HOOVER INSTITUTION SUMMER 2004 NEWSLETTERNEWSLETTER

RONALD REAGAN, HONORARY FELLOW

Nobel Prize winner Shirin Ebadi, foreground, speaks as conference coorganizer Abbas Milani, background, translates. Ronald Wilson Reagan, America’s 40th president and a Hoover Institution hon- orary fellow, died June 5 at his home in HOOVER HOSTS CONFERENCE ON IRAN; Los Angeles. He was 93. NOBEL RECIPIENT SHRIN EBADI SPEAKS “Ronald Reagan’s two terms as presi- dent brought hope to and restored faith in s Iran ready to become a democ- ticipants addressed this question through the nation,” said Hoover director John racy?” asked Larry Diamond, presentations and discussions in several Raisian. “At the same time, he brought “IHoover senior fellow, in opening panel sessions during the two days of the optimism to the post of chief executive the conference “Politics, Society, and conference. and oversaw the dismantling of commu- Economy in a Changing Iran” at the The conference was coordinated by nism around the world. Hoover Institution, May 20–21, 2004. Par- Diamond and Hoover research fellow “We are, of course, saddened by Abbas Milani. President Reagan’s passing. We gather • INSIDE • In addition, Shirin Ebadi, recipient of encouragement, however, from our long the 2003 Nobel Peace Prize, was the and significant relationship with him. ROBERT CONQUEST NAMED TO keynote speaker at a reception and dinner “His papers here at Hoover have not AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES ...... 2 May 20. Ebadi began her speech by saying only provided scholars and researchers that, “regardless of our ideology, we must rare and important glimpses into his life KIRON SKINNER APPOINTED TO join hands for freedom in democracy. We TWO TOP FEDERAL PANELS . . . . . 3 shall either lose together or win together. continued on page 10 KORET TASK FORCE RELEASES Let us join hands and this way we will have TEXAS EDUCATION REFORM Books by Hoover fellows about Reagan, page 10 PLAN ...... 15 continued on page 4 HOOVER INSTITUTION See our web site's new look—now with easier navigation. ONLINEONLINE Visit us for daily news and updates at www.hoover.org HOOVER HOSTS NATAN SHARANSKY, ISRAELI MINISTER AND HUMAN RIGHTS ADVOCATE

atan Sharansky, Israeli minister these principles and apply them to the for diaspora affairs, began his tour Middle East, you have only one country Nof college campuses, Caravan for that follows them, and that’s Israel.” Democracy, at the Hoover Institution at Sharansky, a noted human rights advo- Stanford University on April 14. The talk cate,was born in the Ukraine.In 1973,Sha- by Sharansky was cohosted with the ransky applied for an exit visa to Israel but Republican Jewish Coalition of Northern was refused on “security” grounds. He California. remained prominently involved in Jewish In his talk on prospects for democracy refusnik activities until his arrest in 1977. in the Middle East, Sharansky argued that He was convicted of treason and spying for democracy is possible there and was criti- the United States and sentenced to 13 years cal of those who doubt it.“Human rights is in prison. Sharansky was able to immigrate the right to express our beliefs and not go to Israel in 1986 when he was released as to prison for it,”said Sharansky.“If you take part of an East-West prisoner exchange. Natan Sharansky

obert Conquest, the world- ROBERT CONQUEST ELECTED TO AMERICAN ACADEMY renowned authority on Joseph RStalin and Russian history and a OF ARTS AND SCIENCES Hoover Institution research fellow, has been elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. virtuous people.” The unique structure of relations between despotic and consensual Announced on April 30, he is one of 178 the American academy allows it to conduct cultures. new fellows and 24 new foreign honorary interdisciplinary studies on international He is the author of eighteen books on members elected to the academy. The 202 security, social policy,education,and the Soviet history, politics, and international men and women are leaders in scholarship, humanities that draw on the range of aca- affairs, including the classic The Great business, the arts, and public affairs. demic and intellectual disciplines of its Ter ror (Macmillan, 1968). Translations The finest minds and most members. The current mem- have appeared in more than twenty lan- influential leaders from each bership of more than 4,500 guages, including Russian. Other works generation, including George includes 150 Nobel laureates include the acclaimed Harvest of Sorrow Washing ton and Ben Frank- and 50 Pulitzer Prize winners. (Oxford University Press, 1986), which has lin in the eighteenth century, The academy will welcome also appeared in many translations. Daniel Webster and Ralph this year’s new fellows and Later books are Stalin and the Kirov Waldo Emerson in the nine- foreign honorary members Murder (Oxford University Press, 1988); teenth, and Albert Einstein at its annual induction Tyrants and Typewriters (Lexington Books, and Winston Churchill in the ceremony in October at its 1989); The Great Terror: A Reassessment twentieth century, are chosen headquarters in Cambridge, (Oxford University Press, 1990); Stalin: to join the academy. Massachusetts. Breaker of Nations (Viking, 1991); and Conquest is the 31st Robert Conquest’s awards Reflections on a Ravaged Century (W. W.

Hoover Institution fellow to Robert Conquest and honors include the Jeffer- Norton & Company, 1999), which analyzes be elected to the academy. son Lectureship in the the disasters of our time and looks at the The academy was founded in 1780 by Humanities, the federal government’s prospects before us. His most recent book, John Adams, James Bowdoin, John highest distinction in the field, in 1993; the The Dragons of Expectation (W. W. Hancock, and other scholar-patriots “to Richard Weaver Award for Scholarly Norton), will be published later this year. cultivate every art and science which may Letters in 1999; and the Alexis de Toc- tend to advance the interest,honor, dignity, queville Award, 1992. His major scholarly and happiness of a free, independent, and concern has been with the nature of and

2 resident George W. Bush has HOOVER FELLOW KIRON SKINNER APPOINTED TO announced the appointment of PKiron K. Skinner, Hoover research NATIONAL SECURITY EDUCATION BOARD AND fellow, to the National Security Education CHIEF OF NAVAL OPERATIONS EXECUTIVE PANEL Board. In addition, Skinner was appointed to the Chief of Naval Operations Executive activities include membership on Secretary Along with Hoover fellows Annelise Panel (CEP) by United States defense sec- Donald Rumsfeld’s Defense Policy Board Anderson and Martin Anderson, Skinner retary Donald Rumsfield. and observer status on the sec- coedited the New York Times best seller The National Security Edu- retary’s Defense Business Reagan, In His Own Hand: The Writings of cation Act, which was signed in Board. The W.Glenn Campbell Ronald Reagan That Reveal His Revolution- 1991 and under which the research fellow at the Hoover ary Vision for America (Free Press, 2001); board was formed,provides for Institution, Skinner is an assis- Stories in His Own Hand: The Everyday the establishment of the tant professor of history and Wisdom of Ronald Reagan (Free Press, National Security Education political science at Carnegie 2001); and Reagan in His Own Voice Program, the National Security Mellon University. She special- (Simon & Schuster, 2001). These books Education Board, and the izes in the study of American include selections from the 670 handwrit- National Security Education foreign policy, international ten radio commentaries the president Trust Fund. These programs are relations theory, and interna- delivered between 1975 and 1979. The designed to lead in educating Kiron Skinner tional security. Skinner uses commentaries cover virtually every United States citizens to under- game theoretic lenses to struc- national policy issue of the day, prompting stand foreign cultures, strengthen U.S. eco- ture her empirical research, which includes many Reagan detractors to reappraise his nomic competitiveness, and enhance inter- the use of several presidential archives. She intellect. Reagan, a Life in Letters (Free national cooperation and security. became interested in the role of U.S. strat- Press, 2003), another book Skinner The CEP provides independent advice egy in ending the cold war while conduct- coedited with the Andersons, became a and opinion from a select group of distin- ing research for Secretary of State George New York Times best seller. Skinner’s writ- guished Americans to the chief ofNaval P. S hu ltz’s memoir and while assisting Con- ings have appeared in the National Interest, Operations on a broad array of issues doleezza Rice with the research for her the New York Times, and the Wall Street related to national seapower. coauthored diplomatic history of German Journal. Skinner’s other government service unification.

