Symmetry XIII (2019) 1
Dedicated to
Lev Davidovich Landau Born: 12 January, 1908, Baku, Russian Empire Died: 1 April, 1968, Moscow, Soviet Union
Symmetry XIII (2019) 2
Volume XIII, 2019 Editorial
Symmetry This issue of symmetry is dedicated to the great physicists Lev Devidovich Landau. An annual Publication of CDP, TU Landau Soviet theoretical physicist, one of the founders of quantum theory of (Covid-19 Issue) condensed matter whose pioneering research in this field was recognized with the Patron 1962 Nobel Prize for Physics. In the year 1941, he successfully applied quantum Prof. Dr. Binil Aryal theory to the movement of superfluid liquid helium. Landau argued for the need of
yet another radical conceptual revolution in physics in order to resolve the Advisory Board mounting difficulties in relativistic quantum theory. The collective work of Prof. Dr. Om Prakash Niraula Landau’s group embraced practically every branch of theoretical physics. In 1946 Prof. Dr. Raju Khanal he described the phenomenon of Landau damping of electromagnetic waves in Prof. Dr. Narayan Prasad Adhikari plasma. Together with Vitaly L. Ginzburg, in 1950 Landau obtained the correct Prof. Dr. Ram Prasad Regmi equations of the macroscopic theory of superconductivity. During the 1950s he and Prof. Dr. Ishwar Koirala collaborators discovered that even in renormalized quantum electrodynamics, a Dr. Hari Prasad Lamichhane new divergence difficulty appears (the Landau pole). The phenomenon of the Dr. Bal Ram Ghimire coupling constant becoming infinite or vanishing at some energy is an important Dr. Ajay Kumar Jha feature of modern quantum field theories. In this volume, there are 7 articles Dr. Gopi Chandra Kaphle written by editorial board members on various aspects of Landau’s scientific and Dr. Nurapati Pantha social contributions. Dr. Madhav Prasad Ghimire On 23 March, Government of Nepal decided that the entire country will Dr. Niraj Dhital go on a lockdown, amid concerns over the spread of COVID-19. From the very Dr. Sanju Shreshtha next day, University was closed. Students and faculties rushed to their hometown Mr. Tika Ram Lamichhane without any proper plan. For the students the most immediate impact was the Mr. Pramod Kumar Thakur temporary cessation of face-to-face teaching learning at the department. The Ms. Sangeeta Maharjan second semester student’s classes suddenly stopped. First semester orientation was
cancelled and postponed for unknown date. In addition, third semester board exam
has been postponed for unknown date. CDP was in completely new situation,
without a clear idea of how long it will last, immediate impacts on daily life, costs Publication Committee incurred and financial burdens and, of course, learning continuity and international Mr. Sarga Man Maharjan mobility. CDP decided to resume classes to the second semester through online Mr. Ram Chandra Basnet using software Zoom on 17 April 2020. In the beginning, both faculties and the Mr. Govinda Maharjan students face difficulties mainly due to slow connectivity and lack of knowledge
regarding proper use of ICT in learning activities. Faculties of CDP are also
impacted significantly at the workplace and professionally as well. TU has also
initiated towards a radid transition using ICT tools though a couple of very Editorial Board essential MoU with NREN and Microsoft for Zoom license and MS Office 365 A1. Amit Kumar Sah Due to this agreement, CDP family (faculties, students) got their official e-mails in Bikash Sapkota own domain (@cdp.tu.edu.np). Also, the most evident impact on teachers is the Mahesh Aryal expectation, if not the demand, of the continuity of teaching activity using a virtual Niraj Kumar Shah modality. It is clear that the temporary cessation globally of face-to-face activities Prashrit Baruwal has been a huge disruptor of the functions of TU. The impact of this disruption is Sagar Rawal highly variable and depends, first, on their ability to remain active in their Sanjeev Shapkota academic activities and, second, on their financial sustainability. Finally, CDP Sarita Lawaju conducted online classes to first, third and fourth semesters as well. All faculties of
CDP get involved in the online classes. They got opportunity to learn the tools,
experimented with the tool, ultimately upgrading teaching professionalism. CDP
organized a large number of seminars to connect students and physics faculties of
the nation. CDP run about 450 virtual classes of 90 minutes long to the first, Publisher second, third and fourth semester students, and 45 seminars from abroad, 20 ©Central Department of Physics, seminars from Nepal, PhD biannual presentation, 11 M.Sc. dissertation viva-voce Tribhuvan University examination, 23 term paper viva-voce examinations. CDP also conducted five (two Kirtipur, Kathmandu, 01-4331054 to first semester, and one each to second, third and fourth semesters) time-bound Email: [email protected] open-book examination for internal assessment. All together, CDP engaged more Website: www.tucdp.edu.np about 840 hours (~35 days) in last 8 months. In addition, CDP launches YouTube
channel in which 120 videos of the classes and seminars have been uploaded. Our
teaching materials have been viewed for 7000+ hours in last five months. This
really a very good achievement. Now CDP is planning to organize practical classes Print through online. TU Press, TU, Kirtipur The publication of the 13th volume of Symmetry has been possible due to the
tireless effort from Prof. Dr. Binil Aryal, HoD of CDP, and the cooperation from Indivisual Price: Rs. 500/- all the members of Symmetry Publishing Committee. We also thank all students, Institutional Price: Rs. 1000/- staffs for their help and all the writers who provided their valuable articles to enrichen our magazine. - Editorial Board Symmetry XIII (2019) 3
Contents
Dedicated Articles on Lev Landau 1. Cover Story 1: Life of Lev Landau Sarita Lawaju 4 2. Cover Story 2: The Theoretical Minimum Prashrit Baruwal 6 3. Cover Story 3: Landau Quantization Mahesh Aryal 9 4. Cover Story 4: Lev Landau’s Academic …. Sagar Rawal 12 5. Cover Story 5: Superfluidity : Lev Landau’s Landmark Amit Kumar Sah 14 6. Cover Story 6: Lev Landau and his Course of Theoretical Physics Niraj Kumar Shah 16 7. Cover Story 7: Superconductivity and Landau: Success ……. Bikash Sapkota 18 Experience of Our Student During C-19 Pandemic 8. My Online Classes and Painful COVID-19 Devendra Singh Dhami 20 9. COVID-19: A Reminder to the World Amrit Nepal 20 10. Pandemics and Its Effects Asmita Pudasainee 21 11. Covid-19: Impacts and opportunities Dhiraj Ghimire 21 12. We, Students & the Battle Against Covid-19 Durga Bhattarai 22 13. COVID – 19, A Global Challenge Indira Adhikari 23 14. Global Pandemic: A New Experience Jeevan Poudel 23 15. An Exam for Whole Humanity & Me as a Student Kamal Pandey 24 16. COVID-19: Disease-X? Sujan Basnet 25 17. COVID-19 Pandemic: An Opportunity in Disguise Lokendra Singh Dhami 25 18. Being Physically Distant and Socially Close Manoj Kumar Shrestha 27 19. Personal Experience during COVID – 19 Nabin Bhagat 27 20. COVID-19 Lockdown as an Opportunity to make …. Nabin Bhattarai 28 21. COVID-19 Pandemic: Breakdown or Breakthrough? Prakash Dawadi 29 22. COVID Gyaan Rabina Thapa Magar 29 23. Covid-19: Pandemic and Change Raju Bhusal 30 24. My Experience Ramesh Jethara 30 25. Opportunity for Self-growth Rojila Ghimire 31 26. A Vast Sea of Kindness Suresh Chaudhary 32 27. Covid-19, Beginning of Well Disciplinary Era Akash Subedi 32 28. 2020, A Year Lost and Found Diksha Neupane 33 29. I don’t fear anymore from now Kalpana Kumari Chaudhary 33 30. Most Beautiful Thing Discovered! Mohan Bikram Neupane 34 31. Coconut in Quarantine Swastika Dahal 35 32. Me, Covid and My Life Bibek Chaudhary 36 CDP Activities During C-19 Pandemic
33. त्रिविमा Online Class संचालनको सम्भािना र चनु ौती Prof. Dr. Binil Aryal et al. 37 34. Online Seminars: Forty Six Online Seminars in 5 Months CDP Activities 44 35. Online First, Second, Third & Fourth Semester Classes CDP Activities 52 36. Online Open Book Examination CDP Activities 56 37. Online Dissertation and Term Paper Presentations CDP Activities 57 38. CDP YouTube Channel News 58 39. CDP Publications (2019-2020) News 59 40. Two Ph.D. Awarded in 2020` News 62 41. PhD Biannual Progress Report Presentation (Srawan 2077) News 62 42. Faculty, Staff and Student Profile Profiles 63 43. Official e-mail address of CDP students Profiles 80
Symmetry XIII (2019) 4
COVER STORY - 1 Life of Lev Landau
Sarita Lawaju M.Sc. (Physics), Fourth Semester, CDP, TU, Kirtipur ABSTRACT Landau believed in free life and was strict when it came to physics. He never hesitated to put forward his opinions on anything, which led him to spend his one year life in prison. He was awarded many awards and respected immensely. His demise looted one of the best scientists of all time. Lev Davidovich Landau, a great soviet physicist, and a him. People who were close to him would describe him Nobel Laureate was born in Russian Empire (now as gentle, charming, approachable, benevolent, known as Baku, Azerbaijan) in 22 January 1908. He was uncommonly just and a person with great-heart [3]. But the second child of Jewish couple: David Lvovich at the same time he was also known as ruthless, arrogant, Landau (father), a petroleum engineer and Lyuobov egoccentric, bigoted, intemperant and impetous. Veniaminovna Garkavi Landau (mother) who worked as Landau, as described by his niece Ella Ryndina, a physician and a gynecologist. Their first child Sonya was tall with thin body, curved nose and wide forehead. Landau pursued her career as a chemical engineer [1]. He had curly hair and rabbit front teeth [4]. According to Ella, Landau would recite poems in family gatherings and visits which shows that he loved literature and different form of arts but disliked music. He completed his high school study at the young age of 13 and was sent to Baku Eco- nomical Technical School because his father wanted him to have his career infanance or administration. But later at the age of 14 in 1922, he got enrolled in the University of Baku simultaneously in two faculties: Physics and Chemistry. Landau moved to Leningrad in 1924 at the age of 16 and entered the Department of Physics at the University of Leningrad from where he graduated in 1927 [6].
Lev and his wife Kora after Lev was awarded Nobel Prize.[8] In 1929, Landau won a fellowship and went Lev Landau with his family in 1910.[5] abroad for the first time for one and a half years. He met Landau was taught mathematics from an early Neil Bohr in Copenhagen, Denmark during the visit and age by his father and his mother taught him French and was highly delighted by Bohr as a person and a scientist. German. He later learned Danish during his abroad visit Landau considered Bohr as his mentor and was greatly after winning fellowship. As a child, Landau was known influenced by him. Bohr also found Landau as "gifted to be shy, reserved, gloomy and an introvert. Alexei scientist but, despite certain abruptness and Kojevnikov explained child Landau as a "prodigy" and extravagance of manner, a man of great spiritual worth" "enfant terrible" and stated that some of his childish [1]. Landau wouldn't let go of the faults or mistakes in characters were seen in his adult life too. [2]. Grown-up the theory of physics during lectures or seminars, no landau would have had good chat with any body despite matter the lecturer was a senior scientist or his mentor. the status, age or profession of a person or people. His He would correct them instantly in front of the mass of colleagues, friends and relatives had different views of students or the mass of other physicists. Symmetry XIII (2019) 5
This nature of Landau earned him many enemies and coned at Lubyanka prison. Lev Shubnikov and Lev in this field. He had classified the list of scientists and Rozenkevich were his friends who supposedly made a himself on the logarithmic scale of 1 to 5, placing statement that Landau was head of a counter- himself at 2.5 (later he changed to 2. Landau had revolutionary organization before they were shot dead. introduced a comprehensive exam "theoretical Landau was made to stand for 7 hours a day and minimum" which every student had to pass as a barrier continuously threatened to be transferred to the worse before getting admitted to his school. Landau returned prison: Lefortovo prison. He was also made to write a Leningrad in 1931 and worked at Leningrad confession letter in which he accepted that he knew Physiotechnical Institute. He then moved to Kharkiv in about the anti-soviet organization but did not lead it. 1932, where he met his wife and became Head to di During his time in prison, his sister and his mom had a erent numbers of institutes including Theoreotics battle trying to free him, which of course was in vain. Division of Ukrainian Physicitechnical Institute, Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitza, physicist, whom Landau met Department of Theoretical Physics at the Physics and in England, wrote a letter to then Prime Minister Mechanics Faculty of Kharkiv Mechanics and Machine Vyacheslav Molotov explaining that he needed Landau's Building Institute, Department of General Physics at help for one of his work and Landau was the only Karkov University and Department of General Physics at theorist who could help him [7]. As a result, he was Kharkiv State University. In 1937, he moved to Moscow released on bail on the eve of Mayday on 29 April 1939. where he lived for the rest of his life. He became head of After his release, he had to work in atomic and hydrogen the Theoretical Division of the Institute of Physics bomb projects for the soviet government which he hated Problems in the same year. He got membership in to the core and left the project after Joseph Stalin died. various scientific groups or societies and also was able to On 7 January 1962, Landau got into the accident receive many prizes including Nobel Prize in 1962 "for on Dubna road. He was on the way to meet his niece his pioneering studies of the theory of the condensed Ella, his car hit the truck coming from the opposite state of matter and particularly of liquid helium" [6]. direction. Other people traveling in the same car were injured slightly with some minor bruises, but Landau suffered from 11 broken ribs and fractured skulls [9]. He was in a coma state for six weeks and was declared clinically dead several times. As soon as the news of his accident spread, 87 soviet physicists along with physicians worked to provide their best to provide the required medications and care to save his precious life. After a few months of his accident, he was able to receive the Nobel Prize but not in person. Although he was living his life like a normal person, he could never return as a physicist and was never able to enjoy physics as he did. 1 April 1968, one of the worst day for physicists, world lost a versatile and genuine theorist and physicist. Landau died during a major surgery which Back row (left to right): S S Gershtein, L P Pitaevskii, L A recurred because of the accident. He died at the age of Vainshtein, R G Arkhipov, I E Dzyaloshinskii. Front row (left to right) L A Prozorova, A A Abrikosov, I M Khalatnikov, L D 60, six years after the unfortunate accident. Ella Ryndina Landau, E M Lifshitz. [2] wrote about the last journey of Landau "The funeral was Landau tried to follow the thoughts his father a solemn a air, full of everything that Dau disliked once garnered, of never getting married, but he then flowers, music, and pompous speeches" [4]. broke his vow and got married to a girl from Kharkiv, Konkordiya Drobantseva, a food technologist in 1937. References: [1] P. L. Kapitza and E. M Lifshitz, Lev Davydovitch Landau Although he was married, he behaved like a bachelor (1908-1968), Biogr. Mem. Fellows R. Soc, 15, (1969), 141-158. throughout his life and believed in "free love" because of [2] A. Kojevnikov, Lev Landau: Physicist and revolutionary, Phys. which people would think him as 'Casanova' of his time. World, 15, (2002), 35-39. His niece stated that one could count Landau's girlfriends [3] https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717364-800-lev- landau-utterly-repellent-or-a-kind-soul using all ngers of two hands [4]. He became father to a [4] E Ryndina and A Gill, Family lines sketched in the portrait of son Igor Landau in 1946. Many people who knew him Lev Landau, Phys. Today 57 (2004), 53-60. did not have the idea that Landau had an interest in [5] https://peoplepill.com/people/lev-landau (image top left corner) political situations of the state. He was announced to be a [6] E M Lifshitz, Lev Davidovich Landau (1908-1968), Sov. Phys. German spy and was investigated in 1935 by KGB, Usp. 12 (1969), 135-145. [7] G Gorelik, Top-secret life of Lev Landau SciAm (1997), 72-77. secret soviet police, for making anti-government [8] https://russkiymir.ru/en/publications/251919/ statements [7]. [9] http://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Obits/Landau Lev.html On a night of 28 April 1938, he was arrested along with physicist Yuri B. Rumer and Moissey Koretz Symmetry XIII (2019) 6
COVER STORY - 2 Remarkable Contribution: “The Theoretical Minimum”
Prashrit Baruwal M.Sc. (Physics), Fourth Semester, CDP, TU, Kirtipur ABSTRACT Landau created a skeptical pathway for the aspirants, of theoretical physics, who wanted to pursue their carrier as theorists, for which “The Theoretical Minimum” stood as a genuine prerequisite test tool..
Bohr's seminar at the Institute of Theoretical Physics in Copenhagen, 1930. In the front row: Klein, Bohr, Heisenberg, Pauli, Gamow, Landau, and Kramers. [4]
others around for one and half year. In addition, to the Remarkable physicist — whose studies contributed to several job offers that he received from best universities, the field of theoretical physics—Lev Davidovich Landau his reply would be like, “No, I will return to my country was born in a labor men country. However, a son of of labor men, and we will create the best science in the engineer and doctor, he was passionately influenced by a world” [1, 2]. love of natural science. He was one of the Soviet In-spite of the record of exceptional academic Union’s greatest physicist, lived from 1908 to 1968 and brilliance, as he came from the non-scientific his re-mark-able contribution “The Theoretical environment, he had to work alot to keep up his pace Minimum” is still alive & is echoed in this century in with tumultuously growing new physical theory, now one way or other to maintain the genuine discipline for famously referred to as Quantum Mechanics; It was a physicists, mainly the scholars of theoretical physics [1]. real tough ride, a test of his endurance, diligence, Before Landau (popularly named as Dau) was passion, and genius for physics as a result of which he awarded with Rockfeller foundation, He taught at even suffered nervous exhaustion, and insomnia. Amidst Kharkiv University and the Moscow State University this hard time, withstanding the strain, collaborating with that boosted his easy communication—to deal with one of the bests of the Europe, his scientific carrier was physics problems and his ability to shift between various closely related with every stages of growth of Quantum topics of physics—with students just after his completion Mechanics and rest is the history [5]. This test must have of graduation from physics department at the Leningrad sharpened his intellect to such extent, as well instilled in University [1-3]. him the gravity of the prerequisite skills a true physics During a student trip, as a part of fellowship award, scholar must possess, that it served as a purpose for him to Europe in 1930: Lev Landau worked under Niels Bohr (Academic advisor), Wolfgang Pauli, Paul Dirac, and Symmetry XIII (2019) 7
to give birth to the concept of “The Theoretical were allowed while at exam. Boris L. Ioffe, one of the Minimum.” Dau’s students, experienced Dau’s peculiar behavior— In 1932-1937: Dau was appointed as the Head of while at exam, Dau used to leave the hall as he finished Department of theoretical physics at the Ukrainian formulating the problem, but in timely manner of 15-20 Physics-Technical Institute at Kharkiv; Kharkiv minutes used to visit the exam hall: the sound of Engineer-Mechanical Institute and Kharkiv University; “hmmm” would not be a good sign i.e., examinee had and Institute for physical problems of the Academy of not adopted quite the Dau’s way while his silence would Sciences of the U.S.S.R. at Moscow. Moreover, during refer a good one—inking to the students. Landau would that period he did hold PhD and was officially also mention the importance of the examiner rather than designated as a Professor. By that time, he was not only the content of “The Theoretical Minimum,” compared to a great scientists possessing a rare universalism, but also any general exams, an evaluation on the field as he a unique teacher. His publications, the creation of school quotes, “... Probably during the exam Landau could see and the course of theoretical physics still are served by who was really talented and who wasn’t.” [9, 10]. every physicist in the world. “The school of Landau” and For those generating new ideas and seeking his seminars were debating-ground for theoretical discoveries; meanwhile, believing in the possibility of physicists. “The Theoretical Minimum”—a series revolutionizing science without the basic prior (consists of nine components ) of required knowledge knowledge of theoretical physics, Landau never which acted as a filtering medium that only the strongest considered a necessity for showing mercy or sympathy contenders could digest concurrently also was a training while expressing his disapproval. He slammed their programme for the theoretical physicists [6]. manuscript indicating their lack of interest, limited knowledge of physics, their new ideas as a simple prattle of an ill-educated person that came out as a nonsense out of their typewriter and he even pointed out their unacquaintance with this science and hence suggested them to acquire most elementary ability to read physics text before standing to expound on the universe and emphasized on the need of knowledge in order to advance new ideas. Furthermore, to one of the replies, Landau suggested a requirement that a theoretician most possesses is not lavishing much praise over all kinds of existence theorems, but rather developing mathematical techniques and required skills, that is, the ability to solve substantial mathematical problems. By all this, he just wanted to make a point that physics by no means is easier. The greatest inner incentive for himself was never a desire of fame, but rather an inexhaustive curiosity with all consuming passion to study the nature which he wish to see on others [6]. That one would acquire a tendency to work on important problems, people would ask as which branch of theoretical physics stands as an important to engage. He would disparage such statement of the query as During which Landau started a vast project, the writing of, his magnum opus, the Course of Theoretical Physics, also referred to incongruous to which he would suggest the young minds as the Bible of Theoretical Physics. [6, 7] to undertake themselves in what interests them the most and not commence on their scientific work from For those who wanted to pursue the path of Landau, contemplation of self-absorption. The simplest truth he as a disciple, must first had to master the principles of all repeatedly emphasized was to never work for the sake of disciplines of theoretical physics namely: Mechanics, ulterior motives of fame aiming to make a great field theory, quantum mechanics, statistical physics, discovery since nothing would come out of it. Very few, mechanics of continuous media, macroscopic 43 were listed out by Landau, as successful on electrodynamics, and relativistic quantum theory [8]. completion of “The Theoretical Minimum” from 1934 to Regarding a students’ concern about the method of 1961 [10]. Kompaneets listed on top to complete it first study, Landau, emphasized that one must perform all the [6]. Many were unsuccessful. Those who were calculations all by him/herself, rather than leaving it to successful passing it gained nothing sort of tangible the author of the books that one reads [6]. material benefits. For about first 20 years of “Minimum,” Dau himself took the selection procedure. Rules were simple: Conclusion: interested students had to visit him personally to get One of Landau’s pupils shared, about the main purpose permission to sit for examination, no study materials of “The Theoretical Minimum,” that it provided with the Symmetry XIII (2019) 8
