THE CHAMORRO LANGUAGE OF 509

:colloquial usage the third person na alone is common. In the -:,'

GUAM SOLOMON ISLANDS NEW PHILIP- Plural HEBRIDES PINES ENGLISH - 1St pel"SOn (inclusive) -ta, our (yours and mine) ; CHAMORRO NGAO BUGOTU OHA FATE TAGALOG 1St person (exclusive) -marne, our (theirs and mine) ; zd person my ho, ko ngu ngll gu gu ko -miyo, your ; thy mo 11lU,'lt mu l1ZU, 77Z; ma mo 3d person -fiiha, their. his, her iia ita, a iia na, ne, n/ na nzjJa our (incl.) ta da, da tali da da, de gita 1zatin This method of using the possessive pronouns shows the rela­ our (excl.) mame mami, mi, gati mami mai, mei gamz namin tionship of the Chamorro with the Malayan and Melanesian lan­ your miyo miu miu miu mu ninyb their fiz7za ra, dt" dia Ira, re ra m"ld guages, as well as to the allied Philippine dialects. In the Malayan, for instance, we have ku, 11lU, ila, corresponding to the Chamorro In expressing relationship or possession a noun with the posses­ ko, mo, 1ia. In Melanesia the corresponding possessive pronouns_ sive suffixed is usually preceded by the definite article, as in the Italian are suffixed only to nouns of a certain class. In the Malay they 1Codrington, R. H., The JltIelanesian Languages, Oxford, 1,885. p. 126. are suffixed· to nouns without any distinction of class,. though in llThis is also true of the interrogatives, as we shall see later. 508 it

294· 5 in sive the grandfather.' plant'; ;

after (page

thought considered

independently.

iyoko root used

gaiia iyomo g§.ho

speaking

other

10 latable.

padre

a

From

primitive

The

taia, The i 3. :" i i i i is i

llFirst 1

simple a

First it than

The tiitii'mo, fiildna, t&anmame, tiittita; tatd-ho, tiitanfiiha, to tiitanmiyo, as

na

na

na 304)

added

INDEPENDENT

na

mio,

before

together.

Suffix

adjectives

S manog, which

of

Connective connective father; a d6ga,

guma,

personexc1usive,

person

the

babue,

s~se,

brother

akin as

a

short

and

our

his my

as

word it

word

thy above

'the

ko.

the

thy

forms inclusive,

my the

my

their father

to father; father;

or

'sandal,' his yOUT the

chMda,

particle

AlIfERICAN

our father;

,

-

sister. knife;

is

plural father-of-ours.'

with house;

the fowl;

pig; ending

possessive n.

tonic

examples

father;

father

Ko

father; shifted

POSSESSIVES.

a

;

-

signifying

1

signifying

1la

preposition

new

nouns;

is

'banana-plant,'

a

As

is suffixes i vowel

j

, used in

degdko,

used

2

word

so

ANTHROPOLOGIST

with

a

it

'our

as

suffixes

'your

pure

to

iyoko

instead iyoiia gabo gata or is will

join

-

with to

mame,

father,

a

modified

they "of";

father fall

'my

vowel

These

be

a noun

i

z"

pat

yan

or

noun

karabao,

manog,

the z' i i i i tamo, i i

are

not seen

of on tembfia, temonmiyo, temonfiiha, tembta, temonmame, tembmo, tembko, may

i

a

miyo,

iyomo, and

sandal';

iyota,

and

and yours,' clzetddko, noun vowel

Ito, followed the

(not

are

added.

knee; as

that

mine,'

be

its mine

i

with

1zilza. penult. ours

explained

our

words

his tiitanmame my

a as

and

adjective; his mine thy

used

when preceded

guttural)

in

as i

(is) their

knee; bee;

knee; YOllr

a (is)

and

knee;

speaking

our

gutl6ko, They by

the

when

I

word

or

This

my

as

[N.

formed

the

the

ours the

knee.

knee; knee;

thine;

a

it

accent

s., pronouns

on brothers

is

. fowl;

banana­

genitive

may posses­

to may may carabao. takes by

ending

not

j

5.

page

anyone

1903

'my

of two

trans-

of

be be

be

n

a

SAFFORD]

ing" the suffixes.

iyon-tano, pronouns,

ing celestial,

ship sessive the

sives

houses,'

1st 1St 3d 2d iyoma iyoko Possessive iyota iyonmame iyofia iyonmiyo iyoniiiha

possessive

Possessive

1st of 3d

2d

Chamorro

Possessives

The since

of

of

person, person, person

person

used

the

person, person,

person,

suffixes.

animals

they the

na

na

na

or

This

na

possessives iyoiia

house,'

'bel(;:mging

it

in

as

tufo, gunta,

word

(excl.

tultong,

na

(incl.),

Sese, THE heavenly;

na

occurs used

modify.

na

root such

adjectives: used

root

word

guaot,

as the

na

lamasa,

WITH

our lebblo,

thy

),

siha, This

domestic.

with

my

CHAMORRO

Adjectives.

iyo

guma

may

with his

root

words

iyonmiyoJ iyota, OBJECTS iyonmame, iyoko, iyomo,

iyofia, iyonfiiha, for'

well in

knife;

INANIMATE

house; of their

do

is

hat; this

particle

Inanimate

Where

our

iyon-tasi,

our Chamo,rro

be

ga

the

;

used Living

animal.'

siha,

not

staircase;

considered

book;

may as

table;

is

earth,'

-

Singular

vary used,

combined

iyon-Ia1lgit,

the

Plural

LANGUAGE may

or

ANIMALS

Following Animals. precede

gfuniyo, gaho, gata, gamo, g§.mame, gaiia, gihiiha, WITH

Objects.