HOOVER TOWER RECOGNIZED FOR PRESERVATION the top of the tower was originally intended to be square but was changed to its present dome shape to accommodate its forty- eight-bell carillon. he distinctive Hoover Tower, a land- Hoover Tower, dedicated in 1941 to The carillon, cast for the Belgian Pavil- mark on the Stanford University commemorate the university’s fiftieth ion at the 1939–40 World’s Fair, remained campus and part of the Hoover anniversary, houses the Hoover Institution T in this country owing to the outbreak of Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Library, as well as the Herbert Hoover and World War II. Later, the Belgian-American is being recognized by the Art Deco Lou Henry Hoover exhibit rooms. Arthur Education Foundation acquired it and Society of California (ADSC) with a 2004 Brown Jr., perhaps the most celebrated donated it to the Hoover Institution in Preservation Award. The award recognizes architect of his time, designed the tower. In appreciation of Herbert Hoover’s famine noteworthy preservation and restoration addition, he designed many buildings in relief efforts during and after World War I. activities of buildings in California. In the Bay Area including Coit Tower and San The inscription on the largest bell reads selecting recipients, ADSC considers the Francisco City Hall; in Washington, D.C., “For Peace Alone Do I Ring.” history, condition, and architectural style he designed the War Memorial Veterans The Art Deco Society of California of the nominated buildings. Building and the Federal Triangle Build- honors the architectural and other aes- “Stanford deserves praise for maintain- ings. thetic achievements of the period referred ing the building in pristine condition,”said The tower, measuring 285 feet, offers to as art deco, which covered the first half Paula Trehearne, preservation director for views of the surrounding area from its of the twentieth century, especially the ADSC. Maintenance and upkeep of older observation deck (open daily from 10 a.m. decades of the 1920s, ’30s, and ’40s. buildings is unusual, she noted, because it’s to 4:30 p.m.; closed during finals and aca- expensive and difficult. demic breaks). Trehearne pointed out that

3 CONFERENCE ON IRAN member of the Iranian parliament, looked at the issues affecting women. In the Iranian Culture and the Question of Democracy panel, the continued from page 1 noted Iranian poet democracy.” To view the prepared text Simin Behbahani pre- in its entirety, see http://www-hoover. sented “A Portrait of stanford.edu/research/conferences/ Iran after the Revolution: 05202004sp.html A Twenty-five Year Ap- In the first panel session, Theory and praisal,” a paper built History, Diamond and Michael McFaul, around verse from her Hoover senior fellow,offered differing book A Cup of Sin: views on how and why countries become Selected Poems (Syra- Hoover distinguished fellow George P. Shultz, right, discusses Iran’s future during the conference. At left is democratic. cuse University Press, Hoover senior fellow Larry Diamond, who coorganized Diamond suggested that Iran’s demo- 1999). She recalled how, the conference. cratic future is linked to the “third wave” of in the beginning, the democratization, as described by Samuel P. revolution had the support of many. By he said, “is more than anything a civiliza- Huntington in his book The Third Wave: September 1979, however, Behbahani said tion of law.” He believes, however, that Democratization in the Late Twentieth that “after speedy executions without trials within Islamism there is a theoretical Century (University of Oklahoma Press, and persistent arrests, after confiscations struggle with liberal democracy. 1991). The third wave refers to an interna- and street riots, after the spread of false Other panels on May 21 included Reli- tional push toward democracy that began accusations and vendettas and oppor- gious and Ethnic Minorities and The with the Portuguese revolution in 1974 tunism, terror crept in the air. Hope turned Economy and the Questions of Democ- (the first wave took place between 1828 into doubts.” racy in Iran. and1926 and the second between 1943 and In the following year came the Iran-Iraq The final event of the day was a round- 1962). war, the closing of the universities, and still table discussion on United States–Iran McFaul countered by saying that “Iran is more violence. She went on to detail the relations. Former secretary of state George more like the fourth wave, not the third harassment and murders of writers and P. S hu ltz, now a Hoover distinguished wave.”He compared it to Poland,one of the journalists by the government; her arrests fellow, began by discussing his experiences fourth-wave countries, but noted dissimi- and trial; and finally the continuing efforts with Iran. “Whatever we [United States] larities, such as a stronger economy, no of her peers and those who follow in their do,” he said, “we want to make sure they split within the leadership, and no unified footsteps:“We have written incessantly and [the Iranians] know we are on their side.” opposition, which separate Iran from other the younger generation is writing even “There hasn’t been a coherent Middle recent transitions from authoritarian rule. more than us.” Farzaneh Milani, University East foreign policy,” said Abbas Milani, The next session, The Political Land- of Virginia, commented that the govern- Hoover research fellow, since President scape in Iran Today, followed up the first ment “has the desire to remove all those Richard M. Nixon was in office. Hormoz one by exploring the current politics of who have an unruly pen.” Hekmat, editor of IranNameh, believes that Iran. Hossein Bashiriye, a political science Other topics covered during the after- public attitudes in Iran have changed, professor from Tehran University, pre- noon sessions included constitutional becoming increasingly favorable to the sented a paper in which he argued that reform and mass media. United States. McFaul and Diamond dis- “ideological states in general are essentially The following day Abdulkarim cussed ways to promote democracy in and caught in a number of reinforcing crises Souroush, from Princeton University, in build relationships with Iran. McFaul especially those of legitimacy, participa- the panel Religion and Politics, discussed argued that the Unites States should be able tion, effective administration, and hege- procedural (rule of law) versus liberal to pursue arms control and democracy monic domination.” Azam Taleghani, (human rights) democracy and how it promotion at the same time. editor of Payan Hajar Weekly and a former relates to Islamism. “Islamic civilization,”

4 Hoover Hosts Roundtable Discussion Hoover Hosts Roundtable Luncheon in Honor of Lu Hsiu-Lien in Honor of Jose Aznar

The vice president of the Republic of China on Taiwan, Lu During a private tour of the United States, former president Hsiu-Lien, visited the Hoover Institution on June 7. She was of Spain Jose Aznar visited the Hoover Institution Friday, the guest of honor at a roundtable discussion on “Triangle May 14. Hoover fellows attended a roundtable luncheon Relations: United States, Republic of China on Taiwan, and discussion held in his honor. Here he is seated with Hoover the People’s Republic of China.” Vice President Lu (center) distinguished fellow George P. Shultz. was greeted by Elena Danielson, Hoover associate director and library and archives and director (left); Don Meyer, Hoover associate director (second to the left); and Richard Sousa, Hoover senior associate director (right).

WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR resistance to that government; and the support of that government by European SCHOLARS COHOSTS CONFERENCE ON THE MIDDLE EAST countries and Japan. In his presentation,“U.S. Foreign Policy rave concerns about U.S. action As for the United States and its contin- and the Future of Democracy in the and progress in Iraq were ued involvement, Diamond recommended Middle East,”McFaul asked two questions: Gexpressed on April 6 during the that the troops and resources needed to Should the United States be involved in conference “The Future of Democracy in defeat the militias be committed, along promoting democracy? and Can the the Middle East,” cohosted by the Hoover with the necessary resolve, to winning this United States promote democracy in Institution and the Woodrow Wilson war. Middle East? To the first question, he International Center for Scholars. Haleh Esfandiari, director of the Middle answered absolutely yes; to the second, he Hoover senior fellow Larry Diamond, East program at the Woodrow Wilson answered maybe. “No country benefits who was a senior adviser with the Coali- Center, moderated a panel consisting of more from democracy in other countries tion Provisional Authority in Iraq from Michael McFaul, Hoover senior fellow and than ours,” McFaul said. He noted, January to March, said in the keynote talk an associate professor of political science however, that the United States is very that he was alarmed about the rising at Stanford University, and Abbas Milani, good at destroying autocratic regimes strength of the Shi’ites, which he viewed Hoover research fellow. through the use of military force but not as as the biggest threat to the Coalition Milani’s noted in his talk on the successful at building new democratic Provisional Authority. “Prospects of Democracy in Iran” that regimes using nonmilitary tools. From his vantage point in Iraq he there is a genuine grassroots democratic observed that, “over the past year, a movement but that it is in jeopardy.The growing array of armed private mili- dangers to democracy, Milani said, are tias…have been casting a long shadow from fundamentalists who control the over the political process in Iraq.” current government; lack of organized

5 R EMEMBERING R EAGAN

HOOVER FELLOWS cabinet and senior staff in the background. enced an adrenaline spike, and cleared my Walking into that setting was a daunting throat before continuing. REMEMBER experience. I was numb from the knees I continued to tell him that just before he RONALD W. R EAGAN down, and adrenaline was gushing through came into office, President Carter had my body. After all, I was just 34 years old, signed an executive order, changing the John Raisian and had never been exposed to this kind of way food stamps were distributed to those Hoover Institution Director pressure situation before. Fortunately, I who qualified. Most recipients do not U.S. Department of Labor, 1980–84 made it to the chair I was directed to sit in qualify for a full month’s subsidy of food Executive Director, President’s Task Force without incident. assistance; instead, a typical recipient on Food Assistance, 1983 The chairman of the task might qualify for two-thirds of a month of force was an old friend of the support. Prior to 1981, eligible recipients In 1983, welfare advocates president, which allowed me had to put up some of their own money to were highly critical of the a bit of time to try and settle receive a whole month’s worth of Reagan administration myself. I adored Ronald coupons—thus,in the typical case,one had about the extent of poverty Reagan, as he stirred my to put up (say) $100 in order to receive in the United States,claiming emotions with ease. His $300 in stamps. This was regarded as being that hunger in America was speeches were among the a hardship for poor families, having to on the rise. The attacks were best I have heard, perhaps come up with the money in one lump each vociferous, and the adminis- only rivaled by Margaret and every month. tration acceded to launch a Thatcher. The initial conver- Quietly, during the busyness of presi- presidential task force on sation amounted to pleas- dential transition, an executive order was food assistance to investigate antries, mostly between the signed that simply directed a qualified and assess the extent of a John Raisian chairman and the president, amount of stamps to go to recipients problem, requesting that a report be sub- as well as impressions by the chairman without asking for any cash advance. That mitted to the president within months of regarding the general experiences of the is, in the stereotypic case, the recipient was the charge. task force over the past several months. provided $200 in stamps at the beginning I was named the executive director of I was there to answer any particular of the month,and was expected to use $100 this effort, having the responsibility of questions relating to the report we submit- of their own money to cover the rest of the assembling a staff and managing the ted, and my anxiety over being asked month’s food expenditures. Presuming that appointed task force of citizens picked to something that I may have no answer for stamps were used at the beginning of the assess the claims of the welfare advocates. was truly frightening. Suddenly, the presi- month, it follows that recipients would run As a labor economist, I had been at the U.S. dent asked us a focused question. He had out of stamps prior to the end of the Labor Department in the Office of Policy, been briefed on our report, and learned month! There was no such claim during the with oversight responsibilities for research that no substantive changes in the financial previous presidential administration. on human resource issues, both inside and support of food assistance programs had Indeed, there had been no change in the outside of the department. I was detailed to occurred during the years of his presi- program per se or support levels. Welfare the White House for a period of six months dency, yet there had been a clamor by advocates had simply embarked upon a to serve in this new capacity. welfare advocates and associated media new apparent finding as part of a campaign While the general claim was that poverty coverage that he and his administration to be critical of an administration they was on the rise in the nation, despite a were enemies of the poor and had con- deplored, and used this technical change as recovery under way from a deep recession tributed mightily to the inadequate public political fodder and pressure, leaving the covering the previous two years, the spe- support therein. He was genuinely puzzled, administration feeling defensive and per- cific claim was that people receiving food and wanted an explanation to the enigma, plexed. assistance in the form of food stamps were even if it was simply that they were hostile Reagan’s eyes immediately lit up. He was running out of coupons prior to the end of to him and his administration. infatuated with the response. He asked the month—and thus, experiencing There was deafening silence seemingly others in the room whether anyone knew hunger because of inadequate assistance, a lasting an interminable period. I realized of this change in policy,for which there was situation that was much worse prior to the that this was my chance to speak up— no response. The president, who had been Reagan presidency. indeed this was why I was brought into the described as an amiable dunce,was the first Once the report of the task force was arena to handle. So I spoke up, starting to grasp this conjecture, and seemed totally completed in early 1984, the chairman and with,“Well, Mr.President, …”immediately convinced of the explanation. So much so, I were invited to the Oval Office to meet realizing that my voice was at least an he made this the topic of his weekly radio with the president, with members of his octave higher than normal. I had experi- program the following Saturday.