high caliber to veer with ease to different, even quite [1] https://russkiymir.ru/en/publications/251919/ (April 2020). new, problems. As Landau quoted, “A method is more [2] https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12717364-800-lev- landau-utterly-repellent-or-a-kind-soul/#ixzz6J7fGH6lQ (April important than a discovery, since the right method will 2020). lead to new and even more important discoveries” and [3] https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/lev-landau-7125.php emphasized on the scope of his way of taking exams as (April 2020). not constrained in deriving formulae rather in solving [4] http://www.kapitza.ras.ru/museum/thdept.htm (April 2020). real problems in physics, thus “The Theoretical [5] https://www.kipt.kharkov.ua/itp/akhiezer/en/recollections/landau _90/index.html (April 2020). Minimum” stands as a tool which serves beyond any [6] A. Livanova, and J. B. Sykes. Landau. a great physicist and specific branch, broadening the problem solving ability teacher, Pergamon Press (1980). to whole of theoretical physics [7]. [7] https://prabook.com/web/lev.landau/3733495 (April 2020) In sum, the mark Landau tried to make, for the new [8] https://chair.itp.ac.ru/index.php?sub=minimum/deadlines&lang= en (April 2020). aspirants of the theoretical physics, was not to merely [9] I. Boris, Landau's Theoretical Minimum, Landau's Seminar, dwell on expounding the abstract theories instead ITEP in the Beginning of the 1950's, arXiv preprint hep- acquiring the ability to solve any unprecedented ph/0204295 (2002). problems of physics. [10] S. Mikhail, Under the spell of Landau: when theoretical physics was shaping destinies, World Scientific (2013).). References:
Symmetry XIII (2019) 9
COVER STORY - 3 Landau Quantization: An Exquisite Quantum Mechanical Solution
Mahesh Aryal M.Sc. (Physics), Fourth Semester, CDP, TU, Kirtipur ABSTRACT In physics, confinement often leads to quantization. When a magnetic field is introduced in a system of electrons, a confined motion is observed manifesting one of the beautiful concepts of quantization famously known as Landau quantization. The intricacies of Landau’s confined electrons, its mathematical explanation, physical intuitions, and its relevance in connection with modern-day Density-functional Theory (DFT) are discussed in this article. Let us describe a system of electrons approximated as a nonpotential- 휙 = 0, 훻. 퐴⃗ = 0 and, 퐴 = (0, 퐻푥, 0) chosen to interacting system where a constant strong magnetic field issimplify our problem. The magnetic field, H, is invariant applied along the z-axis perpendicular to the 푋푌 plane basedunder both translation and rotational symmetry in the 푋푌 on Landau’s original treatment. plane. This is known as Landau gauge [2,3]. With the selection of this gauge, Hamiltonian of the system becomes: 1 푒 푒 푒2 2 ⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗2⃗ 퐻 = (푃 − 퐴 ⋅ 푃 − 푃 ⋅ 퐴 + 2 퐴 ) 2푚푒 푐 푐 푐 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 휕 휕 휕 푒 휕 푒 퐻 푥 = [ {(−ħ ( 2 + 2 + 2)) + 2𝑖ħ 퐻 + 2 }] 2푚푒 휕푥 휕푦 휕푧 푐 휕푦 푐 (3) Now, the corresponding wave function for a system is sought, by solving the SWE or finding the expectation value of the Hamiltonian to obtain the energy of the
Non-interacting electron gas in a box `with the magnetic field system. along the z-axis The introduction of DFT in this problem comes with the fact that its refined approximations have been In the absence of a magnetic field, the SWE simply is: able to address quantum mechanical problems similar to 퐻휓(푥) = 퐸휓(푥) what we have in hand, in case of Landau quantization. 푃2 ( ) 휓(푥) = 퐸휓(푥) (1) DFT is based on a remarkable inference that it is 2푚푒 possible to define the electronic energy of a system in When a magnetic field (H) is turned on, the Hamiltonian terms of density [푛(푟)]with reduced coordinates to deal (momentum) becomes: 푒 and even in terms of occupied molecular orbitals. 푃 → (푃 − 퐴⃗) 푐 Molecular orbitals are a wave function of a single The Schrodinger equation of motion for this electron and for a number of electrons, these system of non-interacting electron gas and spin confined contributions are just summed up[4,5]. in an area 퐴 = 퐿푥퐿푦, with a magnetic force acting along By using usual representations; ′ the z-direction is: 푛(푟) = 푁푒 ∫. . . ∫ 훹 (푟1, 푟2, 푟3, . . . . 푟푁)훹(푟1, 푟2, . . . . 푟푁)푑푟1푑푟2. . . 푑푟푁 1 푒 2 (푃 − 퐴⃗) 휓 = 퐸휓 (2) where [푛(푟)] is the electronic density and 푁푒is the total 2푚푒 푐 ⃗ number of electrons. 퐴is an electromagnetic vector potential, which is: The electronic energy is: 퐻⃗⃗⃗ = 훻 × 퐴⃗, 퐻⃗⃗⃗ = 푧⃗퐻 ′ The choice of 퐴⃗should be in such a way that the 퐸푒 = ∫. . . ∫ 훹 퐻푒훹푑푥1푑푥2. . . . 푑푥푁 direction of the magnetic field is along the z-direction. Our objective with DFT is defining the wave function of Here, in the absence of an electric field, we choose a system establishing its connection to a density that Landau gauge which satisfies the relation 훻. 퐴⃗ = 0i.e the minimizes its energy [4]. vector potential with no divergence and field points in By extension of Born Oppenheimer the desired direction [1,2]. approximation, Electronic energy ( we’ll be dealing DFT Among the gauges, part of the problem in terms of atomic units) of any −퐻푦 퐻푥 system can be defined as[6], ( , , 0); (-Hy,0,0) ; (0, Hx,0) 2 2 which basically represents the same physics, gives, 퐻⃗⃗⃗ = 퐸푒[푛] = 퐹퐻퐾[푛] + ∫ 푉푒푥푡(푟)푛(푟)푑푟 푧⃗퐻(magnetic field along the z-direction) such that scalar Symmetry XIII (2019) 10
퐸푒[푛] = 푇[푛] + 푈[푛] + ∫ 푉푒푥푡(푟)푛(푟)푑푟 (4) system. However, with the introduction of the magnetic 퐹퐻퐾[푛]is the universal energy functional dependent upon field, Kohn-Sham equations should be modified. density but independent on external potential, 푉푒푥푡(푟)i.e 퐸푘푖푛,퐾푆[푛]should be replaced by, −1 2 nuclear potential energy[6,7]. 퐻 [푛, 퐵] = (훻 − 퐴⃗) = T[n,B] Hohenberg Kohn’s justification, although based 푘푖푛,퐾푆 2 on existential proof, is able to provide unique ground Where 퐴⃗ is a vector potential [8]. state density; which determines the nuclear position and Introduction of the magnetic field changes Hamiltonian thus Hamiltonian and exact wave function that of the system, molecular orbitals, and wave function minimizes the energy of a system [4]. representing it which demands a better approximation of unknown functionals especially exchange energy 퐸푒[푛] = 〈 훹⁄푇 [푛] + 푈 [푛]⁄훹 〉 + ∫ 푑푟푛(푟)푉푒푥푡(푟) functional. However, it is established that the idea of Kohn-Sham procedure can be extended. 퐸푒[푛] = 퐹퐻퐾[푛] + ∫ 푉푒푥푡(푟)푛(푟)푑푟 (5) Quantum mechanically this corresponds to : Let ℎ퐾푆[푛, 퐵] is the updated Hamiltonian after the introduction of the field; we have to solve the 퐸푒[푛] = 퐸푘푖푛 + 퐸퐶표푢푙 + 퐸푥 + 퐸푐 + 퐸푒푥푡 (6) Schrodinger equation self consistently for the varying 퐸푥and 퐸푥is an exchange and correlation energy functional respectively. value of 퐸퐾. [푛,퐵] 퐸퐶표푢푙and 퐸푒푥푡 are determinable but other energy ℎ퐾푆 훷푘(푟) = 퐸퐾훷퐾(푟) functional require approximations. [푛,퐵] ∫ 훷′퐾푆ℎ퐾푆 훷푘(푟)푑푟 = 퐸푘 ∫ 훷퐾′훷퐾푑푟 (11) We can take two-approach here now[6]: −1 2 퐸 = ∫ 훷′ (훻 − 퐴⃗) 훷 (푟)푑푟 + ∫ 푉 푛(푟⃗)푑푟 (12) 1. Orbital free or pure DFT 푘 퐾푆 2 푘 푒푓푓 2. DFT with molecular orbital (Kohn Sham way) And, 푛(푟⃗) = ∑퐾 퐹퐾훷퐾′(푟)훷퐾(푟) ; 퐹퐾 is the occupation Since we have a non-interacting system to be dealt with; number of orbitals. we’ll be using the Kohn-Sham way to resolve our From our initial guess on 푛(푟) one can calculate 푉푒푓푓(푟) problem. and the orbital wavefunction of a non-interacting system. Kohn-Sham suggests constructing a fictitious As a result, we’ll be able to obtain ground state density. non-interacting system with an approximated This can Hamiltonian which should mimic the exact density of be done following KS self-consistent functional interacting systems. The electron in this system is also procedure. The degeneracy of orbitals is still justified known as Kohn-Sham non-interacting electrons. as HK provides the unique minimum energy. Choosing the Kohn-Sham non-interacting system frees Obviously, the treatment of problems using DFT has to us from approximating Kinetic energy functional and be done computationally [5,6,7]. taking hamiltonian as a sum of many one-electron Now, let us see how quantization of cyclotron operators [4,5,6]. Numerically; orbit is obtained in our usual way. From our 푁푒푙 understanding of previous problems, 퐻 = ∑ ℎ(푟푖) we can express the wave function representing our system 푖=1 as [1,2,9]; Electronic density, in this case, can be expressed by the 훹(푟) = 푒푖퐾푦푦푒푖퐾푧푍푢(푥) Slater determinant wave function which is the sum of the (from the solution of Hermite polynomial) occupied orbitals. In this way, the electron density is The wave 훹 does not depend on functions apart from the made up of molecular orbitals of non-interacting plane-wave solution as is a function of 푥 only. electrons. 1 푒 푒 푒2 푁 2 ⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗2⃗ 푛(푟) = 2 ∑ 푒푙 |훹 (푟)2| (7) 퐻 = (푃 − 푃 ⋅ 퐴 − 퐴 ⋅ 푃 + 2 퐴 ) 푖=1 푖 2푚푒 푐 푐 푐 Now, the Kohn-Sham energy functional is given by, 1 휕2 휕2 휕2 푒 휕 푒2퐻2푥2 = [ {−ħ ( 2 + 2 + ) + 2𝑖ħ 퐻 + 2 }] 퐸퐾푆[푛] = 퐸푘푖푛,퐾푆[푛] + 퐸퐶표푢푙표푚푏[푛] + 퐸푒푥푡[푛] 2푚푒 휕푥 휕푦 휕푥휕푦 푐 휕푦 푐 And, the Energy expectation value is: + [퐸푘푖푛[푛] − 퐸푘푖푛,퐾푆[푛]] + 퐸푥푐[푛] 2 2 〈훹 (푟)⁄퐻⁄훹 (푟)〉 푁푒푙 −ℏ 훻 = 2 ∑푖=1 훹′(푟) ( ) 훹푖(푟)푑푟 + 퐸퐶표푢푙표푚푏[푛] + or, ∫ 훹′(푟)(퐻훹(푟))푑푟 = 퐸 ∫ 훹′(푟)훹(푟)푑푟 2푚푒 The relevance of DFT comes here as, 퐸푒푥푡[푛] + 퐸′푥푐[푛] (8) So, Kohn Sham equation becomes on minimizing with 푛(푟) = ∫ 훹′(푟)훹(푟)푑푟= ∫|훹(푟)′|2푑푟 respect to occupied orbitals [6,7,8]: If time evolution is not taken into consideration, −1 expectation value for a given wave function gives the ( 훻2 + 푉 (푟)) 훹 (푟) = 휀 훹 (푟) 2 퐾푆 푗 푗 푗 same energy eigenvalue given by solving the Schrodinger wave equation as the variation of i.e. ℎ 훹 (푟) = 휀 훹 (푟) (9) 퐾푆 푗 푗 푗 expectation values is zero. Solving the Schrodinger 푉퐾푆(푟)is Kohn-Sham effective potential. equation, 휕퐸 휕퐸 휕퐸 푉 (푟) = 푐표푢푙 + 푒푥푡 + 푒푥 (10) 퐾푆 휕푛 휕푛 휕푛 퐻훹 = 퐸푛훹 푖퐾푦푦 푖퐾푧푍 푖퐾푦푦 푖퐾푧푍 푉퐾푆 generates a fictitious system for non-interacting ⇒ 퐻푒 푒 푢(푥) = 퐸푛푒 푒 푢(푥) electrons that yield density corresponding to the original Symmetry XIII (2019) 11
2 2 2 2 2 −ħ 휕 1 푒 퐻 ℎ푐 Harmonic oscillator about 푥0 is dependent on 퐾푦is given or, [ ( 2) + 2 (푥 − 퐾푦) ] 푢(푥) = 2푚푒 휕푥 2 푚푒푐 푞퐻 2훱푛푦 2 2 by, 퐾푦 = ħ 퐾푧 퐿푦 (퐸푛 − ) 푢(푥) 2푚푒 The maximum number of 퐾푦 for a specific value of 푛 is ħ푐 Where 퐿 = √ is the magnetic length. given by, 푚 푒퐻 푒퐻 0 ≤ 푛푦 ≤ ( ) 퐿푥 (15) −ħ2 휕2 1 푒2퐻2 2 ℎ푐 [ + ( ) (푥 − 퐿 2퐾 ) ] 푢(푥) = 2푚 휕푥2 2 푚푐2 푚 푦 ; with its boundaries limited by 0 <푥0<퐿푥. 2 2 ħ 퐾푧 Equation (14) depicts that the number of (퐸푛 − ) 푢(푥) (13) 2푚푒 electrons that can reside within a particular landau level This is the equation of Harmonic oscillator having is the ratio of total magnetic flux (퐻퐿푥퐿푦) within each natural frequency 휔 and centered at, ℎ푐 푐 landau level to the quantum magnetic flux( ). This 푐ħ퐾푦 1 ħ퐾푦 푉푦 푒 푥0 = = = shows for the particular value of n harmonic oscillator 푒퐻 휔푐 푚푒 휔푐 We know, energy eigenvalue corresponding to the energy level, there are as many as 푛푦states quantum harmonic oscillator is, corresponding to the values of 퐾푦. 2 2 1 ħ 퐾푧 (푛 + ) ħ휔푐 = (휀푛 − ) Conclusions: 2 2푚푒 The condensation of electrons to the nearest state The LHS of the expression is due to the spatial resulting in 푛푘푦-fold degeneracy is because of the motion of the electrons in 푋푌plane centered at 푥0. 2 2 magnetic field applied to the system. The independence 1 ħ 퐾푧 푆표, 휀푛 = (푛 + ) ħ휔푐 + (14) of energy eigenvalues on 퐾 suggests the degenerate 2 2푚푒 푦 2훱 energy level for varying value of 퐾푦 with the state of 퐾푧 = = integer 퐿 electrons characterized by 훹(푥, 푦) = 푒푖퐾푦푦푢(푥). The The electron rotates with cyclotron frequency (휔푐) and discrete levels of energy due to the constrained motion of gives a discrete set of eigenvalues due to Harmonic or electrons represent the quantization of energy levels bounded oscillation perpendicular to 퐻 and shows the known as Landau levels. We also established that with splitting of bands of energy level. The second term some of the developing theories such as Magnetic field shows the unconstrained motion of electrons along the density functional theory this behavior of electrons can direction of the field so it yields parabolic bands be explained. These highly degenerative landau energy due to the continuous nature of 퐾푧 solid. levels have significant implications in explaining remarkable phenomena like the Quantum Hall effect in physics.
References : [1] L. D. Landau, & E. M. Lifshitz, Quantum mechanics: non- relativistic theory. (3rd ed.). Elsevier (2013). [2] P. Phillips, Advanced Solid State Physics. (2nd ed.). Cambridge University (2015) [3] D. Tong, David Tong lectures: Quantum Hall effect, Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Cambridge, UK (2016). [4] P. Hohenberg and W. Kohn, Phys. Rev. B, 136 864 (1964). [5] W. Kohn and L. J. Sham, Phys. Rev. A, 1401133(1965). [6] C. J. Cramer, Essentials of Computational Chemistry: Theories and Models. ( 2nd ed.). Wiley (2004). The quantized parabolic energy bands in the presence of a magnetic [7] T. Biben and D. Frenkel, Density functional approach to field projected on the quantized Landau cylindrical levels within the helium at finite temperature, Journal of Physics: Condensed Fermi sphere [9]. Matter, 14 (40)(2002).
This constrained motion on 푋푌 plane represents
Symmetry XIII (2019) 12
COVER STORY - 4
Lev Landau’s Academic & Professional
Developments
Sagar Rawal M.Sc. (Physics), Fourth Semester, CDP, TU, Kirtipur ABSTRACT Lev Davidovich Landau a Russian physicist who won Nobel prize in 1962 had contributed in many fields of Physics. he is considered as founder of othe quantum theory of condensed matter.The journey of his from being shy did exceptional work in physics and left a mark in history is very inspirational.In the course of his life he received many honours which inclused Fritz London Prize in 1960 for research in low-temperature physics and, in the same year, the Max Planck Medal. Lev Landau completed his high school education diamagnetism, which later became known as “Landau at the age of 13. When he was 14, he entered the Faculty diamagnetism”. Lev often liked to see Niels Bohr in of Mathematics and Physics and the Faculty of Copenhagen and was his favorite student. Bohr’s wife Chemistry at the same time. At this age, Lev easily said, “Sometimes he was unbearable: he interrupted entered Baku University and studied simultaneously at Niels, mocked at those elder than him, and looked like a the faculty of Mathematics and Physics and Faculty of boy with bushy hair a flare. But he was so talented and Chemistry. He was offered anything more than this so truthful!” Lev Landau’s remarkable works result in because of his talent after two years in that University physics bear by his name and among all the most and was advised to move to Leningrad. This is because important breakthroughs include his theory of phase lev was in deep scientific life. He was loved by fellow transitions (1937), the theory of superfluidity in liquid students because of his wit, willingness to help, courage helium (1941), the Ginzburg– Landau phenomenological and motivate in front of professors. That sort of attitude theory of superconductivity (1950) and the Landau gave him a nickname Dau and he liked it very much. “Fermi-liquid ”theory (1956). Although his fame is According to him, “L ane in French means donkey, that certainly much greater than these concrete results alone is, the surname Landau means Donkey Dau”. So, might suggest – even if one were to include other scientists from all over the world and his students were formulae, such as the Landau diamagnetism of free known him as Dau. electrons (1930) or Landau damping in plasmas (1946).
Lev Landau was intrigued in quantum mechanics and obtained required knowledge from foreign scientific journals. He used to read ‘the research objectives and the result’ only. According to him, “All I need to know from the author is what he does; how to do it, I know better." He said, “It must explain something puzzled”. At the age of 21, he was known to be a famous scientist and many European universities offered him to work, however his priority and belief was to return to his He published several papers and are so laconic country where he wanted to create that the best science that they mainly include mathematical formulae and a in the world. Lev Landau got sponsor from the Peoples very few categorical terms presenting difference between Commissarial of Education in 1929 for his internship in right and wrong. That is why, even professional Europe.[1] He visited workshops of the greatest physicists found difficult to comprehend his ideas on his physicists of that time, gained a scholarship from the papers.[2] Landau was very honest scientist and this was Rockefeller Foundation and published his work on metal proved by several examples. For instance, once he Symmetry XIII (2019) 13
peered into a lecture hall and found out that the audience the researches in his small apartment. He said, “Some was waiting for a professor who would talk about his believe that a teacher robs his students. Others say that sensational discovery. And then, when the scientist filled students rob teachers. I think that both are right, and the board with calculations and conclusions, Landau participation in such mutual robbery is great.” During his exclaimed: "Excuse me, but there are too many mistakes work with Pyotr Kapitsa at the institute of physical here." And he proved that if the problem was solved problems, Kapitsa discovered liquid helium had correctly, then there would not have been any discovery paradoxical behavior near zero point. Lev was interested there. “Who let him in here?!” the professor was in this problem and hoped to explain some phenomenon outraged. Lev Landau could not stand negligence or behind it. He was on the threshold of discovery for this carelessness towards his work: "It is so shameful when work he was awarded the Nobel prize later. That is why, you derive an outstanding result and fail to understand its Lev Landau was late Nobel winner and was a maverick meaning!" Since he was very accurate at formulae and physicist in history.. calculations, physicists that time were afraid to publish a raw article. Lev Landau migrated to Kharkov to be in References: charge of the ‘Theoretical Departments’ at the Institute of Physics and Technology. He gathered and taught [1] RUSSIAN PHYSICIST, Britannica 2020, Viewed on 1 May 2020,
Symmetry XIII (2019) 14
COVER STORY - 5
Superfluidity : Lev Landau’s Landmark
Amit Kumar Sah M.Sc. (Physics), Fourth Semester, CDP, TU, Kirtipur ABSTRACT In this article Landau’s great contribution on Superfludity will be discussed. A recognized complex phenomenon, known as anomalous flow seen in the helium below lambda superfluidity, was one of the most intriguing topics at the temperature could be qualitatively understood in terms of time of its discovery simultaneously by Kapitza in a ‘‘two-fluid’’ model in which the ‘‘condensate’’ flow Moscow and Allen and Misener in Cambridge in liquid without any friction, while the rest flow like an ordinary 4He in 1938. It had previously known that on cooling, liquid. Then came Lev Landau. He refuted Tisza's idea some crazy thing happens to the helium at and below a of considering He-II as degenerate Bose gas. He argued characteristic temperature (2.17K) known as Lambda that even we put aside the fact that liquid helium is not temperature. Helium above this temperature is known as an ideal gas, there is nothing that prevents the atoms in He-I phase whereas, below this temperature is known as the normal state from colliding with the excited atoms; He-II phase. It had been known by measurements that i.e., when moving through the liquid they would the heat flow in liquid helium below lambda temperature experience friction and there would be no superfluidity was not simply proportional to the temperature gradient. at all. Lev Landau then developed a "two-fluid" model Excited by these results, Allen and Misener, and for He-II quantitatively in his paper in 1941, which turns simultaneously Kapitza, measured the flow of resistance out to be a landmark in the history of superfluidity. to the flow of liquid helium through a narrow channel Interestingly, he never explicitly introduced Bose- and subjected to a pressure drop. They found that the Einstein condensation in his seminal paper. However, he flow in the He-I phase was like usual liquid and could be introduced a new seminal concept of "quasiparticles", described easily by the theory of conventional viscosity, that is, an elementary excitation of a system from the while in the He-II, the flow was so easy that even if the ground states. He argued that every weakly excited state concept of the viscosity was applicable, it would have to must be considered as a combination of simple be at least a factor of 1500 smaller than in the He-I elementary excitations. phase. Kapitza named this anomalous flow superfluidity.
Landau identifies elementary excitations of two types: quantized longitudinal (sound) waves i.e., phonons, with energy ϵ that depends linearly on momentum i.e., ϵ = pc (c is the velocity of sound), and elementary excitations of the vortex spectrum that can be called "rotons", with an energy spectrum ϵ that depends Within a couple of months of the experimental quadratically on the momentum i.e.,ϵ =Δ + p2/2μ (μ observation of the superfluidity, Fritz London came being the effective mass of the roton and Δ is the energy forward with a qualitative explanation of the level difference between the lowest energy levels of the phenomenon. Based on his calculations of non- vortex and the potential motion). The phonon obeys the interacting gas with the mass and density of 4He, he Bose-Einstein statistics. At sufficiently low temperatures suggested that 4He being bosons as it has an even (kT<< Δ), when the number of phonons and rotons are number of elementary particles, it could have been too large, one can apply the Boltzmann distribution undergoing Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) at lambda independently of their statistics owing to the considered transition. Laszlo Tisza agreed with London's idea of large energy term Δ in their energy. An immediate BEC and upgraded it further by suggesting that the consequence of that was the rotons whose specific heat Symmetry XIII (2019) 15
depends on temperature exponentially (~e-Δ/kT) give lambda point and found it to be 2.3K, which is insignificant contributions to the specific heat, which in sufficiently in good agreement with the experimental this low-temperature regime is entirely due to the value 2.19K. Moreover, Landau argued that at each phonon and the proportional to T3. To explain the flow point the motion can be described by two velocities – the properties of He-II, Landau postulated that it consists of superfluid vs, which carries zero entropy and are a mixture of two fluid components: one is a "superfluid" irrotational i.e., curl vs =0, and the normal vn, which component without viscosity, which he identified as a behaves like any other viscous liquid. part of the liquid that remains in the ground state, and a Landau successfully derived a complete, "normal" component, which corresponds to the quantitative theory of two-fluid hydrodynamics based on quasiparticles. When these two liquid components move these minimal postulates. Based on his theory, he made through each other, there is no transfer of momentum three remarkable predictions: (1) If the superfluid from one to another, i.e., "no friction" between them. component of the liquid following relative to the walls of the vessel containing it flows at a velocity smaller than the Landau critical velocity v1 given by the minimum value of ϵ(p)/p, then it may be able to flows without friction; otherwise the flow will be unstable against the creation of quasiparticles, (2) If the vessel rotates slowly relative to the fluid, then the normal component will rotate with them whereas the superfluid component will remain unaffected, and (3) It is possible to set up an oscillation (nowadays known "second sound") in which the superfluid and normal component oscillate out of phase. These predictions have already been verified experimentally. While Landau's theory is extremely suggestive
At every temperature liquid helium is and gives a reasonable explanation for superfluidity, characterized by a definite value for the ratio of the which still stands today, it is phenomenological as in both the properties of the superfluid and the idea of the normal fluid density ρn and the superfluid density ρs excitation was introduced intuitively rather than being such that ρ=ρn + ρs is the true density of the helium. At explicitly shown to be an outcome of the Bose statistics absolute zero temperature, the ratio ρn/ρ is zero; the ratio increases when temperature is raised. The obeyed by the particles. Even though Landau’s work temperature at which the ratio becomes unity i.e., the was subsequently refined and extended by N. N. superfluid part vanishes, is the lambda point of the Bogoliubov, Feynman, and Cohen, and several theory helium. Landau calculates this ratio for low-temperature were developed, his two-fluid hydrodynamic theory helium when the aggregate of the phonons and rotons remained a major landmark in the history of can be regarded as an ideal gas and got the expression: superfluidity.
