A: First, you spend at least a day in a hotel testing of their children. teachers and children, and helped get near Kuwait City. Then, you fly out of a • It’s busy. The education advisory office schools open again at the beginning of military airfield in Kuwait on a military is in Saddam’s main palace in the protected October. Please share with us some of your cargo plane. Your plane comes down Green Zone, which is like a college campus experiences and reflections on this effort. steeply from the sky (to avoid Saddamist (with bombed-out ruins) situated in the A: The Office of the Secretary of Defense rocketeers) to the military side of the inter- middle of Baghdad. The senior advisers for first asked me at the beginning of May national airport in Baghdad. all the ministries have a meeting every 2003 to be a senior adviser for education. Q: What’s it like? morning (except Friday) at 7:30. It is usual When you do this, you are appointed by A: •It’s gratifying. The Iraqi children and for senior advisers and their top staff to the president and approved by Ambas- grown-ups smile, always say “Welcome” still be working at 10:30 at night. People in sador Paul Bremer, who heads the CPA in and wave. The teachers and administrators Mr. Bremer’s office start even earlier and Baghdad. This takes some time. I went on are friendly and dedicated to academic work later. leave from Hoover and spent from late success.You could enter a classroom in the •It’s not as scary as it looks on TV. But June through late July working in an office Kurdish north, in rural parts of the Sunni you do have to exercise reasonable pru- in the Pentagon: getting a top secret secu- triangle, or in Shiite sections of urban dence. I traveled in Baghdad and around

6 Q &A the country more than most civilians who centages are consistent with what I myself worked in the Baghdad palace. Usually I observed. traveled with guards armed with assault Iraq has a tradition of valuing education rifles. I personally found it a bit nerve- and a reputation for having produced, in racking whenever I was stuck in a traffic the pre-Saddam era, some of the best jam. But in five months I never saw a fire- architects, doctors, and engineers in the fight, a bleeding wound, or a dead body. I Arab Middle East. felt and heard explosions, but none were Q: In the United States, the news media closer than several football fields away. carried some reports about the textbooks, Watching TV coverage of Iraq is much their content, and the fact that mentions of scarier than being there. Saddam Hussein were being removed. Q: What was the overall mission of the A: Under Saddam, propaganda was in all group with which you worked? tained some other war damage in March the textbooks, even those for physics and A: In a sense, much of my and my col- and April; substantial numbers (2,753 foreign-language instruction in English. leagues’ efforts were to help a multitude of schools, according to UNICEF) were The most egregious propaganda was in coalition civilian agencies, military units, looted. About 80 percent of schools had history and civics books. A history book and international agencies talk to each seriously deteriorated after more than a published under Saddam would say, for other and coordinate work in the field of decade of neglect by Saddam Hussein. example, that the Iran-Iraq war of the education. Q: How was religion handled in the 1980s was merely an instance of the We didn’t, for example, want Japan and schools? What do children learn? warlike nature of the Persians (who were the U.S.Agency for International Develop- A: Religion is taught in Iraqi schools as a called “yellow snakes”) and their eternal ment both trying to repair the same subject now and was taught under hostility toward the Arabs. school. We also tried to create conditions Saddam. If you are a Muslim, you take During the summer of 2003, Iraqi for normal schoolwork by children and classes in Islam. If you are a Christian, you schoolteachers decided that Saddam’s teachers. When American or international are excused from taking Islamic classes. If civics textbooks were so full of propaganda agencies wanted to impose Progressive there are enough Christians in a school, a that they were not salvageable. So civics Education (learn-through-play) in Iraqi Christian teacher teaches them classes in courses were removed from the curricu- schools, we reminded representatives of Christianity. lum for 2003–4. these agencies that Iraqis had to decide The Saddam-era textbooks on Islam are After Iraqi schoolteachers removed pic- what they wanted to be taught in the not carbon copies of al Qaeda proclama- tures of Saddam, quotations from him, and schools and how it would be taught. tions.But they do present a Sunni interpre- other Saddam propaganda from the text- Q: What did you experience regarding the tation on such matters as ritual ablutions books, we CPA advisers monitored efforts actual schools, say, those outside Baghdad? and the early caliphate. Shiite students by UNESCO and UNICEF to print the de- A: While there, my colleagues in education were forced under Saddam to learn the Saddamized books.We worked with Iraqis and I met with school officials from the Sunni interpretation, which was the only to remove senior Baathists from teaching provinces, who since the war had been interpretation of Islam allowed in the and administrative positions, while ensur- largely cut off from Baghdad (in a country schools. With the exception of a school for ing that those removed had a process for that has lately had no postal system, no the diplomatic community, there were no appeals. telephone system, and little Internet private primary and secondary schools. We a ls o helped Ir aqis launch a new access). Saddam nationalized independent schools program for training teachers in effective We helped reest ablish communication in the 1970s. Currently, the Ministry of classroom practices. with Kurdish officials who had functioned Education has a task force drafting a Q: What steps were taken in regard to the independently of Baghdad for 12 years. measure that would once again legalize school system and its governance? The coalition military working with civil- private schools. A: From the end of the fighting until early ian advisers made sure that hundreds of Q: What about education for girls and the September 2003, the CPA advisers ran the thousands of teachers scattered around the quality of education? country’s school system. Then, my col- country were paid regularly, in the absence A: I saw girls in school all over Iraq. It’s not leagues and I handed authority over the of a working banking system. like Afghanistan under the Taliban. In school system to Ala’din Alwan, the minis- We monitored effor ts by the Bechtel primary school, 45 percent of students are ter of education appointed by the Iraqi Corporation, the coalition military, and girls; in secondary school, 40 percent. All Governing Council. Since September, he’s charities to rehabilitate run-down schools. statistics about Iraq (including these from been in charge. We continued to offer A few schools were hit with shells or sus- U.N. agencies) are shaky. But these per- continued on page 10