'belonging iyoiia

independently

plural

terrestrial;

Examples:

with

combined

possibly

as

i i i

i i

i

i

gaiia gata gamo gamame siha gaho

gaiiija

gamiyro with

or

a

gender -

-

is

noun

are follow

'belonging

his, my your OF formed their thy With our

our

To

be

na

the na

na na

na with

of

iyon-guma,

na

01

examples

or

GUAM (yours

her signifying' karabao, (ours express

derived

guma. galago,

oabue,

or

na

manog, na or regular

the or

of

inanimate

urine;

nganga, thine; the.

the

yours;

Or theirs.

nobt"yo, regularly chiba,

the

number

not

sea,'

hers. and noun;

regular

his

of my

from thy the

possessive possessive

our

yours);

of

their

yOUl"

pig;

mine);

'belong­

heaven,'

our

dog; belong­ marine;

fowl;

objects

owner­

buffalo;

posses-

gaga,

as

of

by

ox; pos­

goat; duck. 51I

l

the

the

his THE CHAMORRO LANGUAGE OF GUAM 51 3 512 AlIJ"ERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST [N. s., 5, 1903 right hand, i agapaiia, on the right of him ; Inanimate objects may take the possessive suffixes to express left hand, i iicagueila, his left, left of him. possession, as i g£maho, 'my house,' etc.; but with the names of POSSESSIVE SUFFIXES WITH . - There are certain animals the suffixes cannot be used. which take the form of nouns v,rith possessive, suffixes to in­ Possessives as ProlzoulzS. - The following are examples of pos­ person and number. These verbs may have the possessive sessives as pronouns: only in certain tenses of the indicative mood; or they may

Iyoko igima, mine (is) 1 the house; the house" is my belonging; this form ordinarily in interrogative expressions after the pro­ .!yomo i sese, thine (is) the knife; the knife is thy belonging; kafa (' what ') : Iyofia i t£lwng, his (is) the hat; the hat is his belonging; . itegko, I said (' my saying '); iletegko, I say (' my saying,' Iyota lipo, ours the well is yours i (is) well; the and mine; ~r:e$enttense); gabko, I prefer (' my preference'); hinasokoJ I Iyomname i /ebblo, ours (is) the book; the book is ours 110t yours; liink (' my thinking '); pine/OM, I believed (' my thinking' (was»; Iyomniyo i lamasa, yours (is) the table; the table is yourbelonging ; !fa malagamo, what do you wish 1 (' what your wishing' 1); kafa Iyonfiiha i guaot, theirs (is) the staircase; the staircase is theirs. w;a, what did he say 1 (' what his saying'?); kafa ilflegna, In the same way we have giimo i babue, 'thine the pig,' 'the :4at is he saying 1 (' what his saying' 1 ). pig is thy animal'; gdiia t' manog sz"ha, 'the chickens are his' j In answering such questions the same form may be used, but giimi.J'O.i nobz)'o, 'the ox is yours' ; ga-niha i c!ziba siha, 'the goats '.e ordinary declarative form of expression is frequently used. In are theirs.' ~-verbsgiven in the above examples, with the exception of ma­ 4. POSSESSIVE SUFFIXES WITH ADVERBS. - In expressing rela­ ~o,the ordinary form used in conversation is the possessive. tive position or direction from a person or object the Chamorros t()llowing is the conjugation of the alog, 'say.' In the Cha­ make use of an adverb or adverbial noun followed by a possessive ,lotro the pri'mitive word is shown in the direct imperative, the suffix. This corresponds to the use in English of such expressions ,ther parts being derived from it, as will be shown later in treating as 'on my right,' 'on thy left,' 'to my eastward,' 'in our rear,' 'on I{the verb. its outside,' etc. Examples: ALoG! SAY! PABT PRESENT lago, north; i lagohO, my northward, on my north; Iieglro, I said, ItelegkO, I say, I am saying, lzaya, south; i hiiyamo, thy southward, south of thee; Ilegmo, thou saidst, Iletcgmo, thou sayest, katan, east; i katanfia, his eastwal-d, east of him; Ilegfia, he said, fielegfia, he says, he is saying, luc!la1'l, west; i lichanta, our westward, west of us ; . Ilegta, we said (incl;), Iletegta, we say, we are saying, hulo, above, up; i hilonmame, above us (not above you); Ilegmame, we said (exc1.), llegm.amame, we say, we are saying, say, are saying, papa, below, down; i piipa~yo,below us, underneath us; Ilegmiyo, you said, Ilegmimiyo, you you mona, front, first; i 11lc71anfiiha, in front of them; Ilegiiiha, Ihey said. llegiiiiiiha, they say, they are saying. tate, behind; i tiitenfiiha, behind them, in their rear; mtalo, between; i entalofiiha, between them, in their midst; VI. ADJECTIVES jiun, near; ifiunho, near me, by my side; I. QUALIFYING ADJECTIVES halom, in, inside; i lealomiiiha, inside of them; lwyong, out, outside; i lu)ongfiiha, outside of them, their outside j I. SIMPLE ADJECTIVES.- Although many adjectives in the 11n the Cbamon-o language there is no copulative verb. 'To be' is expressed only language are in reality other parts of speech used to when it conesponds to the Spanish estar or the Italian stare when used to express posi~ nouns either in their primitive form or with the addition of ~ tion. Iyoko may be regarded in the light of a verb' to be mine.' AM. ANTlI., N. s., 5-33. 514 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST [No s., 5, 1903 THE CHAMORRO LANGUAGE OF GUAJltI 51 5 prefixes, suffixes, or , there are some words which may be The Prefix ka.- This prefix is used with certain nouns and considered in their primitive form to be true adjectives: the principal accent or stress of the word. It has the effect modifYing the succeeding as in the case of the article i. dangkztlo, big; feda, wide; homhom, dark; signifies (covered with' or ' spotted with' : dikiki, little; paopao, fragr.ant; cluigo, distant; tunas, straight; loka, high; agaga, red; lache, mud j kafache, covered with mud j muddy j yomog, fat; apaka, white; homlo, healthy. Itaga, blood; kahaga, stained with blood; bloody. gasgas, clean; atulofig, black; The Prefix gao - This prefix is used before nouns and infinitives 2. ADJECTIVAL PREFIXES. - Following is a list of the principal expresses taste, habit, or inclination: prefixes used in the Chamorro to form adjectives. mames, sweet; ga:mlimes, fond of sweets; The Syllable rna. - Many adjectives expressing the quality, tuba, toddy; gatiba, fond of toddy j nature, or condition of an object begin with the syllable ma: sa!ape, money j gasalape, fond of money; mahdog, hard, solid; manfige, savory j maase, kind; machocho, labor j g"3.1Jzachocho,industrious. manana, soft; maasen, salty; mamdhlao, ashamed; These adjectives may be used as nouns, as may be seen on page mangon, quiet; mahanas, softened; 11taasne, salted j s06. In such cases gasalape i taotao may be translated 'fond of malango, sick; mahlos, smooth; maipe, hot; oney is the man,' or (the man is a miser.' manefighdig, cold; mames, sweet; mapot, difficult; Tlu Prefix guse. - This prefix is used with certain neuter or in­ makat, heavy; mau!eg, good; maagsom, sour; .nsitive verbs to fonn adjectives denoting propensity or tendency: masogsog, lean; magol, glad; malaet, bitter. manana, light (not dark); 'nak, fall; gustMasnak, prone to fall;