(ph) 2 (rot) References: ρn/ρ = (4/3) E /c + μN , …………..(1) [1] P. L. Kapitza, Nature 141, 74 (1937). [2] L. Tisza, Nature 141, 913 (1938). (ph) (rot) where, E and N are respectively the energy of [3] L. Landu, Physical Review 60 , 356 (1941). phonon gas and number of rotons per 1g of helium; E(ph) [4] A. J. Leggett, Reviews of Modern Physics 71, 318 (1999) ~ T4 , N(rot ~ e-Δ/kT. He computed the temperature for the
Symmetry XIII (2019) 16
COVER STORY - 6
Lev Landau and his Course of Theoretical Physics
Niraj Kumar Shah M. Sc. (Physics), Fourth Semester, CDP, TU, Kirtipur ABSTRACT Lev Landau was awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physics for his development of a mathematical theory of superfluidity and he is the only Nobel Prize Winner in history who was awarded Nobel Prize in hospital. In addition to this, Landau was a great text book author and is famous for his Course of Theoretical Physics. Lev Davidovich Landau, a child prodigy and the Nobel he used to derive the result by himself and compare his Prize Winner to be, was a mathematics genius who result with that of the articles. He had a very simple completed his high school education when he was 13. criterion for good scientific work: it must explain Landau mastered differential and integral calculus by his something puzzled. own; although calculus was not part of the school In 1930s, Lev Landau in collaboration with his syllabus. By the age of 14, he simultaneously studied student Evgeny Lifshitz initiated a ten-volume series of Physics in the Department of Physics and Mathematics books entitled, “Course of Theoretical Physics” covering and Chemistry in the Department of Chemistry from theoretical physics. The series is often referred to as Baku University. At the age of 21, he was already a “Landau and Lifshitz” or “Landafshitz”.These books famous scientist; he was offered to work for best cover undergraduate as well as graduate-levels physics European Universities. However, he declined all of them texts. Lev Landau co-authored the volume 1-3 and 5-8. because of his utmost belief—the best science in the world was only in the USSR[1]. 1. The first volume of the series, “Mechanics” in English was first published in 1960. In this book, the authors have described solely the dynamics of particles and of rigid bodies and the method of development. The authors have presented succinct presentation of Newtonian dynamics. 2. The second volume of the series is “The Classical Theory of Fields”. In this volume, the authors have summarized the features of the classical theory of electromagnetic field and the general theory of relativity, in neat and compact form, which theoretical physicists should know. The book mostly deals with purely formal derivation rather than mathematically rigorous treatment. 3. The third volume of the series is “Quantum
Lev Landau (left) with Evgeny Lifsitz [2] Mechanics: Non-Relativistic Theory”. In the book, the authors have presented an excellent introduction Landau as an Author to the ideas and the applications to atomic Landau contribution’s to theoretical physics is phenomena of non-relativistic quantum phenomena. enormous. He independently co-discovered the density 4. The fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth volume of the matrix method in quantum mechanics, the quantum series are “Statistical Physics”, “Fluid Mechanics”, mechanical theory of diamagnetism, the theory of “Theory of Elasticity” and “Electrodynamics of superfluidity, the theory of second-phase transition, the Continuous Media” respectively. Besides the Course theory of Fermi Liquid, the Ginzburg- Landau theory of of Theoretical Physics, Landau has written several superconductivity, The Landau pole in quantum other books like, What is Relativity? electrodynamics, the two component theory of neutrinos It is said that Landau composed much of the series in etc. his head while in an NKVD prison in 1938-1939. In addition to this, he was a great physics text book However, almost all of the actual writing of the early author. Landau believed that the thick books are volumes of the book was done by Lifshitz. This gave rise cemeteries of ideas. Therefore, he received required to the equivoque “not a word of Landau and not a knowledge from foreign scientific journals. As to thought of Lifshitz” [4]. Landau couldn’t finish the scientific articles, he read the research objective and the series because of his tragic accident in 1962. However, result only, and skipped the middle part: “All I need to Lifshitz with the help of other authors completed the know from the author is what he does; how to do it, I series.Lev Landau died in 1968 from the complication of know better”. After reading the objective of the articles, the accident but the Course of Theoretical physics by Symmetry XIII (2019) 17
Lev Landau and Evgeny Lifshitz has seen countless Research in Blood reprints until now. The Lenin Science Prize was awarded Lev Landau’s mother, Lyubov Veniaminovna Harkavi jointly to Landau and Lifshitz for their Course of (born 1876), was trained in medicine and she had Theoretical 푃ℎ푦푠𝑖푐푠 [5]. undertaken work in Physiology. She met a man of her dream, David Lvovich Landau (born 1866), during her holiday visit to Switzerland. David was a petroleum engineer in Baku, a rich man and sworn bachelor. They both were Jewish and fell in love despite of their significant agedifference [6]. The character of David and Lyubov were quite opposite. David was impassive and restrained, and never raised his voice while Lyubov was lively, irascible and excitable. But the two opposite were compatible and often complement each other.
Lev Landau with his parents, the 1930’s [1]
They were married in 1905 and settled in Baku, where David used to work. Despite of ban for Jews to settle there; Lyubov was not only able to obtain a residence permit, but also graduate from the Women’s
Medical Institute, while working for its Department of Physiology. She did all these works in between the birth of their daughter Sonya on 8 August 1906 and their son Lyova (Known as Lev) on 22 January 1908. Even after getting married, giving birth to two children and devoting a great deal of time raising them, she was able to do research and publish articles in scientific journals, which was quite rare that time. He also wrote books on medicines. Landau’s father David was no less, in addition to his work as an engineer; he undertook research, wrote scientific papers and published them. David was also a highly competent mathematician. He taught mathematics to Landau during his early years.
References [1] https://russkiymir.ru/en/publications/251919/ (Accessed on November 2020). [2] http://matematicaeducativa.com/foro/viewtopic.php?t=1529 (Accessed on November 2020). [3] https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Course_of_Theoretical_Physics (Accessed on November 2020) [4] A. Z. Capri, From Quanta to Quark: Anecdotal History of Physics, World Scientific: 112 (2007). [5] From Nobel Lectures, Physics 1942-1962, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1964. [6] E. Ryndina and A. Gill, Family Lines Sketches in the Portrait of Lev Landau, Physics Today 57(2), 53-60 (2004).y.
Cover of Course of Theoretical physics book’s 8 volumes [3]
Symmetry XIII (2019) 18
COVER STORY - 7
Superconductivity and Landau: Success Inside Failure
Bikash Sapkota M. Sc. (Physics), Fourth Semester, CDP, TU, Kirtipur ABSTRACT Lev Landau was awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physics for his development of a mathematical theory of superfluidity and he is the only Nobel Prize Winner in history who was awarded Nobel Prize in hospital. In addition to this, Landau was a great text book author and is famous for his Course of Theoretical Physics. It is a well known fact that the research implausible for a conductor to suddenly switch off all the environment plays a vital role in scientific discoveries. interactions at the transition temperature [2]. He, then The same thing happens in the case of superconductivity formulated the theory by expanding the free energy of too. Once H. Kamerlingh Onnes liquefied Helium, it the system (F) in powers of the current j: became possible to reach at the very low temperature of F(j) = F(j = 0) + aj2 / 2 + bj4 /4 (1) that time [1]. He used this as an environment for which became seed for the famous Ginzburg-Landau Mercury and achieved a mesmerizing phenomenon- theory. Despite being wrong, this false theory seems to superconductivity, where the resistivity of mercury have inspired Landau to formulate the widely known suddenly dropped to null after some critical temperature Landau theory of phase transition, and hence Ginzburg- of 4.19K. Another independent property of Landau theory. superconductors i.e. Meissner effect was only recognized later in 1933, which shows the superconductors exhibit a state of perfect diamagnetism. Trying to explain these two properties of phenomena: null resistivity and perfect diamagnetism, London brothers proposed a first near phenomenological theory which successfully able to describe the type-I superconductors with the concept of penetration depth [1]. More importantly, it opened the broader area to explain these phenomena. Before the famous microscopic theory of superconductivity: BCS theory, there was another macroscopic phenomenological theory which Ginzburg-Landau (GL) Theory: successfully explained the type-II superconductors. This Vitaly L. Ginzburg and Lev D. Landau thought new phenomenological theory is a modification of that there is a phase transition between the normal and Landau’s theory of second order phase transition treated superconducting state, and formulated the Ginzburg- with Schrodinger wave function [1]. It considered the Landau theory from the concept of order parameter of existence of penetration depth of London along with Landau’s second order phase transition. The order coherence length. We call this theory as Ginzburgh- parameter is represented, here, as Ψ which is the Landau (GL) theory which is discussed later in this effective wave function of the superconducting electrons. article. This order parameter vanishes above the critical temperature Tc in normal state whereas it becomes non- Success Inside Failure: zero below Tc in superconducting state. Furthermore, they stated that the |Ψ|2 gives the n i.e. superconductive In science, even the failed experiments and theories s electron density of the superconducting electrons [3, 4]. make foundation for the successful ones. Ginzburg and Landau defined the free energy density for Superconductivity is the field where many legends of a superconductor near the critical temperature (Tc) in the theoretical physics like Albert Einstein, Neil Bohr, absence of magnetic field as a function of Ψ as [3]: Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, Rechard Feynmann, etc. failed, not surprisingly, Lev D. Landau also [2]. In 1933, F = F + α|Ψ|2 + (β/2)|Ψ|4 (2) Landau proposed that superconductors should not be s0 n0 considered as perfect conductors with the basis of fact where, α and β are phenomenological parametes which that the resistivity right above critical temperature T is c may depend on temperature, and F is the free energy of still finite. His argument was that a perfect conductor n0 normal state. requires that the inverse of scattering time should jump discontinuously from finite value to zero and it is highly Symmetry XIII (2019) 19
free energy density vs order parameter Ψ from equation (2) [4].
GL said that the free energy density in the presence of time dependent magnetic field H changes from the field independent as [3],
2 4 * FsH = FnH + α|Ψ| + (β/2)|Ψ| + (1/2m ) |{-iħ ∇- * 2 2 (e /c)A}Ψ| + H /(8π) (3) Numerical Simulation of Landau and Ginzburg Model [5]
Here, the second last and last term respectively gives the The value of ϰ which determines either the kinetic energy density and magnetic energy density. A is superconductor is type-I or type-II. If ϰ<1/√2, then the magnetic vector potential. Landau and Ginzburg pointed superconductor is of type-I, and if ϰ>1/√2, then it is out that this e* and m* in (3) might be equivalent to the type-II [4]. The idea of type-II superconductivity was charge and mass of electron, however, it turned out that, there in the GL theory as it is associated with negative these terms represents the charge and mass of cooper surface energy density for ϰ>1/√2, but Ginzburg and pair. Landau did not stated this in their theory. Through the Landau and Ginzburg gave the two equations which GL theory, the mechanism of type-II superconductor was are called the Ginzburg-Landau equations. The first GL given by Alexie Abrikosov in 1957. equation can be obtained by minimizing the free energy density given in (3) with respect to order parameter Ψ Conclusion which is somewhat similar to time dependent Even there is microscopic theory (BCS theory), due to Schrodinger equation. Meanwhile, the second GL the simplicity of Ginzburg-Landau theory, it became the equation, can be obtained by minimizing (3) with widely used model for theorist and experimentalist to magnetic vector potential A, gives the expression for deal with the complexity of superconductivity [5]. supercurrent density Js. The GL equations are [4]: Hence, in the development of theoretical concept in superconductivity, Landau’s contribution can not be 2 * * 2 αΨ + β|Ψ| Ψ+ (1/(2m )) {-iħ ∇- (e /c)A} Ψ=0 (4a) disregarded. and, * * * * *2 * Js=(-ie ħ/(2m )) (Ψ ∇Ψ – Ψ∇Ψ ) - (e /(mc)) Ψ ΨA (4b) References: [1] Beasley, M. R. (1989). A History of Superconductivity. In One can obtain the Ginzburg-Landau coherence length Advances in Superconductivity (pp. 3-15). Springer, Tokyo. (ξ) from the first GL equation (4a). This coherence [2] Schmalian, J. (2010). Failed theories of superconductivity. length gives the spacial variation of order parameter Ψ Modern Physics Letters B, 24(27), 2679-2691. i.e., [3] Ginzburg, V. L., & Landau, L. D. (2009). On the theory of
ξ(T)=[ħ2/(2m*|α|)]1/2 (5) superconductivity. In On Superconductivity and Superfluidity (pp. 113-137). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
[4] Hübener, R. (2001). Magnetic flux structures in In the weak magnetic field, the penetration depth, which superconductors: extended reprint of a classic text (Vol. 6). describes the depth of penetrating magnetic field, is Springer Science & Business Media. * 2 *2 1/2 [5] Goodstein, D., & Goodstein, J. (2000). Richard Feynman and the λ(T)=[m c /(4πe ns)] (6) history of superconductivity. Physics in Perspective, 2(1), 30-47 The ratio of penetration depth to the coherence length gives the Ginzburg-Landau parameter (ϰ), i.e.
ϰ=λ(T)/ξ(T) (7)
Symmetry XIII (2019) 20
COVID-19: A Reminder to the World COVID-19 Experience of Our Students Amrit Nepal, First Semester
My Online Classes and Painful COVID-19 The year 2019 brought a world wrenching Devendra Singh Dhami, Third Semester problem that has halted the world. People have been
Corona virus disease facing time and again such problems but this has given a (COVID-19) is most serious challenge to humankind. communicable contagious No one had thought that a respiratory and vascular minuscule virus would create disease. The corona virus such havoc. The virus named makes environment of fear in COVID-19 spread so rapidly society. People cannot meet that WHO declared it as a each other, due to this dieses pandemic. Since then, people are many option in social work facing tough times and coping have been stopped. with lots of integrity and Lockdown have affected every stage of daily food and strength. goods supply due to which makes hunger and poverty in Problems keep coming in life but one has to face society and it had played most effective role in economic them and move on with life. This COVID-19 pandemic condition of country. Farmers are compelled to dump spread rapidly as it is a contagious disease. So people milk and vegetable. People cannot exchange their goods locked themselves in their homes to avoid any chance of & customs to foreign country. Nepal being the most being infected. This was also the recommendation from remittance dependent country, during this time millions the WHO and I also followed the same. I restricted of labor are jobless. This had led to sudden price hike, myself from going to crowded places and took good care black marketing and shortage of produces in local of my health. I enjoyed the company of my family and markets etc. It has massive effect on tourism sector helped each other with household chores. I had been because of international flights were band. Government active on social media with friends and relatives to of Nepal has closed all education institutions, postponing remain in touch with them and encouraged one another in of all national level exams. Most of the parents are this difficult time. I had been maintaining a strict social worries about their children's education and future. Their distance whenever I had to be socialized. This pandemic school education has been halted until the further notice. has challenged the economy of the world as well. We Recently I am enjoying online classes conducted have been going through an economic crisis in the by CDP. It has been more than 9 months of lockdown country and many have difficulty hand to mouth daily. there is no sign of getting back to normal which has leads Our family had some savings for such emergency full stop in the future of students like me but I am very conditions and we had been utilizing that for our daily happy to that CDP has provided online classes in such needs. So we have tackled this pandemic economically as pandemic situation also, which are really helpful and well. productive I have never thought I can learn in this way All the educational institutes were closed due to but CDP make it possible and with the help of these strict lockdown. But the process of learning should be classes under the guidance of respected teachers I have continued. Where there is a will, there's a way. There learned many new things. My classes were much fulfill came the importance of online learning. I couldn’t attend and I am thankful to our respected teachers for that they my university classes in person so I had been taking give me chance to experience of online classes, online online classes. Certainly, the method was not as effective exams, viva and seminar etc. as the classes in person but also, it made us learn online In this pandemic situation I haves passed my through different mediums and made us technically days out by reading books, writing notes, teaching sound in using different computer software. Another children in village and some time to playing football, advantage was that we could access academic materials volleyball etc. There is no option other than looking here anytime and interact with teachers and friends about and there so this is too much time to seek a something academic topics safely in such a pandemic time. The new. assignments were sent through emails and exams were No one is glad with this Covid-19. Everyone taken online. This provided us with a new experience of wants to be in their work. Many people's are in pressure online learning which could be a new revolution shortly. on their own field. Now we have not worry too much This respiratory disease has changed the normal life of about it because, number of researches' are doing on it people and reminded humankind that personal and and many vaccines are tasting, which makes this community hygiene is a must. It has impacted poor condition normal and beautiful but we should have to people for daily hand to mouth and that has been a take care and suggest to infected people to take caution serious concern. This pandemic also reminded us that the and follow the rule. Whatever the situation we have not bonding of family is just what we live for. Again, it has go back from our target. given the time to nature to heal itself due to the lockdown and shutting down of different industries. All in all, this Symmetry XIII (2019) 21
pandemic has allowed us to learn new things and take a substantial achievement of TU. We often use MS Team, break from the busy life, come together and enjoy family Zoom, Google Classroom and Google Meet for the life again. reference of our online study. Teachers have contributed fully as they could share and teach through online Pandemics and Its Effects system. It was difficult to learn initially because this kind Asmita Pudasainee, First Semester of learning system hadn't been conducted before. However, I have learned the necessaries with the help of Due to increase in population, enhancement of teachers and friends which made easier during this urbanization and increasingly interconnected world, we outbreak. It would be more effective in near future. have faced risks either disasters or pandemics. Many We also could analyze this pandemic as an disasters and pandemics were disseminating informative resource. It raised the feelings of self- intermittently across the dependency that we should have and we could find out globe like Ebola, Cholera, any solution against whatever the problem is created. It Russian Flu etc., the new taught that the solidarity is more important across the species of virus known as globe. Novel Corona virus named Sanitizing with soap water and keep wearing SARS-Cov-2 was first masks are essential while going outdoor as the safety reported by officials in measures. The masks have exorbitantly exceeded the Wuhan city, China, in usual price significantly which is actually a black December 2019, marketing. Lots of people have gotten black money on subsequently called as the behalf of this black market. The hospitals haven't Covid-19. This kind of virus has the capacity to issued to admit the patients which aren't even tested disseminate fast through the air which spread out across positive due to the fear of contagiousness and if were so, the globe. In the concern of Nepal, the first case was expensively high charges if they admit. These kinds of confirmed on 23 January, 2020 when a 31-year-old exploitations or social evilsare not actually gone which student who had returned to Kathmandu from Wuhan. have added more problems together with covid-19. Due to this pandemic, our country had hit adversely in social, economic and academic aspects. I am Asmita Pudasainee from Gorkha district and I had faced Covid-19: Impacts and opportunities adversely in social, economic and academic aspects. This Dhiraj Ghimire, Fourth Semester crisis has exposed many inadequacies in our quality life. Everything was happening at its own pace. Life In the social aspect, maintaining the distances only even was going as it was, and the paths I took to lead my life when we get together is compulsory. This catastrophe were almost the same. Go to classes, take notes, and has mitigated the involvement on the social communities prepare for the exams. I am studying in the fourth and neighbors. It has gradually soared the large distance semester, and it's the last with neighbor and other people. Meanwhile, the scarcity semester of my Master's in different food stuffs has risen and if available it has degree. I was very excited been exorbitant. After the cases increased in Nepal, the about the upcoming days as lockdown and home-quarantine had taken into account I was very near to grab the and I returned back to my home from Kathmandu. In one certificates and pursue my of the senses that it has led to be together with my family dreams. My dreams are and spending time that I haven't anticipated. In this time, infinite, and I think that I'm I have helped my family somehow like physically and not only the one with economically. I have indeed the job of teaching in school infinite dreams as Physics at this period which has contributed some relief in the is a subject with many economic aspect in my family. My study has been possibilities. However, life influenced badly when the new session 2077 was started. doesn't always go as The classes are completely halted for couple of months. planned as it has many uncertainties. Covid-19 pandemic After that as an alternative, the online study has been struck all the sectors and academic sectors were not the initiated which is unprecedented. It was arduous to learn excuse. Board examination of Master's third semester initially. With the help of teachers and friends, navigated postponed just two days before the prescheduled date due in the prosperity of online teaching and learning would to the lockdown. Covid-19 was spreading at a very be more proficient for future study. Although, we have unprecedented rate in the world and the cases were faced socially, economically and academically, we have increasing in Nepal too. Everyone locked down continuously struggled to beat these kinds of problems. themselves in their home and every socio-economic At the starting of online classes, our department has sector was severely affected. I felt like every hope of provided the orientation class through the zoom link. parents, society, and myself went in vain. Everything was After that, TU has provided the institutional id for each likely to be delayed, my degree, and my career. and every student under concerned. It is regarded as a Symmetry XIII (2019) 22
Where there is a will there is a way. Our followed like social distance, personal cleanliness, professors proved it. When everything was uncertain, the etc.Everyone suffered from Covid-19 but as a student, light of hopes arose from our Department – the online difficulties were in academic and economic field. We classes. Though it was in practice for several years in used social media and internet to communicate with our different foreign universities, it was very new for us. friends and relatives to exchange news, feelings, ideas, Online classes were not my cup of tea at the beginning, etc. We were connected socially with others through but with days passing, it proved to be a very efficient different means of communication. We did not let our way for learning. I started to grasp it and it entertained relationship and emotions to fade away. Since we have me after struggling for some days. Along with the fewer options for income and time should be spend on studies, the terminal exams were also conducted through study, we moved toward home town and spent time with online mediums and it was very exciting. Though we family. We ran all our essential activitiesfrom our home. were familiar with open book examination as our Coordination between teachers, administration and respected professor Dr. Binil Aryal made it habitual in students, we were able to continue our study and avoid our department but open book online examination was academic loss. Since then us struggled to fight against quite unfamiliar. It was quite hasty at the beginning but it Covid -19 and finally felt that we found a way to go became familiar in a very short period. Now, our courses through this pandemic and make our livelihood easier. for the fourth semester are very near to the end and the With the outbreakof Covid-19, educational third - semester board exam is also pending. I think it's institutions were forced to stop its activities. An chaotic to study for the board exams of both semesters alternative method of learning was needed. Availability but it's manageable as we have learned to adjust and of internet and development of different program manage in this pandemic. software like Zoom, Google Meet, Microsoft Team, etc. I think it's unfair to point out only the we got a hope of getting education through online disadvantages of Covid-19 pandemic. It has digitized us, classes. Different schools and colleges started online our universities, and has built up a new insight into classes and Government of Nepal ran different classes learning and working. The conventional practice of the through different media. Our department of physics made teaching-learning process is overthrown by it. I got the a decision to flourish knowledge through online classes chance to attend several seminars and webinars and till date we are benefitted from it. We are able to take organized by different organizations, universities, and my exams and online classes through internet using department too. It has helped to broaden my mind and Zoom.Difficulties like weak connectivity and purchase of kept motivated. I could also engage myself in several net packs, we are quite happy that we are able to continue other activities for which I got no time in the pre- our study in this harsh condition of Pandemic. Different pandemic period. To sum up, it has given time for me problems arisedbut we are tackling with the problems and for building self-control and inner strength on me quite easily and trying our best to get maximum from the which I have thought to be the biggest achievement. online learning. It is our responsibility to extract our best The world has faced tough times due to the from online learning and go through this pandemic with pandemic; it has also given better insight to opportunities fruitful results. and our shortcomings. I hope the pandemic ends soon but Every difficult situation brings new ideas and the lessons we have learned from this pandemic will thoughts. Covid -19 taught us many things and changed always help us remain motivated. Always be prepared for the way of living. I remembered Darwin’s theory of the uncertainties! natural selection and balance in the food cycle. We human have really exploited nature and modified it We, Students & the Battle according to our need. Nature is too important and we Against Covid-19 should obey the laws of nature. We saw that disease do Durga Bhattarai, First semester not discriminate anyone and affect everyone. Prevention is better than cure .The world is shifted towards online Well known to every Homo sapiens, a huge learning. We knew to use latest software programs, disaster (a pandemic) struck to mankind as an infectious devices and gadgets. It taught us that we should be disease caused by virus together every time because such pandemic can only be SARS-CoV-2 and was tackled with the joint effort of world. We are running for named as covid-19. It was the success but they are useless until they are obtain first reported in China on while performing betterment of nature and mankind.I 31st December 2019and got a lesson that the organic food that is produced in first case in Nepal was nature are far better than man made food and know reported on 23 January. importance ofmedicinal herbs. The best thing I think we Since then we faced earned during this pandemic is people’s joint effort lockdown and confined towards the pandemic. All people forget their anger, ourselves inside the house. greediness, status, etc and became together against We were disturbed by pandemic. The lost mankind is back and is precious to Covid-19 in every sector. Different safety measures were all of us. Symmetry XIII (2019) 23