7 F ALL R ETREAT

FALL RETREAT MEETING that it had the duty to invalidate laws that were in conflict with the Constitution. President Thomas Jefferson objected to this change in judicial review, fearing that the powers of the judiciary would be unchecked. Then in 1857, in the Dred Scott v. Sandford case, the Supreme Court inserted itself into the political fray,not only finding in favor continued from page 1 of slaveowners and refusing to recognize slaves as citizens but alized. “America stands at a crossroads to an empire,” Ferguson stating that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. Pres- said. ident Lincoln objected to this ruling because the Supreme Ferguson is the Herzog Pro- Court claimed authority to interpret the Constitution, fessor of Financial History at placing other branches of government in a subservient the Stern Business School, New position to the Court,the same despotism that concerned Yo r k Un i v e r s i t y, a n o t e d a u t h o r, President Jefferson. and a senior research fellow at George noted that the Supreme Court is seen as a Jesus College, Oxford Univer- higher authority,not subject to politics, but reminded the sity, where he is a visiting pro- audience not to forget other landmark rulings where the fessor of history. Supreme Court acted on political issues. “Unchecked The judicial scope of the power to do good,”George said, “is unchecked power to Supreme Court and the process do evil.”He cited Lochner v. New York (1905), a case that by which the power of the ushered in decades of judicial hostility toward state and Court was established was local social welfare laws, and Roe v. Wade (1973) as other addressed at dinner on October examples. 27 by Robert George, a profes- Kurt Hauser In addition to his position at Princeton, George is a sor of jurisprudence and direc- member of President George W. Bush’s Council on tor of the James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institu- Bioethics. His most recent books include The Clash of Orthodoxies tions at Princeton University and Great Cases in Constitutional Law. In his talk “Judicial Supremacy? Lessons from Lincoln,”George examined President Abraham Lincoln’s response to Supreme Domestic and International Issues Court rulings on the Dred Scott case and how it acted as part of the Richard Epstein, the Peter and Kirsten Bedford Senior Fellow at growth and change in judiciary power. Hoover, began He began by reviewing the 1954 case of Brown vs. Topeka Board the plenary of Education, which abolished segregation. This ruling was chal- session on lenged in a subsequent case but upheld by the Supreme Court.“In October 27 with a unanimous decision, the justices asserted that the ‘federal judici- a talk on “The ary is supreme in the exposition of the law of the Constitution,’” Role of Skepti- George said.“Now the idea of judicial supremacy…has come to be cism in Consti- very widely held,so widely held not only by the legal profession, tutional Law.” but the public at large that it has come to be seen as unremarkable. “One of the But it was not reasons we put always so.” together a con- In Marbury vs. stitution, the Madison (1803) reason we don’t the Supreme have a general Niall Ferguson Court, under system of popu- Chief Justice John lar democracy and majority rules at the drop of a hat,is because the Marshall, estab- thing we are skeptical about are the motives, purposes, and activi- lished a broader ties of our various government agencies,”he said. scope of judicial Epstein, who also is the James Parker Hall Distinguished Service review. With Professor at the University of Chicago, is known for his research Marbury the and writing in a broad range of constitutional, economic, histori- Court assumed cal, and philosophical subjects. greater powers In the next session,“After Michigan: Ending the War over Race and determined John Raisian Preferences,” Hoover research fellow Robert Zelnick asked the

8 F ALL R ETREAT

A tour of the exhibit Creating an Islamic Republic: Iranian Posters from the Hoover Collection, was presented by Hoover exhibits coor- dinator Cecile Hill.