6 R EMEMBERING R EAGAN

Conversation continued for some ten controllers in 1981 that he could dig in and Reagan had confidence in himselfand in minutes.I had now relaxed through the rest fight to win. The world learned in Grenada his ideas and was ready to negotiate from of the session, as I knew I had not failed to that he would use military force if needed. the strength so evident by the mid-1980s. add some substance to the meeting. This He did not accept that extensive political He was a fervent anticommunist who was one of the most thrilling experiences of opposition doomed an attractive idea. He could comprehend and believe that people my life. I believe Ronald Reagan will be would fight resolutely for an idea, believing everywhere would choose to throw off the remembered as one of the great presidents that, if it was valid, he could persuade the communist system if they ever had the in our history. On this day in 1984, I saw American people to support it. He changed chance. And he worked hard to give them this firsthand. The man was truly amazing! the national and international agenda on that chance. He favored open trade because issue after issue. He was an optimist; he he had confidence in the ability of Ameri- spoke the vocabulary of opportunity. He cans to compete, and he had confidence George P.Shultz had a vision of what he stood for and what that an integrated world economy would Distinguished Fellow we aspire to as a nation. benefit America. He stuck to his agenda. U.S. Secretary of State, 1982–89 Ronald Reagan had and could express a The points he made, however consum- clear and simple view of a complex world. mate the delivery, were unmistakably real We have lost Ronald Reagan, Every Sunday he brought in his mind and heart, an American creed: but his ideas remain with acorns down from Camp defend your country, value your family, us, as vital as ever. We can David to feed the squirrels make something of yourself, tell the gov- remember the gifts he gave outside the Oval Office. The ernment to get off your back, tell the us—his advocacy of free- squirrels at the White House tyrants to watch their step. Ronald Reagan dom, his contributions to hadn’t had it so good since conveyed simple truths that were especially our security, his belief in Ike cleared the area to put in welcome because “nowadays everything America, and his restoration a putting green. His most seems so complicated.” What he said ran of our belief in ourselves. endearing aspect was his deep and wide among the people. When he took office as fundamental decency. He Reagan as president was a Republican, a governor of California, appealed to people’s best conservative, a man of the right. But these Ronald Reagan took respon- hopes, not their fears; to labels will mislead historians who do not sibility for a state that was in their confidence rather than see beyond them, for Americans could see rocky shape; when he left George P. Shultz their doubts. some of Ronald Reagan in themselves. You office, California was golden Ronald Reagan was a couldn’t figure him out like a fact, because again. When Ronald Reagan took office as doer, a pragmatist, a man who enjoyed to Reagan the main fact was a vision. He the president of the United States, the hard physical tasks, as in the ranch work he came from the heartland of the country, country was adrift, inflation was out of loved to do. But that brush clearing and where people could be down-to-earth yet control, the economy was in the doldrums, fence fixing was a symbol, too; he wanted feel that the sky is the limit—not ashamed and the cold war was as cold as it had ever to be doing it himself because from the of, or cynical about, the American dream. been. When he left office, inflation was land came not only strength and clarity— Not far from Ronald Reagan’s small town under control, the economy was expand- but a vision — the vision of the West and of Dixon, Illinois, is Jane Addams’s small ing, the cold war was all over but the shout- the endless horizon. The American people town of Cedarville; not far from Cedarville ing, and America once again stood tall. liked Ronald Reagan and reelected him in is Ulysses S. Grant’s small town of Galena. Ronald Reagan brought so much to this one of the biggest landslides in history And not far from Galena is Carl Sandburg’s country. He started with carefully thought- because he trusted them and he conveyed Galesburg. Reagan had something of them out ideas and he put them to work effec- to them that they need not be bound, tied all: his heart going out to the people; his tively. He had a strong and constructive down by class —or race—or childhood will ready to fight for the country; his voice agenda, much of it labeled impossible and misfortune or poverty or bureaucracy; able to move the nation.And, as Carl Sand- unattainable in the early years of his presi- they, the people, could make something of burg wrote it, dency. He challenged the conventional themselves; indeed, they could remake The republic is a dream. wisdom:on arms control,on the possibility themselves, endlessly. Nothing happens unless first a dream. of movement toward freedom in the com- But beneath this pragmatic attitude lay a — first published in the San Francisco munist-dominated world, on the need to bedrock of principle and purpose with Chronicle, June 13, 2004 stand up to Iran in the Persian Gulf, on the which I was proud to be associated. He superiority of market- and enterprise- believed in being strong enough to defend based economies. The world learned when our interests, but he viewed that strength as Ronald Reagan faced down the air-traffic a means, not an end in itself. Ronald

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Peter Robinson Reagan by growing dramatically. By the surely, because of the transformation Research Fellow time he left office, American output had young Russians saw taking place in the Reagan Speechwriter and Special expanded by an amount nearly equal to the United States. Assistant, 1983–88 entire economy of what was then West During the ’70s, the United States Germany. The only way the looked like a nation in decline,just about as One day in 1977 Ronald Soviets could have expanded Karl Marx would have predicted. “The Reagan asked Richard Allen, their economy by that symptoms of…[a] crisis in the American who would become his first amount would have been by spirit are all around us,” President Carter national security adviser, if annexing West Germany said in an address from the Oval Office on Mr. Allen would like to hear itself. If the Soviets finally July 15,1979.Then,in 1981,Ronald Reagan his theory of the cold war. decided they’d had it with took office.“The crisis we are facing today,” “Some people think I’m sim- the creaking, backward eco- he said in his first inaugural address, plistic,”Mr. Reagan said,“but nomic contraption that “[requires] our willingness to believe in there’s a difference between Stalin, Khrushchev, and ourselves and to believe in our capacity to being simplistic and being Brezhnev had given them, it perform great deeds.…And after all, why simple.My theory of the cold was because they’d caught a shouldn’t we believe that? We are Ameri- war is that we win and they glimpse of the sleek new cans.” The American people responded lose. What do you think Peter Robinson beauty that Ronald Reagan with renewed patriotism and self-confi- about that?” had given us. dence. “Morning Again in America,” the “I was flabbergasted,” Mr. Allen now Imperial overreach? True enough, the campaign slogan for Mr. Reagan’s 1984 says.“I’d worked for Nixon and Goldwater Soviets found themselves stuck with an reelection campaign, may have been and many others, and I’d heard a lot empire they could no longer afford.But you derided in the media, but it captured the about…detente and the need to ‘manage can hardly blame them. By rebuilding our mood of the nation that returned him to the cold war,’but never did I hear a leading military, Mr. Reagan had forced the Soviets office by 49 out of 50 states. politician put the goal so starkly. to spend more on theirs. By arming the Morning again in America? As the chil- “‘Governor,’I asked,‘do you mean that?’ Contras in Nicaragua and the mujahideen dren of the Soviet apparat would have “Mr. Reagan replied, ‘Of course I mean in Afghanistan, he had compelled the noticed, that wasn’t in Marx’s game plan. it. I just said it.’” Soviets and their proxies to engage in long, Mr. Reagan made communism look a lot Ye s , I k n o w. C onservatives may credit expensive wars of attrition merely to cling less like the wave of the future and a lot the 40th chief executive with victory in the to territory they’d already come to think of more like other misbegotten 19th-century cold war — Margaret Thatcher has often as their own. By supporting the dissident ideologies, such as syndicalism or anar- said that “Ronald Reagan won the cold war movement in Eastern Europe — Mr. chism, destined for the ash heap of history. without firing a single shot”— but the view Reagan provided funding and equipment “The great man or woman in history,” is hardly universal. Well, then, if Ronald to Solidarity, to name just one example — Sidney Hook argues in his book, The Hero Reagan didn’t win the cold war, how did the he had transformed the Warsaw Pact from in History, is “someone of whom we can say conflict end? The alternative explanation an asset into a liability. …that if they had not lived when they did, holds that the Soviet Union simply col- And by launching the Strategic Defense or acted as they did, the history of their lapsed, falling in on itself because of eco- Initiative, he had confronted the Soviets countries and of the world…would have nomic stagnation, imperial overreach — with the need to make massive new invest- been profoundly different.” Does Mr. that is, an empire that had grown so big the ments in their nuclear arsenal.“[W]e didn’t Reagan fit the description? He does. No Soviets could no longer afford it — and the have to build a complete version of SDI to one else would have done what he did.And rise of a generation that failed to share the make their calculations difficult,” Henry what he did changed the world.“He was an communist faith of its parents and grand- Kissinger says. “If the Soviets no longer authentic person and a great person,” parents. Ronald Reagan? Don’t be silly. He knew how many missiles would get Mikhail Gorbachev said in an interview had nothing to do with it. through, then they might have had to not long ago.“If someone else had been in Or had he? launch hundreds more to have had a his place, I don’t know if what happened The Soviet Union certainly did suffer chance of success.You can see why SDI had would have happened.” from economic stagnation. But its them so rattled.” The Soviet case of impe- There you have Ronald Reagan’s princi- economy had been growing feebly since at rial overreach came courtesy of Ronald pal adversary all but admitting it. The man least the early ’70s. What changed during Reagan. we will lay to rest at sunset on Friday was a the ’80s wasn’t so much the economy of the Did a new generation of Russians refuse hero. USSR as the economy of the United States, to place its faith in the communism of their — first published in the Wall Street which responded to the policies of Mr. forebears? Evidently. But why? In part, Journal, June 7, 2004