It’s time to analyze the conditions due to Nepal has to enhance testing and strengthen tracing, pandemic. The first thing is to get rid of the pandemic. isolation, and quarantine mechanisms and care of The pandemic taught us many lessons. We have to COVID-19 patients as it is in a risk zone because of the understand our weakness, faults and correct it within comparably weak health system. The Corona virus shows time to avoid in future. The lost mankind should be us how terrible it really is to waste our lives, embroiled in brought back protecting nature. Today’s demand is to endless battles for wealth and status and power. The perform experiment and research for sustainable pandemic has revealed a vast sea of kindness and development.Covid -19 is not a curse but it is a way to generosity in our communities around the world. It has learn new things correcting our mistakes for bright future led to countless acts of selfless heroism in hospitals and ahead. care homes. It has impelled many of us to use our greatest strengths to serve our greatest purposes, COVID – 19, A Global Challenge suddenly giving our lives new, and inspiring meaning. Indira Adhikari, Fourth Semester Global Pandemic: A New Experience The COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically Jeevan Poudel, First Semester changed everyday life across the globe. It has also sparked fears of an economic crisis and recession. With its first outbreak in Wuhan, China, Coronavirus Lockdowns, Social distancing, self-isolation and travel Disease has now spread almost all across the globe, thus, restrictions have lead to a reduced workforce across all being listed as a global economic sectors and pandemic. Keeping aside the caused many jobs to be lost. health complications, this Schools and Colleges have pandemic also has direct closed down. We skipped impacts on socio-economic, getting together during academic, cultural and many festivals instead shared other aspects in day to day important events through life of a human, mainly due to online media. As a student the safety measures to be it’s really been hard to cope followed for the prevention of with this situation because transmission of the virus. The many exams are pending. world has faced many Economically we have no pandemics earlier than this option than hoping that things will get better. but COVID-19 has been the first experience of pandemic Before, online learning was limited to searching for many of us. for materials in search engines only. After this pandemic, For myself, Impact of this pandemic has mostly we had online classes as well. We also experience online been in social and academic aspects rather than open book exam. We used to hear about online classes in economic, not a surprising thing for a student. Always Foreign Universities only. In a way online classes are encouraged to be a social being, I had never thought that interesting and I take this opportunity to thank our entire I would hear the word ‘’Social distancing’’ almost from department for their sincere hard work to continue the everyone and everywhere. Social ceremonies were to be studies despite difficulties. We attend many seminars by performed maintaining social distancing rules and with Professors from various Universities all over the World. I minimum number of people as possible. My cousin would like to say that we are trying our best to cope with sister’s marriage, which used to be discussed often as a the new way of teaching and learning. joke when whole family were together during festivals, I think I learn to be more patient. Time again which was supposed to be the most memorable moment showed that it’s the most powerful thing. All we can do in our family was also conducted under similar is go according with the time. Charles Darwin in survival circumstances. Not being able to even attend it had left a of fittest, gave as an example "a plant on the edge of a bitter feeling among family members and relatives. But desert" struggling for moisture. Likewise with no the realization that how it had been for so many people effective treatment options, survival against the corona who were not able to see their loved ones even in their virus infection depends completely on our immune final moments of life had left me in despair. response. We need to be physically active and mentally On the academic side, the inception of online strong too. The Covid-19 pandemic highlights the education system (probably first time in Nepal) by importance of global cooperation. It shows us with Central Department of Physics has proved to be fruitful crystal clarity that all of humanity is in the same boat. for us not only in the sense that it has saved us time but Since the virus can be defeated somewhere only when it also for it has opened a vast space of possibilities. We is defeated everywhere, it has compelled us to work could just attend various seminars covering wide range of together beyond our nation, culture, class or religion. topics online which might not have been possible to do in We are currently in the midst of a worldwide person. It has enabled us to learn new concepts and think trial that has changed our lives beyond recognition. on creating new ideas. Personally, it hasn’t been that hard Symmetry XIII (2019) 24
for me to attend online classes, but still the lack of text Everyone is equally vulnerable and equally wonderful. I books has created some problems. Studying PDF files or have surely learned to value human life and how much e-books requires constant exposure to mobile/laptop love and respect it deserves. screens. Making hand notes of every class also requires exposure to screens as well as it is time consuming. I feel An Exam for Whole Humanity & no need to mention electrical problems as PDF files and Me as a Student mp4 files are made available. However, it would have Kamal Pandey, Fourth Semester been a pleasure to study in the department itself along with friends and under direct guidance of teachers, online It was March 22, 2020 I suddenly compelled to classes aren’t even that harsh. It has given us an move to my home from Kathmandu which is about 350 opportunity to learn in a way which might even be the km southwest from the capital city i.e. my beloved future of our education system. And, it’s simply better to village Birgha, Syangja; due to the Covid-19 pandemic. carry on with learning assuring the safety of everyone With the strange feeling and thought in mind that it will during the pandemic than to spend idle time. end in next one or two week, I was there with my two As it is said “there are two sides to every coin’’, physics books and some of the pandemic also has provided a new perspective to my personal stuff. At that observe the world around. The only known ways to time there was not so much combat COVID in earlier phases are washing hands, self- risk about covid-19 but few isolation and drinking hot water. Also, exposure to days later every newcomer sunlight has been linked with increased covid-19 from other cities, recovery rates. In lack of certified medicines/vaccines, countries/villages into my traditional herbs like Tinospora cordifolia (Gurjo), village were compelled to Curcumin, Achyranthes aspera (Apamarga) etc. are what test their health before we could afford as medicine. These are not going to the entering by government. long-term solution to this pandemic but still it has made There was a kind of fear in us remember the phrase ‘stick to your basics during hard everyone's mind that it is so times’’. What I mean here is, Nature holds essential much risky and could take elements that we might not have taken seriously till now. our life due to different kind of news about death about Organization concerned with Nature should now be thousands of people around world.But there was not so focused on activities rather than slogans only. Root much effect since everyone would know a single causes of environmental degradation should be identified newcomer & there was nothing to worry up to that date. and eradicated permanently. On the other note, our world So I was in my own world of joy with my family and has seen huge advancements in science and technology. peoples especially with my cousin.Me along with my We do have Spaceships, Robots, Nuclear weapons and parents worked hard in our farming land. Which in return many more but this pandemic has taught a great lesson provided the fresh vegetables & crops like corn, rice etc. on where we need to shift our focus. It’s not like medical Our hard work reduced our expenses for food and sector hasn’t seen any advancements but still it requires increased fun. Since school was closed kids were having more resources, researches, funding and focus than it has fun with their family.And I also managed time to read got till now. my books and there was online class in morning for three Above all, Covid-19 pandemic has provided me to four hours. I used to learn from peoples there, google enough time to study society and myself. Before and books also. pandemic, society, in my understanding, was only a One of the major problems about my online group of people whom I don’t need to care about. But learning was connectivity. Due to irregularity of the this pandemic has given enough time to observe what connectivity, electricity and no wireless connection (Wi- they hold. I have seen people struggling physically, Fi) at my home I used to take the online classes through economically and emotionally. People separated with the data pack provided named as e-learning pack from loved ones in time of need and not being able to express the Telecom companies. I used to get 20 GB data at physical love, kindness and compassion. Even these Rupees 310-350 for a month which helped me a lot. I feel activities could cause illness. Now I have realized the lucky that I got an overwhelming support from my difference on what I used to think and what it actually is. family at that time. Humans are connected not only on social but also on With every hardship there comes always a emotional level. We do feel sad when others are suffering hidden opportunity. Firstly, I loved so much about and cherish the moment when one comes out of it. pandemic was it provided me a time of six months which Simply watching a person getting able to walk on his own was the longest time I spent with my family since last 10 after recovering from illness could bring a great sense of years. Secondly, I became clearer about my concept in pleasure in you. This pandemic has compelled me to physics and other aspects of my life. I was amazed at that rethink what do I value in life? What do I cherish? And time when I realized that whole branch of physics almost how uncertain is my life. I have learned what it converged into a very small 4x4 chess board like means to be free, to be with loved ones, to live in society. structure plus Higgs boson called: standard model. I Symmetry XIII (2019) 25
never used to feel alone when I have a subject matter of hand, students were little confused with the process of my interest to work on. online learning as they were guided towards the less At last, "every new problem invites the new participatory environment of learning as they were far opportunity" which tests our flexibility, emotional from physical interaction with teachers which eventually boundary, thought process and our ability. In this way, I created a less hard-working habit of students. It also think I passed my new exam of pandemic that no paper affected the health of students and teachers both as they exam can teach me. Which made me stronger both spend most of their time on laptops, mobiles creating eye thoughtfully and emotionally? problems. Even though, online learning and e-classes developed the skills of accessing online materials and COVID-19: Disease-X? assisted in online research related to learning which Sujan Basnet, First Semester reduced the unproductive use of internet and e-materials which started new era of learning and teaching. An unknown This disease created an environment of despair disease emerged in the first challenging humanity in this modern world of science half of December, 2019 in and technology but effort on finding cure of this disease Wuhan city of China which humanity learned and earned something new about our became worldwide life and our knowledge. This disease taught or showed a pandemic infecting millions path towards the life of future economy, learning through of people resisting all virtual medium to continue our life and expand our known treatments. Short knowing about diseases and social, statistical complexity after its emergence, WHO of our highly populated world. This fatal disease started a found out that the new beginning of modern treatment techniques and devastating disease baffling virtual medium like internet to connect human lives for humanity was caused by a particular virus similar to its smooth running. corona virus and named it COVID-19. This disease At last, I thought of this disease as challenge to mainly affects lungs resulting difficulty in breathing, humanity created all by human behaviors towards nature pneumonia etc. It spreads from person to person through which is providing a new opportunity to improve lives sneezing droplets, saliva and by touching nose, eyes and creating alternative way to live life and advance our mouth with hands after touching virus contaminated knowledge about complex human biology and social life surface. towards a secure future and humanity on earth. This disease collapsed most of the economic and financial activities worldwide resulting 1% growth in COVID-19 Pandemic: world poverty and 40-50% in Africa and Asia. It also An Opportunity in Disguise affected Nepal's economy in worst way possible as Lokendra Singh Dhami, Fourth Semester several curfews and lockdowns were done throughout the country. It mainly affected people who earn on daily Near the end of the year 2019, came the basis who lost their work and jobs because of this infamous COVID-19 pandemic that has, till now, disease. Not only economically, it also affected people infected more than 54 million socially and emotionally. Social distancing of at least 2 people and caused more than 1 meters and use masks prevented somehow from disease million deaths, worldwide. but it resulted in social despair and far from physical Economy went down, meeting which had created adverse effect in social health unemployment went up, of people resulting increased number of suicide cases and hospitals were at the verge of other mental & physical health problems. It stopped the collapsing and no human was social, religious and other gatherings which degraded the untouched by its adverse lifestyle and social freedom of people. Academic areas effects. With only the also couldn’t survive from it. All schools, colleges, negativities floating around in training institutions and even universities were physically this time of crisis, can we ask, closed due to this fatal disease. Even though, alternative is it only the pain, loss, suffering and the adversities that ways like online classes and e-presentation saved some the pandemic has brought up in our lives? Here I share life of teaching and learning process. my experience (the ups and downs) with this world crisis. Academic activities almost stopped physically No any human can maintain a positive mindset due to this pandemic. Although, e-learning and online throughout his/her life and I am no exception on this. The classes engaged students and teachers to continue their pandemic have had the social, academic, economical and daily activities somehow. Both students and teachers psychological impact on my life. I had to let go off my were in difficulty to accept and cope with online learning daily routine and make new adjustments (whether I liked but continuation of those energized both. e-learning it or not was no longer a choice) to cope with this taught teachers with better graphical methods of teaching situation. For instance, I had to keep in-person meetings and student with visual conception of learning. In other with friends and relatives to the minimum. Not getting Symmetry XIII (2019) 26
the opportunity to get along with friends and relatives to mention we still need to work out on the effectiveness during this world crisis has been perhaps the most of such methods). One could get to re-watch the lectures difficult thing for me. The emotional effect of this kind and missing classes didn’t hurt much. This, in turn, of social isolation was that an empty void filled up helped everyone to learn at his/her own pace, which I myself and I no longer possessed the ability to live my think, is very helpful. Getting in touch (online, of course) life to its fullest potential. I tried to minimize this with professors was quite easy as everyone was almost adversity by meeting them online, which helped to calm always online and one would get an instant reply for the the situation down, but of course wasn’t as effective as question he/she asked. This has helped us a lot to the in-person meetings. Another big change that I had to strengthen teacher-student relationship which is a pre- encounter was with learning method. Everything had to requisite for effective learning process. Another thing be done online and on a smartphone/computer screen. that was helpful was that many things that used to require This was a quite challenging task because I had to physical presence could now be done online in a bare completely change the way I used to read and write minimum time with no hassles. Things like online within a matter of days and it was painstakingly hard to banking, online bill payments (electricity, telephone, learn & understand everything from a screen. My eyes internet, etc.) made life easier for me. Online business would often get hurt and I had to abandon reading from a got a massive boom due to the pandemic and it was now screen. The good old way of sitting in a classroom and more reliable than ever to order things online.(I brought listening to a lecture (with an opportunity to engage in some gadgets that were required for online learning like fruitful discussions often followed by friends pulling out smartphone, headphone, etc. through online marketplace jokes that made learning a fun task to do) was no longer a Daraz.) thing. Whiteboards were replaced by presentation slides It is a fact that COVID-19 pandemic has put the and professors could only provide a verbal answer to the world into a crisis and every human being has been question you asked because they no longer had affected by it one way or another. Thus, it is quite natural whiteboards and marker to demonstrate what it is that and understandable to think of this as a world disaster they are trying to communicate. My eyes searched that nobody wanted. But as a fact about life, things desperately for paper books that one could read with happen inevitably whether we like it or not and it is upon fewer distractions (pop-up notifications on the us to accept the things as they are, readjust ourselves to smartphone made it very hard to concentrate while the new changes and ultimately move on in order to reading). Constant power cuts and unreliable internet thrive in this world and build a successful life out of it. made matters worse. Restarting the router every now and Perhaps, this pandemic can teach us a lesson that things then to get back the internet connection was like a daily can change instantly and abruptly in front of our eyes and routine. If electricity went off in the middle of Zoom we should be always ready to cope with new situations class, then I had to get off the computer, subscribe to a whether we like it or not. Also, we should be thankful of data pack on the smartphone and rejoin the class. This small things like talking to a relative or a friend, sitting in was quite irritating thing to do because it would take a classroom in the college, etc. causetomorrow morning, several minutes to rejoin the class and I would have lost a maybe we won’t get the opportunity to do that. Perhaps, piece of lecture due to which I would now be not able to our idea of taking everyday things for granted is wrong follow the professor for the rest of the class. Of course, and we should learn the true value of them. The Chinese my friends at remote places suffered much more than I word for crisis is made by combining two characters did. Some had no decent internet and others even had no meaning crisis and opportunity. Maybe the ancient electricity facility to their home. Economically, the world Chinese understood that the true nature of a crisis is an was struggling very hard and inflation was on the rise. opportunity in disguise. Perhaps, this is a golden Because of price hike, 100 rupees won’t even bring you opportunity to our institutions to revamp the teaching- the vegetables to prepare for the night meal and I had to learning methods and make use of the technology to rethink of ways to cut short my expenditure. This was make learning more accessible, fun and effective. This is tremendously difficult for students like me who totally also an opportunity for the students like us that are very depend on their parents for a monthly paycheck. much accustomed to the traditional methods of learning, Anyway, I was more or less trying to cope with this new to find technological ways to enhance and improve their and difficult situation. Of course, back then, it was very learning experience. At last, I think, this is an opportunity hard to maintain a positive mindset. to every human being to realize and not to forget that, In retrospect, if I try to contemplate the effects even though we live in a concrete jungle where we don’t the pandemic brought with itself, then it is no doubt that have to hunt animals to earn a living, we shouldn’t let go we can make a huge list of pain, loss, discomfort, etc. off our essential characteristic that makes us human in that we had to deal with. However, if we look at the the first place – the ability to adapt to the new change. bigger picture and take things into perspective then I We should never forget that nature, inevitably, will think there are few positive things to take away too. For always devise new challenges for any species to put them example, it was solely due to the pandemic that our into the ultimate test for the theory of evolution – colleges and universities introduced online learning survival of the fittest, because we can fool only ourselves methods that were more open and easily accessible (not but not nature. Symmetry XIII (2019) 27
Being Physically Distant and have to pay for living at home and for food as well. Socially Close Besides all of this, life was not easy. Manoj Kumar Shrestha, Fourth Semester Fortunately I had internet service in my house. I started to collect idea of online courses. Then I applied for two I’m one of those who love to watch movies a lot. non-credited courses which were very important by the I prefer science fiction with combination of action, point of view of research work on which I wanted to thriller and horror to other categories. I have watched involve in near future. I started to utilize the time by many movies that show very critical global situations learning to use some software such as Geographical caused by long term virus Information System (GIS) and programming languages pandemic. Some of these such as Python and HTML. I became certified on basic movies are Contagion, courses of these fields, hoping that it will be useful for World War Z, Resident Evil brightening my career. In addition, I met some of series, I Am Legend etc. I colleagues and discussed about going to dean office and enjoyed a lot watching these have a talk for starting online classes of fourth semester. movies. After I finished most We knew that board exam was not possible in such a of movies, those incidents terrible situation.Our plan worked and our Head sir (Prof. happening in movies used to Dr. Binil Aryal, HOD of Physics) informed us about hunt my head and make me online classes. Taking online classes was very new think, were they happened in experience for us. And it inspired us to stay closely real world? Well, reel stories connected with technology. I also got chance to have reflect real lives. Now I have got answers of my experience of open-book online exams for internal question. Actually these are answers with bitter assessments. Till today, courses of fourth semester are experience that the world has been facing right now. This almost done. And we all are waiting for the notice of experience now-a-days we call as Covid-19.I am typing board examinations of both semesters. this article today, which is 18th November 2020. I heard All these online works made us maintain about breaking of this pandemic from China before physical distance. However we are connected with twelve months, which were the early days of December friends, relatives and distant family members through 2019. At that time, I, including other colleagues of my video calls. What it shows is that we are being so closed batch, was preparing for the terminal examination of to each other socially and emotionally. I also saw some third semester of M.Sc. Physics. Sooner after that, we people helping needy people. We should maintain had to face board examination. I had exam routine on my physical distance but stay close socially, emotionally and hand and each second was important for the preparation help needy people. One thing that we should keep in our to make each paper better than those on previous mind is that we shouldn’t organize social functions such semesters. Unfortunately, before two days of the first as seminars; meetings etc. which bring people close paper of board examination, government of Nepal physically. Instead of this, it is better to use social media postponed all examinations for uncertain periods. I think just as I did for online classes, seminars and other family government did so, because it was getting pressure from functions. Before Dashain vacation, Dean Office many sectors for their safety from fast spreading Covid- published notice for admission form of fourth semester 19. I didn’t have any idea when the exam would be even though it is unable to manage for board exam of scheduled again. Some days before that, each second third semester. were important. Now I had whole day to spend without At last, whoever is reading this article, I pray for books, without meeting friends and relatives. All that I wellness of you and all of your family members. Till could do was staying whole day inside house/room. today, there is not Covid-19 patient in my family. So I’m Inside me, there was fear of board exam as well. Not also safe. Most of days, I stay at home; make contact only me, also others friends who were in contact with with friends, relatives and professors through social me, were confused whether to prepare for exam or not. media. I pray for their safety. This pandemic gave us They used to ask me, what would happen next. I had no time to understand ones’ thoughts and feelings in family. idea of future. Time began to pass slowly. My mind I think Covid-19 also wants to have friendship with us. began to run fast. Sometime my mind thought of exam, Some friends may be good, some may be bad. Let’s be sometimes of career, sometimes of future of the world aware of it, not afraid of it. and so on. Not only me, even the world didn’t have idea of overcoming this pandemic situation. Market was Personal Experience during COVID – 19 closed, educational institutions were closed, many people Nabin Bhagat, Fourth semester lost their jobs and without source of income, lives The outbreak of COVID has had a detrimental effect on became difficult all over the nation. Most of my global socio – economic and academic aspect. The first colleagues went to their home towns/villages. I was COVID patients in Nepal were identified in early locked inside the valley. When first lockdown was over, February. It had flown from Wuhan in China. Before, the some friends came back to Kathmandu. They were government declared us a Corona – free state, while worried about rent for their resident. Luckily, I didn’t cases were growing in China, Italy and then in the US. Symmetry XIII (2019) 28
However, in March a girl who fled from Qatar to Nepal COVID-19 Lockdown as an Opportunity was diagnosed with COVID and cases grew over time. to make Maximum use of Alternatives The government then imposed lockdownto prevents Nabin Bhattarai, First semester transmission to community. This harshly First of all, I would like to inform that I am from affected all of us socially, Taplejung district. Being a resident of a mountainous economically and district and not having much of impact on the academically. mountainous region of Covid-19, it did not make such a Due to pandemic significant impact on me. Even in the financial sector, the life of the people was my father and mother are government teachers, so there drastically changed. I were no problems like those in other private sector jobs myself couldn’t be out and businesses. The social sphere also remained almost from the situation. In the the same as before. Despite of difficult geography and first phase of lockdown I poor connectivity, I tried to take all the classes. I was was in Kathmandu and able to take some classes well, some were partial and was not prepared so it was quite hard for me to manage some classes could not be started due to connectivity. But money for easy survival as I had to quit my part time job somehow, I covered all the classes by collecting PDFs and the earning was totally stopped. It was time for us to and videos. At other times, I prepare for the exam but we were confused whether the helped my family in exam will be held or not. We were waiting for the exam household chores and also date.Suddenlywe got notice from our department spent time on films and headabout the starting of our next semesterclasses series in a more scientific virtually. For a while I was in dilemma whether I had to way. Overall, this pandemic continue preparation for my exam or go ahead with the had not been so complicated new syllabus. We were introduced virtual learning app for me. zoom. Initial class was not as effective as physical class When it comes to because I was in the beginning level. With time being I online learning, it had been became familiar with the function of zoom app and then very rewarding for me. In it was easy for me to grasp concept better than the my free time of lockdown, I beginning but still not up to the level. We had many had the opportunity to learn and understand albeit a little. festivals in-between like teej, Dashain,tihar, etc. which If there were no online classes, this precious time would was not as joyful as usual because we could not gather have been wasted. Learning continued even though it together due to rapid spread of corona. was not as easy as in the classroom of the campus. While Many national and international webinars were taking the online classes, I continued my learning is spite conducted by experts about different online learning app. of the problem of missing some things due to the I started diverting myself to various creative activities problem of the professor or my own connectivity and the and taking up courses that were helping me to learn new pain of looking at the screen for a long time. Sharing technical skills. By using emotional intelligence and PDFs, videos, problems and solutions of classes between distancing from boredom and depressive thoughts, I was friends was very effective for me. The discussions in the trying to cope with negative effects arising from current virtual group of friends created an environment where pandemic situation. any subject could be easily understood. The supportive This pandemic has adversely affected everyone’s behavior and good relationship between friends also lives. In addition to the usual online class of our played a significant role in my learning and department, I used to learn ArcGIS from YouTube understanding. videos. During this pandemic, to engage myself I have This pandemic also made me experience many taken little training on school psychology, GeoGebra, etc. new things. It was felt that it was changing our traditional Moreover, I recorded few videos on secondary level way of lifestyle to some extent and moving towards science and math topics which I had uploaded in my modernity. It taught students like me who are taking YouTube channel. classes in the classroom to take classes at home through Because of COVID – 19 pandemics, I have had virtual means, the tradition of queuing at banks for plenty of time to learn and implement ideas and financial transactions was pushed towards online techniques that I have learned till now. I personally took banking, and online shopping apps became an alternative this pandemic as an opportunity to keep myself busy by of crowded market to buy essential household items. This learning different online tools and techniques which pandemic had taught us easy and reliable alternatives to helped me to grow personally and professionally. There many such things. If we can apply these alternatives in is nothing certain in our life and there is no other option daily life even after the pandemic without limiting them beside adaptation so, we all need to keep ourself ready to to options only, there is no doubt that our lifestyle will face any unpredicted situation being resilient. take a leap towards modernity and science.