Global and Local Economies, Past and Present Presidents, and U.S. Leadership On October 28, Robert Glenn Hubbard, a professor of econom- ics and finance at ’s Graduate School of Busi- ness,gave an analysis of the economy in his talk “Are We in a Global Recovery,”saying that the economy has shown amazing resilience. “The economy has weathered setbacks,”Hubbard said,“and many sectors are thriving.” Following Hubbard, John Podhoretz, a Retreat panel on California politics columnist for question, where do we go from here? “Most interesting develop- the New York ment that I’ve seen,” Zelnick said,“is a rising up of scholars who Post, reviewed have supported affirmative action in the past but who say diversity the successes of is basically a lie.” George W.Bush’s Zelnick is also an Emmy Award-winning journalist and chair- as president in man of the Department of Journalism at Boston University. his talk “Driving Ken Jowitt, the Pres and Maurine Hotchkis Senior Fellow, in his Liberals Insane: talk titled “The American Empire: Papal, Evangelical, or Ecumeni- The George W. cal?” spoke on U. S. efforts to globalize America and rebuild Iraq. Bush Presi- “To the extent to dency.” which the Hoover Robert George United States research fellow pursues this Peter Robinson’s talk “How Ronald Reagan Changed My Life” was utopian goal of drawn from his recently released book by the same title. He regime change, reviewed two lessons he learned as a speechwriter for President what we are Ronald Reagan, one, that words matter, and two, that individuals going to see on matter. the basis of the Afternoon sessions covered issues that included two goals that ■ Education the Bush admin- ■ Tax policy istration now ■ U.S.-Iranian relations has—namely, Dennis Prager, the well-known syndicated radio talk-show host military invul- and writer, spoke on October 26 and by sharing with dinner guests nerability for the Dennis Prager what he believes are the seven ways in which America is different. United States “These are the features that set America apart, that enable it to and global democracy,” Jowitt said, “will create a world in which go it alone in the world,”he said.“However, we are not very aggres- America is more militarized and the world is less democratized.” sive in articulating this and sharing it in a way that convinces other Following the morning plenary speakers, Hoover fellows pre- of their value.” sented retreat guests attending afternoon sessions with an array of The features are conversations on ■ Secular government—the United States has created a unique ■ Economics secular government with a religious body politic. ■ Japan ■ Religiosity—the religiosity of America is unique. It is a distinctly ■ “Never a Matter of Indifference: Sustaining Virtue in a Free Judeo-Christian country but has never been confused with Euro- Republic” pean Christianity in that there were no pogroms directed toward ■ Nuclear weapons the Jews or any inquisition conducted in America. ■ Rebuilding Iraq and Afghanistan It is the only religious country in the world that is also tolerant. ■ Ronald Reagan continued on page 10

9 F ALL R ETREAT

FALL RETREAT MEETING speaker here tonight is like a dream come true,”he said. The retreat ended with a panel discussion on California issues. The panelists were Hoover fellows Morris Fiorina, Thomas MaCurdy, and Pete Wilson. Hoover senior fellow David Brady moderated. continued from page 9 During “California Politics 2003: The Recall, the Budget and “American Christianity created something that has never been Beyond,”they commented on the recall of Governor Gray Davis, duplicated: massive tolerance,”he said. the election of Arnold Schwarzenegger, the budget debacle of 2003, ■ Sense of mission—alone among other countries in Western and challenges facing the state. society, the United States has a sense of mission toward humanity. Morris Fiorina discussed the innovative statewide voter survey The expression of this mission can be documented in the writings using the Internet and a facsimile of the proposed ballot that he of major figures including Abraham Lincoln and John F.Kennedy. and David Brady, along with Stanford professor Shanto Iyengar, ■ Consciousness of good and evil—The United States talks about undertook during the lead-up to the October 7 election. The poll, good and evil. “Why did we fight in Korea? It was for liberty,” administered by Knowledge Networks of Menlo Park, California, Prager said. “And when it came to Vietnam, we did not fight to showed that from the very first of the three surveys in the series, acquire raw materials.” Schwarzenegger had solid support. ■ Pragmatism—pragmatism is a unique American value.“I never Thomas MaCurdy challenged solving the California budget gap confuse art with moral excellence; I know that art is art and good- with the sale of bonds, noting that “bonds are borrowing from the ness is goodness.” future and debt service is ignored.” ■ Liberty over equality—we prefer liberty to equality, having He pointed out that the legislature, with the approval of the gov- decided that freedom is better than everyone being equal. ernor, spent funds that weren’t in state coffers and that state rev- ■ Merit—lineage is of no importance.“Bloodline means nothing. enues are too dependent on taxes paid by high-income families. The question is ‘Can you do the job?’ and we are a people who trust Former California governor Pete Wilson said he believed the people we are not related to.” legislature, as well as Governor Davis,were culpable in the eco- “My fear,”Prager said,“is that we have a gem in the United States nomic mess the state faces. “This was an election about anger. I and we don’t know it and we don’t know how to sell it to the next think that if the names of the legislators were on the October 7 generation. We could realize that we have lost the greatest force for ballot, the voters would have recalled all of them,”he said. Wilson goodness.We could lose it and we need to know how different it is also said he felt that solving the budget crisis with bonds was [from all the other political systems in the world]. We need to cel- illegal. ebrate it.” Regarding other issues of concern to California’s future, he said Prager thanked Hoover director John Raisian for the opportu- he would recommend an independent commission to reapportion nity to speak before the Hoover audience and recalled that he had the state’s voting districts and return the legislature to a part-time discussed the future of the Soviet Union with Hoover fellows while schedule. in graduate school.“I have a deeply felt love for Hoover and being