8 R EMEMBERING R EAGAN

Kiron Skinner Reagan had been an actor clear principles and Research Fellow by trade, and his subsequent hypotheses that would guide Coeditor of Reagan: A Life in Letters years as a public servant were his years as governor of Cali- (2003), Reagan: In His Own Hand (2001), marked by flawless public fornia and president of the Stories in His Own Hand: The Everyday perfor-mance. Yet what made United States. Wisdom of Ronald Reagan (2001), all pub- Reagan such a “Great Com- These long years of prepa- lished by Free Press. municator” was not just his ration gave Reagan the confi- mastery of public perform- dence to be himself—to state “A s a n a c t o r, h e w a s the handsome, all- ance, but something per- his beliefs, to take unpopular American, good guy, which, in his case, ceived by everyone, support- stands, to speak in a straight- required knowing his lines — and being ers and detractors alike, who forward manner with no himself.” So spoke President George W. heard him: He was himself. trace of ambiguity,to make it Bush at the funeral service for President Reagan’s writings demon- Kiron Skinner clear that his adversary was Ronald Wilson Reagan at Washington strate years of quiet prepara- not his enemy, and to believe National Cathedral on June 11, 2004. tion and hard work from which he derived that mankind is essentially good.

Ronald Reagan joins then-Hoover director W. Glenn Campbell in front of the Hoover Tower during a visit in this Ronald Reagan speaks with students in Bishop Auditorium undated photo. during a visit to the Hoover Institution and Stanford University in 1977.

President Ronald Reagan, third from right, meets in the In November 1990, Ronald Reagan, center, met with White House in 1981 with Martin Anderson, standing to members of the first class of the Hoover Institution's his right. At far left is Secretary of State Alexander Haig. Diplomat Training Program at his office in Los Angeles. At right are Richard Allen, background, and Secretary of The class members, who came to Hoover for intensive Defense Caspar Weinberger, foreground. work in economic theory and practice, were from Hungary and Poland. Hoover senior associate director Richard Sousa, who directed the program, is at far left.

9 RONALD REAGAN analyst, 1987–88; James Miller III, director, Martin Anderson also wrote Revolution: U.S. Office of Management and Budget, The Reagan Legacy (Harcourt Brace 1985–88, and chairman, Federal Trade Jovanovich, 1988, and updated and pub- continued from page 1 Commission, 1981–85; Thomas Gale lished by Hoover Institution Press, 1990). Moore, member, Council of Economic How Ronald Reagan Changed My Life and work but are sure to enable future his- Advisers, 1985–89; and Peter Robinson, (Harper-Collins, 2003) was authored by torians to better understand the indelible adviser and speechwriter, 1983–88. Research Fellow Peter Robinson who now mark President Reagan left on this nation Ronald Reagan’s legacy was celebrated is the host of the Hoover Institution’s long- and the world.” by a number of Hoover Institution fellows running Uncommon Knowledge™ public Reagan’s steadfast political philosophy with books recently released by major pub- affairs program on PBS. and remarkable leadership led to his lishing houses. Other books addressing Reagan and his appointment as a Hoover Institution hon- Senior Fellow Martin Anderson legacy, written or edited by Hoover fellows orary fellow. coedited, along with Research Fellows or published by Hoover Institution Press A number of Hoover Institution fellows Annelise Anderson and Kiron Skinner, include With Reagan: The Inside Story were part of the Reagan presidential cabi- three volumes developed from Reagan’s (Regnery Gateway Publishers, 1992) by nets and staffs. Among them were George own handwritten memos, letters, and Distinguished Fellow Edwin Meese III; Fix P. Shultz, U.S. secretary of state, 1982–89; materials. Some of those materials were the Budget!: Urgings of an ‘Abominable No- Edwin Meese, U.S. attorney general, found in Reagan files in the Hoover Man’ (Hoover Institution Press, 1994) by 1985–88; Richard Allen, national security Archives, while others were in the Reagan Senior Fellow James Miller III; God and adviser, 1981–82; Martin Anderson, eco- Presidential Library in Simi Valley. Ronald Reagan: A Spiritual Life (Regan nomic policy adviser, 1982–89; Annelise Those book are Reagan: A Life in Letters Books, 2004) by Visiting Fellow Paul Anderson, associate director, Office of (2003), Reagan: In His Own Hand (2001), Kengor; and Turmoil and Triumph: Management and Budget, 1981–83; John and Stories in His Own Hand: The Everyday My Years as Secretary of State (Charles Cogan, associate director, Office of Man- Wisdom of Ronald Reagan (2001), all pub- Scribner’s Sons, 1993) by Thomas W. agement and Budget, 1983–88, and deputy lished by Free Press, a division of Simon & and Susan B. Ford Distinguished Fellow director, OMB, 1988; Dinesh D’Souza, Schuster. George P.Shultz. 1987 to 1988, senior domestic policy

■ Reagan’s War: The Epic Story of His OOKS ABOUT ONALD EAGAN AND HIS LEGACY B R R Forty-year Battle and Final Triumph over Communism (Doubleday, 2002) ■ ■ Reagan: A Life in Letters ( 2003) Ronald Reagan: How an Ordinary Man ■ The Fall of the Wall: Reassessing the ■ Reagan: In His Own Hand ( 2001) Became an Extraordinary Leader (Free Cause and Consequences of the End of the ■ Stories in His Own Hand: The Everyday Press, 1997) by Dinesh D’ Souza, the Cold War (Hoover Institution Press, 2001) Wisdom of Ronald Reagan 2001), all pub- Robert and Karen Rishwain Research ■ Victory: The Reagan Administration’s lished by the Free Press and edited by Fellow Secret Strategy That Hastened the Collapse Hoover research fellow Kiron Skinner, ■ God and Ronald Reagan :A Spiritual Life of the Soviet Union (Atlantic Monthly Press, research fellow Annelise Anderson, and (Regan Books, 2004) by Visiting Fellow 1996) all by Research Fellow Peter senior fellow Martin Anderson Paul Kengor Schweizer ■ Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secre- ■ With Reagan: The Inside Story (Regnery ■ Law and Justice in the Reagan Adminis- tary of State (Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1993) Gateway Publishers, 1992) by Distin- tration: The Memoirs of an Attorney by Thomas W. and Susan B. Ford Distin- guished Visiting Fellow Edwin Meese III General (Hoover Institution Press,1991) by guished Fellow George P. Shultz, the William French Smith Thomas W. and Susan B. Ford Distin- ■ Fix the Budget!: Urgings of an ‘Abom- guished Fellow inable No-Man’ (Hoover Institution Press, 1994) by Senior Fellow James Miller III ■ Revolution: The Reagan Legacy (Har- court Brace Jovanovich, 1988 and Hoover ■ How Ronald Reagan Changed My Life Institution Press, 1990) by Senior Fellow (Harper-Collins, 2003) by Research Fellow Martin Anderson Peter Robinson