.:~t!/tiigafig,to be frightened; gusemaltizgafig, easily frightened, timid; The Prefix rna used witk Verbs. - As a prefix to verbs ma aji, fire; guseguaji, easily fired, irascible. a participle, and is used to indicate the passive voice or condition': The Prefix ha. - This prefix has very much the same force as VERB PARTICIPLE :~,l:iepreceding : poka, break; mapoka, broken; to be broken; la!alo, j halalalo, easily angered, irritable; titeg, tear; matiteg, torn; to be torn : to become angry habubo, gztjlii, love; magujiii, loved; to be loved; bubo, to be vexed; easily vexed; sulon, hasu!on, prone to slide. sau!ag, whip; rnasaulag, whipped; to be whipped; to slide, to slip; palae, anoint; mapa!ae, anointed; to be anointed j ! in ... an. -A noun with the syllable in prefixed and either tuno, burn; rnatuno, burnt; to be burnt; pllowed by an (or ym,) or without a suffix forms an adjective signi­ halot, bury j mahajot, buried j to be buried. lng 'infested with,' 'attacked by,' (overrun with.' If the noun These participles may be used as adjectives to qualify nOll :gins with a the added syllable is inserted after the ini­ as maguflii na gaclzofig, (loved companion' or 'dear compania consonant: The prefix nza is used in several Melanesian languages in the saI]1,: otdot, ant; inetdot or inetdotan, infested or attacked way; and in Samoan it has the force of making certain active ver1# by ants; neuter or passive.1 ufo, worm, maggot; ineluan, infested by worms, maggoty; 1 Codrington, op. cit., pp. 169, 188, 273, 274. Pratt, George, A Grammar sasata, wasp; sinasata, infested by wasps j Did£onary of the Samoan Langzettge; London Missionary Society, 1893, p. benado, deer j binenado, overrun with deer. 5

the

little'

forms

The

, adjective

1

on many

a -efino absolute adjectives eltinaso

capable

6

Tlte

good

reverse The salape, gaga, unai,

or Tlte uningo, huto,

guinaha, tituka, sisiiia, atho,

g£me1Z, Tlze kano,

The taitai,

gasgas, ya)'as,

Tlte

ten/lOS,

miiho,

maanao, derived

:

si

yon,

an

Prefix

words

Prefix

Prejix tatamo,

si

louse; idea sand;

Prefix

stone;

Prefixes

animal;

of quality;

ending and

eat;

adjective

money;

.Hitan, read; power; thorn;

drink; thirsty;

tired;

knowledge;

as

gof

of angry;

clean;

being

property

word

afraid; mi.

as expressed

we ckat

112£, e.

na.

