Moments with Yakov Borisovich Zeldovich

Moments with Yakov Borisovich Zeldovich Remo Ruffini1 ICRANet, p.le della Repubblica, 10 - 65122 Pescara, Italy and ICRA and University of Rome “Sapienza”, p. Aldo Moro 5, I-00185, Rome, Italy and ICRANet, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 28 avenue de Valrose, 06103 Nice Cedex 2, France Abstract. A recollection of special moments spent with Yakov Borisovich Zeldovich and with the scientists of Soviet Union and abroad. The first impression upon meeting a person is the one ing about these methods and commenting appropriately which characterizes all subsequent interactions. also about Sakharov’s recent opinions as presented in the I met Yakov Borisovich Zeldovich for the first time New York Times and asking ourselves about the fate of in 1968 at the GR5 meeting in Tbilisi. I had known Sakharov after his open statements. The plane was sup- his name from his two classic papers on relativistic posed to be a direct flight to Tbilisi of approximately astrophysics in Physics Uspekhi coauthored with Igor seven hours. After approximately three hours of flight, Novikov [1, 2]. There had been a strong impulse to boy- without any announcement, the plane abruptly started to cott the GR5 meeting due to the tense relations over hu- descend quite rapidly and landed in a town called Min- man rights between the Soviet Union and the USA at that eralnye Vody. After landing there was a lot of confu- time. Finally a small group around Johnny Wheeler de- sion, there were additional planes and finally it was dis- cided to participate. Among them were Arthur Komar, closed that, as a common practice in the Soviet Union Bruce Partridge, Abe Taub and myself. in the presence of bad weather, the plane had stopped It was also my first visit to the Soviet Union. The en- and we would continue the flight the morning after. It trance to Leningrad was already very special showing was also announced that for foreigners there would be a the difference in organization from our Western world. room to sleep. Soon after I realized that there was only I will recall elsewhere some of the anecdotes. It was in one room for all the foreigners! Since it was impossi- the airplane to Tbilisi that a very particular experience ble to sleep I went back to the airport hall and I noticed occurred. The year 1968 was a time in which dissent was this person who had been sitting between me and Ko- growing in the Soviet Union and the New York Times mar on the plane to be alone in the hall and had found had just written an article on Andrei Sakharov and his a chair. He was seating quietly waiting for the morning. reflections on peaceful coexistence and intellectual free- I was attracted by his silence and his self-control. I ap- dom. I boarded the plane for Tbilisi with Arthur Komar. proached him introducing myself: “Ruffini, Italy.” To this We sat in the last row of a quite modern jet plane with his answer: “Sakharov, Soviet Union!” I still remember open seats and shining windows, and we were comment- his serene smile. He was the first Soviet scientist I met on ing and laughing on all those stories we had heard in the way to our meeting in Tbilisi. The arrival in Tbilisi the West about windowless seats reserved for western- with Kumar and Sakharov was marked by the fortunate ers on Soviet planes. When the plane was almost full the encounter with other monumental scientific figures. stewardess called the names of Arthur Komar and Remo We had the marvelous opportunity to meet some his- Ruffini asked us to move to seats reserved for us in the torical figures like Vladimir Fock, Iosif Shklovsky and front of the plane. We were delighted and we considered Alexei Petrov and also Dmitry Ivanenko. It was amusing arXiv:0911.4825v1 [physics.hist-ph] 25 Nov 2009 this an honor. Our two seats were in a line of three seats to see the ceremonial relations between Fock and Iva- ::: the only ones in the plane without a window. We were nenko. Fock, who as expected was always in the first quite upset. In between us there was a third person who row, had a conspicuous auditorial “apparat." Every time did not seem to speak English. So we started complain- Ivanenko was taking the floor to speak, Fock was discon- necting his “apparat” with a very explicit gesture. In ad- dition of course there was Yakov Borisovich surrounded 1 to appear in the proceedings of the international conference “The by a large number of then young collaborators includ- Sun, the Stars, The Universe and General Relativity” in honor of ing Gennady Bisnovatyi-Kogan, Valery Chechetkin, Vik- th Ya. B. Zeldovich 95 Anniversary, held in Minsk, Belarus on April tor Shvartsman, Nikolay Shakura, Alexei Starobinsky, 20-23, 