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Hypersonic Flight Contents | Zoom in | Zoom out For navigation instructions please click here Search Issue | Next Page PHYSICS TODAY November 2017 • volume 70, number 11 A publication of the American Institute of Physics HYPERSONIC FLIGHT The legacy of Ilya Lifshitz Atmospheric methane past and present Gender-based pay disparity Contents | Zoom in | Zoom out For navigation instructions please click here Search Issue | Next Page Previous Page | Contents | Zoom in | Zoom out | Front Cover | Search Issue | Next Page VERIFY AND Surpass design challenges with ease using COMSOL Multiphysics®. 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For a list of such trademark owners, see www.comsol.com/trademarks. Previous Page | Contents | Zoom in | Zoom out | Front Cover | Search Issue | Next Page Contents | Zoom in | Zoom out For navigation instructions please click here Search Issue | Next Page PHYSICS TODAY November 2017 • volume 70, number 11 A publication of the American Institute of Physics HYPERSONIC FLIGHT The legacy of Ilya Lifshitz Atmospheric methane past and present Gender-based pay disparity Contents | Zoom in | Zoom out For navigation instructions please click here Search Issue | Next Page Previous Page | Contents | Zoom in | Zoom out | Front Cover | Search Issue | Next Page 82% but we’re betting you’re smarter than the majority. APSITinsurance.com/CheckTheMath of households with life insurance Previous Page | Contents | Zoom in | Zoom out | Front Cover | Search Issue | Next Page have made a serious miscalculation… Are we right? 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(These are covered by the SCOAP3 project offering a zero-cost, hassle-free option) • You retain the copyright • Your article is published under a CC BY user license which permits re-use • Your article is published with permanent open access on ScienceDirect – Elsevier’s leading information solution that attracts 15 million unique visitors per month TO SUBMIT YOUR PAPER OR FIND OUT MORE VISIT: www.elsevier.com/scoap3 Previous Page | Contents | Zoom in | Zoom out | Front Cover | Search Issue | Next Page Previous Page | Contents | Zoom in | Zoom out | Front Cover | Search Issue | Next Page Lower jitter, more channels, faster edges DG645 Delay Generator ... only from SRS f Up to 8 output channels The DG645 generates four independent pulsed outputs — each with its own delay, pulse width, f Delay & pulse-width control amplitude, and BNC output channel. There is less than 25 ps of jitter between a trigger any of the f <25 ps jitter outputs, and less than 15 ps of channel-to-channel jitter. A built-in trigger rate generator is provided f 1 ns rise/fall time with less than100 ps of clock jitter. f Trigger rates to 10 MHz A 10 MHz reference input/output lets you synchronize with mode locked lasers and other f Precision rate generator sources, and an optional rubidium clock or crystal timebase offers improved accuracy and jitter. f Externally triggered burst mode The DG645 can also be ordered with eight output f GPIB, RS-232 & Ethernet interfaces channels in several optional configurations. DG645 ... $4295 (U.S. list) Stanford Research Systems www.thinksrs.com/products/DG645.htm Tel: (408)744-9040 Previous Page | Contents | Zoom in | Zoom out | Front Cover | Search Issue | Next Page Previous Page | Contents | Zoom in | Zoom out | Front Cover | Search Issue | Next Page State-of-the-Art X-Ray Solutions t'"454%%¥ t4%% t4J1*/ New in-house manufacturing = The highest performing detectors available The best detector for optimal results 240 Si-PIN 220 FAST SDD® Detector 25 mm2 Si-PIN >2,000,000 CPS and 122 eV FWHM Resolution 200 13 mm2 Options: 180 Si-PIN t NN2DPMMJNBUFEUPNN2 6 mm2 160 2 2 SDD t NN DPMMJNBUFEUPNN 25 mm2 t 8JOEPXT#F NJM N PS$4FSJFT 4J N 140 FAST SDD® 3 4 2 2 Typical Resolution (eV FWHM @ 5.9 keV) Typical 25 mm and 70 mm t 50QBDLBHFGJUTBMM"NQUFLDPOGJHVSBUJPOT 120 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Peaking Time (μs) Confi gurations to meet your needs 93BOE19%JHJUBM1VMTF1SPDFTTPS 9$PNQMFUF93BZ4QFDUSPNFUFS 93'&YQFSJNFOUFST,JU OEM Confi gurations "TBNQMFPGEFUFDUPSTXJUIQSFBNQMJöFST %JHJUBM1VMTF1SPDFTTPSTBOE1PXFS4VQQMJFT BOEIFBUTJOLT ® For XRF www.amptek.com Previous Page | Contents | Zoom in | Zoom out | Front Cover | Search Issue | Next Page Previous Page | Contents | Zoom in | Zoom out | Front Cover | Search Issue | Next Page PHYSICS TODAY November 2017 | volume 70 number 11 FEATURES 30 The relentless pursuit of hypersonic flight Ivett A. Leyva 30 How much new science will it take to design a vehicle that can routinely fly at many times the speed of sound? 38 Preparing physics students for 21st-century careers Laurie McNeil and Paula Heron Whether they end up in industrial, governmental, business, or academic settings, college graduates need plenty of skills beyond an ability to solve problem sets. 44 In celebration of Ilya Lifshitz 38 Alexander Y. Grosberg, Bertrand Halperin, and John Singleton This year marks the centenary of the birth of Ilya Mikhailovich Lifshitz, who helped found the field of fermiology and made important contributions to condensed-matter physics and biophysics. ON THE COVER: NASA’s experimental X-15 aircraft, shown here hitched to the wing of a B-52, could achieve speeds well above Mach 6—fast enough to fly from Los Angeles to Washington, DC, in half an hour. Although the X-15 was retired in 1968, the pursuit of hypersonic flight has continued apace. On page 30, Ivett Leyva describes scientists’ ongoing efforts to understand and overcome the many 44 challenges posed by high-speed flight. (Photo courtesy of the US Air Force.) PHYSICS TODAY (ISSN 0031-9228, coden PHTOAD) volume 70, number 11. Published monthly by the American Institute of Recently on VIRGO COLLABORATION Physics, 1305 Walt Whitman Rd, Suite 300, Melville, NY AJ CANN, CC BY-SA 11747-4300. Periodicals postage paid at Huntington Station, NY, and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: PHYSICS KIP THORNE Send address changes to PHYSICS TODAY, American Institute of Physics, 1305 Walt Whitman Rd, Suite 300, Melville, NY 11747-4300. Views expressed in PHYSICS TODAY and on its website are those of the authors and TODAY not necessarily those of AIP or any of its member societies. ‣ Cécile snapshots ‣ GW frenzy ‣ Double-blind review ONLINE Cécile DeWitt-Morette, Within a month, gravitational- Despite the shift toward Copyright © 2017, American Institute of Physics. Single a leading mathematical wave researchers announced openness in publishing, copies of individual articles may be made for private use or research. Authorization is given to copy articles beyond physicist who founded the both the first detection by some physicists want the free use permitted under US Copyright Law, provided www.physicstoday.org Les Houches School of the Virgo interferometer and more anonymity in the that the copying fee of $30.00 per copy per article is paid Physics in France, died in the discovery of colliding review process. Dalmeet to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Dr, May at age 94. PHYSICS neutron stars; in between, Singh Chawla reports on Danvers, MA 01923. For
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