Thy

is

milina.

contrasts

-

AMERICAN

in

-

John

shall

gof,

signifying

may also

-

to

eltat mamataz"tai, mamaka?lo, mamagimen', . .

-:ble. This

father This expressing

;

indicate

With

is

.'

later

emit.

also

frequently -

nagasgas,

natm!tos, nfullaho,

by namaaiiao, nayayas,

expresses lacking

prefix prefix

and

is

to

This

this misalape,

miunai,

miacho, mitiningo, milzito, migaga,

miguz"naha, mitituka,

certain misisina,

(a see. be

(to each

ANTHROPOLOGIST -

may

the

edible;

man)

legible;

regarded prefix signifies' drinkable;

is

in

These

the be

thirsty-causing;

prefix

tiresome; exasperating;

cleansing;

imperfection

other. intelligence;

used

be

lousy;

terrifying; a used

lacking sandy;

full adjectives having

of

abounding

powerful. effect thorny;

bad

well

may

rendered

capable

wealthy;

two of with few capable

used

as to

abounding

stones,

infonned,

quality. capable

Gof,

many

be

words.

to

a of in,'

indicate to

prefixes certain

verb:

indicated

with to

make

of

or John make

of

in of to

gif,

some

'to

into to

make animals;

stony;

being

make

money,

being neuter

a

of

make

tired;

be a has

or learned;

quali~:

in' substantives

clean; being

As the

English

are

afraid. act

verb

ges

eaten. possessed

angry; [N.

little

by

read.

:

thirsty

verbs

prefixes rich;

s., used or

drunk.

the

express

signifi,

brain.

5,

by

su

;

1903

;~iy/

";:,ta£laye,

j'ectives

~lity

?erlative,

';'gasgas, iTk

.T

~'gatbo, ,

.~uperlative

yayes,

1!zalaet. tnantika, papa, maase?l, mauleg, dangkulo,

ajJaka, kbkanao, baba, hula, dikike, abale, baan, lago, katan,

lze anoun

in

'exceedingly.':..-

When

Prefixes Prefix

Prefix

and

north;

above,

bad, below, too

tired; beautiful; to bad,

small,

east;

white;

clean; sweet;

bitter; bad; but

signify' salty; good;

rise

lard;

cowardly;

is

THE big,

great

worthless;

tag.

wicked; prefixed

pinat.

Prefixes

often

usually

up; down;

little; gof, late;

great;

CHAllfORRO

-

a

real,'

used

- degree: gef,

This

in

sen, to

This

Dei':Jurees

(true,'

a ges. taghilo, tagkatan,

with gofgasgas, taglago,

tagbaan, gefmauleg, sendangkulo, tagpapa,

senbaba, sentailaye, getgatbo, sendikike, senabale, geSajJaka, sesenkokanao,

gesyayes,

adjectives

prefix

good

pinatnzames,

pinatmalaet, pinatnzaasen, pinatmant£ka,

sesen.

prefix

-

LANGUAGE

adverbs

of

or

These

sense:

high,

in

sometimes

very Quality

low, accustomed

very

very

very

in 'genuine'; -

very

very

very

the

very very

denotes

they

chatmata,

cha:1fago, chaUano,

t1,J.e

These very

lofty, of

base;

north,

bad, beautiful;

tired,

bad; very

prefixes

small, too

clean; too

white,

good, bad; over-salty

east,

place

too

have

big,

OF

sweet,

bitter.

cowardly. quite pretty

denotes

well greasy

the

well

-prefixes

to

oriental;

tiny;

ugly; sterile

excellent; pure

GUA.M' very or near-sighted.

as

rise the

also

possession tired. worthless;

to.the

sen position,

;

over-sweet;

high;

j

white;

great;

late.

significance

(land);

habit

express

lahe,

when

north;