Q & A Q: How, then, would you judge the work rally, with so much American taxpayers’ you did? money going into Iraqi schools, the advis- continued from page 7 A: As a success. And I’d call it a success ers had to watch where the money was advice and counsel when the minister because we helped remove totalitarian going. The Ministry of Education has its requested it, and we provided liaison teachings from the classrooms, helped the problems, including the need for a replace- between Iraqi educational officials and schools and ministry resume operations, ment for a headquarters building that was people in the CPA. and kept our advisory office small. Now looted and burned.But because Iraqis have The White House had specifically told Iraqis themselves are restructuring the assumed responsibility in the schools and my colleagues and me to concentrate on ministry organization, considering decen- the ministry, Iraqis themselves are now getting the children,teachers,and text- tralization plans, and holding forums on charting the future course of education in books back in the classrooms. We were curriculum reform and the future of Iraq’s their country. wisely admonished by White House offi- school system. As the Coalition Provisional Authority cials to offer our best advice when asked by We a lmost always handed on responsi- turns over civilian and military responsi- Iraqis but to avoid directly imposing bilities that were handed to us, as soon as bilities to the Iraqis between now and the extensive reforms on the Iraqi schools. We possible, to Iraqis. The big exceptions were end of June, I hope the process goes as well followed this suggested course. monitoring money and progress. Natu- in other fields as it has in education.

10 P UBLICATION R E VIEW

■ ■ The Hoover Institution presents a wide “Recycling Reforms: The Department of “Keeping the Information Edge: Reform- range of opinions, expert research, and com- Education Enters the Innovation Business.” ing Intelligence for the Age of Terror.” By mentary in four recognized and acclaimed By Diane Ravitch, member, Koret Task Kevin O’Connell and Robert R. Tomes. ■ publications. Force on K–12 Education. “European Union, Properly Construed: ■ Hoover Digest “The Knowledge Guild: The Tension Americans Need to take Europe More Seri- www.hooverdigest.org between Unions and Professionals.” By ously.”By Reginald Dale. ■ ■ “The War on Terror: Ripples of Battle.” Denis P.Doyle. “Down on the Biopharm: Missing Out on ■ The continuing aftershocks of September “Why Choice Is Good for Teachers: the Latest Benefits of Pharmacology.” By 11. By Senior Fellow Victor Davis Hanson. Ending the Pedagogical Holy Wars.” By Research Fellow Henry I. Miller and David ■ “Iraq:We Got Him: How We Ran Saddam David J. Ferrero. Longtin. ■ ■ to Ground.” By Research Fellow Bruce “Money and Motivation: Michigan Links “Representation without Taxation: The Berkowitz. College Scholarships to High School Colonial Roots of American Taxation, ■ “Foreign Aid and the National Interest: Results.”By John H. Bishop. 1700–1754.” By Senior Fellow Alvin ■ How Should the United States Approach “To C atch a Cheat: How to Stop Test ing Rabushka. Fraud.” By Brian J. Jacob and Steven D. Foreign Aid?” Andrew Natsios and Hoover China Leadership Monitor Levitt. senior fellow Larry Diamond recommend www.chinaleadershipmonitor.org ■ “The Revolving Door: Why Teachers tough love. ■ Foreign policy: “China’s Foreign Policy Leave.”By Eric A. Hanushek, Paul and Jean ■ “Asia: The Outlook.” Former secretary of Leadership: Testing Time.” By Robert L. Hanna Senior Fellow and member, Koret state and Hoover distinguished fellow Suettinger. Task Force on K–12 Education; John F.Kain; George P. Shultz surveys the current Asian ■ Military affairs: “The Mystery of the and Steven G. Rivkin. political and economic landscape. Missing Godfather: Civil-Military Relations ■ “The American Dream and the Public ■ “Taxes: The Double B enefit of Tax Cuts.” and the Shenzhou-5 Manned Space Schools.” By Jennifer Hochschild and How tax cuts keep government spending in Mission.”By James Mulvenon. Nathan Scovronick. Reviewed by William A. check and prompt the development of a ■ Economic policy: “An Economic Bubble? Galston. skilled, productive workforce. By Hoover Chinese Policy Adapts to Rapidly Changing ■ “All Else Equal: Are Public and Private senior fellows Gary S. Becker, Edward P. Conditions.”By Barry Naughton. Schools Different?” By Luis Benveniste, Lazear, and Kevin Murphy. ■ Political reform: “The Third Plenary Martin Carnoy, and Richard Rothstein. Education Next Session of the 16th Central Committee.” By Reviewed by Paul T. Hill, member, Koret www.educationnext.org Joseph Fewsmith. Task Force on K–12 Education. ■ “Fiscal Indiscipline:Why School Districts ■ Party affairs: “Hu Jintao and the Party Policy Review Can’t Downsize.” “Mounting Debt.” By Jon Politburo.” By Senior Fellow H. Lyman www.policyreview.org Fullerton. “Academic Freedom.” By William Miller. ■ “Sovereignty and Democracy: Self-Gov- G. Ouchi. ■ The provinces: “China’s Northeast: From ernment Needs the Nation-State.”By Marc F. ■ “Competing Visions: Head Start Gets a Largest Rust Belt to Fourth Economic Plattner. Makeover.”By Ron Haskins. Engine.”By Li Cheng.

