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Historické Základy Environmentalizmu A Environmentalistika Historické základy environmentalizmu a environmentálneho práva (XXXVIII.) Jaskyne pripomínajú minulosť, ale môžu znamenať aj najskôr v roku 302 drevenou kresťanskou bazilikou a ne- gan-Taš s mohutným portálom s posvätnou vyvieračkou budúcnosť. (JK) skoršie kamennou katedrálou, vrcholový chrám na najväčšej Šuľganovky, ako aj v dvanástich skupinách v Ignatijevskej pyramíde Tepanapa v mexickej Cholule od jaskyni/Jamazy-Taš so 120 m vysokým portálom v doline roku 1594 kresťanským kostolom Templo de rieky Sim, ale aj v mongolskej jaskyni Ait Cenker. K pavlovkie- Nuestra Seniora de los Remedias (s obnovou nu sa radia nálezy z Pavlova, Dolných Věstoníc a Petřkovíc na v roku 1864), podzemnú mithraistickú sväty- Morave, rakúskeho Willendorfu i slovenských Moravan nad ňu v Ríme kresťanskou bazilikou San Clemente- Váhom. Perspektívnu slovenskú lokalitu Salka zničila výstavba Scavi, Šalamúnov chrám v Jeruzaleme v roku betónového bunkra. Kultúru gravettien odvodzujú od nálezis- 135 Jupiterovým chrámom, po ňom ranokres- ka La Gravette vo Francúzsku v departmente Dordogne, zná- ťanským kostolom a v roku 687 moslimským mej odtiaľto aj ako périgordien, na ktorý nadväzuje solutréen, Skalným dómom/Quabbat al Sakhra. Niekde pomenovaný podľa previsu Solutré-Pouilly (19 tis. až 16 tis. zväčša len interiér svätyne prispôsobili mocen- rokov prnl.) a magdalénien podľa previsu La Madeleine (15 tis. sky nastupujúcemu novému náboženstvu. až 9 tis. rokov prnl.). Solutrén reprezentujú napríklad lokality Napríklad takto premenili najznámejší byzant- Bourdeilles, Roc-de-Sers, Fourneau-du-Diable; magdalénien najmä ský kresťanský chrám Božej múdrosti Hagia svetoznáma jaskyňa Altamira pri španielskom meste Sophia v Konštantínopole po roku 1453 na Santander, v ktorej asi 150 nástenných malieb franko-kanta- Monte Pellegrino – Santa Rosalia mešitu. O ovládnutie mnohých posvätných berského štýlu objavila v roku 1879 dvanásťročná Maria de Za posvätné miesta (hagios/muqaddas/sacer/numen/ miest sa začali zaujímať nielen náboženskí a svetskí predsta- Sautuolu, netušiac, že sa po sto rokoch stanú svetovým de- hamunija/qadosh/wakanda/tírtha/mana/ tapu), ovplyvňujú- vitelia (napríklad počas križiackych vojen), ale aj mnísi, ob- dičstvom. Do tohto obdobia spadajú aj nálezy z jaskýň ce environment nablízku a neraz až v globálnom rozsahu, chodníci a pútnici (v XXVIII. a XXIX.). Kresťania intenzívnejšie Chaffaud, Saléve, Thayngen, Grotte du Roc a Grotte de la Vierge. ľudia považovali: po vydaní nariadenia Félixa I. (269 – 274), v ktorom prikázal, Rituálne obrazy magdalénienu objavili aj v jaskyniach Niaux 1. ojedinelé prírodné a kultúrne dedičstvo a prírodné výtvory, do aby sa bohoslužby konali iba na oltároch, do ktorých budú (1906) a Bernifal, ako aj v ďalších náleziskách, napríklad v ktorých boli včlenené neobvyklé prírodné alebo kultúrne objek- vložené relikvie svätcov, čím takticky naviedol na zmenu Limeuil a Laussel. Ukážky franko-kantaberského umenia po- ty (napríklad Yellowstone, Yosemite, Uluru, Tongariro, orientácie aj mnohých pohanských rituálnych miest. K naj- chádzajú aj z jaskýň Montespan, v ktorej sa konali obrady