to

or

(a

of

used

fomI

real

dis­

the 5

1

of

a

7 518 A.1IfERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST [N. S., 5, 1903 THE CHAMORRO LANGUAGE OF GUAM 519 Modifying Prejiz lao- This prefix signifies the possession of a Prep tai. - This prefix is similar to the preceding, but is quality in a modified degree. It may be translated' rather,' 'some­ nouns to form adjectives. It signifies when alone' there what,' or by the English suffix -ish: apaka,white; laapaka, somewhat white, whitish; cmi",limit; taiclui·, infinite, without end; b£ho, old; labz7w, rather old, oldish; hinekog, end; taihinekog, endless, eternal; clzatpago, ugly; ladzaijago, rather ugly. gitailaye, worth; taiguailaye, worthless; isao, sin; tai£sao, sinless, innocent; Prejiz of Equality cha or acha. - These prefixes used with an tz'ningo, understanding; tait£ningo, senseless, without sense; adjective or noun express comparative equality or likeness: pao, flavor, odor; taipao, insipid, without taste; sinahguan, containing; taisinahguan, empty, not containing. Chamalango ha~yan i chelumo, Equally sick (art) thou with thy brother; ADJECTIVAL SUFFIXES on AND yon. - Adjectives expressing Achaapaka si Huan yan Hose, Equallywhite (is) John with Joseph; P8ssibility are formed by adding to certain verbs on, if the word Achacarpintero si Pedro yan tata, Equally carpenter (is) Peter with in a consonant or guttural vowel, and yon if it ends in a pure father. ,wel : Depreciatory Prejiz chat. - This prefix used with an adjective fathtas, do, make; fatinason, feasible; has the effect of detracting fWffi the quality expressed by it : btibti, whip; bdbaon, deserving a whipping; taaga, desire; tafigayon, desirable; maipe, hot; chatmape, not very hot, warm j hate, root; halion, capable of being uprooted; l£ion, visible; chatlzZon, poorly visible; ftago, get; hagzZon, attainable; ajaka, white; chatapaka, imperfectly white; gujlii, love; gujliion, amiable; malate, educated; chiltmalate, poorly educated; asii, forgive; asti·yon, pardonable; masaulag, whipped; chiltmausalag, not whipped enough. ago, change, alter; aguyon, changeable; pun/}, quench; punuon, extingu,ishable. Negat£ve Prefixes CONJUNCTIVE PARTICLE OR LIGATURE na.-Attributive ad­ The Prejiz ti. - This prefix used with an adjective has the forc~ are connected with the nouns they modify by means of the of denying or reversing the quality expressed by the primitiXe', Darncle na. This particle is not translatable into English. word, like the English prefixes un-, z"n-,z"m-,in 'unkind,' t inatten--:>i' mauleg na taotao, good man; tive,' t imprudent.' When alone it signifies 'not.' lahe na patgon, male child; mauleg, kind; ti17lauleg, unkind; patgon na clliba, young goat; gasgas, clean, pure; tigasgas, unclean, impure; gifmauleg na jalaoan, excellent woman ; liion, perceptible; tiNion, imperceptible; sendikikina gaga, very small animal ; sifia, possible; tisina, impossible; i tailaye na chalan, the bad road; meJmalom, prudent; timeJmalom, imprudent; gesapaka na manog, pure white chicken; tomtom, careful, cautious; titomfolll, careless; chatajaka najulo, not quite white feather. 17lagahet, true; timagallet, untrue; Omission of the Particle na. -If the adjective expresses a

ma!ungo, certain, known; timatungo, uncertain, unknown; 1The reverse 01 me prenx taz IS gat, 51gnUYlDg • mere 15' ; as, gauntt, . nnne,' mamatae, mortal; timamatae, immortal. 'there is an end,' 'having an end.' 520 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIS~' [N. S., S, 1903 SAFFORD] THE CHAMORRO LANGUAGE OF GUAM 521

necessary or inherent attribute it is not essential to use the con­ Guaha n£yog g£ g£ma na There is a in the house necting particle: sendangkulo. which is very large. Hulz"£ tuhong na kafache. r saw a hat which was covered :"santos kiluos, the holy cross; £ atulong aga, the black crow. with blood. When an adjective follows its noun the particle is omitted and 7. COMPARISONOF ADJECTIVES.- The absolute superlative is the noun, if it ends in a pure vowel, takes the termination n, as expressed by the prefixes go/,gif, ges, sen, sesen, as we have al­ though followed by a genitive or possessive; as, ready seen. Equality is expressed by the prefixes chi or ac!ui; i galagon tiiakd, the white dog; and the possession in a lower degree of a quality expressed by af1 i paluman halom-tano, the wild pigeon; adjective is indicated by the modifying prefix la and the depreci- i chettlan lago, the foreign banana. ',;'atory prefix chat. Thus we have:

5· PREDICATE ADJECTIVES. - When the adjective is used as the senapaka, perfectly white, truly white, really white; predicate this particle is not used. There is no copulative verb in gefapaka,' pure white, finely white, beautifully white; the Chamorro language, and the predicate adjective may be con­ chaapakd yan, equally white with, as white as; liLapaka, somewhat white, inclined to be white; sidered to have a verbal nature; thus mauleg, 'good,' may be chiLtapakd, poorly white, badly white, not quite white. translated 'to be good'; even nouns used as predicates may be considered as verbs, as both nouns and adjectives used in this way Comparative Degree. - It is probable that in the original lan­ have tense; thus, in tata si Huan, ' John is a father,' tata may be guage there was no comparison of qualities after the fashion of translated 'to be a father.' Aryan languages. In many other Pacific languages an expression ;"like 'you are stronger than I' is rendered' strong you, weak L' Mauleg £ lalte, Good-is the man. (The man is-good;) ii/This is not understood as meaning that I am really weak, but that Gefmauleg £palaoan, Very-good~isthe woman. - I am weak as compared with you. """ Magaltet i sinanga1z, True-is the story. (The story is-true.) Misisina i lIlagalalte, The chief (or governor) is-powerful. The Spaniards have introduced mas (' more ') and menos (' less '), Chago £ eltalan, Long-is the road. ;/·put the use of these words cannot be considered as in keeping with Kadada"i inepe, Short-is the reply. 'the genius of the Chamorro langnage.