10 S PRING R ETREAT

CULTURE, POLITICS, EDUCATION In the next session David Horowitz asked, “What’s not to like about the war in Iraq?” in his presentation titled “The War on SUBJECTS OF SPRING RETREAT Ter ror a nd It s Domestic Opponents.”“America is winning the war, that’s what’s not to like about the war,” he said. He believes that don’t think this is a cultural war; that was the 1960s, and those on the left reflexively feel that whenever America is attacked it’s over. Now we are in the era of social repair, and social that America must be the cause. He concluded by saying that “there “Iindicators say society is repairing itself. But in Washing- has never been a country like this in the history of the world; this is ton, there is a bitterness that is big and growing. In Washington, a country to be proud of.” there is anger and partisanship, and it is hard to keep friendships Economic discourse in the United States was the topic of Russell intact and work together.” Roberts, a professor of economics at George Mason University. The Hoover Institution’s Spring Director’s Retreat 2004 opened Every few years there are on May 2 with those comments from columnist David Brooks of those who predict eco- the New York Times. He said that politicians and pundits point with nomic gloom and doom alarm to the polarization of the American electorate. But as Brooks for the United States travels across the country, he is not sure how or why Americans because of threats posed stand so apart from one another. by other countries; What Brooks has found is that “every place in America becomes several years ago it was more like the others,” as mobility remains easy for many citizens Japan, now it’s India. and workers. And, as an adjunct to that, people gather with others “The fear,”Roberts said, like themselves in specific areas and communities. “is that free trade,partic- Before-dinner remarks on May 3 were made by Dennis Miller, ularly at the global level, who is enjoying a successful career as a comedian and commenta- will lower quality of life.” tor. Miller entertained guests with irreverent but often insightful He stated, however, that remarks targeting all areas of life. trade creates wealth, Comments by Miller ranged from coffeehouses, “Starbucks is wealth creates civiliza- now opening a Starbucks inside a Starbucks,” to politicians and David Brooks tion and that without consultants such as James Carville, who he said “has more tics than trade, life is nasty, a Belfast parking attendant,” to litigation, “as for the obese suing brutish, and short, according to Thomas Hobbes. automakers because seatbelts don’t fit—this is the least of their In the final session of the morning, “After Iraq: The War on problems.” Miller is the host and executive producer of CNBC’s Ter ror in Ye ar T hre e ,” Vic tor D avis Hanson, the Martin and Illie Dennis Miller, a topical interview talk show featuring reasoned dis- Anderson Senior Fellow, began by providing an overview of the course, opinion, and humor. United States response to 9/11 and the resulting divisions in our Calling it “the nation’s most important civil rights issue,”authors society that have arisen based on people’s perceptions. “We could Abigail Thernstrom and Stephan Thernstrom discussed the racial have had a legitimate discussion between Democrat and Republi- divide in academic achievement in the first plenary session of the can, liberal and conservative, about legitimate issues…the kind we retreat. In their presentation, based on their most recent book, No had if we go back and look at 1944, but instead we have this hyste- Excuses: Closing the ria.”He reviewed current events, such as the controversies over the Racial Gap in Learning use of preemption and unilateralism, when there’s actually no (Simon & Schuster, precedent established for or against them. “These controversies 2003), they outlined disappear when people win a war and arise when they lose,” the gap in academic Hanson said, as in Afghanistan, where controversies seem to have achievement between ended as people sense the situation there improving. He concluded Asians and whites on by saying, “If we are resolute, this might be considered one of the one side and blacks and most effective, idealistic successes in American history.” Hispanics on the other. Following the morning plenary speakers,Hoover fellows pre- They view the differ- sented conversations on topics that included ences, where blacks and • Anti-Americanism, causes and consequences of Hispanics are falling • Update on what’s happening in Washington, D.C. behind their counter- • Economics parts, as an “American • Terrorism tragedy and a national • U.S.- Russia relations emergency.” Kurt Hauser continued on page 12

11 S PRING R ETREAT continued from page 11 did for the book, which he coauthored with The final day of the Rochelle Schweizer, he retreat began with said, “There are four Hoover associate direc- qualities that are partic- tor and director of the ularly critical to their library and archives [the Bushes’] success.” Elena Danielson speak- First is their remarkable ing about the activities ability to balance loyalty at the library and with competitiveness, archives. followed by an inherent The book Gulag: A sense of how to prove History (Anchor, 2004), yourself far from home. written by Anne Apple- Third is that much of baum using Hoover Dennis Miller John Raisian the success of the Bush materials, received the family is owed to the 2004 Pulitzer Prize for general nonfiction. “This is how the Bush women. Finally, how they are structured as an organization, research process works at the Hoover Archives,”said Danielson;“it as a bottom-up dynasty, is important. starts with acquisition, perhaps decades before the public is ready In his presentation,“American Foreign Policy: Dizzy with to assimilate the information, then comes research, and the result Democracy,” Kenneth Jowitt, the Pres and Maurine Hotchkis is new knowledge,” Senior Fellow, said,“To talk about our American foreign policy is “Our world has changed over the past few years,” said Dinesh to quote Stalin.” On March 30, 1930, Joseph Stalin delivered a D’Souza, the Robert and Karen Rishwain Research Fellow, in his speech titled “Dizzy with Success” that criticized the way in which talk “Three Ways the World Has Changed.”“The first way is that communists were trying to create socialism, to which Jowitt com- capitalism has defeated socialism,” he said. He went on to say, pared the United States and how it is going about trying to create though,“that capitalism has won the economic debate, but not the democracy. “Iraqis do not have [the] cultural, social base [with moral debate.” Next is that communism has been replaced by which] to create democracy,”Jowitt said. Islamic fundamentalism. “The focus, here, of course,” D’Souza Afternoon sessions covered issues that included said, “is on Iraq and why did we get into Iraq?” The third change • Democracy has to do with “a moral shift to moral autonomy.”He said that in • U.S. health care Wester n culture there is a denial of an external source of morality; • Economic recovery instead the focus is on looking inside oneself.The rest of the world, • The Bush family as an institution however, resists this shift. The final session of the day was a panel, “The 2004 Election: Lawrence Wein, of the Stanford Graduate School of Business, Where Are the Voters and What Are the Campaign Strategies?”The spoke on defending the United States against terrorist attacks in his panel included David Brady, chair; Morris Fiorina, Hoover senior presentation “Homeland Security: Insights from Mathematical fellow; Daron Shaw, Hoover visiting fellow and associate professor Modeling.”“[The United States] must be able to respond [to a ter- at the University of Texas at Austin; and Frederick Yang, senior vice rorist attack] in a rapid and defect-free way,”he said. president with Peter D. Hart Research Associates. Fiorina dis- Peter Schweizer, a Hoover research fellow,spoke on his most cussed how the nation is portrayed as divided, but said that he’s recent book, The Bushes: Portrait of a Dynasty (Doubleday, 2004), unsure of this view.“Most people are in the middle,”Fiorina said, in a presentation by the same name. Drawing on the research he “and parties are on either side.”

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www.hoover.org Comprehensive information about the Institution, its fellows, work, scholarly output, and The Hoover Institution Newsletter is published quarterly and distributed by outreach the Hoover Institution, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-6010, www.hooverdigest.org Quarterly Hoover Digest available on-line 650/723-0603, fax, 650/725-8611. ©2003 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University. Send comments and requests for informa- www.educationnext.org Presents the facts about education reform, gives voice—without fear or favor—to tion to Newsletter Editor Michele M. Horaney, APR, Manager of Public Affairs. worthy research, sound ideas, and responsible arguments. Staff: Public Affairs Writer: Caleb Offley, Newsletter Production: Wm Freeman, www.policyreview.org The preeminent publication for new and serious thinking and writing about the issues of Stanford Design Group. The Hoover Institution Home Page is on the World our day. At this site find select articles from the current issue as well as an archive of Wide Web at www.hoover.org. back issues, subscription information, and useful links to other web sites. The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford University, www.chinaleadershipmonitor.org Seeks to inform the American foreign policy community about current trends in China's founded in 1919 by Herbert Hoover, is one of the leading centers in the world leadership politics and in its foreign and domestic policies. devoted to interdisciplinary scholarship in domestic and international affairs.

12 R ECENT R ELEASES

Test ing resu lt s c a n •Show educators’ and students’ strengths and weaknesses as a basis for planning •Inform educators and students of their progress or lack thereof •Reveal the degree to which educational products, programs, and practices are working and thus inform state and local boards about choices they face In these and other ways described in the book, tests can play a vital role in improv- ing American schools. Evers is a research fellow at the Hoover Institution and a member of the Institu- tion’s Koret Task Force on K–12 Education. You Have to Admit It’s Getting Better: husudan Bhattarai, International Water Man- He specializes in research on education From Economic Prosperity to Environ- agement Institute in Colombo, Sri Lanka; B. policy—especially as it pertains to curricu- mental Quality Delworth Gardner, Brigham Young Univer- lum, teaching, testing,and accountability Edited by Terry L. Anderson sity; Indur M. Goklany, formerly with the from kindergarten through high school. ISBN: 0-8179-4482-6 National Commission on Air Quality; From July to December 2003, he served as In the new book You Have to Admit It’s Lomborg, Institut for Miljøvurdering/Envi- senior adviser for education to Administra- Getting Better: From Economic Prosperity to ronmental Assessment Institute; Robert E. tor L. Paul Bremer of the Coalition Provi- Environmental Quality (Hoover Institution McCormick, Clemson University; Seth W. sional Authority in Iraq. Press, 2004), the authors dispute what the Norton,Wheaton College; Maya Vijayaragha- Walberg , a distinguished v isiting fellow editor Terry L. Anderson, Hoover senior van, Centers for Disease Control and Preven- at the Hoover Institution and a member of fellow, identifies as the Malthusian predic- tion; and Bruce Yandle,Clemson University. the Koret Task Force on K–12 Education, is tion that “exponential growth and con- Anderson is the Martin and Illie Anderson a University Scholar at the University of Illi- sumption will ultimately run up against Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution and nois at Chicago. He has written or edited resource limits.” the executive director of the Property and more than 60 books; his research focuses In what many will consider controversial Environment Research Center – the Center on educational productivity and human the authors dispense with the idea of con- for Free Market Environmentalism, a think accomplishments.Walberg is also chairman serving finite resources as the means to tank focusing on market solutions to envi- of the board of directors of the Heartland sustain the environment. Instead they look ronmental problems located in Bozeman, Institute, an independent, nonprofit to legal institutions as the means to bring Montana. His work has helped launch the research center headquartered in Chicago. about changes in the market that will bring idea of free market environmentalism and The Heartland Institute provides policy about changes for the better in the environ- has prompted public debate over the balance analysis to national and state governments ment. As Anderson sums it up, “Economic between markets and government in manag- and journalists. growth is not the antithesis of environmen- ing natural resources. Contributors to the book include George tal quality: rather, the two go hand in K. Cunningham, University of Louisville; hand—if the incentives are right.” Testing Student Learning, Evaluating Evers, Hoover Institution; Jack M. Fletcher, In the opening chapter Bjørn Lomborg Teaching Effec tiveness University of Texas–Houston Health reviews the findings of his 2001 book The By Williamson M. Evers and Herbert J. Science Center; Barbara R. Foorman, Uni- Skeptical Environmentalist (Cambridge Walb erg versity of Tex as – Hou ston Health Science ISBN: 0-8179-2982-7 University Press) in which he identified and Center; David J. Francis, University of debunked environmental myths. In his In Testing Student Learning, Evaluating Tex as ; Sandy Kress, Akin, Gump, Strauss, research, Lomborg finds positive correla- Teaching Effectiveness (Hoover Institution Hauer & Geld; William A. Mehrens, Michi- tions between economic growth and envi- Press, 2004), the editors Williamson M. Evers, gan State University; Stan Metzenberg, ronmental quality. In the following chapters Hoover research fellow, and Herbert J. California State University–Northridge; the contributors discuss how economic per- Walberg , Hoover distinguished visiting Richard P. Phelps, author and former edu- formance, globalization,and other factors fellow, have compiled and edited a wealth of cator; Alan R. Siegel, New York University; associated with growth improve environ- information on not only on how to test, but Brian Stecher, RAND; Walberg, University mental quality rather than destroy it. on why testing plays such an important role of Illinois at Chicago; and Darvin M. Contributors to the book include Mad- in education. Winick, University of Texas.