Symmetry XIII (2019) 29
At last, I would like to thank you all the say online learning is not effective as we think but amidst esteemed professors of the Central Department of of COVID-19 fear, lots of queries, uncertainties, future Physics including department head respected Prof. Dr. insecurities, drowning hopes and dying vigour inside Binil Aryal for continuing our understanding and mind & as mind always seeks joy and entertainment , learning even during such a pandemic. The contribution mind had been wandering here and there in social medias made by you all to make us capable and efficient by parallely depending upon how captivating the class was. working day and night even in difficult times, is very The pandemic have inspired me to handle regular much appreciated. May your goodwill and responsibility lifestyle in an organized fashion like going towards us continue to grow in the days to come. I hope morning/evening walk, taking light dinner, sleeping (9:30 that you all will continue to guide us by embracing our pm) and waking up (4 pm) early etc. I have been taking essence. I will always appreciate your contribution and lots of online classes & programs from vast diverse areas also want to express my commitment to move forward from science to spirituality. I have enhanced my Nepali without wasting your contribution. Thank You. typing speed; have been teaching GIS, Photoshop etc. also on this period. COVID-19 Pandemic: Breakdown or Waves come and go in ocean, but those who Breakthrough? know how to surf in those waves experience happiness Prakash Dawadi, Fourth Semester on that. Not immediately, but definitely the pandemic goes too, but those who know how to take good care of Growing age, increasing responsibility and physical, mental, social and spiritual health properly uncertain future! Life isn’t as expected. This pandemic is experience real zeal and enthusiasm in life. I am feeling burning epitome of it. the pandemic has enhanced my mental resilience. I feel It First time, I had heard the word ‘Corona’ on only seems breakdown, actually it’s breakthrough of new December, 2019. This virus had spread rapidly. Nepal dimension of experience. So don’t fear, just be aware!!! had gone lockdown from 23 March, 2020. My third semester exam halted for indefinite time. Fortunately, I COVID Gyaan had rushed my home city Hetadua a day before lockdown Rabina Thapa Magar, Third Semester starts. I had thought it goes just a week. Consequently, This pandamic taught us real component of without a little preparation bonding that has been connecting us since ancient time. I had left my Kirtipur’s Human tend to have nature of sharing happiness and room. The life of peoples sorrow. COVID-19 made us had suddenly changed in realize importance of family haphazard way. So do I. At and friends. Certainly many home, first week went well. people changed their Then it started to feel priority list as well. I spent boring as the government half a year with people if had been extending barely knew. I got to know lockdown further frequently. As relatively more positive people from east to western cases were found day by day, the atmosphere of fear and part of my country and anxiety had engulfed our society. All the time neighbors celebrate festivals with had talking about corona virus and lockdown sitting on different cultures. Things balcony. Children were also talking rumors about it. changed when i went back to my hometown. I was happy Sometimes I had felt so monotonous and irritated. Till that they have fear of this virus and taking precautions online classes started, I had spent time idly without even but i felt bad the way society see COVID patient. The using internet facility for first three months. I had passed hatred and discrimination are everywhere towards those periods watching television, listening my mother’s COVID patient. I don't think we need to hate someone past happy/sad hidden stories; how was her childhood, just because they have contagious disease. We can help how the mother in law had treated her after giving birth them to get through this. Besides my family everyone first infant as daughter and many more. Now I think, I was like she might have that disease don't go near her had spent quality time with her. Even though I had felt while people who were tested positive seems not to care quiet difficult to pass time. As the rent of Kirtiputr’s at all. This pandamic had impact in my economic part as room had been adding monthly, as at same time had to well because i'm a student and tutor too. As an adult I buy another laptop, as my father, brother’s job had also need to be independent and have freedom, and I strongly affected by pandemic and being middle class family, the believe being financially independent is the first step. At pandemic had sucked me economically. this stage of life, we have tons of things waiting for us Online classed started from august. Everything but first we need to be qualified person. Due to pandamic had to be studied in laptop. It felt quiet challenging situation we don't get to attend college which is making learning via online as one had to stay in front of screen so delay on graduation. much time with good concentration. On this level, I can’t Symmetry XIII (2019) 30
Distance learning is never easy but i'm trying to had never got chance to study online. We had become keep up. Going online to learn is new thing for most of member of CDP through on line. Our academic study the students. We had to spend more time in internet to was continuously running because of which we could not know the procedures. Despite the situation my teachers feel anything bad during were continuously engaged to teach and guide us. Some the peak time. We were online classes were so interesting and fruitful. As a getting motivational daughter it's still hard to study at home. Hence I had to speeches, online seminars stay at Kathmandu for online classes. When I was in which were quite able to Kathmandu, I had sufficient access to internet. Thus I got make us feel that we were chances attend different seminars both national and getting quality education. international. I found myself far behind my goal and We had also got official lacking in so many aspects. As every situation got pro email id, because of this and cons, sharing ideas through online is advantageous. pandemic we had got It's convincing to attend various online classes and opportunity to involve in seminars of our interest throughout the world. different environment of academic field than what we Being a physicist, it's important to have were familiar of. computational knowledge. Now a days programming During the beginning we had to attend single languages are becoming trendy and obligatory part. class daily so it was normal. We could complete the tasks That's why I decided to learn python. Our group of given to us in time as well as we were able to make notes friends managed to conduct online classes and learned of pdf calmly. But after midterm exam the speed of basics of python. They created such a great opportunity. classes had increased rapidly, it was difficult to cope. I'm so thankful to my department for giving me such a Simultaneously long time had elapsed, since we had been supporting friends. I believe in near future I will be out of our newly taken rooms in Kathmandu. Our mobile writing tons of research paper as I found interesting phones had also started ringing with the calls of our application called Latex. It's significantly handy and house owner. At that time, as a member of small business interesting than Microsoft word. family it made me feel hard to pay rent without staying in I was caged for six months in TU hostel. Though room for so long. I had thought it would have been better caged is not appropriate word but this situation made me if the university had taken some steps to help students by think of animals that has been caged for lifetime. This raising the voice of economic crisis of students to lockdown made me to rethink about my perception and government. views. I had time for self realization and i feel like totally All in all we had got some delighting and some new person now. For greater achievement, we need to sad emotions during the time of pandemic. Despite the have deeper hunger. So that no matter how hard the world had suffered from a serious loss of human kind and process, we will make it by our constant efforts. I'm economy. We personally had got chance to become more fortunate that I have some real close ones in such familiar with the physics professionals of Nepal in situation who love and care about me sincerely. different parts of world through on line in the pandemic situation that made our quarantine time occupied with Covid-19: Pandemic and Change positive vibes, we got chance to learn new Raju Bhusal, Fourth Semester communication channels and hope we will get more such opportunities in coming days. We are ready to continue As student of master's level, we had just joined our CDP journey on line or physically. the central department of physics. The department had published the notice of orientation to the first semester My Experience students so most of us from outside the valley had also Ramesh Jethara, Third Semester already settled in Kathmandu. We were full of energy and ready for our attendance in the department but The Corona virus, which first appeared in suddenly the covid-19 virus spread in Europe and December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, was America through china very rapidly because of which the declared pandemic by the World Health Organization on advertising of covid-19 virus had reached to peak by March 11, 2020.The virus affected more nations than means of communication media in Nepal. The ever before in World War I and II, challenging the world government was compelled to postpone SEE examination of science and technology. This had caused incomparable also. Under such condition our orientation was also damage to the social, economic and educational sectors cancelled until another notice. I personally and most of of every country and people. Human society had to us had not thought that the pandemic would last so long. maintain social and material distance to escape the I felt upset that it was just time to start masters and corona virus had really broken the chain of unity that the returned home thinking of returning soon. human community has gone through. It disturbed our After few days the condition worsens and the social fabric because we could not get close, touch or live department had prepared to conduct our classes online with our family. The coroner's view of society changed, which again brought some pleasant moment to me as I and they felt inferior because of hatred, rather than love, Symmetry XIII (2019) 31
care and support. This created a stalemate in the society. Opportunity for Self-growth The virus had created an economic recession in all Rojila Ghimire, Third Semester developing and developed country. Our country's economy was supported by remittances. Many Nepali The regular classes at the university were youths used to work abroad. Due to this virus, the labor stopped, so I thought of coming home to my family, of those Nepalese was taken away. This virus had made which could help me to cope situation in a better way. us very weak in financially as our sources of incomes, Before the announcement of lockdown, on Chaitra 9, we factory, industry, trade, agriculture etc were closed. The (my sisters and friend) with a mind full of fear, fear of corona virus caused the education sector to close. being in the crowd, fear of being affected by the virus, Schools, Colleges and Universities exams were had come home. We were ignorant about the duration of postponed. our home sitting so we hadn’t bought much stuff with us. A few days after the lockdown started in Nepal, I define myself as an introvert who loves sitting in the online teaching started in our physics department on house instead of going out. I can undoubtedly say that March 30, 2020. I participated for the first time that day. those days were, social distancing was necessary, going I didn't have internet access and didn't know how to take out of the house was dangerous, were not suffocating for classes from the zoom me. Helping my parents, playing cards with them application. I found it strengthens the family bond much deeper. Whenever I difficult to take classes missed my friends, I could give them a call. I thought of at first. There was a maintaining my Kathmandu living myself, to support my problem of parents, economically. So I had started to teach home disconnecting some tuition, which I had left because I had come home. This time after joining the created some financial pressure on me. I am an average class, not making the student, a shy one, who could not ask the doubts to a sound clear and the teacher but would discuss them with the friends after the lights went out. class. So academically, in Gradually I got used to the virtual class that it and felt more wasn’t possible. I must comfortable. I was very comfortable with the say, I could not arrangement of "Online Data Pack" to take online classes concentrate on the virtual from Nepal Telecom. I was familiar with the online classes as compared to teaching/learning applications from the second semester real ones. The loss of mid-term to the third semester mid-term. Thus over time connectivity, inability to I also became accustomed to digital learning world. All attend the class due to educational sectors of Nepal had launched the online electricity problem, was learning system which really made the educational the common problems practices convenient opening the way to new epoch. everyone faced during the online classes. For me, the Not only the corona virus, but all kinds of viruses online class was an opportunity to read from the home in and diseases are deadly to us. The Corona virus has the mother’s warmness. taught us some good lessons, even though it has harmed My hesitation to ask the teacher to clear the us in many areas. As we started teaching in Nepal doubt had increased the anxiety and irritation in the through unbelievable online mediums, everyone started mind. I always thought of attending a real class. But paying attention to personal hygiene, insisting on healthy gradually, the virtual class, made me realizes that this food, thinking that we should not run away from vulnerable situation would become beautiful, as I had problems. Also important is the fact that rising air continued both my academic and personal life. This pollution in the world was reduced during the lockdown emotion created happiness within me but online learning period. Many researches were increased in study of this was still frustrating. Googling the queries, going through virus. the book, lecture notes and Mp4 videos, discussing the During the period of lockdown in Nepal (24- doubts with friend using virtual technology help me to March to 27-June), according to the police report, the deal with that situation slowly. My sister, an MSc number of people committed suicides were 1647. Thus, student, and I started a combined discussion after every the increase in suicides rather than deaths from the virus lecture which was very helpful for us, even mentally. (approximately 0.6% of total infected) was seen as an During the online exam time, the technical problems emphasis on mental health and public safety rather than were irritating. But the way, professors, especially Head the virus. Lockdown was not the last resort. Instead, sir, Professor Dr. Binil Aryal simplified and made the various studies and research and health safety standards situation so easy was praiseworthy. set by the WHO should carry out in the educational and My decision to carry on the dissertation during economic spheres. So in this age of science and the pandemic was challenging in itself. During proposal technology, we can easily get rid of such viruses. writing, I had faced many technological problems. But, this situation built a self -confidence and had elevated the Symmetry XIII (2019) 32
belief and hope within me. Positivism and self-belief is This pandemic has proved the greatness of the most beneficial thing that began to cultivate in my farmer. I think in the race of physical development, we mind due to the pandemic. have somewhere forgotten about nature conservation. We I realized that a crisis could be an opportunity for should cherish good things. We have developed self-growth, an opportunity to spent time with loved advanced medical technology but haven’t noticed our ones. natural immune system is weakening. The corona virus shows us how terrible it really is to waste our lives, A Vast Sea of Kindness embroiled in endless battles for wealth and status and Suresh Chaudhary, First Semester power. The pandemic has revealed a vast sea of kindness and benevolence in our communities around the world. The pandemic spread of novel corona virus, also The time has come to mobilize this goodness in our known as COVID-19, within the very short span; it midst, rather than drive it to the sidelines through significantly disrupted every aspects of human life, institutions and incentive systems that reward selfishness including education. The and predatory competitiveness. alarming spread of the virus caused havoc in the Covid-19, Beginning of educational system Well Disciplinary Era forcing educational Akash Subedi, Fourth Semester institutions to shut down. In order to mitigate the Firstly, when I was preparing for the Masters impact, educational third semester board exam, I had heard some information institutions were about the Covid-19 since February 2020. At the responded to the closure beginning of the pandemic, I ignored it and I had think it differently in different is a kind of disease like common cold and fever, it will contexts with a range of impact occasionally and will spread within some city of options for students, China. It was not being limited on the boundary of china teachers depending on the resources & materials, and directly affected many countries of the world. Just available to them. In village, it wasn’t a big deal to take after two Covid-19 cases had seen in Nepal, I have been precautions to covid19 and make assure no one gets living in the rural area of Rolpa district where three infected. I was lucky to have wifi setup in no time but people has dead and had to go through online classes with mobile phone hundreds are suffering from despite of the irregular functioning of internet. The the Covid-19. We were online classes were good but lack of various elements unable to go hospital, like presence of mind (of student). Staring at mobile college, cinema, program display for almost one and half hour with paying i.e., outside our own house. attention was difficult. Big issue was being lack of Our socialism became limit learning material (text books etc) left me with no choice within our own house and but to use mobile phone to study. social media. Due to the Learning from home through online classes took direct impact of lockdown me some time to use to it. Obviously it affected my to every sector of daily life, academic performance in almost every aspect. But our economic condition continue support of teachers by providing learning became to decrease which directly affect to the economic material, home assignments engaged me with learning condition of whole nation. Unemployment was created (new) things. This was a point when I pushed myself up during this pandemic situation, so people did hard work to the limit I had never before. In this period online on barren field too. We lost our first couple of months platforms YouTube, Google and other websites were without any academic progress, right after that we were helpful to cope up with online learning. I rarely read the able to learn from online sources like Zoom, Teams. books (PDFs) since looking at the mobile for long time Beside the halted exam, we abled to run through online seemed to cause eye problems. resources in academic sector but new option for Despite of all these hardship there are a lot of economic sector wouldn’t arrive. good things I got to experience at very same time. I learnt At the pandemic our department gave us an to use technology in very different way or sense and online learning platform through zoom, teams and became familiar with few unknown stuffs there. It Microsoft office 365. These online techniques were one definitely widens the horizon of my learning or pushed and only option rather than direct physical contract. We my learning boundary towards infinite, a boundless were not left with family, we were reading, writing, learning. And moments spent with family were always meeting with friends and teacher through these online good & memorable. Spending time with school kids, techniques. They somehow helped us to remove mental learning with them made me curious and more alert stress and fear of Covid-19 from our daily life. We got an about things. encouraging and motivational speech from our professor, Symmetry XIII (2019) 33
which helped us to boom in our academic sector. We did this pandemic ruined my plan.Although things changed, I all the work like homework submission, assignment, was glad to be a part of CDP family. I truly respect the term exams etc. through online technique except some of efforts made by our teachers in online class. They the official work and lab work. Even we were used e- engaged us in studies, supported and encouraged us to signature in our documents. Indeed, online learning continue no matter what the process saved our time and it gave us a platform to be situation was. In spite of all with alternative learning process in difficult situation like these efforts it wasn’t easy covid-19. Nepal Telecom provided student learning data to adapt the method of pack which saved our money, even an average family learning the syllabus which student were abled to take the online classes, seminar, was completely new exam and all other activities that were held by professor. experience for both students Even we had done heartfelt condolence, wishing program and teachers. It was hard to of festivals through it. spend so much of time in We received an opportunity to know and work in front of laptop especially for teams and zoom apps for learning process. I got enough someone like me with time to spend with family member which I had never got myopia of more than 8. But since I passed my school level. However, togetherness I have been trying my best with family member was not everything for us (i.e. to focus on my studies and stick with my assignments master degree students). All the target and schedule were and exams. Apart from my syllabus I joined All Nepal affected bitterly. Mind had focused to the Covid-19 case Asteroid Campaign twice in this lock down period, and death rate. volunteered activities of Nepal Astronomical Society In the future we will never got that environment (NASO) and participated in Women in Science Awards what we had have faced before pandemic time. We have 2020 (WISA). chance to change our bad habit by utilizing safety To cap it off, no matter what happened or how measures of Covid-19. These solution are all known so bad it seemed, life went on. This year taught me we should not late to apply in our behavior. Certainly, alternative way to livelihood and made me realize the this pandemic will have medicinal solution rather it can importance of being there for myself mostly with the take a little bit time. Be optimistic, we will able to win mental health status. I realized that I will be valued only present fear of Covid-19 soon. by my efforts and my work. I earned confidence to express my rational thoughts and arrange my feelings. I 2020, A Year Lost and Found developed a mindset to hope and continue being grateful Diksha Neupane, First Semester for what I had. I learned and practiced healthy way of living. I became more patience with my family and saw Living through pandemic in my hometown was the importance of having balance between saving and not that tough when it comes to threats of getting virus expenditure. I realized to value every individual without from others as I live in a Patharisanischare-1, Morang of judging. So, the positive aspects of this yearwas valuable Eastern Nepal which is quite small and not that busy. But as I adapted mindfulness. there are other aspects we had to deal with such as Life has many aspects as we go through it and mental health and everyday survival mostly when we everyday will not be the same day. “Covid-19”, no one were locked down. I came home in early days when we ever thought that a virus will affect so much to the daily rarely had one or two COVID-19 patients but was not human lifestyle of the world and be so dangerous to expecting to stay for this long time. Since then I had been human life and even threat their existence. Life is hard practicing social distancing, drinking homemade syrup, sometimes, but it is more often how we get through the using mask every time I had to travel even for just few tough days. miles and been continuously sanitizing my hands and high touch area to take care of myself along with my I don’t fear anymore from now family members. I come from a middle-class family and Kalpana Kumari Chaudhary, First Semester life is always tough for us who survive in everyday earning from small business and had to close business I tried writing article and made draft. I don‘t during lockdown period. But we were coping through have laptop recently. I had also uninstalled wps office these hard days together as a family and hoping to get the app due to problem in my phone now I here in my village things back to normal soon. I attended almost every siraha internet signal is not quite well enough to reinstall online class and seminars although I had issues with my application on phone I tried many times. If this could internet connection. work, I send it as reply. I haven’t even thought of title Moreover, the saddest part for me was, will you please help me. I also want to participate in this. withexcitement to understand and rewind my concept of It goes on like this... Bachelor course, I had just joined my master’s after I don’t know from where to start as this passing entrance exam and was so eagerly waiting for pandemic have given me lot more thing for which I have orientation and welcome in the building of CDP when never expected. Free times, yes, lots of free times. Free Symmetry XIII (2019) 34
time to relax; free time to spend with my parent and my very soon we will get rid of it and our lifestyle will husband as well. Being a married women in joint family upgrade far better than today. and a mother of just four month baby, it is very hard and I have experienced fear of corona virus and it’s challenging to continue with studies but I am lucky possible consequences so closely. This whole lockdown i enough because due to this pandemic I can stay near my went my antenatal checkup. I was pregnant with six family, take care my child and Take care of my studies as month baby when lockdown was announced. I feared well. Since luck down started with the outbreak of corona when I ate, I feared when I went hospital, I feared when I virus my parents were with me 24/7 because they had slept thinking that how many of us will survive and how free times. My father never had rested a single day for so many of us will die tomorrow, I feared every single time many year not even in time of festivals so as to maintain I breathe when I read some article about it saying this our living and due to this pandemic he could rest for corona can be air spread too. I feared to drink water. I several months doing good things together, taking care feared when I went to receive help from government. I each other in family. feared what will be the situation at the time of my I took every online class using internet data delivery. Will I be corona infected? Will I be able to see packages on phone. I don’t have books notes to read the my child healthy? I feared everyday. I couldn’t took good way we studied in past but I have e-books and notes are foods due to fear of getting infected I ate only food my being shared by our department faculties as well but I parents farmed in small farm. My family(maternal) took hate studying in screen like this due to my eye strain. I care of me so much. I was far away from my husband at can’t study for very long time in mobile screen. It that time I could speak with him only on phone. I badly frustrates me too. It is true that I hardly get extra enough missed him and wanted him to be with me while I was in time to study more than of regular class times but I watch that situation. I used to cry every night before I sleep YouTube tutorials sometimes listen them and learn from missing my loving husband for hours but he couldn’t it. I love learning from YouTube videos where I can come to me due to lockdown. I used to try to be happy search for every little things I am interested to for my child but would end up crying. I can’t express my understand. I have pain and how I felt during those days...but I fought. I subscribed lots of the fought every time I fear and never loosed hope. I YouTube channels. It followed every safety majors. I also joined online classes is fun and patiently everyday. Now I am mother of 4 month old entertaining as well. healthy baby. I gave birth to my baby at the time of To say truth I have lockdown. Now I am happy, healthy and strong. I don’t replaced more of time fear anymore. by Watching YouTube tutorials in Most Beautiful Thing Discovered! places of watching Mohan Bikram Neupane, only news repeating Third Semester news channels. I am far from my relatives The present world but I have adopted was assaulted by the venal myself this way. I don’t meet my relatives, I video chat virus, Coronavirus. Myriads with them.I can’t make time to discuss text or other of people from all around the things live with my classmates but I do it other way. I world are fighting with the mail my faculties, messege them to ask question and get virus and the social, my answer or explanation in next class or I get mail. I try economical, psychological, to interact in classes as much frequent I feel it. Actually I physical, and academic believe many of my faculties are well known with my challenges. COVID-19 voice though they don’t recognise my face properly. I am pandemic vehemently participating in research activities well. Being a member spreading and intimidating to of NSWIP (national society of women in physics) I got each corner of country and societies at their core, my chance to work on projects during this vacation. family was also part of it. I was affected by many ways This pandemic has taught me the way to stay that I even do not want to remember. I came to my strong And how much my family mean to me because village one day before lockdown. I stayed in home during my hard times no one was with me more than my quarantine for 14 days. Even after the completion of parents. It really revealed the fact that everyone should home quarantine, people in society were afraid of me have patients to learn to live and stay strong even when because I had come from Kathmandu. I was in grief as I you are alone when you struggle with such pandemic. It had not met with my parents for 14 days and had to use changed my way of living so much and Way of thinking separate utensils, toilets, etc. I was unaware how long too. Now I don’t fear it so called corona virus. I am well this pandemic would continue. With days passing, my aware of it and will fight for it no matter what. I believe economic problems were increasing. There was a problem with internet installation in the house. I used to Symmetry XIII (2019) 35
do home tuition in Kathmandu. I had to left that which COCONUT IN QUARANTINE elevated by economical problem. Buying a data pack in Swastika Dahal, First Semester Ncell was expensive. The network was not good. Our Quarantine as spelling holds the lot of words so department decided to run online classes. But there was did its time period. What could make its time period so no WiFi in the house, which made me saturnine. I used to heavy then? In my opinion, there could be one word to manage the data pack but due to network breakage, I describe it perfectly- coconut. Obviously, coconut bears suffered many problems. I was not concentrating on my the hard outer covering part but if we get in its inner part, study. I could not complete my queries to professors due the fruity, milky, sweet and mushy flavor can touch the to network problems. This calamity had blocked my life thousands of taste buds shattered in our tongue. Now it from all sides. must be in everyone’s mind that, how did the coconut COVID-19 brought unprecedented challenges for link with quarantine? Well as coconut has a hard part and universities and students. This was the first time I had indescribable delicious flavours so did quarantine days ever taken online classes so I had faced some unexpected with lots of sweetness and hardness. As we were never challenges. But the situation was so worst that I had to exposed to the restrictions that were brought by the change and adjust so rapidly in the online medium. In the Covid-19, it was difficult to get through the situation and beginning days, I had faced with fears, grief, and stress. accept those facts that were non-existent before. The fact Many thanks to my respected professors, especially our that I won’t be able to take first footstep to my dreamed head of department who made us familiar with online college was a disappointment. The excitement and learning easily. He hadmet with NTC and Ncellheads happiness to join the new beginning got erased within the many times for education pack but the profitable fraction of second after being heard about the closure of organization did not listen to our problems and voices. college. The more restriction was added i.e. lockdown for The network was very unstable; I could not hear the few days, weeks and later for month as well. The professors clearly. I was sad, lonely, and isolated in the decision of college to take the online classes for me was previous days of lockdown. I liked to communicate and next to impossible as I was being locked in rural place discuss with my friends while studying. Asking with where there is barely friends and teachers used to make me clear. Butfew the good and strong weeks later, I became familiarized with features of zoom network connection. software. Professors used to give 5 minutes for thinking In the situation where and discussing in the class. As time passes I feel much family members better, in online classes where teachers gave us PDF and didn’t have any MP4 of lectures. I managed to download the MP4 of source of good lectures by going to a friend's house. An advantage of income, attainment of MP4 that I could stop the video whenever I wanted and I online classes and the could watch it at any time. This make me feel as if I had crisis of data pack the complete class with me. was yet the another I had started to mail the teachers about the problem. The society questions that were not clear. I was becoming familiar where we were taught to be socializing from the day we with online learning. I had known that many e-resources were born, we needed to go against it and maintain the could be found on the internet which I had not realized distance with our own near and dear ones. The rented before. Pandemic moved me to a new era of my life, an room brought the piles of bills and number of phone calls era of technology. Though I was in the village with my from the owner which somehow affected mental status family, I could attend lectures. I could help by parents too. and could take classes simultaneously. I realized that our Despite being in non-sophisticated place, the culture of greeting by saying ‘namaste’ was the best urge, motivation and support of family members to take culture. The life would be possible without social online class regardless of economic crisis is counted as gathering. Our parents, they understand us, they can be biggest blessing that I got. The people like me who are in our best friends was the most beautiful thing I learned in rural areas in our country had no access to strong data this lockdown. connection. Though there used to be loss of internet My sister who lives in Palpa is Corona positive. I connection sometimes in the middle of class, the support couldn't be with her in Vai Tika; this was the worst of teacher and the provision of recordings of classes was feeling ever. This separation, the pain of not being with the biggest help for students who faced the similar my sister even in the festival, emotionally weakens me. problems like me. Although I suffered many problems, I learned many The busy life schedule with lots of strain got things to fight against virus. I learned the way to save life away in this time period. The situation led us to get from hard days. Government must dramatically overhaul familiar with new method of learning. The place where policies and invest in public health, economic stimulus, we left many years before for education and job, we got and social safety nets, to help country recover faster from back to it and also worked on it to learn various life COVID-19 pandemic. enhancing skills like arts, agriculture¸ importance of hygiene, etc. I got time to realize the value of own health Symmetry XIII (2019) 36
and of my loved ones. I got to know more about my Before the outbreak of covid, I had hectic family members, their opinions and feelings. schedule.I used to spend most of the time in college.This Above all, quarantine personally helped me to pandemic made me more social.I started interacting with discover more facets of myself. my siblings, neighbor and people of society. I got chance to explore about extincting culture and tradition of my Me, Covid and My Life society.This pandemic has created strong bond between Bibek Chaudhary, First Semester me and my society. It established affectionate love between siblings. It taught me lesson about social animal. How outbreak of covid-19 changed me and my In the same way, when I see in academic field, hectic life styles (my social, academic fields), one of the major changes I found is teaching achievement during this methodology.Since my country is developing nation, period, how I am taking it more than 70 percent schools and colleges use and moving forward. conventional methods of teaching and learning.This Almost it’s been pandemic has entirely changed it. Online teaching and nine months me and my learning process got good platform in the nation like us, hectic schedule changed. where poverty is the major serious problem. Still, I remember those days Besides this, this pandemic has taught several when first outbreak of lesson not only me but also to whole mankind.This pandemic “covid”. pandemic has become reason for learning new things for Beginning days were little me.I learned different household works such hard. But, slowly it as,cooking,washing,helping my parents in fields.This changed. Outbreak of covid brought some changes on pandemic is a break from busy life.We discovered me. various alternatives in this pandemic.This is my great achievement during this pandemic.