KafacM z"tihong, Blood-stained-is the hat. Comparison may be made by using the possessive suffix iia to /iJhe adjective followed by ke. It is possible that this word is In the above examples it will be seen that the predicate "adopted from the Spanish que (' than '); but this is not certain, as tive precedes the subject. This is usually the case. we have in the language of Sesake, on the island of Three Hills, in 6. ADJECTIVES WITH DEFINITE ARTICLE OR POSSESSIVE._ In,,:;, the Shepherd gronp of the New Hebrides, the word ki, which is such expressions as 'the sick child' or 'your little brother' iti{' 'i."translated 'from'; as, 'he is blacker than I,' is rendered' he is usual in Chamorro to render' the child who is sick,' 'your brothei:i:';: -black from me.' who is little,' as though to distinguish them from others: etogoiia ke guaho, shorter than I; i patgon ni i malanga, the child who is sick. apakaiia ke hago, whiter than thou. z"chelumo ni i dz"kiki, the brother-yours who is little. Comparison of Inferiority, - To avoid the use of the Spanish If the phrase is descriptive and not restrictive the relative nai~ ';·:i,1?Zenosthe negative particle ti may be used with the comparative of used followed by the adjective. This is distinct from the na use, .equality. Thus, instead of saying' he is less tall than I,' the ex­ as an adjectival conjunctive particle: :":p"ression can be changed to 'he is not so tall as I,' or' he is not 2 522 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST [N. s., 5. 1903 SAFFORD] THE eHAMORRO LANGUAGE OF GUAM 5 3

equally tall with me.' By changing the adjective the ordinary com­ Adjectives with Dual Nouns. - With nouns in the dual number parative form could be used; as, 'he is shorter than I.' the adjective does not assume the plural form :

misaka1Z, full of years, old, ancient; Mauleg na cltelo, good brother; Mauleg i chelo, good (is) the brother. chamisakan, equally full of years, as old as j Mauleg i clzumelo, good (are) the two brothers (of each other). ti chapdsakan, not as old as. MalL'1lauleg i manelo, good. (are) the brethren. Plural of Derived Adjectives - Derived adjectives form their i Noah was less old than Methuselah' may be rendered Ti cha­ misakan si N oe yan Matusalen; or Patgonfia si Noe ke si Matusaten, plural by prefixing man, in the same way as primitive adjectives: 'Noah was younger than Methuselah,' an improper expression, hut mauleg na lahe, good man ; a common form in the Chamorro. manmauleg l1a lalahe, good men; 8. OF SYLLABLES. -As in many other lan­ senmauleg na lahe, very good man ; guages of the Pacific islands, the quality expressed by an adjective mansenmauleg na lalahe, very good men; is intensified by the reduplication of the syllable following the tonic gefmauleg na palaoan, excellent woman j or accented syllable of the word, or the interpolation of a similar mangefmaulegnafamalaoan, excellent women j chatapaka na fllanog, not quite white chicken; syllable. This syllable must always be short and it shortens the mafiatapaka na manog, not quite white chickens j following syllables which are not guttural : mangefmuuleg£famagUon, the children are very good; POSITIVE AUGMENTATIVE mansenta£laye i maneumo, your brothers are very bad j dangkulo, big; dangkUkttlo, overgrown, enormous; mafiatapaka i pilon ganso, the goose-feathers are not quite white. toka, high; lbkaka, towering, very high; 10. DERIVATION OF NOUNS FROM ADJECTIVES. - Denominants gasgas, clean j gasgagas, scrupulously clean; formed from adjectives by inserting the particle in before the bdobao, tenderj baobabao, quite tender, very tender; dikike, little; dikikike, tiny, very small. vowel of the adjective, as shown on page 305. In forming from derived adjectives the same rule holds good in most 9. FORMATION OF THE PLURAL. - When an adjective qualifies cases as with primitive words: a noun in the plural it takes the prefix man: DERIVED ADJECTIVE DERIVED NoUN SINGULAR PLURAL chatpachod, foul~mouthed;chinatpachod, blasphemy; mauleg na chelo, good brother; manmauleg na mane/o, good brothers; chatapaka, whitish; chinatapaka, whitishness; tailaye na lahe, bad man; manailaye na lalahe, bad men; magq,f, contented j minagq,f, contentment; dangkulo na sese, big knife; mandangkulb na sese siha, big knives; maasne, salty; minaasne, saltiness j yomog na babue, fat hog; manyomog na babue, fat hogs; malad, bitter j minalad, bitterness; tunas 1za cltalan, straight road; manunas na chalan. tagahlo, prominent; tinagahlo, prolTiITnence; ginefpago, beauty; With adjectives as with nouns the prefix man has the effect of gefpago, beautiful; gineftano, fertility; changing certain initial letters, as indicated on page 303. When geftano, fertile; geftao, generous; gineftao,. generosity. the idea of plurality is indicated by the plural form of the adjective it is unnecessary to add the regular plural sign szlza to the noun. . With Negative Particle ti. - Adjectives combined with ti, as

Nouns which form the plural irregularly, however, retain their ph~ral thnau!eg, 'unkind,' do not follow the above rule. The particle is form whether modified by a plural adjective or not. inserted in the primitive word; as, ti-minauleg, 'unkindness.'