13 R ECENT R ELEASES

Swing Dance: Justice O’Connor and the Between Dictatorship and Democracy: Institutional Reform and Democratic Michigan Muddle Russian Post-Communist Political Reform Consolidation in Korea By Robert Zelnick By Hoover Fellow Michael McFaul, Edited by Larry Diamond, Hoover ISBN: 0-8179-4522-9 Nikolai Petrov, and Andrei Ryabov senior fellow, and Doh Chull Shin ISBN: 0-87003-206-2 ISBN: 0-8179-9692-3 In the controversial 2003 University of In their new book Between Dictatorship and Institutional Reform and Democratic Con- Michigan affirmative action case, as in so Democracy: Russian Post-Communist Politi- solidation in Korea (Hoover Institution many other cases, the “swing vote” in the cal Reform (Carnegie Endowment for Inter- Press, 1999), in its second printing, exam- five–four split on the case proved to be national Peace, 2004) Hoover senior fellow ines the problems and prospects of that of Sandra Day O’Connor. Michael McFaul, Nikolai Petrov, Andrei democracy in Korea a decade after the In Swing Dance: Justice O’Connor and Ryabov, and their collaborators examine the transition from authoritarian military the Michigan Muddle (Hoover Institution current government of Russia. rule. The book presents a wide-ranging Press, 2004) Hoover fellow Robert Zelnick For the past two decades, Russian leaders and balanced account of the political, eco- examines Justice O’Connor’s voting have attempted to launch a series of politi- nomic, and cultural factors shaping history as a Supreme Court justice from cal reforms purportedly aimed at moving Korean democracy and of the institutional her early days on the Court to its most the country toward democracy. Have these reforms that are needed to deepen and important ruling to date. In addition to a reforms taken hold? If not, what kind of consolidate this crucial experiment with review of her earlier cases, he provides an political regime will be sustained in post- democracy in East Asia. intensive review of the University of Soviet Russia? How has Vladimir Putin’s Diamond is a senior fellow at the Michigan case as it was argued. Finally, he rise to power influenced the country’s Hoover Institution, coeditor of the Journal discusses the repercussions of this case course? The authors seek to give a compre- of Democracy, and codirector of the Inter- and how the university adapted its admis- hensive answer to these fundamental ques- national Forum for Democratic Studies, of sions program to fit the specific require- tions about the nature of Russian politics. the National Endowment for Democracy. ments of the Court’s ruling. McFaul, the Peter and Helen Bing Senior He is also a professor of political science Zelnick, an Emmy Award–winning Fellow, is also a senior associate at the and sociology (by courtesy) at Stanford journalist, is a research fellow at the Carnegie Endowment and an associate pro- University and coordinator of the Democ- Hoover Institution and chairman of the fessor of political science at Stanford Uni- racy Program of the new Center for Department of Journalism at Boston Uni- versity. He is the author of several books Democracy, Development, and the Rule of versity. During a twenty-year career with including Russia’s Unfinished Revolution: Law at Stanford’s Institute for Interna- ABC News, he covered political and con- Political Change for Gorbachev to Putin. tional Studies. gressional affairs for ABC Morning News, Petrov is a scholar-in-residence at the Shin is the Endowed Chair Professor of World News Tonight Saturday/Sunday, and Carnegie Moscow Center. Ryabov is a Korean Politics at the University of Mis- This Week. While at ABC News Zelnick scholar-in-residence and cochair of the souri at Columbia.For more than ten years acted as the Pentagon correspondent from Russian Domestic Politics and Political he has directed the Korean Democracy 1986 to 1994, as a Tel Aviv correspondent Institutions Program at the Carnegie Barometer surveys. He has also been from 1984 to 1986, and as a Moscow cor- Moscow Center. Other contributors include engaged in the systematic monitoring of respondent from 1982 to 1984. Mikhail Krasnov, Vladimir Petukhov, the cultural and institutional dynamics of Viktor Sheinis, and Elina Treyger. democratization in Korea.

14 KORET TASK FORCE RELEASES RECOMMENDATIONS are nationally recognized experts in educa- tion and education policy. FOR REFORMING EDUCATION IN TEXAS The Koret Task Force members are Hoover distinguished visiting fellow John E.Chubb,Edison Schools; Hoover research s the Texas legislature met in on Public School Finance by three of the fellow Williamson M. Evers; Hoover senior special session earlier this spring to eleven members of the task force—Hoover fellow and Koret Task Force chairman Atackle the state’s school funding Institution senior fellow Eric A. Hanushek Chester E. Finn Jr., Thomas B. Fordham crisis, the Hoover Institution’s Koret Task and Harvard University professors Caro- Foundation; Paul and Jean Hanna Senior Force on K–12 Education announced the line M. Hoxby and Paul E. Peterson, distin- Fellow Eric A. Hanushek, Hoover Institu- release of Reforming Education in Texas: guished visiting fellows at Hoover. tion; Hoover distinguished visiting fellow Recommendations from the Koret Task In testimony before the committee, the Paul T. Hill, University of Washington; Force, February 2004. three members discussed the task force’s Hoover distinguished visiting fellow E. D. At the invitation of Governor Rick Perry policy suggestions. Hirsch, University of Virginia; Hoover dis- and the cochairs of the Texas legislature’s “Our goal has been to listen to Texans’ tinguished visiting fellow Caroline M. Joint Select Committee on Public School ideas for their elementary and secondary Hoxby, Harvard University; Hoover senior Finance, the task force developed the schools, then apply research-based exper- fellow Terry M. Moe, William Bennett policy options in Reforming Education in tise and sound policy principles to gener- Munro Professor of Political Science at Texas to assist lawmakers in shaping effec- ate guidelines and concrete proposals that Stanford University; Hoover senior fellow tive, equitable,and efficient primary and represent a consensus of ideas and expert- Paul E. Peterson, Harvard University; secondary schooling for the state’s chil- ise,” said Hoxby, who serves on the Joint Hoover distinguished visiting fellow Diane dren. The memoranda address all key ele- Select Committee on Public School Ravitch, New York University; and Hoover ments of Texas education policy—includ- Finance. distinguished visiting fellow Herbert J. ing school finance, school choice, rewards, The Koret Task Force on K–12 Educa- Walberg , University of Illinois at Chicago. teachers, principals, standards, tests, text- tion is the centerpiece of the Hoover Insti- More information about the Koret Task books, and school boards. tution’s Initiative on American Public Edu- Force is available online at http://www- The ten memoranda were submitted in cation. Supported by the Koret Founda- hoover.stanford.edu/koret/default.htm February to the House Select Committee tion, the eleven members of the task force

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND EXHIBIT ON BORIS themes of his poetry as well as his magnum opus, the novel Doctor Zhivago,” PASTERNAK, POET AND AUTHOR OF THE TIMELESS DR. said Lazar Fleishman, professor of Slavic ZHIVAGO , COSPONSORED BY HOOVER AND STANFORD languages and literature at Stanford Uni- versity and conference coordinator,“is the oris Pasternak, poet, author of Doctor Zhivago, handmade books of destiny of man in revolutionary times.” Doctor Zhivago, and recipient of the poems, photographs, and many books he Among the 50 participants who made BNobel Prize for literature (1958), inscribed to his friends. The Exhibit Pavil- presentations at the conference were was the subject of a conference, “Hostage ion, located at the Hoover Institution on Pasternak’s son, Evgeny Pasternak, and his of Eternity: An International Conference the Stanford University campus, adjacent wife, Elena, the foremost experts on the on Pasternak,” that took place May 3–7 at to Hoover Tower, is open Tuesday through poet’s literary legacy. The couple recently Tresidder Union at Stanford University. Saturday, 11 a.m. to 4 p.m.. For additional compiled the largest edition of his works, In conjunction with the conference, the information, please contact the Hoover 11 volumes in all, titled Complete Works Hoover Institution Library and Archives Institution Archives, 650-723-3563 or (Slovo, 2004). Pasternak’s niece Ann organized an exhibit on Pasternak’s life www.hoover.org/hila. Group tours are Pasternak Slater discussed Pasternak’s and work from their extensive collection available. translations from Shakespeare. of original materials by the poet. At the May conference, participants The Pasternak exhibit, which may be from around the world discussed Paster- viewed until August 27, features original nak’s life and work, as well as recent studies letters, a typescript with corrections of concerning him. “One of the central