Symmetry XIII (2019) 37
त्रिविमा अन-लाईन कक्षा संचालनको सम्भािना र चुनौती
Prof. Dr. Binil Aryal, Prof. Dr. Mahananda Chalise, Dr. Gangaram Gautam & Bishnu Aryal (This article is a part of the report submitted to TU on 24 April 2020)
ABSTRACT हालको कोभभड - १९ को सन्दभभमा तत्काभलन 셁पमा पठन-पाठन सुचा셁 गन भ चाभलएको कदमलाई एक अिसरको 셂पमा भलई भोलीको लागी समेत प्रविधीको प्रयोगको साथै उत्कृ ष्टताको मापदन्ड मा समेत खरो उिनु आिश्यक छ । यसै सन्दभभमा त्रिविमा मा गररएका थालनी ह셁, तीनको प्रगती को साथै माहामारी पश्चात पनन अङिकार गनु भ पने तथ्य ह셁 लाई समेटेर यो लेख लेखखएको छ । सम्भािना ✓ कोरोना भाईरसको ब्यापकताले भसजभना गरेको अननिायभ आबश्यकता । ✓ नेपालमा आजभोली सबैनतर ईन्टरनेट सुत्रबधाको पहुुँच भएकोले पयाभप्त सम्भाब्यता । कोरोना भाइरसको माहामारीले गदाभ स्िास्थको साथै भशक्षा मा पनन भसधा असर परेको हुँदा िाहेक अन्य कनै बाटो देखखदैन । संसारभरी न ै सन २००७ मा नेपालमा ईन्टरनेट पहुच हुन े जम्मा ७% माि थथयो, ु ु उ楍च भशक्षा प्रदान गने संस्था ह셁 (त्रबश्ित्रब饍यालय ह셁) online मोबाईलको पहुच सिसंगै ईन्टरनेटको पहुच सन २०१७ सम्म आइपुग्दा यो ६३% पुगेको देखखन्छ [1]। सन २०१९ को अन्त सम्म मोबाईल प饍ध्ती तफभ गै रहेको उदाहरण हाम्रो सामु छ, यसिाट हामी अछु तो प्रयोग गने सन््यालाई जोङड अनुमान गदाभ यो ७२% सम्म पुगेको रही अलग बस्न ु मखु तभ ा न ै हुनछे । जुन जनु तह तथा त्रबर्य ह셁 online class मा जान सककन्छ, त्यो तत्काल स셁 गरी हा쥍न पने हुनु पदभछ [2]। नेपाल टेभलकमले अवप्रल २०१९ मा ददएको जानकारी ु ु अनुसार राष्रमा ईन्टरनेट प्रयोग कताभको सन््या ८,२१,२४९ पुगेको देखखन्छ । यस तफभ स्ित: स्फु थ셁भ प मा धेरै भशक्षक ह셁, के दह के जन्िय देखखन्छ [3]। त्यस्तै ईन्टरनेट सेिाप्रदायक संस्थाह셁को ि饍ृ धील े र त्रबभाग, स्कु ल, कलेजह셁 ले गरेको online class थालनी सराहननय तीनले अफर गने गरेको आकर्भक र सस्तो योजनाह셁ले समेत यस्को छ । यस्ता प्रसन्शननय कायभ ह셁 लाई त्रबश्ित्रब饍यालय ले ब्यापक प्रसार भएको सजजलै अनमु ान गनभ सककन्छ । 셁 २०००/- मै ६ अथधकाररकता प्रदान गनु भ पछभ ।
मदहना प्रयोग गनभ सककने २ MBps को जस्पडमा च쥍ने २० GB सामान्य समस्या: डेटापैक प्रचारमा आएको कु रा सिभविददत नै छ । एक अध्ययन ✓ Dedicated Internet को कमी अनुसार यो २० GB डेटापैकले १ सेमेस्टरको लगभग सबै कक्षा (२५० भशक्षा र अनुसन्धान (Education and Research) को लागी traffic घन्टा) भलन सककने देखखन्छ । अझ कोरोना भाइरसको माहामारी को रदहत उपलब्ध हुन े dedicated internet को सुत्रबधा हाम्रो राष्रले अदहलेको पीडादायी अिस्थामा सरकारको आह्िानले नय सेिाह셁 मा भलन नसकेको तथ्य हामी साम ु छ । यस तफभ सरकार र अन्य त्रबशेर्छु टको योजनाह셁ले गदाभ ईन्टरनेट सस्तो भएको छ । मु्य कु रो सरोकार िालाको बुझाइ नै कमजोर भएको । सरकार ले online class कोलागी ईन्टरनेटको पहुच ननशु쥍क गनपुभ छभ ✓ अथधकाुँश त्रबध्याथीह셂 अनलाईन एजुके शन एप संग अभ्यस्त । साथै free internet for education को लागी समेत तत्काल पहल नभएको अबस्था। आिश्यक छ । Online कक्षाको लागी सिसभ ुलभ एपह셁 (Skype, Google Class ✓ अथधकॉश त्रबध्याथीह셂मा अनलाईन सुत्रबधा र प्रयोग सम्बजन्ध Room, Zoom, MS Teams, Fcaebook, etc) को जानकारी न्युन सामान्य ज्ञान रहेको । रहेको यथाथभ हो । यस तफभ रा煍यले, त्रबध्ित्रब饍यालयह셁ले प्रेररत गनभ, मोबाईल को पहुच संगै त्यस्मा ईन्टरनेट सुत्रबधा खो煍ने आज को युिा प्रचार प्रसार गने चासो नदेखाएको । जबकी यो समान्य अिस्था मा जमातको स्ित: स्फु थ भ चाहना ले विश्ित्रब饍यालय का अथधकांश समेत अत्यन्त उपयोगी हुन े कु रा सिभत्रबददत नै छ । वि饍याथी ह셁 मा ईन्टरनेट प्रयोग बारे सामान्य जानकारी रहेको कु रा ✓ कनतपय सामान्य उपकरणह셂को उपयोग सम्बजन्ध प्रात्रबथधक कसैले नकान भ सक्दैन । गूगल, फे सबुक, इन्स्टाग्राम,् ट्विटर इत्यादी अज्ञानता। एप्स प्रती युिा ह셁 को लगाि लाई समेत यस प्रती को ज्ञान को जस सामान्य उपकरणह셁 जस्तै मोबाईल, ईन्टरनेट, 쥍यापटप, ट्याब ददनु पछभ । यो सामान्य ज्ञान लाई त्रबश्ित्रब饍यालय ले थोरै समय को इत्यादी को अथधकतम प्रयोगगनभ सक्ने ज्ञान कम भएको । लागी ताभलम को ब्यिस्था गरेमा online class को लागी प्रयोगमा
आउने गरेका software (Zoom, Google Classroom, Skype, आधारभत समस्या MS Teams, etc) ह셁 भसक्न सजजलो हुन्छ । अझ IT, MBAIT, ु ✓ BIT िा CSIT का हाम्रा वि饍याथीह셁नै यस्ता software ह셁 प्रयोग ईन्टरनेट तथा computer लाई अझै पनन भशक्षणको आिश्यक गने विधी भसकाउन सक्षम छन । त्यस कायभमा लगाइ धेरथोर आथीक पूबाधभ ारको 셂पमा पदहचान गनभ नसकेको। हामी खरी-पाटी बाट चक-डस्टर अनन त्यस्पछी ब쥍ल त쥍ल माकभर-बोडभ आजनभ पनन हुनसक्छ । ✓ नेपाल भरी नै हाल त्रबध्युत आपूतीको ननयभमतता। सम्म त जसो तसो आइ पुगयौ त्यस माथी पुग्न सके का छैनौ । त्रबधुत आपुतीको अिस्था देशभरी नै राम्रो रहेको साथै अदहलके ो यस्को मुल कारण हाम्रो परम्परािादी सोच न ै हो । धेरै प्रध्यापकह셁 लाई अदहले पनन poerpoint presentation प्रयोग गरेर प्रोजेक्टर अिस्थामा खपत थोरै माि भएको हुुँदा कु न ै समस्या नहुन े स्पष्ट छ । 饍िारा पनन राम्रो सुँग पढाउन सककन्छ भन्ने त्रबश्िास छैन।यो परम्परािादी सोच भएको जमात लाई अझै एक खुड्को उकाल्रेर Symmetry XIII (2019) 38
online माध्यम िाट बोडभ-माकभ र भन्दा प्रभािकारी हुन सक्छ भन्न े (३) त्रिभुिन विश्िवि饍यालयमा िाट औपचारीक ताभलम, कु रो बुझाउन ु चुनैती न ै हो । अन्तिाभताभ, सेभमनार, आदी दरु प्रविधी िाट हुन/ गनभ सककने ब्यिस्था ✓ Online Class को लागी आिश्यक software कलेजह셁 लाई नरहेको । उपलब्ध गराउन नसकेको। साथैउपयुक्त LMS (learning १) त्रिभुिन विश्िवि饍यालयमा खुला तथा दरु भशक्षाको शु셁आत management system) को िारे नसोथचएको। गुणस्तरीय उ楍चभशक्षाको अिसर सबैलाई उपलब्ध गराउन त्रिविलाई यो दहजो पनन अत्यन्त ज셁री थथयो, आज त झन समस्या बनेर परम्परागत र खु쥍ला तथा दरू भसकाई ढाुँचामा उ楍चभशक्षाका तेभसभएको छ । त्रबश्ित्रब饍यालयले सक्दो चाडो software र LSM कायभक्रमह셁 स祍चालन गने दइु मोड विश्िवि饍यालयको (Dual Mode) (Learning Management System) को लाईसेन्स भलएर सबै अगाङड बढाउने ननती भलएको छ । यसै क्रममा त्रि.वि.का विभभन्न भशक्षक र वि饍याथीको लागी उपलब्ध गराउनु पछभ । साथै आिस्यक अध्ययन संस्थान तथा संकायअन्तगभतका विभभन्न विर्य विधाका ताभलम (online िाटै) को तु셁न्त ब्यिस्था गनु भ पछभ । स्िीकृ त पाठ्यक्रमह셁लाई खु쥍ला तथा दरू भसकाईका साधन तथा ✓ प्राध्यापकह셂 समेत प्रत्रबथध मैिी नभएको। प्राध्यापकह셂 लाई विथधको प्रयोगबाट अध्ययन, अध्यापन गराउन त्रिभुिन प्रत्रबथध मैिी बनाउन आिश्यक ताभलम, software र उपकरण विश्िवि饍यालय संगठन तथा शैक्षक्षक प्रशासन सम्िन्धी ननयम २०५० खररद गने सुत्रबधा नददएको । को परर楍छेद ३९, ननयम १३३(२) र ननयम ३९७ को अथधकार प्रयोग दहजो बोड्भ-माकभर नै माध्यम हो भनेर त्रबश्ित्रब饍यालय ले िास्ता गरी भमनत २०७१।११।०६ मा खलु ा तथा दरु भशक्षा केन्िको स्थापना नगरेकै हो । प्रविधी मैिी भशक्षक ह셁 आफ्नै 셁ची र प्रयास ले भसकेका गरी केदह शैक्षक्षक कायभक्रमह셂 सन्चालन भएका छन ् । त्यसै गरी छन । त्रबश्ित्रब饍यालयले खासै प्रेररत गनभ प्रयास गरेन । यस्लाई अि थचककत्सा भशक्षा शास्ि संकाय अन्तगभत पनन केदह त्रबर्यमा दरु अननिाय भ गनु भ पछभ । जस्को लागी जे जे आिश्यक छ त्यो उपलब्ध भशक्षाको माध्यमबाट कायभक्रमह셂 सन्चालन भएका छन ् । गराउनु पछभ । भशक्षकह셁ले पनन हाथ बाधेर बस्न ु हुन्न, भसक्नै पछभ । २) खुला तथा दरु भशक्षाको त्रबस्तारको आिश्यकता ✓ Online class को लागी कक्षाकोठाह셂मा आिश्यक न्यूनतम भशक्षाको क्षेिमा भएका नविनतम प्रयोगह셂, प्रविथधको विकास र भौनतक पूिाधभ ार को त्रबकास हुन नसकेको । रोजगारका अिसरह셂मा देखखएका नयाुँ आयामह셁लाई समयानकु ु ल हरेक कलेजले online class भलन प्रविधी युक्त यौटा कोठा तयार सम्बोधन गरी गुणस्तरीय उ楍च भशक्षाको पहुुँचलाई सकेसम्म सरल र गनु भ आिश्यक छ । जुन sound proof होस,् ईन्टरनेट को अिस्था सहज बनाउने क्रममा संसारका उ楍च भशक्षा प्रदायकह셁 लाथगरहेका छन ् राम्रो होस,् dizital multimedia touch screen board hos होस,् र धेरै विश्िवि饍यालयले खुला तथा दरु भशक्षालाई प्रोत्साहन गरररहेका movable automatic camera होस,् अनन पो कक्षा प्रभािकारी हुन्छ छन ् । त्रिभुिन विश्िवि饍यालयले पनन यस कु रालाई प्राथभमकता ददई । विपदा मा माि घर िाट कक्षा भलने हो । आफ्ने भभजन २०३० मा खुला तथा दरु भशक्षाको त्रबस्तारलाई ✓ अथधकांश त्रबध्याथीह셂को कमजोर आथथभक अिस्थाको कारण योजनामा समािेस गरेको छ । हालै माि संसारमा महामाररको 셂पमा आिश्यक ककभसमको मोबाईल फोन, 쥍यापटप िा डेस्कटपको फैभलएको कोरोनाको कहर (COVID – 19) ले त यस प्रकारको खुला अभाि । तथा दरु भशक्षाको आिश्यकतालाई अझ टडकारो बनाएको छ र यो यथाथभ हो । यस्लाई त्रबश्ित्रब饍यालयले सरकार सुँग भमलेर उपायको त्रिभुिन विश्िवि饍यालयले यस बेला कसरी आफ्ना शैक्षक्षक खोजी गनै पछभ । कमजोर आथीक अिस्था भएका वि饍याथीह셁 लाई कायभक्रमह셁लाई बैकज쥍पक माध्यमबाट सन्चालन गने भनन ननरन्तर पदहचान गरी रा煍यले नय सामाग्रीह셁 उपलब्ध गराउनु पछभ । जस्को छलफल गरर यस सभमनत माफभ त त्रबभभन्न त्रबक쥍पह셂 प्रस्ताि गरेको लागी यस ददशामा काम गने गैर नाफामुलक संस्था िाट समेत छ । सहयोग हुनसक्छ । ✓ त्यती धेरै कमभचारी हुुँदा पनन त्रबध्याथी भनाभको बखत मै नतनको नननतगत ब्यिस्था ई-मेल र अन्य ईलेक्रोननक सूचना रेकडभ राख्ने प्रािधान हालको खलु ा तथा दरु भशक्षा केन्िको स्थापना र संचालनका लाथग नराखखएको। तैयार गररएका नननतगत ब्यिस्था र प्रािधानह셂लाई पुनरािलोकन कमजोर प्रविथधक ज्ञान माि नभै कु शल कायक्षभ मता समेत नभएका गरी बतभमान सन्दभभमा देखखएका मु饍दाह셂लाई तत्काभलन र कमभचारी ह셁 लाई ताभलम त आिश्यक छ नै, त्यो िाहेक नयाुँ ददघभकाभलन 셁पमा सम्बोधन हुन े गरी त्रबननयम तैयार िा पररमाजभन अिस्थामा काम गन भ प्रेररत गनु भ आिश्यक छ । गने । साथै खुला तथा दरु भशक्षाको ब्यिस्थापन र सन्चालनका लाथग केन्िदेखख कक्षा संचालन गने ननकायसम्मको प्रशासननक, ननतीगत समस्या: ब्यिस्थापककय र शैक्षक्षक संरचना तैयार गने । यस सभमनतले यस (१) त्रिभुिन विश्िवि饍यालयको सबै तह र विर्यह셁मा खुला तथा त्रबर्यमा त्रबभभन्न चरणमा सरोकारिालासंग छलफल गरी आिश्यक दरु भशक्षा प्रविथधको प्रयोग गरी शैक्षक्षक कायभक्रम सन्चालन गने त्रबननयमको खाका तैयार गरी ऐनेक्समा राखखएको छ । सम्बन्धमा स्पष्ट ब्यिस्था नरहेको । क) चरणब饍ध 셁पमा कायभक्रम सन्चालनको ब्यबस्था (२) त्रिभुिन विश्िवि饍यालयमा ननतीगत ननणभय भलन सक्ने विश्िव्यापी셁पमाफैभलएको COVID – 19 को महामारीले संसारभरीका ननकायह셁 (कायभकारी पररर्द, प्राक्षज्ञक पररर्द, त्रब饍या पररर्饍, त्रबर्य विश्िवि饍यालयले आफ्ना शैक्षक्षक तथा अनुसन्धानात्मक कारभय् सभमनत, अनुसन्धान सभमनत, आदद) को औपचारीक बैठक दरु प्रविधी वि饍युतीय माध्यम बाट संचालन शु셁 गरेका छन।यस पररपेक्ष्यमा िाट हुनसक्न े प्रािधान नभएको । त्रिभुिन विश्िवि饍यालय ले पनन वि饍युतीय माध्यम बाट शैक्षक्षक कायभह셁 लाई चरणि饍ध 셁पमा अनघ बढाउनुपन े आिश्यकता Symmetry XIII (2019) 39
देखखन्छ।त्रि.वि.का कनतपय क्याम्पसह셁मा व्यजक्तगत र संस्थागत क) त्रबश्ित्रब饍यालयको तफभबाट हालको पररजस्थनतमा कसरी 셁पमा वि饍युतीय माध्यम बाट संचालन भइरहेको सिभविदीतैछ। त्रि.वि. कक्षाह셂 सन्चालन गने योजना छ, कसरी त्रबदयाथीह셂ले अन्र्तगतका केजन्ियविभाग, क्याम्पस र विभभन्न संकाय अन्र्तगतका सम्पकभ गने र कक्षा सन्चालन गने ननकायले के कस्ता स्कु लह셁मा वि饍युतीय माध्यम जस्तै Zoom, Google Class, MS तैयारी गने भन्न े त्रबर्यमा ससु थु चत गन भ तत्काल सुचना Team लगायत अन्य प्रविधीह셁 饍धारा कक्षाह셁 संचालन हुन थालेका प्रकाशन गने । छन।यस सन्दभभमा त्रि. वि. ले संस्थागत 셁पमा नै वि饍युतीय माध्यम ख) कलेजलाई आफ्नो भशक्षक र वि饍याथीह셁 को इ- बाट शैक्षक्षक तथा अनुसन्धानात्मक कायभह셁 संचालन गनभको लाथग अभभलेखखकरण को लागी ननदेश ददने र कक्षा सन्चालनका स्पष्ट ननदेभशका को आिश्यकता देखखन्छ । लागी तैयारर अिस्थामा राख्न ननदेशन ददने । तत्काभलन 셂पमा COVID – 19 को संकटलाई सम्बोधन गनभ ग) सबैकलेजलाई भशक्षकह셂को ननयभमत अनलाईन बैठक गनभ, हाल बन्द भएका कक्षा संचालन गने ब्यबस्था भमलाउन र भविष्यमा छलफल गनभ र सम्भि भएसम्मका कक्षाह셂 पनन सन्चालन खुला तथा दरु भशक्षाको माध्यमबाट त्रि वि का शैक्षक्षक कायभक्रमह셂लाई गनभ online software उपलब्ध गराउने । यसका लाथग हाल सन्चालन गने आधारह셂 तय गरी कायभक्रम संचालन गनभ ननम्नानसु ार बजारमा त्रबभभन्न प्रविथधह셂 प्रयोग भएको पाईएको छ र त्रि नतन चरणमा कायभक्रम सन्चालनको ब्यिस्था गने । त्रब का कनतपय त्रबभाग र क्याम्पसह셂ले Zoom प्रविथधको क) हालको अिस्थामा COVID – 19 ले श्रजना गरेको संकटले प्रयोग गरी बैठक तथा कक्षा कक्षा सन्चालन गरेको पाईएको बन्द भएका शैक्षक्षक कायभक्रमह셂लाई बैकज쥍पक माध्यमबाट र कनतपयले यसको ४० भमनेटको ननशु쥍क प्रयोग (free तु셁न्त कक्षा सन्चालन गने ब्यबस्था गने । यसका लाथग version) र कनतपयले लाईसेन्स सदहतको संस्थागत प्रविथध बजारमा भएका अनलाइन औजारह셁 (online tools) को प्रयोग गरररहनु भएकोले हाललाई कररब २०० सं्यामा खोजी गरी कक्षा सन्चालन गने ब्यबस्था भमलाउने । Zoom प्रविथधको लाईसेन्सको ब्यबस्था गरी कक्षा सन्चालन ख) त्रि वि का केदह कायभक्रमह셂लाई ननकट भविष्यमा हाल खुला गने ब्यबस्था गने । तथा दरु भशक्षा केन्िले गरे जस्तै केदह प्रत्यक्ष कक्षा र केदह घ) स्ित: स्फु त भ 셁पमा संचालन भएका online कक्षाह셁लाई अनलाईन कक्षाको भमथश्रत मोड (Blended Mode) बाट आथधकाररकता प्रदान गनभ, Online class को सन्चालन गनभका लाथग योजना तयार गने । लाथग पारीश्रभमक तोक्न, workload को ब्यबस्था जस्ता ग) पुण भ अनलाइन माध्यमबाट शैक्षक्षक कायभक्रम सन्चालन तत्काभलन पररजस्थनत जन्य प्रकक्रयाह셂लाई ननयभमत गनभ गनभका लाथग आिश्यक तैयाररका लाथग कायभक्रमको खाका त्रबननयममा ब्यबस्था गरर सम्बजन्धत ननकायबाट जस्िकक्रत तैयार गने । गरी लागु गने । ङ) वि饍याथीको लागी online class भलन सहज र सुलभ COVID – 19 को सन्दभभमा तत्काभलन बैकज쥍पक internet को ब्यबस्था गनुपभ ने भएकोले नेपाल टेलीकम, ऐनसेल र अन्य सेिा प्रदायकह셁 संग तत्काल समन्िय गरी ब्यिस्था (Crisis Management Strategy) त्रि त्रब को User ID बाट चलाईने इन्टरनेटमा ननशु쥍क िा COVID – 19 को कारणले नेपालमा उत्पन्न पररजस्थनतमा तत्काल अनत न्यून शु쥍कमा कक्षा भलने ब्यबस्था गने र सो को त्रिभुिन विश्िवि饍यालयको पठन पाठन प्रत्यक्ष कक्षा कोठामा उपजस्थत सुचना त्रब饍याथीलाई ददने । वि饍याथी ले नतने भशक्षण शु쥍क भई कक्षा सन्चालन गनभ र सम्भब नभएको र यसले गदाभ मा समेत राहत ददने । त्रब饍याथीह셂लाई आफ्नो अध्ययन अगाङड बढाउन कदठन हुनकु ा साथै
त्रिभुिन विश्िवि饍यालयको कायभताभलका समेत प्रभावित हुने भएकोले बैकज쥍पक माध्यमबाट कक्षा सन्चालन गनभ हाल बजारमा उपलब्ध माईक्रोशफ्ट-अकफसको दटम (MS Team) बाट तत्काल प्रविथधह셁को अध्ययन गदाभ त्रबभभन्न माध्यमह셂 जस्तै Zoom, कक्षा सन्चालन गने Google Class, Facebook, Messenger, Email, Microsoft सरोकारिालाह셁 संगको छलफलमा तत्काभलन 셂पमा भशक्षकह셁लाई Team आदद प्रयोग गरी स्ितस्फु त भ 셂पमा कनतपय भशक्षकह셁ले कक्षा सन्चालन गनभ र त्यसको अभभलेख राख्न सरल हुन े खालको त्रब饍याथीह셁संग सम्बाद गरररहेको र केही कक्षाह셁 समेत सन्चालन प्रत्रबथधको माग भएकोले यस सभमनतले छलफल गदाभ त्रिभुिन भएको कु रा यो सभमनतले त्रबभभन्न चरणमा त्रि त्रब का उ楍च विश्िवि饍यालयको खुला तथा दरू भशक्षा केन्िले Microsoft संग पदाथधकारीह셂煍य ू को उपजस्थनतमा सरोकारिालाह셁संग गरेका छलफल गरी ५,००,००० (पांचलाख) ब्यजक्तह셂लाई (users) छलफलबाट आएकोले ती प्रयासह셂को उ楍च मु쥍याकं न गदै आगामी Microsoft का त्रबभभन्न प्रविथधह셁को ननशु쥍क प्रयोग गने सम्झौता ददनमा कक्षाह셂लाई ब्यिजस्थत गनभ सरल र भरपदो माध्यमको चयन गररसकेको र त्रिभुिन विश्िवि饍यालयको खुला तथा दरू भशक्षा केन्िका गनु भ पने आिश्यकता महससु गररयो । यसरी माथी उ쥍लेख भएका सबै कायभक्रमह셂 र भशक्षा शास्ि संकायबाट महेन्िरत्न क्याम्पस नतन चरणका प्रस्तावित कायभक्रम मध्ये हालको पररजस्थनतमा ताहाचलमा दरू भशक्षा अन्तगभत केदह त्रबर्यमा Microsoft Office कै तत्काभलन 셂पमा शैक्षक्षक कायभक्रम सन्चालन गनु भ अनत आिश्यक प्रयोग गरी Microsoft Team बाट कक्षा (live virtual class) भएकोले, हाललाई पदहलो चरणको कायभक्रमका लाथग ननम्नानुसारको सन्चालन भेरहेको पाईयो । यसरी Microsoft Team बाट कक्षा ब्यबस्था गने । सन्चालन गरीरहेका भशक्षक र त्रब饍याथीह셂संग छलफल गदाभ भशक्षकलाई पनन छोटो समयमा यस प्रविथधको प्रयोगबाट कक्षा सन्चालन गने सरल हुने र त्रब饍याथथभह셁लाई पनन भसभमत इन्टरनेटबाट Symmetry XIII (2019) 40
पनन र मोबाइलबाट समेत डाटाको प्रयोग गरी तत्काभलन 셂पमा लाइभ ज) सम्बजन्धत ननकायह셁ले तु셁न्त आफ्ना ननकाय प्रमुखको कक्षा (live virtual class) संचालन गनभ सककने भएकोले Microsoft ननदेशनमा रहने गरी अनलाइन कक्षा केन्ि (online class cell) Office कै प्रयोग गरी Microsoft Teamबाटकक्षा (live virtual स्थापना गनपनेुभ । class) सन्चालन गने उपयुक्त त्रबक쥍प देखखन्छ । झ) सम्बजन्धत ननकायह셁ले आफ्ना भशक्षक तथा वि饍याथीह셁 को
लाथग अग्रीम अनलाइन कक्षा ताभलका (advanced class कक्षा सन्चालन हुने ननकायह셁ले गन ुभ पने कामह셂 schedule) तयार पानुपभ न े । त्रि.वि. अन्र्तगतका केजन्िय विभाग, क्याम्पस र विभभन्न संकाय ञ) प्रत्येक भशक्षक तथा प्राध्यापकह셁 सुँग वि饍याथीको इमेल र फोन अन्र्तगतका स्कु लह셁मा अनलाईन तथा खुला भशक्षा का माध्यमबाट नंबर सदहतको जानकारी भसट (student information sheet) कक्षा संचालन लाई एक셁पता प्रदान गनभको लाथग त्रि.वि.बाट स्िकक्रत हुनुपने । ननदेभशकाले प्राध्यापक र वि饍याथीह셁 लाई अध्ययन अध्यापन गनभको ट) अनलाइन कक्षाको िातािरण लाई प्रभािकारी बनाउनको लाथग लाथग सहज प¥ु याउन सक्दछ । प्राध्यापक र वि饍याथीह셁 लाई प्रत्येक कक्षामा वि饍याथीको तफभ बाट कक्षा प्रनतननथध (class आधारभुत सीप तयार गने र त्यस पनछ गरेर भसक्दै जाने अनलाइन representative - CR) को व्यिस्था गनुपभ न े । भशक्षण िातािरणको भसजभना गनपुभ न े देखखन्छ। तसथभ शैक्षक्षक संस्थाह셁 ठ) सम्बजन्धत भशक्षक तथा प्राध्यापकह셁ले तोककएको प्रविथध माफभत लाई यो COVID – 19 को महामारीले ठप्पपारेको अिस्था लाई अनलाइन सेसन को संचालन (host) गनुपभ न े । मध्यनजर गदै तु셁न्त संकट व्यिस्थापन (Crisis Management) ड) प्रत्येक कक्षाका कक्षा प्रनतननथध ले अनलाइन कक्षा संचालन गनभको लाथग ननम्नभलखखत बुुँदाह셁 लाई लागु गनुपभ न े देखखन्छ । गनभको लाथग सम्बजन्धत भशक्षक प्राध्यापकह셁 लाई सहयोग गने ।
क) त्रि. वि. अन्र्तगतका केजन्िय विभाग, क्याम्पस र विभभन्न संकाय ढ) भशक्षक, प्राध्यापकह셁ले तोककएको प्रविथधको साथै आफू लाई सहज
अन्र्तगतका स्कु लह셁 मा गुणस्तरीय इन्टरनेट, ितू गनतमा च쥍ने हुने अनलाइन प्लेटफमभ जस्तै Zoom, Google Class, MS 쥍यापटप तथा कम्प्युटर फोन, त्रबजुली आदद को व्यिस्था गररन ु Team इत्यादद प्रयोग गने । ण) सम्बजन्धत भशक्षकले कक्षा संचालन सुँग सम्बजन्धत अध्ययन पने । (Teaching/ Learning/Reading materials) ख) सम्बजन्धत ननकायह셁ले अनलाइन कक्षालाई प्रभािकारी बनाउनको सामाग्री अग्रीम 셁पमा
लाथग दईु जना विज्ञह셁को समुह (support pool of experts) वि饍याथीह셁 लाई उपलब्ध गराउनपु ने ।
बनाउनुपन े । त) प्रत्येक अनलाइन कक्षाह셁को रेकडभ गन ुभ पने छ र सम्बजन्धत ग) त्रि. वि. ले यस संकट व्यिस्थापन गनभ को लाथग प्राविथधकह셁 प्राध्यापकले आफ्नो ननकायको इमेल ठेगानामा पठाउन ु पनेछ ।
सदहतको त्रि. वि. केजन्िय सहयोग केन्ि स्थापना गरेपनछ सो थ) सम्बजन्धत ननकायको अनलाइन कक्षा केन्िले सम्पूण भ वि饍याथी र
केन्िको समन्ियमा केजन्िय विभाग, क्याम्पस र स्कु लह셁मा भशक्षकह셁 को हाजजरी रेकडभ राख्नु पनेछ ।
आिश्यक सहयोग र तालीम (कजम्तमा १ मदहना त्रबभभन्न द) अनलाइन कक्षा सम्बजन्धत शैक्षक्षक सामाग्री, भभङडयो इत्याददह셁 (Copy right) चरणमा) को ब्यिस्था गने । को प्रनतभलपी अथधकार सम्बजन्धत प्राध्यापक र घ) त्रि.वि. ले आफ्नो मातहतका के जन्िय विभाग, संस्थान, क्याम्पस ननकायमा ननदहत हुनेछ ।
स्कु लह셁 लाई अनलाइन भशक्षण विथधमा एक셁पता र संस्थागत ध) कु न ै पनन भशक्षण तथा शैक्षक्षक सामाग्री आदद वि饍याथीह셁ले फे सबक लगायत अ셁 सामाजजक सचना माध्यममा पि भ स्िीकती गनभको लाथग नीनत कायभक्रम र ताभलम प्रदान गदै जानेछ । ु ू ू ृ ( . . ) त्यसका लाथग आिश्यक सुझाि, अुनभि र भसकाईह셂को आदान विना राख्न पाउनेछैन। त्रि वि अनलाइन ननदेभशका २०७७ हेनुहभ ोस ् (Home प्रदान गने । न) भशक्षक तथा प्राध्यापकह셁 ले वि饍याथीह셁 लाई गहृ काय भ Assignment) (Word, ङ) त्रि. वि. अन्र्तगतका ननकायह셁ले तु셁न्त आफ्ना वि饍याथीह셁 को प्रदान गनभको लाथग विभभन्न माध्यम जस्तै Excel sheet ,Google drive ) अिस्था सभे गरेर कनत प्रनतशत सुँग इन्टरनेट सेिाको पहुुँच छ को प्रयोग गनभ सक्ने छन ।
आदद बारे तथ्यांक भलनु पने । ऩ) भशक्षक तथा प्राध्यापकह셁 ले सुमधुर प्राक्षज्ञक िातािरणमा अनलाइन कक्षा संचालन गन ुभ पनेछ । च) सम्बजन्धत ननकायह셁ले एकहप्ता भभिमा नै वि饍याथी र प) वि饍याथीह셁 饍धारा प्राध्यापकह셁 सुँगको अन्तरकक्रयामा आदराथी
भशक्षकह셁को आधारभुत िस्तुपरक अिस्थाको तथ्यांक भलन ु पनेछ भार्ाको प्रयोग गनुपभ नछे । । फ) भशक्षक वि饍याथीह셁ले अनलाइन कक्षाह셁 भएको बेला न्यनु तम , , , छ) सम्बजन्धत केजन्िय विभाग, संस्थान विभाग क्याम्पस स्कु लह셁ल े 셁पमा औपचाररक पोशाकको प्रयोग गनु भ पनेछ । आफ्ना वि饍याथीह셁 को लाथग आिश्यक ताभलम तु셁न्त ै प्रदान गनुपभ न े । Symmetry XIII (2019) 41
ब) सम्पूण भ भशक्षक, कमभचारी वि饍याथीह셁ले अनलाइन कक्षा संचालनमा ळ) त्रि. वि. अन्र्तगतका प्राध्यापक र वि饍याथीह셁 लाई इन्टरनेट रहुँदा Netiquette तथा अनलाईन ब्यबहारका ननयमको पररपालना सुविधा सहज गनभको लाथग स्थाननय तहमा पनन इन्टरनेट गन ुभ पने । [4] प्रदायक संस्थाह셁 सुँग तु셁न्त पहल गने ।