Teotihuakán, Stonehenge, Meteora, Bandiagara, Macchu starším chráneným posvätným miestam na Zemi patrili a vo spojené s loveckou mágiou, Cougnac, Bédeilhac, Portel, Marsoulas, Picchu, Silická ľadnica, Chrám lona/Tangardik Kaja v bul- viacerých regiónoch patria dodnes, okrem uvedených hro- Fontanet, La Vache, Gargás, Gourdan, Le Tuc d´Audoubert, Enléne a harských Rodopách...), mových, zasnežených alebo oblačných hôr (v XXXVII.), ich susednej Les Trois Fréres známej okrem 600 rytín nosorožcov, 2. „sídla bohov“, kontaktné miesta s „ríšami bohov“ a miesta „vybrané opaky v temnom podzemí – pravé i nepravé jaskyne, priepasti mamutov, jaskynných levov a iných vyhynutých zvierat aj bohmi za posvätné“, vrátane väčšiny už uvedených nebotyč- a previsy (abri), prevažne vo vápencoch, dolomitoch, sadrov- postavami lovcov a šamana. K novším objavom patria jasky- ných, osamotených alebo bizarných vrchov (napríklad coch, travertínoch, pieskovcoch, zlepencoch a vulkanitoch. ne v Porto Badisco pri Tarantskom zálive, Ekain v Pyrenejách, Olymp, Kailás, Sagarmatha, Sinaj, Khumbila, Fujijama, Už od praveku sa do nich prichyľovali viaceré vývojové štá- Llonin, El Juyo, astúrska jaskyňa Pozo del Ramu/Tito Bustillo, v Kilauea, Ída, Gunung Agung, Hara Barzaiti, Semeru, diá homonidov (ku koncu v Európe vrátane Slovenska najmä ktorej okrem malieb koní a sobov (starých až 18 000 rokov) Adam´s Peak, Pilot, Potala v Lhase...), Homo sapiens neandertalensis pred 120 tisíc až 35 tisíc našli v roku 1968 maliarsku dielňu s farbivami, nástrojmi a 3. okolie posvätných predmetov relikvií (napríklad kaáby v rokmi) a súčasného človeka (Homo sapiens sapiens), pri- kosťami rôznych zvierat, známych aj z výtvarnej výzdoby v Mekke, sv. Tekly v Malule, sv. Kataríny na Sinaji, sv. čom tu zriaďovali a vyzdobovali maľbami a rytinami svoje španielskych jaskyniach El Castillo, Buxu, Chimeneas, Santimamine, Petra vo Vatikáne, Marie Magdalény v Saint Maximin- rituálne miesta (len vo Francúzsku a Španielsku objavili vyše Parpallo, Callejón, Navazo, La Pasiega (226 obrazov), Las Monedas le-Saint-Baume, Sv. Rozálie v Monte Pellegrino, Kandy, 350 takýchto jaskýň). Najstaršie vo francúzskej jaskyni (30 malieb). Vo Francúzsku k významným vyzdobeným jas- Montserrat, Czestochowa...), Chauvet (už pred 32 tis. rokmi) a v jaskyni Aurignac už začiat- kyniam – pravekým kultovým miestam zaraďujú aj Isturitz pri 4. rodiská, pôsobiská a hroby bohov, polobohov, hérov, profétov, svät- kom mladého paleolitu, podľa ktorej pomenovali kultúru au- Biskajskom zálive, Cosquer pri Marseille, Cussac a La Marche v cov, učiteľov národov a uctievaných osobností (napríklad Lumbini, rignacien, známu najmä z nálezov v oblasti Périgord (v de- Lussac-les-Châteaux, tunelovú Bédeilhac pri Tarascone, v kto- Betlehem, Nazaret, Jeruzalem, Haifa, Hebron, jaskyne partmente Dordogne). Aurignacienske zoomorfné umenie sa rej počas Druhej svetovej vojny montovali lietadlá. K osobi- Hira a Thaur, Medina, Moulay Idris, Karbala, Konya, Qufu, prejavilo napríklad v v jaskyni Pair-non-Paire (1881), ale aj na tostiam patria najmä 3,4 m dlhé bodkované kone v sprievo- Svoradova jaskyňa, Merlinove jaskyne Chislehurste a previsoch La Ferrassie, Cellier, Poisson, Blanchard, Castanet, Belcayre, de