15 ncommon Knowledge™, the weekly public affairs television program coproduced by the Hoover Institution and KTEH–TV (PBS) in San Jose, presents a wide array “For a Few Dollars More: Global Poverty U of issues and guests in new segments for summer 2004 now available on the Public and the World Bank” Broadcasting Service. Guests: Douglass North, Nobel laureate Hosted by Emmy-nominee and Hoover research fellow Peter Robinson, it is broadcast in economics and senior fellow, Hoover by more than 50 PBS stations across the United States. The audio content is carried over- Institution, and James Wolfensohn, presi- seas by National Public Radio International. dent, World Bank Details about each segment are available at the Hoover Institution web site, www.hoover.org. New programs include “Iraq of Ages: The United States and the California, and John Yoo, professor of law, Future of Iraq” “A Military Makeover: Transforming the University of California, Berkeley Guests: Donald Emmerson, senior Military” fellow, Stanford Institute for International Guests: Williamson Murray, coauthor, “Heaven Can Wait: Is the Pledge of Alle- Studies; Michael McFaul, senior fellow, The Iraq War: A Military History, and giance Unconstitutional?” Hoover Institution; and Joseph Nye, dean, James Wirtz, professor of national security Guests: Erwin Chemerinsky, professor John F. Kennedy School of Government, affairs, Naval Postgraduate School of public interest law, legal ethics, and Harvard University political science, University of Southern “Land of the Setting Sun? The Future of California, and Douglas Kmiec, professor “Trading Places: Is Outsourcing Good Japan” of constitutional law, Pepperdine Univer- for America?” Guests: Toshio Nishi, research fellow, sity, Guests: Stephen Haber, professor of Hoover Institution, and Steven Vogel, pro- history and political science, Stanford Uni- fessor of political science, University of “Migration Headache: President Bush’s versity, and senior fellow, Hoover Institu- California, Berkeley Immigration Plan” tion; Kenneth Judd, senior fellow, Hoover Guests: Tamar Jacoby, senior fellow, Institution; and Harley Shaiken, professor “Down by Law: Military Detainees in the Manhattan Institute, and editor, Reinvent- of education and geography, University of War on Ter ror” ing the Melting Pot: The New Immigrants California, Berkeley Guests: Erwin Chemerinsky, professor and What It Means to Be American, and of public interest law, legal ethics, and Mark Krikorian, executive director, Center political science, University of Southern for Immigration Studies

he Hoover Institution presents a wide range of opinions, expert research, and com- Tmentary in four recognized and acclaimed publications: Hoover Digest, Education ■ “The Psychological Sources of Islamic Next, Policy Review, and China Leadership Monitor. At newsletter press time, new issues of Ter ror is m : Al ienation and Identity in the Hoover Digest and Policy Review were available; the highlights are below. Arab World,”by Michael J. Mazarr

Hoover Digest China Leadership Monitor www.hooverdigest.org ■ “Where the Rubber Meets the Road: www.chinaleadershipmonitor.org ■ Iraq: “More at Stake Than Vietnam,”by Districts Confront the Challenges of No ■ Foreign policy: “Of Successors, Memo- Media Fellow Robert Zelnick Child Left Behind—One Child at a Time,” ries, and Guidance: Qian Qichen Defines ■ National Security: “Secrecy and Secu- by William G. Howell His Legacy,”by Robert L. Suettinger rity,”by Research Fellow Bruce Berkowitz ■ “Putting Parents in Charge: Pell Grants ■ Military affairs: “The PLA, Chen Shui- for Kids,”by Lamar Alexander Bian, and the Referenda: The War Dogs Education Next That Didn’t Bark,”by James Mulvenon www.educationnext.org Policy Review ■ Economic policy: “Financial Recon- ■ “The Future of School Boards:Agents of www.policyreview.org struction: Methodical Policymaking Reform or Defenders of the Status Quo?” ■ “The Future of Ground Zero: Daniel Moves into the Spotlight,” by Barry ■ “Steering a True Course,” by Sarah C. Libeskind’s Perverse Vision,” by John Naughton Glover. Rosenthal ■ “Lost at Sea,”by Distinguished Visiting ■ “The Religious Sources of Islamic Ter- Fellow Chester E. Finn Jr., and Lisa G. rorism—What the Fatwas Say,”by Shmuel Keegan Bar

16 MEDIA FELLOWS ROUNDUP came together—a political perfect storm.” However, he believes that the role played by the Supreme Court will come to be seen as foolhardy. The Supreme Court did not have to become involved, Kaplan said, he Media Fellows program hosted says we’re at war, the rest of us are at peace.” because a legislative process exists that is print and broadcast journalists This war is difficult to experience, he said, perfectly suited to handle the situation that Tfrom around the country over the except in Washington. “In Washington,” arose. past few months. McManus observed, “there is a sense that Kaplan, a senior editor, runs Newsweek’s these are the buildings that will be targeted Enterprise section as well as its annual next time around.” College Guide and occasionally still writes McManus, who has been with the Los for the magazine. In addition to The Acci- “It will be a dogfight all the way to the Angeles Times since 1978, has reported on dental President, he wrote The Silicon Boys: end,” predicted Media Fellow Shailagh national and international issues for more And Their Valley of Dreams (Perennial, Murray in her talk “Election 2004: Why It’s than 25 years from Washing ton, the 2000), a chronicle of Silicon Valley during Proving So Unpredictable, Mean and Sub- Middle East, Europe, and Latin America. the high-tech boom. He is currently at stance Free.” Murray, congressional corre- He is a three-time winner of the National work on another book, about baseball. spondent for the Wall Street Journal, spoke Press Club’s Edwin M. Hood Award for Before his journalism career, Kaplan was a at a luncheon hosted by the Hoover Insti- reporting on U.S. foreign policy. McManus lawyer on Wall Street. tution on April 16. “Everything is turned has also won Georgetown University’s upside down,”Murray said, referring to the Weint a l Pr ize and New York University’s election this fall. Olive Branch. He is a frequent panelist on Murray has been the congressional cor- news programs such as Washington Week, The Media Fellows Program allows respondent for the Wall Street Journal since Face the Nation, and Weekend Edition print and broadcast media professionals to 1999. Before that she was a foreign corre- Sunday. Among his three books the best spend time in residence at the Hoover spondent for the Wall Street Journal seller Landslide: The Unmaking of the Pres- Institution. Media fellows have the oppor- Europe, where she covered issues such the ident 1984–1988 was listed by the New York tunity to exchange information and per- Irish economic boom, the Northern Irish Times as one of the most notable books of spectives with Hoover scholars through peace process, social and economic trends 1988. seminars and informal meetings and with from Brussels, and the East European tran- the Hoover and Stanford communities in sition from Prague. Her journalism career public lectures. As fellows, they have the began at the Tampa Tribune, where she full range of research tools Hoover offers covered courts,crime,and transportation. The Supreme Court’s role in the 2000 available to them. More than 100 of the presidential election was criticized by nation’s top journalists have visited the David Kaplan, senior editor of Newsweek Hoover Institution recently and interacted magazine in his talk, “Does Anyone with Hoover fellows on key public policy During his fellowship Doyle McManus, Remember Bush vs.Gore?”on April 21. issues. Washing ton Bureau chiefofthe Los After the election process was concluded Angeles Times and former Stanford trustee, there was a lot of talk about its legitimacy explored the question “Is there a Bush doc- until 9/11.“Then, whatever questions were trine?” He believes that “not only is there a being asked disappeared,”said Kaplan. Other media fellows who recently par- Bush doctrine, there are many Bush doc- Referring to his book The Accidental ticipated include trines.” Among these, McManus said, are President: How 413 Lawyers, 9 Supreme Lou Cannon, Freelance, June 7–11, 2004 that nations that harbor terrorist are held Court Justices, and 5,963,110 Floridians Lee Walczak, Business Week, June 14–18, responsible for their actions; that the axis (Give or Take a Few) Landed George W. 2004 of evil includes Iraq, Iran, and North Bush in the White House (William Morrow, Debra Saunders, San Francisco Chronicle, Korea; and preemption. 2001) Kaplan said the title is not about June 14–18, 2004 McManus also noted in his talk on April George W. Bush as president but “a Howard Mortman, MSNBC, June 21–25, 19 that “while President George W. Bush comment on remarkable convergences that 2004