~ 52 5 524 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST [N. S., 5, 1903 THE CHAMORRO LANGUAGE OF GUAM

2. DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES Dikike yuhe na patgon, Small (is) yon child; Most of the demonstrative adjectives in Chamorro are identical Ayu na lebblo yaho, Yonder book I like; Yaho uhe na lebblo, I like yonder book j with corresponding demonsu'ative pronouns or resemble them very Ayo as Kiko, Yonder Francisco; Francisco yonder. nearly. They differ in being used to limit nouns, while the demon­ strative pronouns are used alone. 4. FORMATION OF ADVERBS FROM DEMONSTRATIVES.-From

I. THIS. - The demonstrative adjective I this' is rendered into demonstratives adverbs of place may be formed by prefixing Chamorro ayen if placed before the predicate, and yini or ini if preposition gi (' in' or f at') and combining it so as to form a new placed 1 after the predicate of a sentence: (abbreviated) word: Ayen napatgon tumatangzs g£jaenge, This child cried last night; gi yini, in this, becomes guini, here; Hulalatde yini (or ini) nafa1llalaoan, I blamed these women; gi yenao, in that, becomes guenao, there; Ayen na tentago unfaesen, This servant shalt thou ask; gi yuhe, at yon, becomes guihe, yonder. Faesc1z'ini (or yini) na tentago, Ask this servant. In this relation we see a resemblance between the adverbs of Use of the Spanish este. - The Spanish este (' this') is fast place and the demonstratives somewhat like in the French- taking the place of ayen and ini. It may be used either before or ce livre d (' this book '), ceei (' this '), and i-ci (' here ') j after the predicate and does not change in gender or number. In ce l£vre Iii (' that book '), cela (' that'), and Iii (' there '). the above sentences it is now more usual to say este na patzon, 'this child' ; este nafamalaoan, 'these women' ; este na tentago, Adverbs may also be formed by adding to the demonstratives 'this servant: With proper nouns the connection is as instead of locative particle nai and the directive particles magi, indicating na. Este as HumE, 'this John,' or ' John here.' motion toward the speaker, and guatu indicating motion away from 2. THAT. - When designating an object near the person spoken the speaker: to, f that' is rendered into Chamorro by enao or yenao. If it pre­ From ayu (or ayo) we have ayo nai, 'yonder,' 'there,' 'in that place.' cede the predicate, enao must be used. If it follow the predicate, guatu (or guato) we have ayo guatu, 'thither,' 'to that place.' either enao or yenao may be used. The initial y of both yenao and este (derived from the Spanish) we have este nai, 'here,' 'in this yin£ is evidently used only for euphony, especially when following a place. ' word ending in a vowel, thus avoiding the sequence of two vowel With magi we have este magi nai, guini magi, 'hither' (toward the sounds: speaker). mao and guenao we have enao nai, guenao nai, 'there,' 'in that Enao siha na galago, Those dogs j Enao manluilwohao na galago, Those dogs are barking; place. ' With guato we have enao guato nai, guenao guato, 'thither' (away from Manluj,haolzao yenao na galago, Barking are those dogs j Enao as Pale, The priest there. the speaker). From guihe we have guihe guato, 'thither,' 'to yonder place' (away from 3. VON, YONDER. - To designate an object remote hath from the speaker). the speaker and the person addressed ayu or ayo, ynhe or uhe, are 3. INTERROGATIVE ADJEC!'IVES used. Of these words ayu only may precede, and yulu or uhe may I. ETYMOLOGY. _ The Chamol'ro interrogatives are closely al­ follow the predicate: lied to Melanesian forms, but are also undoubtedly of common Ayo na guma, Yonder house; origin with those of Polynesia. In the following table I compare Ayo siha na modong, Yonder ships j them with the interrogatives of the Bugotu (southern part of Ysabel 1 ini (this) is identical with the Malayan. ;i;'i;;, 526 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST [N. S., 5. 1903 SAFFORD] THE CHAMORRO LANGUAGE OF GUAM 52 7

island) and the Ngela (Florida island) of the Solomon group,' and puenge? 'How many days?' (literally, 'How many nights? '). with the Hawaiian and the Maori of New Zealand, belonging to Fajia is used for asking the number of persons and living things; the Polynesian family of languages. as, Fafia na taotao.'i' 'How many people?' Fii;yai is used with inanimate objects; as, Fiiyai na guma? 'How many houses?' CHAMORRO BUGOTU NGELA HAWAIIAN MAORI ENGLISH Other dedved interrogatives are takjia, used in asking measurements; hayi.2 hai J flai? ahai? ahei? wai?owaiJ wail who? as, Takfian J1in£ na sagman!' 'How many (fathoms long) is this hafa 1 hafl hava .'I na kava? nahava? heaha J aha? what? boat? '; and Fahafa f' , How many times? ' Each of these fOlIDS requires a particular form of numeral in The Samoan 0 a£ (' who ') and 0 Ie it or se tt (' what ') are evi­ reply, as will be shown later.l Both the interrogatives and the dently weakened forms of the same words, and in the Malayan apa numerals have practically become obsolete in Guam, being replaced (' what ') we also recognize the Chamorro hafa. by the Spanish euanto (how much) and cuantos (how many), and by 2. Hayi, haye, hai, hae? -These are all forms of the Cha­ the Spanish numerals. morro word for' who.' They are used in connection with persons. It is interesting to note that the Chamorro resembles the Melanesian 4. INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES and in such expressions as Hayi naannaY I. Guaha. - In its primitive sense guaka signifies' there is' or , Who is his name?' 'there are' (French, 'it y a; Spanish, hay,; German, es giebt); as, guaha halzom tipo, 'there is water in the well.' Like all other: HM na rae J What king? (literally, Who king?) gi Hayi silia na taotao 1 What people? (literally, Who people ?) words in Chamorro it may be used as several parts of speech. With a noun it may become a limiting adjective either with or with­ 3· Hafa, haf? - These two forms are used according to prin­ out the connective particle na, signifying' some.' With irregular ciples of euphony: plurals it is used alone, with regular plurals it is followed by siha: Hat na kato? What cat? Rata 1za guma? What house? guaha na tuba, some toddy; guaha siha manog, some fowls; 4. Mano? - This signifies either' where' or 'which.' 2 guaha na lalahe, some men; guaha siha na gumu, SOme houses. Mano na lebblo? Which book? (literally, Where book?) Haftaimano na lebblo 1 What-kind-of book? (literally, When the noun is also modified by some descriptive adjective What-like book?) or participle, the latter may either follow it or come before it: 5· Fia, fafia, fiiyai ?- These forms, signifying' how many,' Guaha batsa mayulang, Some raft broken up; there-is-a raft broken-up. are used according to the nature of the nouns they modify. They Guaha mayulang na batsa, Some broken-up raft (gone-to-pieces raft). are etymologically identical with the Samoan jia and the Hawaiian Often the English' some,' like the English indefinite article I a,' e-kia, a-hia (how many). Pi"a is used in reckoning time; as, Fia is not expressed in the Chamorro:

1 See Codrington, R. H., The Melmusian Languages, Oxford, 1885, pp. 528, 549. 2 Adverbs of manner 'how,' 'th11£,' are derived from mano and the demonstratives Malago yo hanom1 I want (some) water; ini, mao, J"lthe, or more directly from the corresponding adverbs of place, guin£, gueuao, Malago gut"nzyog, He wishes (a) coconut; and guihe, by means of the prefix tai. Thus we have: Mama/zan yo siha bafunes, I have bought some buttons" tai1llano, haftaimano, 'how,' 'like what,' 'what like,' 'where like' ? taigtd1ti, thus, like this, like here. 1 This difference may be compared to the use by the Chinese of 'how many pieces' taigmao, thus, like that, like there. for inanimate objects, and' how many' for persons; as, 'How many pieces of clothes?' taiguihe, thus, like that, like yonder. but never' How many pieces of men?'

'='S 2 528 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST [N. s., 5. 1903 sAFFORD] THE eHAMORRO LANGUAGE OF GUAM 5 9

In the last example siha may be translated 'several' (French, taimano na lebblo malagomo? what-kind-of-a book (is) your wish? quelques, or plusz'eurs), or it may be considered merely as the sign taiguini na lebblo, this-kind-of-a" book. of the pIural. 6. INDEFINITESADOPTED FROM THE SPANISH.- The following 2. INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES DERIVED FROM INTERROGATIVES.­ indefinite adjectives have been adopted by the Chamorros from the These may be formed by the addition of the suffix ha, hayz'ha, haeha, Spanish: kuatkiet, kuatkiera (from cualquier, cualquiera), 'any,' or hazlzli being used with persons, lzafalia or ltafa (' whatsoever J) 'any whatever.' niuno (from niuno), 'not one', 'not a,' 'not a and manoh/i, manlui (' whichsoever' ) with things: ,: niuno na guilzan, ' not a fish.' masea haye, makesea haye haehil na taotao, whatsoever person (literally, whosoever person) ; que sea), 'whosoever (may be).' un, uno, uno na, 'one'; hayiha na lalte, whatsoever man j (whosoever man) ; raina, 'a queen' ; uno na taotao, 'one person.' otro, otro na, hatha tza guma, whatsoever house; 'the other' : otro na taotao, 'another person: kada,' each' : kada manoha na sese, whichsoever knife. /{U11!f!, 'each house.' todo, (every,' 'all' : todo lahe, 'every man' ; todo i tiino, 'all the earth.' todo 8iha na, 'all' (plural): todo 3. NEGATIVEADJECTIVES.- In its primitive sense taya (or tat) is siha na taotao, 'all the people'; todo i manunas, 'all the just: the reverse of gualza, and signifies 'there-is-not' (French, it n'ya Of these, kada and todo ('every,' 'all') do not take the particle jJas / Spanish, no hay,. German, es giebt kein, es geibt nicht). Used ;.na after them. Instead of el otro, los otros, we also have the Cha­ with nouns it may be translated as the adjective' no' (German, kein): morro i palo. taya 1zapalaoan, no woman (German, ke£ne Frau) ; ( To be continued.) tat hanom, no water (German, kein Wasser).

4. ADJECTIVES OF QUANTITYOR NUMBER.- These are megae ( 'much,' 'many') with things; lahyan (, many' ) with persons or things; laguha, 'several,' 'vatl0US'; didide, 'a little,' 'few'; i palo, 'the remaining,' •the rest of':

megae 1tapution, many stars; lahyan 1ta taotao, many persons j Iaguha 1zafamaguon, several children; diditia na tuba, a little toddy; dididA na lalahe, a few men; few men; ti megae na taotao, not many people; [people. i palo 1za taotao, the rest-of-the people; the remaining

5. ADJECTIVES OF COMPARISON.- The adverbs of manner foot-note, page 524) derived from the demonstratives ini, yuhe, may be used as adjectives before nouns connected by particle na : taiguini na finatinas, such an act as this (literally, such-like act) ; taiguenao 1za lebblo, such a book as that (near you) ; taiguihe na taotao, such a person as that (yonder) ;