HOOVER ESSAYS http://migration.ucdavis.edu. research fellow William Ratliff. Peter Duignan is the Lillick Curator and Writing in Russia’s Oil in America’s senior fellow emeritus at the Hoover Insti- Future, Ratliff addresses the many prob- continued from page 5 tution and has written or edited more than lems arising in Russia’s oil industr y, which However, past success does not guaran- forty books and monographs. is dominated by rich and aggressive young tee that integrating newcomers will be easy private companies. Generally,they are eager or automatic. As immigrants continue to HOOVER ESSAY to deal with foreigners, but despite signifi- make and remake the country, the United cant state reforms they often are still inhib- States must develop an immigration policy RUSSIA’S OIL IN AMERICA’S ited by a dilapidated, state-controlled deliv- for the twenty-first century. FUTURE: POLICY, PIPELINES, ery system and a residue of traditional Philip Martin is professor of agricultural AND PROSPECTS thinking and institutions. and resource economics at the University of by William Ratliff Many of Russia’s as-yet-unresolved post- California, Davis, chair of the University of Soviet problems exploded in mid-2003 California’s Comparative Immigration and Russia may be the largest oil exporter in when the prosecutor general’s office Integration Program, and editor of Migrant the world, but very little has yet to come to attacked Yukos, the country’s most mod- News and Rural Migration News. the United States, according to Hoover continued on page 12

11 MEDIA FELLOW JOAN BISKUPIC DISCUSSES Philip Terzian, Providence Journal (Febru- ary 9–13) JUSTICE SANDRA DAY O’CONNOR’S APPOINTMENT Stephen Goode, Insight Magazine (Febru- TO SUPREME COURT ary 3–7) David Isaac, Investor’s Business Daily (Feb- ruary 3–7) he fateful meeting on July 1, Biskupic has covered the Supreme Stan Crock, Business Week (January 1981, between Sandra Day Court since 1989: first as a writer for Con- 26–31) O’Connor and President gressional Quarterly’s weekly magazine, “T Ter r y E ast la nd, Weekly Standard (January Reagan had been long in the making,” then as the Supreme Court reporter for the 26–31) according to Joan Biskupic, of USA Today, Washington Post, and now as a writer for Eric Schmit, New York Times (January who discussed “Reagan’s Choice: How USA Today. Since joining USA Today in 26–31) Sandra Day O’Connor Became the First 2000, she has written in-depth profiles of Jacob Heilbrunn, Los Angeles Times Woman Justice” on November 12. several of the justices, including William (January 19–23) Biskupic, a Hoover media fellow from Rehnquist, Sandra Day O’Connor, and Reid Sams, San Francisco Chronicle November 10 to November 14, said, for his Antonin Scalia. She is currently working (January 19–23) part, President Reagan had promised in his on a book focused on O’Connor to be pub- Tunku Varadarajan, Wall Street Journal presidential campaign to appoint the first lished by the Ecco Press division of (January 16–18) woman justice. O’Connor was one of the HarperCollins. Kathy Kiely, USA Today (December 8–12) few women in the state and federal court Carla Marinucci, San Francisco Chronicle systems at the time. She was politically (December 8–12) connected as well; before serving as a judge Rosemary Goudreau, Tampa Tribune O’Connor had been in the Arizona legisla- The Media Fellows Program allows (December 8–12) ture. In 1971, Chief Justice Warren Burger print and broadcast media professionals to Carl Hulse, New York Times (December had threatened to quit if Nixon named a spend time in residence at the Hoover 8–12) woman but in 1981 quietly planted O’Con- Institution. Media fellows have the oppor- Helle Bering-Dale, Heritage Foundation nor’s name with White House officials even tunity to exchange information and per- (December 1–5) before there was a vacancy. spectives with Hoover scholars through Reginald Dale, European Affairs (Decem- “O’Connor in some ways seems like she seminars and informal meetings and with ber 1–5) was plucked from nowhere,”Biskupic said, the Hoover and Stanford communities in Carla Robbins, Wall Street Journal “but Burger was very instrumental in public lectures. As fellows, they have the (December 1–5) getting her name before the right people.” full range of research tools Hoover offers Thomas Edsall, Washington Post (Novem- After the meeting between O’Connor available to them. More than 100 of the ber 24–28) and Reagan took place, he said he didn’t nation’s top journalists have visited the Matthew Miller, syndicated journalist and want to meet with anyone else. O’Connor Hoover Institution recently and interacted author (November 17–21) was nominated and approved by a vote in with Hoover fellows on key public policy Par Ridder, San Luis Obispo Tribune the Senate of 99 to 0, with one senator issues, including (November 10–14) abstaining.

