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© Copyright 2017 Sheryl A © Copyright 2017 Sheryl A. Day Talking Story: The Militarization of Guåhan and Flows of Information in Chamoru Systems of Knowledge Sheryl A. Day A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2017 Reading Committee: Cheryl Metoyer, Chair Raya Fidel Adam D. Moore Michael Eisenberg Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Information Science University of Washington Abstract Talking Story: The Militarization of Guåhan and Flows of Information in Chamoru Systems of Knowledge Sheryl A. Day Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Emeritus Cheryl A. Metoyer Information School This dissertation is a local, specific study on the Chamorro language policies of Guam. Scholars have noted since the beginning of the American occupation that the Indigenous Chamorro language of Guam is dying and is in danger of becoming extinct within the next generation. As the hub of American military presence in the Asia Pacific region, the island of Guam is a major site of increasing militarization. This study asked: What does is it mean that the Chamorro language of Guam is dying in the wake of increasing militarization in Guam? The objective of this study was to understand the impact of and response to militarization in Guam on Chamoru Systems of Knowledge through language policies. The threefold purpose of this study to accomplish this was: 1) to examine historical documents and research for evidence of formal and informal information policies implemented by the U.S. military on Indigenous people in Guam to understand how their existing IKS was affected; 2) to examine current formal and informal information policies to understand the existing efforts aimed at reversing the impact of historic policies; and 3) to interview individuals to understand the impact of and response to these policies on access to and flow of cultural information. The overarching question guiding this study was: What is the relationship between militarization in Guam and the flow of information within the Chamoru Indigenous Knowledge System? To address this question, the following research questions were investigated: RQ1: What formal and informal language policies were historically implemented in Guam under colonial rule? a. Who implemented these policies? b. How were these policies enforced? c. What were the intended outcomes of these policies? RQ2: What formal and informal language policies currently exist in Guam? a. Who implemented these policies? b. How were these policies enforced? c. What were the intended outcomes of these policies? RQ3: How has militarization affected these policies in Guam? RQ4: How have these policies affected the flow of information in the Indigenous Knowledge System in Guam? RQ5: How have the Indigenous Chamorro people responded to these policies? This dissertation is a study of language policies as information policies and the myths that shaped the beliefs, attitudes, and practices of the Chamorro people of Guåhan as expressed through stories by the Chamoru Manåmko’, or elders. Inafa’maolek, the concept of Chamorro relationality grounded this study and utilized Talking Story, the Pacific Islander method of communicating and sharing information, for data gathering. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................... v I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 1 Five Stories: Motivation for this Study ............................................................... 2 I Amot: Because You Don’t Know Your Language .............................................. 3 On Competitiveness ........................................................................................... 6 What You Know ................................................................................................. 7 Old Information .................................................................................................. 8 Mit for Orange .................................................................................................... 9 Statement of the Problem ................................................................................ 11 Justification of Research ................................................................................. 12 Historical Context ............................................................................................ 14 Research Objective .......................................................................................... 20 Purpose of the Study ....................................................................................... 20 Research Questions ......................................................................................... 21 Organization of this Document ........................................................................ 22 II. TOWARDS AN INDIGENIST FRAMEWORK ......................................... 24 The Literature Review ...................................................................................... 24 Decolonizing Methodologies: Reframing and Revitalizing .................................. 24 Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Pacific Islander Ways of Knowing ............. 26 The Oceania Identity and Theory of Smallness .............................................. 28 Relationality, Reciprocity, Genealogy, and Story ............................................ 30 Language Policies as Information Policies ........................................................ 32 Flows of Information ....................................................................................... 33 Language Policies: A Domain of Inquiry .......................................................... 34 Language Death and Extinction Myths and Ideology ...................................... 44 i Inafa’maolek: Expressing Chamoru Relationality ............................................. 48 Talking Story: An Inafa’Maolek Method ............................................................ 49 Methodology .................................................................................................... 50 Reframing the Language of Language Revitalization ......................................... 54 III. DATA AND FINDINGS ........................................................................ 56 2008 Chamorro Language Survey .................................................................... 58 2008 Chamorro Language Resources Survey ................................................... 65 U.S. Naval Executive and General Orders ........................................................ 72 Guam Public Law ............................................................................................ 92 Chamorro Language Documentation ............................................................... 94 I Mañaina yan Manåmko’ (Chamoru Elders) .................................................. 109 Jesusa Arceo ................................................................................................. 114 Peter Rosario Cruz ........................................................................................ 121 Julia Manley Villagomez ............................................................................... 129 Juan Untalan Baza ....................................................................................... 145 Amanda Cruz Leon Guerrero Santos ............................................................ 149 Francisco Perez Limtiaco ............................................................................... 152 Kenneth San Agustin .................................................................................... 155 IV. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION ............................................................ 158 Chamorro Disrupted: Language, Invasions, and Occupations ........................ 159 Citizenship and the Elusion of Sovereignty .................................................... 162 Outlook on Increasing Militarization in Guåhan ............................................. 166 The Military Pacific Rebalance and U.S. Pivot to Asia ................................... 166 Language Policies Under Increasing Militarization ........................................ 169 The Håfa Adai Pledge ................................................................................... 172 Guam, Island of Warriors: Chamorros and the Military ................................ 174 Information Preservation: Disruptions in Chamoru Systems of Knowledge ..... 176 Chamorrization: Chamorro Language Adaptation ......................................... 177 From Coercion to Compliance ........................................................................ 179 ii From Compliance to Complicity ..................................................................... 180 Dismantling Chamoru Systems of Knowledge .............................................. 182 Chamoru Self-Determination: Inafa’maolek Responses to Militarization ......... 184 The U.N. Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and the Guamanian Identity .......................................................................................................... 185 Fino Håya: An Inafa’maolek Approach to Chamoru Self-Determination ........ 189 Cultural Currency: Information Policy, Language Purification, and Decolonization ..............................................................................................
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