17 H OOVER ON THE A IR

Senior Fellow Larry Diamond offered tes- Nicholas Berg in an interview on KGO-TV timony on the future of Iraq before the U.S. (ABC, San Francisco) on May 11. Senate Foreign Relations Committee on May 24; the meeting of high-placed and Changes in the issue of stock options as well-known panelists from government part of high-tech pay packages were and academe was carried on CSPAN. addressed by Senior Fellow David Brady on KQED radio (NPR, San Francisco) on Senior Fellow William Perry was featured May 10. on The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer on May Abraham Sofaer was interviewed on the 27 (PBS); he discussed the speech the subject on KNTV-TV (NBC, San Fran- Democratic presidential candidate pre- cisco) on May 7. The death of U.S. army cpl. Patrick Tillman was discussed by Research Fellow Donald sumptive John Kerry gave that day. Abenheim on Morning Edition (NPR) on Diamond also discussed overall military May 4. KNTV TV (NBC, San Francisco) inter- strategy in Iraq on The NewsHour with Jim viewed Senior Fellow Abraham Sofaer on Lehrer (PBS) on May 10. He was featured May 27 about warnings issued that day on on KGO-TV (ABC, San Francisco) on Research Fellow Peter Schweizer was potential terror threats through the efforts by private organizations and chari- interviewed about his new volume Bush summer. Research Fellow Donald Aben- ties to rebuild Iraq on April 27. KPIX-TV Family Dynasty on The Ronn Owens Show heim discussed the warnings on KCBS (CBS, San Francisco) interviewed him on on KGO radio (ABC, San Francisco) on radio (CBS,San Francisco) on May 25. violence in Iraq, and he was featured on a May 3. Schweizer discussed the book on TXCN Prime (Tex as C able News Network, segment on applying political science the- ories and knowledge to the situation on Dallas/Fort Worth) on April 22. He was a Senior Fellow Michael McFaul addressed KRON-TV (Ind., San Francisco) and on guest on Morning Edition (NPR) on May 8 covert aid to extremists on May 27 on Lou Dobbs Tonight (CNN), all on April 26. to discuss the book,as well as appearing on KPIX-TV (CBS, San Francisco). McFaul On April 20, he was featured on Day to Day the CBS Early Show (CBS TV) on April 7. was also a guest on Lou Dobbs Tonight on NPR as guests discussed violence (CNN) on a panel discussing European against foreign contractors in Iraq. troops in Iraq on May 25. Senior Fellow Thomas Sowell was a guest on the Kojo Nnamdi Show on WAMU-FM Testimony given by National Security radio (NPR, Washington, D.C.) discussing Research Fellow Kiron Skinner discussed Adviser Condoleezza Rice was analyzed by the minimum wage on April 22. the appointment of Iraqi government offi- Hoover senior fellow Michael McFaul on cials in the lead-up to the June 30 transi- KCBS radio (CBS, San Francisco) on April tion from U.S. leadership on the Paula National Fellow Jeremi Suri discussed 8. Research Fellow Kiron Skinner dis- patriotism, military service, and U.S. Zahn Show on CNN on May 25. Senior cussed Rice’s testimony on The Flipside on history on Fellow Larry Diamond discussed the Odyssey on WBEZ-FM (NPR, CNNfn on April 8, KGO-TV (ABC, San Chicago) on April 21. transition on Wolf Blitzer Reports on CNN Francisco), and KPIX-TV (CBS, San Fran- and KRON-TV (Ind., San Francisco) on cisco) on April 7. Research Fellow William May 20 and on KGO-TV (ABC, San Fran- Whalen offered his perspective on KRON- Senior Fellow Shelby Steele was inter- cisco) and KCBS radio (CBS, San Fran- TV (Ind., San Francisco) on April 7. viewed on Dateline (NBC) on the issue cisco) on May 17. of racial profiling on April 9. A preview of the show that featured Steele was Research Fellow William Whalen was shown on television stations across the A number of Hoover Institution fellows interviewed about presidential campaign country including KARE-TV (NBC, Min- were interviewed about abuse charges filed strategy on KRON-TV (Ind., San Fran- neapolis-St. Paul) and WLWT-TV (NBC, against the U.S. military stationed at the cisco) on May 13. Whalen was a guest on Cincinnati). Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq. Among the The Dennis Miller Show (CNBC) on May 6 fellows were Distinguished Fellow George as part of a panel on Iraq. P. S hu l t z on KPIX-TV (CBS, San Fran- The use of preemption strategy in foreign cisco) May 21, and Senior Fellow Larry affairs was discussed by Research Fellow Diamond on WUSA-TV (CBS, Washing- Research Fellow Williamson Evers dis- Charles Hill on CSPAN; he was also a ton, D.C.) and CNNfn (National) May 21. cussed the execution of American civilian member of a panel that discussed the future of the United Nations on April 5.

18 H OOVER IN P RINT

America’s health care policy stands at the As someone who spent most of his life as a crossroads. Either we are going to continue police officer, I think the government the slow march toward a government- should be spending its resources and our driven system, or we are going to choose a money finding bin Laden and destroying al free-market solution that puts consumers Qaeda, instead of launching investigations in charge. The governmental system ulti- into which jocks are using molecules deter- mately will lead to less choice and a stifling mined to be immoral by the federal gov- of innovation. The free-market solution ernment. will enable America to solve its health care dents, we must pay as close attention to the cost problem and capture the promise of Research Fellow Joseph McNa- curricular junk making its way into our 21st century medicine; a promise of new mara, San Francisco Chronicle, schools’ textbooks as we do the junk food cures for disease and longer lives made April 15 in their cafeterias. possible by the mapping of the human genome, and nanotechnology. Senior Fellow Chester E. Finn, USA Today, March 25 Senior Fellows John F. Cogan, September 11 forced us to comprehend the Daniel Kessler, and R. Glenn extent and danger of the challenge. We Hubbard, Wall Street Journal, began to act before our enemy was able to May 4 extend and consolidate his network. If we If America has a powerful engine of put this in terms of World War 11, we are insourcing, it will create so many good jobs now sometime around 1937. In the 1930s, that — as it has in the past — few will even the world failed to do what it needed to do notice the jobs that are moving to foreign Despite all the upheavals and dislocations to head off a world war. Appeasement lands.If,however,we focus only on slowing caused by two world wars and a Great never works. Today we are in action. We down the loss of old jobs by becoming pro- Depression, globalization today is not ter- must not flinch. With a powerful interplay tectionists, we can be certain that in the ribly different from globalization a century of strength and diplomacy, we can win this long run we as a nation will be poorer,will ago. Just as was true in the days of war. have more unemployed and will have far J. P. Morgan, the biggest players in the fewer opportunities for our children, while world economy are the providers of finan- Distinguished Fellow George P. our seniors will have to subsist on much cial services and energy, partly because Shultz, Wall Street Journal, smaller retirement benefits. credit and power are the indispensable March 29 factors for any kind of economic activity Distinguished Visiting Fellow and partly because economies of scale are Newt Gingrich, Washington Post, so compelling in those sectors.Big business March 25 isn’t just big. It turns out to have longevity Both the Bush administration and the going for it, too. Putin administration have apparently Senior Fellow Niall Ferguson, made the decision that they can achieve We w ish to save Europe by leaving it, to Forbes magazine, April 12 their goals without broad international strengthen the Atlantic Alliance by altering support. Both governments have erred in it, and to encourage maturity and responsi- that judgment. But it is not too late to bility by ending dependency. Begging correct the judgment, and I fervently hope miffed Europeans to help in Iraq or With a wealth of materials available, it that both governments will do so.The most Afghanistan in real numbers while tens of should be as easy for a teacher to obtain important step in that process is reviving thousands of Americans are stationed in multiple appraisals of textbooks and cooperation between the United States and Europe is the stuff offairy tales. The sham instructional materials as it is to find novels Russia. should end now, for the well-being of to take the beach or movies to view on everyone involved. weekends. If we are serious about improv- Senior Fellow William J. Perry, ing the historical literacy of America’s stu- Moscow Times, May 7 Senior Fellow Victor Davis Hanson, National Review Online, April 2

19 R. RICHARD GEDDES APPOINTED Economics, Journal of Legal Studies, Journal of Regulatory STAFF ECONOMIST ON PRESIDENT’S Economics, Journal of Statisti- COUNCIL OF ECONOMIC ADVISERS cal Planning and Inference, Regulation,Resources and ichard Geddes, Hoover Institu- governance, public utilities, Energy, and Review of Indus- tion research fellow and associate the economics of postal trial Organization. Rprofessor of policy analysis and delivery, infrastructure Geddes was a national management at Cornell University, has development in emerging fellow at the Hoover Institu- been appointed a senior staff economist markets, and the economics tion in 1999–2000, was previ- on President George W.Bush’s Council of of women’s property rights. ously an associate professor Economic Advisers (CEA). The editor of the new R. Richard Geddes of economics at Fordham Geddes was appointed to a one-year volume Competing with the University, director of the term on the council in mid-March. He Government: Anticompetitive Behavior Visiting Fellows Program at the Institute will be one of 10 senior economists and Public Enterprises (Hoover Institu- for Humane Studies at George Mason working with the three-member CEA, tion Press, 2004), he also is the author of University, and a visiting faculty fellow at which analyzes and interprets economic Saving the Mail: How to Solve the Prob- Ya l e Un i ve r s i t y L aw School. He earned developments, appraises the programs lems of the U.S. Postal Service (2003) and Ph.D. and M.A. degrees in economics and activities of the government, and coeditor of Private Power in the Pacific from the University of Chicago and a B.S. advises the president on national eco- (1994). He has published numerous arti- degree in economics and finance from nomic policy. cles in scholarly journals, including the Tows on Universit y. Geddes is an expert in electricity American Economic Review, Encyclopedia deregulation, regulation and corporate of Law and Economics, Journal of Law and

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