HOOVER ESSAYS mixing of law and politics, and the exercise supplies but also long-term Russian devel- of power in the Kremlin. opment and broader U.S. foreign policy To day Russians, with the support of goals. Finally, the critical long-term lesson American and European allies, must create of 9/11 and other recent experiences for continued from page 11 conditions that will welcome the foreign Americans is that even as we cultivate ernized, productive, and pro-American funds, technology, and expertise needed to Russia as an ally and major source of oil, private oil company. Thus, even as Wash- develop the critical oil industry and to lay we must actively develop alternative ington and American oil industry leaders foundations of law and infrastructure that sources of energy.In an unstable world, the actively sought alternatives to unstable will help make Russia a stable member of United States must not forever be held sources in the Middle East, Africa, and the world community. hostage by other nations with their often Latin America, basic questions reemerged Americans must decide how much very different cultures, institutions, and in Russia about the privatizations of the involvement Russia can constructively interests. 1990s, the security of private property, the absorb to promote not only short-term oil

12 DIRECTOR’S SEMINAR ON HEALTH CARE

Hoover Institution Director’s sentations by Mark V. Pauly, of the Fellow Daniel Kessler, who also is a pro- Seminar, “Time for Fundamental Wharton School of the University of fessor at the Stanford Graduate School of AChange,” tackled the issues of Pennsylvania; Senior Fellow Scott Atlas, Business and Stanford School of Law. health care and the cost of coverage on who also is a professor at the Stanford November 10. The seminar included pre- University Medical School; and Research

UNCOMMON KNOWLEDGE director of the Institute of Ismaili Studies; and Vali Nasr, professor of National Security Affairs, Naval Postgraduate School continued from back page Putin the Terrible? Vladimir Putin and Prize winner in economics, and professor of director of the Institute of Ismaili Studies; Russian Democracy economics and law, George Mason Univer- and Vali Nasr, professor of national security Guests: Steven Fish, professor of political sity affairs, Naval Postgraduate School science, University of California, Berkeley, Prophets and Losses: The Rise and Decline OfBurkhas and Ballots: The Future of and Michael McFaul, professor of political of Islamic Civilization Democracy in the Arab World science, Stanford University, and senior Guests: John Esposito, professor of Islamic Guests: John Esposito, professor of Islamic fellow, Hoover Institution studies, ; Azim Nanji, studies, Georgetown University; Azim Nanji,

HOOVER ON THE AIR Diamond on December 15 on KCBS-AM radio (CBS, San Francisco). Larry Diamond was featured on the topic on December 1 on KCBS-AM. Senior Fellow Terry Moe discussed teacher Research Fellow Williamson Evers, who unions and their effect on education on Big spent five months in Iraq working to revive Story/Weekend Edition, Fox News Channel that country’s education system, discussed Relations with Russia were addressed by on November 30. the project on CNN-TV on January 15. Senior Fellow Michael McFaul on Decem- ber 26, on All Things Considered on The economy in the twenty-first century The anniversary of the Supreme Court National Public Radio. was the subject of discussion by Senior decision on Brown v. Board of Education Fellow Robert Barro, November 26, on was discussed by Research Fellow Shelby Saddam Hussein and Iraq were the topics Odyssey, on WBEZ-FM (NPR) radio, Steele on December 30 on KXTV-TV discussed by Research Fellow Donald Chicago. (ABC, Sacramento/Stockton/Modesto). Abenheim and Senior Fellow Larry

HOOVER INSTITUTION WEB SITES HOOVER INSTITUTION NEWSLETTER

www.hoover.org Comprehensive information about the Institution, its fellows, work, scholarly output, and The Hoover Institution Newsletter is published quarterly and distributed by outreach the Hoover Institution, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-6010, www.hooverdigest.org Quarterly Hoover Digest available online 650/723-0603, fax, 650/725-8611. ©2003 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University. Send comments and requests for informa- www.educationnext.org Presents the facts about education reform, gives voice—without fear or favor—to tion to Newsletter Editor Michele M. Horaney, APR, Manager of Public Affairs. worthy research, sound ideas and responsible arguments. Stanford Design Group. The Hoover Institution Home Page is on the World www.policyreview.org The preeminent publication for new and serious thinking and writing about the issues of Wide Web at www.hoover.org. our day. At this site find select articles from the current issue as well as an archive of The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford University, back issues, subscription information, and useful links to other web sites. founded in 1919 by Herbert Hoover, is one of the leading centers in the world www.chinaleadershipmonitor.org Seeks to inform the American foreign policy community about current trends in China's devoted to interdisciplinary scholarship in domestic and international affairs. leadership politics and in its foreign and domestic policies.