2009. Rashid Sunyaev, Sergei Shandarin and others. Zeldovich was encouraging all his students to attack in their scien- later reproposed by Viktor Shvartsman [6] by consider- tific presentations almost like a boxer ring trainer. ing the role of the many neutrino species and in general The first day of the meeting Zeldovich invited me to the number of “difficult to observe particles with zero to lunch and asked me just at the beginning to speak rest mass”. In that paper Viktor, see figure 2 established about my research. I started to explain my work on self- his classical result of an upper limit to the number of neu- gravitating bosons I had started in Rome and just recon- trino species Nn ≤ 3 assuming that the chemical potential sidered after an interaction with the Pascual Jordan group of the electron neutrino be zero. This result signed a new in Hamburg. Indeed it was there that we realized that beginning in the dark matter problem in the Universe. the previous treatment on Einstein-Klein-Gordon fields I myself worked later on the role of massive neutrinos had a fatal error in the energy-momentum tensor leading in cosmology. I considered their fundamental role both to meaningless results. Later the correct work was com- in cosmological nucleosynthesis [7] and in formation of pleted by myself at Princeton and the published paper the structure in the Universe due to dark matter, leading [3] became known as the paper in which the new con- to a fractal structure of the Universe [8]. cept of Boson Stars was introduced. After my first words But let us go back to Zeldovich: we became very good Yakov Borisovich stopped me. I asked why. He stated friends in the following years, and I regularly met him in “How long did you speak?” I answered “approximately Moscow. We had also the great pleasure to share so many forty seconds.” To that he replied “If Landau would have common friends. In particular, I remember many interac- been here he would have stopped you after twenty sec- tions with Bruno Pontecorvo, see figure 3. In particular, onds.” To that I immediately replied somewhat amused with the participation of Bruno and Italian television we and self-confident “I do not think so, I am sure Landau produced a documentary “Il caso neutrino” recovering would have said how new is this idea and he would have the fundamental moments of the discovery of the neu- approved my considerations.” He followed then my pre- trino all the way to the determination of their mass and sentation of the new results and more polite and construc- their role in cosmology [9]. tive discussions followed for the rest of the lunch. We Since 1973 I had the great fortune to become a very also talked about George Gamow. Zeldovich recalled the close friend of Evgeny Lifshitz. He had just granted to animosity of all Soviet physicists towards Gamow since me and John Wheeler the honor of being quoted in a he did not return to Moscow after the famous Solvay named exercise in the volume “Theory of Fields” of his meeting of 1933, see figure 1. By this action Gamow classic series with Landau. As we became more famil- hampered the possibility for all Soviet physicists to travel iar with Evgeny, I developed a profound admiration of abroad after that date. He recalled how he was motivated his intellectual abilities, of his understanding of physics by a matter of pure confrontation against Gamow for and of his moral stature. Evgeny often recalled a series of some time. As soon as Gamow presented the theory of anecdotes. One of the best aphorisms of Landau: “Astro- a hot universe he himself presented an alternative the- physicists often in error, never in doubt,” and a different ory of a cold universe, initially at zero temperature [4]. one related not only to astrophysicists but to physicists at The process of building up heavy elements was stopped large: “Due to the shortness of our lives we cannot afford in his theory by the presence of a degenerate sea neutri- the luxury to spend time on topics which are not promis- nos and only hydrogen would be born from an expand- ing successful new results”. It was Evgeny who made ing Friedman universe. He stressed again, how building me aware of some additional peculiarities in Zeldovich’s such a theory was motivated ideologically and politically. character. He recognized the crucial role of the Penzias and Wil- Lifshitz described that famous argument on the equa- son discovery of the cosmic microwave background ra- tion of state of neutron stars. Zeldovich first challenged diation which disproved his ‘political’ theory and proved the concept of the critical mass of the neutron star us- instead the validity of Gamow’s theory2.

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