भ) प्रत्येक ननकाय अन्र्तगतका भशक्षकह셁लाई अनलाइन भशक्षण ननष्कर्भ विथध, वि饍याथीसुँग को अन्तरकक्रया को शैली, प्राविथधक दक्षता र बदभलदो विश्ि पररिेशमा उ楍च भशक्षामा आएका नयाुँ आयामह셂लाई कक्षा व्यिस्थापकीय सीपको न्यनु तम-ज्ञान हुनुपदभछ यसका लाथग हेदाभ भसकाइ कक्षा कोठाबाट त्रबस्तारै बैकज쥍पक माध्यमनतर गैरहेको छ सम्बजन्धत ननकायले अभभमुखखकरणको ब्यबस्था गनुपभ दभछ । र खुला तथा दरु भशक्षाले ददन प्रनतददन कक्षा कोठालाई त्रबस्थावपत म) भशक्षक, कमभचारी, वि饍याथीह셁 आपसमा भमलेर के गनभ सककन्छ गदैछ । यस सन्दभमभ ा त्रि वि ल े पनन त्रबगत के ही समयदेखख सक्ष्ु म भन्ने कामगनभ र त्यसलाई त्रि. वि. अन्र्तगतका ननकायह셁 ले 셂पमा यस क्षेिमा काम गरररहेकोले हालसम्मका आफ्ना अनभु ि र सकेको स्रोत साधन र सहयोगको प्रेरणा ददनु पदभछ । अन्य विजश्ि饍यालयका समसामनयक अभ्यासबाट भसके र खलु ा तथा दरु य) विश्िवि饍यालयको केजन्िय सूचना केन्िको समन्ियमा अनलाइन भशक्षा माफभ त गुणस्तररय उ楍च भशक्षाको पहुुँचलाई त्रबस्तार गन े जुन भशक्षण प饍धनत सम्बन्धमा अनुसन्धान र आिश्यक शैक्षक्षक कायभ अठोट भलएको छ त्यो प्रशंसननय छ । हालको कोभभड - १९ को शु셁 गने । सन्दभभमा तत्काभलन 셁पमा पठन-पाठन सुचा셁 गन भ चाभलएको र) भशक्षक, कमभचारी, वि饍याथीह셁 लाई उत्प्रेरीत गने सम्बन्धी कदमलाई एक अिसरको 셂पमा भलई यसको तत्काभलन अिस्थामा अ쥍पकाभलन र दीघभकालीन योजना कायभक्रम तथा ताभलम 쥍याउने प्रभािकारी ब्यिस्थापन गदै आगामी ददनमा खुला तथा दरु भशक्षालाई पहल गने । पनन त्रिभुिन विश्िवि饍यालयको एक अभभन्न अंगको 셂पमा स्थावपत ऱ) सम्बजन्धत केजन्िय संस्थान/विभाग, क्याम्पस, स्कु लह셁ल े क्रभमक गन भ प्रनतबध्द भई अगाङड बढेमा यो प्रयास त्रिभुिन विश्िवि饍यालयको 셁पमा अनलाइन भशक्षणको लाथग आिश्यक पने LMS/ CMC इनतहासमा एक कोश े ढुंगा सात्रबत हुनेछ र नेपालको उ楍च भशक्षाको जस्ता प्रविथधह셂 को प्रयोगगने तफभ अगाडी बढदै जानु पदभछ । त्रबकास र त्रबस्तारमा यसले एक नयाुँ आयाम थप्नेछ । जसले गदाभ आन्तररक मू쥍यांकन लगायतका कायभह셁 सहज हुन जान्छ । References
ल) कनतपय वि饍याथी भनाभ गरर कक्षा संचालन हुन नसकेका [1] https://impetusink.com/internet-users-in-nepal-reached-20- million/ कायभक्रमह셁को अनलाइनबाट अभभमुखखकरण गरर कक्षा संचालन [2] Total Internet subscribers in Nepal in 2019, Telecomkhabar. गनभ सककनेछ । 2019-07-07. [3] Nepal Telecom News Release, http://www.nepalitelecom.com/2018/01/internet-in-nepal-users- rapid-increase.html [4] http://www.albin.com/netiquettelcorerules.html
अनसु ुची १ अन लाईन कक्षा सन्चालन समबन्ध मा ११०० भशक्षक तथा वि饍याथीह셁 मा गररएको सिेक्षणको ननतजा:
Symmetry XIII (2019) 42
Symmetry XIII (2019) 43
अनसु ुची २ उ楍च भशक्षाको लागी प्रस्तावित भमस्रीत (Blended) प्रणाली (Modality)
Symmetry XIII (2019) 44
CDP Activities during Pandemic Online Seminars During the period of Covid-19 pandemic, CDP organized 46 online seminars (33 disciplanary and 13 intadisciplanary with pedagogical talks) through Zoom software. Response was really amazing. Table 1 lists the title, date and speaker of the seminar. CDP family (all students and faculties) were invited via e-mail. For the interested, a flyer was made and uploaded in the facebook. The link was sent to the interested one only. Most of the seminar was conducted by Prof. Dr. Binil Aryal and Prof. Dr. Raju Khanal. Dr. Madhav Ghimire, Mr. Prakash Man Shrestha and Mr. Hari Shankar Mallik helped the session as co-host in several occasion. The announcement poster of a few talks with title and dates are as follows:
Symmetry XIII (2019) 45
Table 1: A list of 33 research orientated disciplinary 17 Dr. Dibakar 22 May Quantum Computing talks mostly on physics and interdisiplanary areas. Sigdel, USA 18 Dr. Dinesh 26 May Role of Hydrogeology S Speaker Date Title of Seminar Pathak in Sustainable Water N (2020) Resources Management 1 Prof. Dr. 9 April Atmospheric Pressure 19 Dr. Dip 27 May An Overview of Deepak Pd Plasma: Research Narayan Nanofabrication Subedi Establishment & Future Mahato, USA Plan at KU 20 Dr. Mukesh 29 May Delayed Interaction in 2 Dr. Madhav Pd 10 April Dirac Fermions and Flat Dhamala, USA Brain Networks Ghimire Bands in the Ideal Kagome 21 Dr. Madhab 30 May Experimental Metal FeSn Neupane, USA Realization of 3 Prof. Dr. Binil 11 April Star Formation Rate in Topological Insulator Aryal the Hickson Compact and Beyond Group Galaxies 22 Dr. Maheshwar 17 June Climate Impact of 4 Dr. Tek Prasad 15 April Active Galactic Nuclei Rupakheti, Atmospheric Aerosols Adhikari (AGN): Some Germany in the Himalayan Highlights Region 5 Dr. Kapil 16 April Mechanochemistry of 23 Dr. Rudra 25 June Optical Waves and Adhikari Nanotubes using First Gnawali, USA Beam Propagation in Principle Anisotropic & 6 Prof. Dr. Binil 21 April Research Hyperbolic Aryal Documentation: Metamaterials Literature Review & 24 Dr. Kamal 27 June Restoring Vision to the Publication Process Dhakal, USA Blind using Optogenesis 7 Dr. Mim Lal 24 April Development of 25 Dr. Jagat 28 June Silicon Photonics: An Nakarmi, USA Semiconductor Shakya, USA Overview materials for Photonics 26 Dr. Nirmal J. 5 July New Quantum Magnet: Applications Ghimire, USA Design and Discovery 8 Prof. Dr. 27 April Seismicity of Nepal and Harihar Adjoining Region 27 Dr. Pashupati 11 July Superconducting Radio Paudyal Dhakal, USA Frequency Cavities and 9 Dr. Dibakar 28 April Future of Scientific their Applications in Sigdel, USA Computing Modern Particle 10 Dr. Bhanu B. 4 May Current Understanding Accelerators Neupane on the Filtering 28 Prof. Dr. 14 July Understanding Performance of Narayan Pd Dynamical Properties: Facemasks and Adhikari Moving with Simple to Respirations: Role of Complex Systems Filter Media 29 Prof. Dr. Raju 18 July Kinetic Simulation of 11 Dr. Krishna Bd 5 May Synthesis, Khanal Plasma-Wall Transition Rai Characterization and Regions in Magnetic hydrophobicity on the Fusion Devices chemical treatment of 30 Prof. Dr. Binay 22 July Present Scenario of Graphine K Jha Geopolymer 12 Dr. Megh Raj 6 May SARS-CoV-2: Its Technology and its Banjara Virology & Content Future Developments 31 Dr. Ajay 31 July Probing the role of 13 Dr. Achyut 12 May Nature & Medicine Mishra, USA Cosmic Dust in the Adhikari Galactic Environment 14 Dr. Rudra 14 May Aerosol Optical 32 Dr. Prajwal 7 Aug Bayesian Statistics, Aryal, USA Properties and Kafle, Australia Machine Learning & Identification of AI-Power-Tools Aerosol Sources Based Driving Modern-day on the Air mass Physics trajectory 33 Prof. Dr. Leela 11 Aug A Beief Overview on 15 Dr. Ghanshyam 15 May Expansion in Herbert Pradhan Joshi Materials, Methods and Bhatt, USA Spaces: My Perspective Devices 16 Prof. Dr. 21 May Demonstration of Bhadra Pokhrel Antiferroelectric Based Above talks were mostly scientic and research oriented. (Pb1-x Bax)ZrO3 A few talks were interdisciplinary in nature. In these (0 reached to 600-800 within a month. Therefore, it can be estimated that these talks are listened by about a thousand viewers in a month! More flyers of those talks are shown here: Symmetry XIII (2019) 47 Symmetry XIII (2019) 48 Symmetry XIII (2019) 49 8 Prof. Dr. Binil Aryal 5 June TU’s Initiatives Prof. Dr. Raju towards Online Khanal Education Dr. Madhav Pd Ghimire 9 Dr. Medani 7 June Interactive Teaching Sangraula Methodology for Quality Education in Nepal 10 Prof. Dr. Binil Aryal 9 June Tomorrow’s Higher Education and Our Universities 11 Prof. Dr. Binil Aryal 11 MSO 365 A1 License June Handover Program 12 Prof. Dr. Binil Aryal 21 Modality of Online June Exam: Covid-19 Crisis Management 13 Prof. Dr. Binil Aryal 1 Times Higher August Education University Ranking & TU In addition to above listed scientific talks, CDP organized 13 talks on teaching pedagogy, intradiscplinary areas connecting society and academy and career development oriented talks. Table 2: A list of 12 intradisiplinary talks connecting teaching pedagogy. Teacher’s professional development, career developments with social & national issues. S Speaker Date Title of the Seminar N (2020) 1 Dr. Meg Mahat, 27 An Overview of USA April Learning Management System for online classes 2 Mr. Suman Sharma 13 Career: Development May & Opportunity 3 Prof. Dr. 14 हालको माहामारी 饍िरा Rameshwar May Adhikari भसजजभत भशक्षा तथा अनुसन्धानका नविन अिसरह셁 4 Prof. Dr. Madan 21 Green Economy Koirala May 5 Prof. Dr. Indra Bd 22 Online Education at Karki May Nepal Open University 6 Dr. Rudra Kafle, 23 Teaching Innovation USA May with Technology 7 Prof. Dr. Basu Dev 3 June The interface of Kafle content and pedagogy in Teaching / Instruction Symmetry XIII (2019) 50 Symmetry XIII (2019) 51 Above a few flyers are special seminars/talks for the motivation towards the importance of science and technology. Symmetry XIII (2019) 52 CDP Activities Online Classes: Second, First and Fourth Semester Just before the lockdown, on 4 Chaitra 2076 (17 March At the same time, CDP organized several meetings with 2020), CDP got a license of software Zoom after a MoU the Physics faculties of other colleges to convince that with NREN (National Research Education Network). The the use of ICT can make the education lockdown to face-to-face classes were held till 20 March 2020. After reduce more damages. In the beginning, almost 80% TU’s decision to follow government’s decision to faculties resisted it. In this situation, CDP HoD started to lockdown education sector, HoD of CDP Prof. Dr. Binil take classes to the M.Sc. students of other colleges in a Aryal notifed second semester students that there will be separate session. Prof. Aryal took his quantum mechanics continuation of their classes within a week through classes to the students of Patan Multiple Campus, Amrit online. This was the first routine with its successes: Campus, Mahendra Morang Aadarsa Multiple Campus, Biratnagar, Birendra Multiple Campus, Bharatpur, Prithivi Narayan Campus, Pokhara and Siddhanath Science College, Mahendra Nagar. This makes a pressure to the all faculties to prepare teaching materials for online classes. The next sets of routine were as follows: In thebeginning, it was obvious that the faculties have hagitation to take classes because of the fear of pandemic and another iuuse was technological lacking. To recover this we organized several faculty meetings and seminars in the beginning. Students are also in the similar situation, they were rushing to their home town. It was in so hurry that students do not able to make a proper plan for the coming days. Most of the students forget to carry learning materials. The second online class routine of CDP was as follows: CDP conducted online seminars for all students and faculties of Nepal. The first seminar from abroad was delivered by Dr. Diwakar Sigdel, USA. It was so effective in terms of understandings to the students that all concerned faculties begin thinking on the In the second routine, it can be seen many faculties were effectiveness of online classes. CDP organized about 32 involved to take classes to second semester. So, during seminars from Nepalese physicists who are working the first two weeks, HoD heavily involved in taking either in the US Universities or in the corporate. Those classes, seminars and discussion/meetings and seminars were very effective, not only interms of immediately later, Prof. Dr. Raju Khanal, Prof. Dr. contents but also as a technics regarding delivery, slide Narayan Pd Adhikari, Dr. Gopi Chandra Kaphle, Dr. preparations, and the most important thing is the use of Madhav Prasad Ghimire and Dr. Sanju Shrestha were ICT tools. TU physics faculties heavily involved in those involved in the online classes. seminars. This makes him/her for making own planning for their professional development. Symmetry XIII (2019) 53 On 19 April, CDP organized online orientation to the It can be seen that most of our students (52%) are using newly admitted first semester students. The teaching mobile to take online classes. Since the screen area is materials (pdf of books, lecture notes, lecture files, mp4 very small in the mobile, it is suggested to the faculties to files of the lectures) greately supported students to go care the following points: through the details of the courses. Once first semester (1) The font size in the slides should be at least 24. classes begin, more faculties of CDP are engaged in the (2) Avoid showing pdf of books. teaching-learning activities. (3) Avoid putting lots of sentences in the slides. (4) Mathematical equations should be made by using math tools. (5) At least, one interaction/discussion should be planned in between the classes We have planned not to schedule more than 2 classes of each 90 minutes in a day. Similarly there was severe problem regarding connectivity. We had also surveyed the status of connectivity of our students. The results of those first 15 weeks were as follows: In the beginning the lengths of the classes were about 1 hour. Later it was extended upto two hours. Here I have analysed the temporal increase in the involvement of students (both first and second semesters) during first 15 weeks of classes: It can be seen in the table that the internet connectivity is the main problem with our students. Most of the students are using data pack to take online classes. A few students are adjusting themselves with 2G mobile phone as well. We have reported all these difficulties with the students to our authority. Here, we give class routine of our busiest schedule. This is actually the online class routine of first, third and fourth semester classes of 26th and 27th week of online classes. In the routine below, there are 72 sessions During the classes, we regularly surveyed regarding the with about 145 hours involvements of students and gajets (mobile, laptop, desktop) used by our students to faculties can be seen. take online classes. We took those surveys three times in first 15 weeks and the results are as follows: In between the classes, faculties hold class tests, quizzes and discussion on homework as well. We conducted online mid- and final-term exams as well. In a separate Symmetry XIII (2019) 54 article, we have discussed the modality of our online exam as well as instructions given to the students. In order to connect with the students of other colleges, CDP released videos of more than 70 important classes in the YouTube channel. A separate section gives additional information about our YouTube Channel and the achievements from those videos. Here are a few thumbnails of a few lectures of CDP faculties which are made public through YouTube channel. These releases become an opportunity to develop Teacher’s Professional Capacities (TPC) to our faculties due to this pandemic. During face-to-face, there was less opoortunity to learn teaching pedagogy from each other. Till date, faculties are taking classes using their own In the process we faculties learned the following: laptop, own internet access and own teaching learning (a) How to prepare slides for effective online classes? materials. We hope TU will provide online access to the (b) What are the effective ways for deliveries? And the Central Library, departmental library as well as network most important, for Journal access through online. A separate online (c) How to engage and concentrate students in the wellequipped rooms at the department is also a must. classes. Symmetry XIII (2019) 55 Even after the pandemic we should use these things for our professional teaching developments. In this way, even in the Covid-19 pandemic we learned from each other. We learned from students as well. To sum up, it was a lifetime experience to CDP family during this first 30 weeks of pandemic. We have planned to continue it until further notice. Symmetry XIII (2019) 56 CDP Activities Time Bound Online Open Book Examinations for Internal Assessment Academic council of TU made a decision on 18 June words, you need to send your answer sheet to the 2020 to allow going with online examination particularly head and to all concerned teachers who taught you for masters’ dissertation viva-voce examination, PhD that course in a single mail. progress report presentations, PhD pre-submission (8) You should send e-mail within 150 minutes. If you seminar, and internal assistance examinations. TU is yet sent after 150 minutes your exam will be cancelled. to decide final board examination through online. In this case concerned faculties will decide the nature Considering all these, CDP has planned to conduct online of missed exam after a week. examination for internal assessment (Mid and Final-Term (9) If you lost your e-connectivity and could not able to Examinations which contains 26% marks as per M.Sc. get questions or could not able to send answer sheet (Physics) curriculum. CDP decided to conduct within the time, your exam will be cancelled. In this examination as time-bound Open Book Examination. We case concerned faculties will decide the nature of have decided following 2 points: missed exam, which will be held later. (1) Question format will be made as per the norms of . The open book exam schedule was as follows: open book examination (2) Students will give exam under invigilation in Zoom or MS Teams. Finally students submit pdf of answer copies within given time. The first open book examination we conducted for second semester students. That was for their Final-term exam. The instruction given to that exam was as follows: (1) These exams will be held online. Students are required to join Zoom class room for the attendance in the beginning of the exam. (2) After the attendance, students will get question paper in their official e-mail account. Questions will be The model question was also provided to the students. made for one hour. You will get another one hour to go through the book and think/plan your answer. Additional 60 minutes will be provided for scanning, making pdf and sending. (3) Questions will be prepared in such a way that students need to plan and organize answer before writing. Questions start from lower order remembering and then understanding and finally move to the higher order thinking. A model question will be provided (see other column). (4) Students need to write answer in their copies. In the front page, students are suggested to write Semester, Subject name, Name of the student, Class Roll Number, Address (ward number, village/town, and district), mobile number, official e-mail address and the date. Answer should begin from the next page. (5) In the answer sheet, page number should be given. (6) After the completion, students need to scan answer sheets and make a single pdf file. The name of the file should be as follows: AmritNepal_RN4.pdf BebiMuskanRai_RN8.pdf (7) These files should be sent to [email protected] and also to all concerned faculties. For example, if In this way, we conducted 5 open book you are giving exam of Advanced Solid State Physics examinations: second semester mid-term, first semester II, you need to send your answer sheet (pdf) to me mid and final term, third semester mid-term and fourth ([email protected]), Dr. Gopi Chadra Kaphle semester mid-term examinations. ([email protected]) and Dr. Madhav Prasad Ghimire ([email protected]). In other Symmetry XIII (2019) 57 CDP Activities During Pandemic Online M.Sc. Dissertation Defense & Term Paper Examinations As per the decision of academic council, CDP initiated (4) Department will decide and appoint internal and conducted online M.Sc. dissertation defense of 11 examiner. past students and Term Paper final viva-voce (5) Department will send online link (Zoom or MS examination of 21 fourth semester students (till 20 Nov Team) to the external and internal examiners, 2020). Ph.D. pre-submission seminar of Mr. Tika Ram supervisors/advisors and students. Lamichanne was held online. (6) Students need to present term paper within 20 minutes and dissertation with 30 minutes. (7) Students should use English language strictly, not only for the presentation but also for the question answer session. (8) Students should note down all comments made by examiners and incorporate all those things in the final revision. (9) The viva-examination is recorded for the verification and also for the attendance if needed. Yagya Prasad Limbu presenting his term paper First list of students, who completed term paper during C-19 panedic, is given in the table below. These students have consulted with their advisors through online. Students discuss with each other through online. SN E. Roll Name Advisor No. 1 1567 Pravin Thapa Prof. Dr. B. Aryal 2 1579 Ram Chandra Nepal Prof. Dr. B. Aryal 3 1608 Sujan Shreshta Prof. Dr. B. Aryal 4 1602 Siddha Raj Bhatt Prof. Dr. B. Aryal Chandra Bd Nepali presenting his term paper 5 1590 Sandeep Phuyal Prof. Dr. B. Aryal 6 1515 Bhuban Adhikari Prof. Dr. Binil Aryal 7 1616 Yagya Prasad Limbu Dr. Gopi C. Kafle In this way, CDP organized 33 viva examinations 8 1529 Chandra Bd Nepali Prof. Dr. Binil Aryal through online till 20 November 2020. 