13 R ECENT R ELEASES

gions, conflicting memories of hopes and disappointments, and then gives birth to something greater than the past. Four years old when the war ended, Nishi began school as new policies were being implemented. In Unconditional Democracy, Nishi captures not only the practices, but also the feel of Japanese culture as he relates how changes brought about by educational and polit- ical reform of the new government Unconditional Democracy affected the Japanese. How to Think, The Independent Self, by Toshio Nishi After graduating from Kwansei Sex and Politics in America, Capitalism Gakuin University in Japan, Nishi and Its Critics, The Individual versus (ISBN: 0-8179-7442-3) earned his Ph.D. in political studies of the State, People and Encounters, education at the University of Washing- America under Attack, Endings, and In his book Unconditional Democ- ton in Seattle. He was the first recipient Life Is Good, that capture his thoughts racy: Education and Politics in Occupied of the Jean and Paul Hanna Endowment on the title subject of each section. Japan, 1945-1952 (Hoover Institution Fellowship at the Hoover Institution, Throughout this collection, Machan Press, originally published 1982), with which the present book was repeatedly seizes the intellectual offen- Toshio Nishi, a Ho over research fellow, written. For this book, Nishi undertook sive against those who seem to believe documents the efforts of American extensive archival research at the U.S. that only laws and bureaucrats can make occupation forces to transform the basic National Archives, the Harry S. Truman life better—and provides a rigorous values and behavior of the Japanese Library,the Douglas MacArthur Memo- moral case for natural rights, individu- after Japan’s defeat in World War II. rial Library, the National Institute for als, and capitalism. Whether he is dis- General MacArthur knew the value Educational Research in Tokyo, and the cussing what he terms a fatal political of compulsory education in political Hoover Institution. He also teaches at disease, that of espousing conflicting indoctrination. Aided by the Japanese Reitaku University in Japan and is the political views depending on the situa- passion for learning and veneration for chairman of the editorial board, and tion, in one of his earlier columns, the conquerors, MacArthur directed the columnist, for Kokkai News, Japan’s “Freedom: Local and National,” pub- “political reorientation of Japan.” oldest monthly magazine on politics. lished in 1966, to a more recent column Unconditional Democracy was origi- published in early 2003 titled “Why nally published as part of a series titled Islamists Detest America” wherein he Education and Society, a research Neither Left nor Right: examines the political economy of project of the Hoover Institution, which Selected Columns American society, Machan provides addressed issues of education’s role in by Tibor Machan timely commentary on the rights of the social, economic, and political affairs. individual. The intent was to provide insight into (ISBN: 0-8179-3982-2) Machan is a Hoover Institution the relationship between inculcated research fellow and Freedom Commu- values and behavior and a society’s Social commentator and critic Tibor nications Professor of Business Ethics approach to revolution and develop- Machan has brought together a collec- and Free Enterprise in the Leatherby ment that will contribute to more effec- tion of his columns that span the past Center for Entrepreneurship & Business tive education for the establishment and four decades in his most recent book, Ethics at the Argyros School of Business preservation of justice and peace. Neither Left nor Right: Selected Columns and Economics, Chapman University, in In this reissue Nishi reiterates this (Hoover Institution Press, 2004). This Orange, California. He is also professor view in the preface, where he states that retrospective of his work, published by emeritus in the Department of Philoso- it is his hope the book will illustrate the Freedom Communications, covers his phy at Auburn University, Alabama, and difficult mission of a regime change, of a views on a variety of topics. an adviser on public policy for Freedom successful metamorphosis that amalga- In the book, his columns are sepa- Communications, a privately owned mates incompatible cultures and reli- rated into ten sections: Foundations, media corporation in Irvine, California.