monumentálnych mamutov a zubrov vo jaskyni Pech-Merle Islingtone, Assisi, Bódhgaya), Fongal a v nemeckých jaskyniach Vogelherd, Geissenklösterle, a kultové jaskyne doliny rieky Vezére, vyhlásenej za svetové 5. miesta spojené s významnými udalosťami ako sú zjavenia, zázraky, Hohlenstein – Stadel pri Ulme. Z tohto obdobia pochádzajú aj dedičstvo. Vyše 2000 rytinami a maľbami (-15 120) v nej bojiská, útočišťa, dopady meteoritov... (napr. Massabiellska jas- rytiny z mexickej lokality Valsequilla a namíbijskej jaskyne vyniká jaskyňa Lascaux, objavená štyrmi mládencami kyňa v Lurdách, Fatima, Međugorje, Guadalupe, Olympia, Apollo 11 (25 tis. až 23 tis. rokov prnl.). Mladší Marathón, Šipka, Barringerov Meteor Crater...), paleolit charakterizuje aj kultúra gravettien 6. vybrané hydrologické objekty (napríklad jazerá Titicaca, (29 tis. až 22 tis. rokov prnl.), vo východnej Atitlan a Tamagawa, rieka Ganga, pramene Pamukkale v Európe známa ako kosťonkien, v strednej Turecku, Hot Springs National Park v Arkansase), Európe pavlovkien a v západnej Európe ako 7. miesta, na ktoré sa viažu legendy alebo povesti (napríklad Tara, périgordien, ktorú reprezentujú aj sošky žien o sv. Patrikovi Mt. Croagh Patrick, o potope sveta Ararat – venúš so zvýraznenými pohlavnými znakmi a „indiánske Araraty“ – Takoma/Mt. Ranier, Mt. Baker, (pozri časť XIX.). Na východe ide napríklad o kalifornská Shasta, oregonský Jefferson, Prepoštská jas- lokality Kosťonki a Gagarino neďaleko Voroneže, kyňa, Čertova pec). Avdejevo, Sungir; ukrajinské Mezin, Jelisejeviči, Posvätnosť niektorých miest vznikla kombináciou uvede- Molodova, Kirillovskaja stojanka priamo v Kyjeve; ných dôvodov, čím sa zvýšil ich význam i ochrana, pričom na Sibíri Bureť a Usť-Kova pri Angare, Tolbaga v sa neraz dosiahol opačný efekt (napríklad v Jeruzaleme). Zabajkalsku, Majna pri Jeniseji, Maľta pri rieke Niekde pôvodné chránené posvätné miesta prekryli iné, na- Belaja neďaleko Irkutska. Nástenné maľby príklad svätyňu uctievačov ohňa v arménskom Ečmiadzine objavili aj v juhouralskej Kapovej jasyni/Šuľ- Podzemné mithreum pod Basilikou di S. Clemente Savi v Ríme 32 ENVIROMAGAZÍN 3/2010 Environmentalistika ných miest na háje, stromy, jazerá, vodné toky stvo) v Novom Južnom Walese (až 30750 – 30250 rokov a pramene, v chladnejších oblastiach na seve- prnl.). Len v Národnom parku Kakadu objavili asi 1 000 arche- re a východe ešte doznievali zoomorfné rituál- ologických nálezísk a asi 7 000 lokalít s aboriginálnym skal- ne prejavy v jaskyniach, napríklad v ukrajin- ným umením (napríklad v Nangaloarských jaskyniach, ska- skej sadrovcovej jaskyni Balamutovka na Dnestri lách Nourlangie a Ubirr), ktorého vek dosahuje miestami až (8 tis. až 7,5 tis. rokov prnl.) Poľovnícky štýl 25 tisíc rokov. K popredným kultovým miestam v Austrálii charakterizoval aj neolitické rituálne miesta na však patrí najmä 6 lokalít tradícií Anangu v Kata Tjuta/Mt. Olga Sahare, najmä v alžírskom Tassili N´Ajjer (objav a 23 takýchto lokalít v Uluru/Ayers Rock. Červený masív exfo- nadporučíka Brenansa v roku 1933 preskúma- liačnej klenby (bornhardtu) Uluru dosahuje výšku 348 m ný expedíciou Henriho Lhotea v rokoch 1956 (863 m n.m.) a obvod 9,4 km. Kata
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