14 E XHIBITS

EXHIBIT VIEWERS ENJOY DIVERSE SHOWINGS OF Herbert Hoover Memorial Exhibit Pavil- ion. The exhibition was designed and TROUBLED IMAGES AND ISAAC BABEL:A WRITER’S LIFE organized by Professor of Slavic Cultures Gregory Freidin in collaboration with Elif The Herbert Hoover Memorial Exhibit The Troubled Images project, which Batuman, Amelia Glazer (Department of Pavilion has played host to two unique includes the exhibition, catalog,and CD- Comparative Literature), Joshua Walker shows this year with Troubled Images: ROM, won the prestigious Christopher (Department of Slavic Languages and Lit- Posters and Images of the Northern Ireland Ewart Biggs Literary Prize for 2003. The eratures), with assistance from Hoover Conflict, in collaboration with Belfast’s his- prize is awarded every two years to individ- director of library and archives Elena toric Linen Hall Library, which will be up uals and/or organizations that promote Danielson, Cissie Hill, Linda Bernard, and until late April, and, earlier, Isaac Babel: A peace and reconciliation in Ireland, a other staff members of the Hoover Institu- Writer’s Life. greater understanding between the peoples tion Library and Archives. The exhibition of Britain and Ireland, or closer coopera- was based on the Irwin T. and Shirley West Belfast Festival tion between partners of the European Holtzman Collection at the Hoover Institu- (Liles), 1993 Community. tion Archives as well as other Hoover Insti- The West Belfast Festival was a The Hoover Institution Archives, which tution holdings and private collections. Sinn Féin initiative established in 1988 to provide an alternative has collected political posters since 1919, The United States premiere of Babel’s to the rioting that had habitually encourages research on the iconography of play Maria, in late February at Stanford marked the August 9 anniver- political struggles. The Linen Hall Library University, was produced by the Stanford sary of the internment of 1971 and to foster pride and self- sent its curator, Yvonne Murphy, to the Drama Department under the direction of development in the cultural life Hoover Archives twice over the past ten Professor Carl Weber, a famous German- of the area. The artist, Robert Ballagh, uses traditional years to consult with Hoover staff about the born American director, who early in his Republican symbolism—the Easter lily, which represented the Easter Rising of 1916—and turns it into a dove of peace, preservation and use of posters career collaborated with cracking the concrete roadblock, a contemporary symbol of as an educational tool. Berthold Brecht. Written in Belfast. 1933, Maria’s action unfolds Troubled Images broke new ground A series of public events com- during the Russian Civil War when it was first shown in October 2001 in memorating the life and art of (1918–1921) in Petrograd, the Belfast, reflecting as it does the emotions Isaac Babel, including an exhi- moribund but still beautiful and hopes of a deeply divided, conflict- bition at Hoover, were held on former imperial capital, where ridden society. Explaining the purpose of the Stanford campus in Febru- the Bolshevik revolution and the exhibition, Linen Hall librarian John ary and early March. Also the suffering wrought by the Gray stated that “our first intention was to offered were a stage production Isaac Babel, 1933 Civil War have obliterated class open doors to understanding in an accessi- of Babel’s play Maria and an international and status distinctions and erased the line ble way for our own community. In doing conference, The Enigma of Isaac Babel. between savagery and civilization. so we are also suggesting a way of acting Writing and violence,seduction and rev- that may have a wider international reso- olution, humanity and raw power were at The international conference The Enigma nance. After more than thirty years of con- the core of the spare and brilliant legacy of of Isaac Babel, February 29 to March 2, was flict we need to lift the blanket of silence.” Isaac Babel, a Russian Jewish master of the the scholarly centerpiece of the Babel The 70 posters on view at Hoover until short story, who began his career with the events at Stanford University. The confer- April 19 were part of the collection of more blessing of Maxim Gorky in 1916, rose to ence featured speakers from several univer- than 3,000 acquired by the library from international renown with the publication sities in the United States, Russia, Hungary, 1969 to the present. They represent a wide of his Red Cavalry in 1926, and perished Israel,and China. range of opinions on major events and after Stalin waved his executioner’s wand in That event was sponsored by the individuals involved in the arduous years of 1940. Department of Slavic Languages and Liter- struggle and the burgeoning peace process. He has also been the most translated atures; Taube Center for Jewish Studies; The Linen Hall Library is the unique Soviet author of his generation and the Center for Russian, East-European, and repository for the Northern Ireland Politi- most influential among Russia’s modern Eurasian Studies; Division of Literatures, cal Collection, which contains more than a writers in the United States. American Cultures, and Languages; Drama Depart- quarter of a million items—books, docu- authors from Ernest Hemingway to Grace ment; Hoover Institution and Archives; ments, cards, pamphlets, photographs, and Paley, Phillip Roth, Cynthia Ozick, and Institute of International Relations; Stan- other printed materials—relating to the John Updike have all paid tribute to him. ford Humanities Center; Irwin T. and thirty-year conflict and the ongoing peace The exhibition Isaac Babel: A Writer’s Shirley Holtzman; and the Leytes process. Life (1894–1940) was on display at the Foundation.

15 NORTH KOREA, ELECTRICITY REFORM, DEMOCRACY IN ARAB WORLD AMONG TOPICS OF NEW UNCOMMON KNOWLEDGE PROGRAMS

ncommon Knowledge™, the ability, and James Woolsey, former director, Bush Almighty: Two Views of George W. weekly public affairs television Central Intelligence Agency Bush U program coproduced by the Patriot Games: The Patriot Act in Review Guests: John Podhoretz, author, Bush Hoover Institution and KTEH in San Jose, Guests: Dorothy Ehrlich, executive director, Country: How Dubya Became a Great Presi- presents a wide array of issues and guests in American Civil Liberties Union of North- dent While Driving Liberals Insane, and Ron new segments for 2004 now available on the ern California, and Edwin Meese, former Reagan, journalist and television commen- Public Broadcasting Service. attorney general of the United States and tator The program is hosted by Emmy- distinguished visiting fellow, Hoover Insti- The High (and Mighty) Court: Judicial nominee and Hoover research fellow Peter tution Supremacy Robinson. It is broadcast by more than 50 The Reluctant Empire: Is America an Guests: Lawrence Alexander, professor of PBS stations across the United States. Imperial Power? law, University of San Diego, and Robert Details about each segment are available Guests: Niall Ferguson, professor of politi- George,professor of jurisprudence and pol- at the Hoover Institution web site, cal and financial history, Oxford University, itics, Princeton University www.hoover.org. The new programs this and author, Empire: The Rise and Demise of High Wire Act: Reforming the Electricity season include the British World Order; and David Industry Korean Beef: North Korea’s Nuclear Kennedy, professor of history, Stanford Guests: Ralph Cavanagh, energy program We ap ons University, and Pulitzer Prize–winning director, Natural Resources Defense Guests: Peter Hayes, executive director, author, Freedom from Fear: The American Council, and Vernon Smith, 2002 Nobel Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustain- People in Depression and War continued on page 13

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