9 1584 Ram Nath Chaudhary Prof. Dr. B. Aryal 10 1614 Tara Prasad Dulal Dr. Gopi C Kaphle 11 1577 Rajesh Chaudhary Dr. Gopi C Kaphle 12 1602 Surendra Bd Tharu Dr. Gopi C Kaphle 13 1560 Natwar Joshi Prof. Dr. Raju Khanal 14 1588 Sagar Katwal Prof. Dr. Raju Khanal 15 1593 Santosh Shrestha Prof. Dr. Raju Khanal 16 1599 Shanta Pd Timilsina Prof. Dr. Raju Khanal 17 1609 Sujata Dhakal Prof. Dr. Raju Khanal 18 1613 Sushil Pokhrel Dr. Gopi C Kaphle 19 1526 Bishnu Bhusal Prof. Dr. B. Aryal 20 1517 Bhuwan Upreti Prof. Dr. B. Aryal 21 1633 Ishwar Guragain Prof. Dr. B. Aryal The process was as follows: (1) Students need to submit pdf of dissertation or term paper electronically to the department in the mail Examiners, HoD and Advisor of a session address [email protected] (2) After checking the format, HOD replied and asks to We suggest students of all colleges where M.Sc. fill examination form needed, as per the format. For (Physics) program is running, to complete their term this attachment of admit card and marksheet of all papers, dissertations and projects work in this pandemic semesters (for dissertation) need to be submitted. period so that you/we can save our time. The final viva- (3) After the approval, a letter to the dean office will be voce examination will be held online. sent ‘requesting the appointment of external examiner’ by the department in the official mail of dean office. Symmetry XIII (2019) 58 CDP Activities CDP YouTube Channel CDP launches YouTube Channel on 3 June 202 during this period is 65,437. The most exciting thing is in order to dessiminate the online teaching-learning the views hour! It is already 7000+ hours. In other words, materials to all colleges where M.Sc. (Physics) program our videos have been observed for more than 7000+ is running. Another purpose is to give exposure to our hours. About 73% viewers are obviously from Nepal. faculties in the international arena. Because these days, teacher’s professional development has become Twenty one percent views time is taken by the observers extremely important. from the United States. Rest 6% viewers are from 13 countries including Germany, China, India and Australia. Channel Statistics CDP invited 45 US faculties to deliver seminar online in order to benefit from their skill of slide Till date there are 120 videos are uploaded. The preparation, delivery and the Q/A skill. In addition to thumb nails of some of the videos are as follows: this, CDP organized online seminars of 18 renowned professors of Nepal in various physical and biological science areas. This activity is extremely important to upgrade professional development of faculties. Our channel’s world raking is much better than that of the channel of NAST and UGC of Nepal. The YouTube channels of Delhi University, International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) are also not very good. Our aim is to add lectures of prominent physicists of Nepal from TU constituent colleges in the future. We wish to make CDP YouTube Channel as a learning tool for all physics students as well as for faculties Teacher development means change and growth of teachers in terms of his/her professionalism during his/her profession. It intends to increase the skills, Thumbnail of some of the videos knowledge or understandings of teachers and their In the last 5 months, CDP uploaded 115 videos effectiveness. and gained about 1500 subscribers. The number of views Symmetry XIII (2019) 59 CDP News Publications (2019-2020) 2019-2020 (from March 2019 to till date) 12. D.R. Upadhyay, L Khanal, P Hamal, Binil Aryal, Dust 1. A.K. Gautam, Binil Aryal, Study of dust color Structure Around Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars– temperature and visual extinction distribution of a far CORRIGENDUM, Proceedings of the International infrared cavity at 60 and 100 µm IRAS map around the Astronomical Union, 1-1, Oxford Univ Press (2019) AGB star at galactic latitude 8.6, BIBECHANA 17, 42-49 https://doi.org/10.1017/S174392132000085X DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v17i0.25839 13. A.K. Gautam, Binil Aryal, Study of far infrared cavity (2020) around a post AGB star under IRAS survey at galactic 2. A.K. Gautam, Binil Aryal, Study of a Far Infrared Cavity latitude-3°, BIBECHANA 16, 23-30 (2019) at 60 μm and 100 μm IRAS Map around the Carbon-Rich DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v16i0.20960 AGB Star at Galactic Latitude 8.6, Scientific World 13 14. L. Khanal, D.R. Upadhyay, A.K. Jha, Binil Aryal, Study (13), 14-19 (2020) of ambient environment around Asymptotic Giant Branch DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/sw.v13i13.30483 Carbon Star: IRAS 01142+ 6306, BIBECHANA 16, 31- 3. S.P. Gautam, A. Silwal, S. Acharya, Binil Aryal, Annual 40 (2019) Effective Dose from Natural Background Radiation in DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v16i0.20998 Pokhara, Nepal, Asian Journal of Research and Reviews 15. Bhesha Raj Adhikari, Suresh Basnet, Hari Prasad in Physics, 7, 36-42 (2020) Lamichhane and Raju Khanal, Presheath-sheath https://doi.org/10.9734/ajr2p/2020/v3i230119 coupling for kinetic trajectory simulation of magnetized 4. J.R. Malla, W. Saurer, Binil Aryal, Spatial orientation of plasma sheath, AIP Advances 9, 055123 (2019). DOI: galaxies in supercluster S[227+006+ 0078], BIBECHANA org/10.1063/1.5088107 17, 117-122 (2020) 16. Suresh Basnet and Raju Khanal, Investigation of multi- DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v17i0.26582 component magnetized plasma interaction with the 5. A.K. Gautam, Binil Aryal, Study of Two Far Infrared carbon surface, AIP Advances 9, 095030 (2019). Cavities Nearby Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars Under doi.org/10.1063/1.5109102 Infrared Astronomical Satellite Maps, Journal of Institute 17. Anita Mishra and Raju Khanal, Outdoor effective dose of Science and Technology 24 (2), 76-84 (2020) and associated health risk in the premises of Tribhuvan DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/jist.v24i2.27260 University by in-situ gamma ray spectrometry, The 6. B.B. Sapkota, Binil Aryal, A Study of Far Infrared Himalayan Physics 8, 47 (2019). Cavity At-3.6° Galactic Latitude, Journal of Nepal doi.org/10.3126/hp.v8i0.30001 Physical Society 5 (1), 54-58 (2019) 18. Bhesha Raj Adhikari, Suresh Basnet, Hari Prasad DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/jnphyssoc.v5i1.26931 Lamichhane and Raju Khanal, Variation of velocity 7. A.K. Gautam, Binil Aryal, Study of a Far Infrared Cavity component of ions in a magnetized plasma sheath for around an AGB Star under Iras Survey at Galactic different obliqueness of the magnetic field, The Latitude-1.6°, Journal of Nepal Physical Society 5 (1), Himalayan Physics 8, 71 (2019). 35-41 (2019) doi.org/10.3126/hp.v8i0.30043 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/jnphyssoc.v5i1.26929 19. Suresh Basnet and Raju Khanal, Kinetic simulation of 8. J.R. Malla, Binil Aryal, W Saurer, Spatial Orientation of electronegative plasma with cut-off distribution and Galaxies in Supercluster S [195+ 027+ 0022], Journal of modified Bohm criterion, Plasma Science and Nepal Physical Society 5 (1), 14-18 (2019) Technology 22 (4), 045001 (2020). https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/JNPhysSoc/article/vie doi.org/10.1088/2058-6272/ab5720 w/26876 20. Suresh Basnet, Arun Sarma and Raju Khanal, Effect of 9. P. Baruwal, B. Adhikari, Binil Aryal, Cross-correlation presheath electron temperature on magnetized plasma- Analysis of Solar Wind Parameters on Martian Upper- wall transition and wall sputtering by plasma having two atmosphere by MAVEN, AGUFM 2019, SM33D-3235 species of positive ions, Physica Scripta 95 , 065601 (2019) (2020). doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ab7b89 https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019AGUFMSM33D32 21. Anish Maskey, Atit Deuja, Suresh Basnet, and Raju 35B/abstract Khanal, Effect of DC biased voltage and ion temperature 10. J.R. Malla, W Saurer, Binil Aryal, No preferred an bounded ion-ion plasma, Journal of Institute of alignments of angular momentum vectors of galaxies in Science and Technology 25(1), 61 (2020). the SDSS supercluster S [202-001+ 0084], Proceedings doi.org/10.3126/jist.v25i1.29449 of the International Astronomical Union 1-74, Oxford 22. Tika Katuwal, Raju Khanal, Rajendra Parajuli, Shree Univ Press (2019) Krishna Acharya, Bindu Bashyal, Chetnath Neupane, and https://search.proquest.com/openview/37dabf81dce1feafd Biswas Sapkota, Raman spectroscopic study of valuable 4d0293f37590ee7/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=39246 idols from UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 11. J.R. Malla, Binil Aryal, W. Saurer, Preferred Alignments Kathmandu, Nepal, Journal of Nepal Physical Society 6 of Angular Momentum Vectors of Galaxies in the SDSS (1), 1 (2020). doi.org/10.3126/jnphyssoc.v6i1.30427 Supercluster S [202-001+ 0084], NUTA Journal 6 (1-2), 23. Bhesha Raj Adhikari, Suresh Basnet, Hari Prasad 12-17 (2019) Lamichhane and Raju Khanal, Variation of velocity of https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/nutaj/article/view/232 ions in a magnetized plasma sheath for different magnetic 21 field, Journal of Nepal Physical Society 6 (1), 25 (2020). doi.org/10.3126/jnphyssoc.v6i1.30513 Symmetry XIII (2019) 60 24. Suresh Basnet and Raju Khanal, Tungsten and molecular dynamics study, Bibechana 17, 1-12 (2020). molybdenum surfaces exposed to warm deuterium ion DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v17i0.25504 plasma with q-nonextensive distribution of electrons, 39. U Mehata, S K Yadav, I Koirala, D Adhikari, Prediction Journal of Nepal Physical Society 6 (1), 50 (2020). of thermodynamic and surface properties of ternary Ti- doi.org/10.3126/jnphyssoc.v6i1.30517 Si-Fe liquid alloy, Modelling and Simulation in Material 25. Suresh Basnet, Amit Kumar Patel, and Raju Khanal, Science and Engineering, 28-6 (2020) 065010, DOI Electronegative magnetized plasma-wall transition in the 10.1088/1361-651X/aba053 presence of non-Maxwellian electrons with homogeneous 40. U Mehata, I Koirala, S K Yadav, R P Koirala, D ion source, Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 62, 115011 Adhikari,Thermo-physical properties of ternary Al-Cu-Fe (2020). doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/abb0f7 alloy in liquid state, Philosophical magazine,(2020)1-19, 26. S.P. Khanal, Y.P. Kandel, N.P. Adhikari, Transport DOI: 10.1080/14786435.2020.1775907 properties of zwitterion glycine, diglycine, and triglycine 41. U Mehata, S K Yadav, I Koirala, R P Koirala, G K in water, AIP Advances 9 (6), 065303 (2019) Shrestha,D Adhikari,Study of Surface tension and https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5099069 Viscosity of Cu-Fe-Si ternary alloy using a 27. R.P. Koirala, H.P. Bhusal, S.P. Khanal, N.P. Adhikari, thermodynamic approach, Helion ,6-8(2020), Effect of temperature on transport properties of cysteine DOI:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04674 in water, AIP Advances 10 (2), 025122 (2020) 42. U Mehata, S K Yadav, I Koirala, R P Koirala,D https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5132777 Adhikari, Thermodynamic and Surface properties of 28. N. Pantha, P. Bissokarma, N.P. Adhikari, First-principles liquid Ti-Al-Fe alloy at different temperatures , Physics study of electronic and magnetic properties of nickel and Chemistry of the liquid,(2020)1-12,DOI: doped hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), The European 10.1080/00319104.2020.1793333 Physical Journal B 93 (9), 1-6 (2020) 43. M. Kang, L. Ye, S. Fang, J.-S. You, A. Levitan, M. Han, https://doi.org/10.1140/epjb/e2020-10186-2 J. I. Facio, C. Jozwiak, A. Bostwick, E. Rotenberg, M. K. 29. HK Neupane, N.P. Adhikari, Structure, electronic and Chan, R. D. McDonald, D. Graf, K. Kaznatcheev, E. magnetic properties of 2D Graphene-Molybdenum Vescovo, D. C. Bell, E. Kaxiras, J. van den Brink, M. diSulphide (G-MoS2) Heterostructure (HS) with vacancy Richter, Madhav Prasad Ghimire, J. G. Checkelsky, defects at Mo sites, Computational Condensed Matter 24, and R. Comin; Dirac fermions and flat bands in the ideal e00489 (2020) kagome metal FeSn, Nat. Mater.19, 163 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cocom.2020.e00489 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41563-019-0531-0 30. HK Neupane, N.P. Adhikari, Path Integral Simulations 44. Mai Lê Anh, Martin Kaiser, Madhav Prasad Ghimire, of Harmonic Oscillator, Journal of Nepal Physical Manuel Richter, Klaus Koepernik, Markus Gruschwitz, Society 6 (1), 42-49 (2020) Christoph Tegenkamp, Thomas Doert, Michael Ruck; DOI: http://doi.org/10.3126/jnphyssoc.v6i1.30516 The Weak 3D Topological Insulator Bi12Rh3Sn3I9, 31. N Pantha, B Chauhan, P Sharma, N.P. Adhikari, Tuning Chem. Eur. J. 2020, 26,1–10. Structural and Electronic Properties of Phosphorene with https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202001953 Vacancies, Journal of Nepal Physical Society 6 (1), 7-15 45. Madhav Prasad Ghimire, J. I. Facio, J.-S. You, L. Ye, (2020) DOI: http://doi.org/10.3126/jnphyssoc.v6i1.30428 J. G. Checkelsky, S. Fang, E. Kaxiras, M. Richter and J. 32. RP Koirala, SP Khanal, S Shiwakoti, N.P. Adhikari, van den Brink; Creating Weyl nodes and controlling their Intermolecular Interaction of Hthyni Protein with Double energy by magnetization rotation, Phys. Rev. Research1, Methylated DNA at 5m-Cytosine Nucleotide, Journal of 032044 (R) (2019) Rapid Communications. Institute of Science and Technology 25 (1), 37-44 (2020) DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.1.032044 Doi:https://doi.org/10.3126/jist.v25i1.29444 46. H. L. Feng, Madhav Prasad Ghimire, Z. Hu, S-C. Liao, 33. Pokharel, S. P. Khanal, N.P. Adhikari, Solvation free S. Agrestini, J. Chen, Y. Yuan, Y. Matsushita, Y. energy of light alkanes in polar and amphiphilic Tsujimoto, Y. Katsuya, M. Tanaka, H.-J. Lin, C.-T. environments, BIBECHANA, Vol. 16 (2019) Chen, S.-C. Weng, M. Valvidares, K. Chen, F. Baudelet, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v16i0.21136 A. Tanaka, M. Greenblatt, L. H. Tjeng, and K. Yamaura; 34. S. Bataju and N. Pantha, Hydrophobicity of an isobutene Room-temperature ferrimagnetism of anti-site-disordered dimer in water, methanol and acetonitrile as solvents - a Ca2MnOsO6, Phys. Rev. Materials 3, 124404 (2019). classical molecular dynamics study. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.3.124404 33, 1950391-1-16 (2019). 47. R. Baral, H. S. Fierro, C. Rueda, B. Sahu, A. M. DOI: 10.1142/S0217979219503910 Strydom, N. Poudel, K. Gofryk, F. S. Manciu, C. Ritter, 35. N. Pantha, S. Thapa, N. P. Adhikari, First-principles T. W. Heitmann, B. P. Belbase, S. Bati, Madhav Prasad study of molecular adsorption of hydrogen/s on Co Ghimire, and H. S. Nair; Signatures of low-dimensional adatom graphene. JIST 25(1), 15-23(2020). magnetism and short-range magnetic order in Co-based DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/jist.v25i1.29418 trirutiles, Phys. Rev. B100, 184407 (2019). 36. N. Pantha, B. Chauhan, P. Sharma and N. P. Adhikari, DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.100.184407 Tuning structural and electronic properties of 48. Bhawana Mali, Harikrishnan S. Nair, T. W. Heitmann, phosphorene with vacancies. JNPS 6(1), 7-15(2020). Hariharan Nhalil, Daniel Antonio, Krzysztof Gofryk, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/jnphyssoc.v6i1.30428 Shalika Ram Bhandari, Madhav Prasad Ghimire, and 37. S. Neopane and N. Pantha, First-principles study of van Suja Elizabeth; Re-entrant spin reorientation transition der Waals interactions between helogen molecules (Cl2 and Griffiths-like phase in antiferromagnetic and I2), JNPS 5(1), 19-23 (2019). TbFe0.5Cr0.5O3, Phys. Rev. B102 (2020) 014418. DOI: DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/jnphyssoc.v5i1.26878 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.102.014418 38. B. Panthi and N. Pantha, Hydrophobicity of small alkane 49. G R Haripriya, T W Heitmann, D K Yadav, G C Kaphle, molecules (propane dimer) in solvents: a classical Madhav Prasad Ghimire, R Pradheesh, J Joshi, P Vora, Symmetry XIII (2019) 61 K Sethupathi, V Sankaranarayanan and H S Nair;Spin 59. L Ye, MG Kang, M Chan, R McDonald, D Graf, A reorientation in antiferromagnetic Dy2FeCoO6 double Levitan, M Han, D Bell, Madhav Prasad Ghimire et al.; perovskite; J. Phys.: Condens. Matter33 (2021) 025802 High field quantum oscillation studies of Dirac electrons (https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648X/abaeaa) in iron-based kagome lattice metals, Bulletin of the 50. Shalika R. Bhandari, D. K. Yadav, B. P. Belbase, M. American Physical Society Vol. 65, Num. 1 G59.00008 Zeeshan, B. Sadhukhan, D. P. Rai, R. K. Thapa, G. C. http://meetings.aps.org/Meeting/MAR20/Session/G59.8[ Kaphle and Madhav Prasad Ghimire; Electronic, Published: 2020/3/3] magnetic, optical and thermoelectric properties of 60. B. Karki, B. P. Belbase, Madhav Prasad Ghimire; Ca2Cr1-xNixOsO6 double perovskites. RSC Advances Novel Magnetic Weyl Semimetallic State in Layered 10 (2020) 16179-16186. DOI:10.1039/C9RA10775D Material: Fe2Sn, Bulletin of the American Physical 51. Nabin Basnet, Sushila Prasai, Hector Dominguez, Society Vol. 65, Num. 1 X59.00001 Marlene Ríos-Lo p ́ ez, Rajendra Adhikari, Madhav https://meetings.aps.org/Meeting/MAR20/Session/X59.1[ Prasad Ghimire, and Ajaya Bhattarai; Conductance Published: 2020/3/3] Study of Aerosol-OT in Binary Mixed Solvents of Short- 61. G. B. Acharya and Madhav Prasad Ghimire, Electronic Chain Alcohol−Water Systems at Various Temperatures, and magnetic properties of Co-doped Rb2Ni3S4, doi: J. Chem. Eng. Data 2021 (Published online: November 10.3390/IOCC_2020-07826 11, 2020) https://sciforum.net/paper/view/conference/7826 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jced.0c00126 62. A. Budhathoki and Madhav Prasad Ghimire, Electronic 52. Dhurba R. Jaishi, Nileema Sharma, Bishnu Karki, Bishnu and magnetic properties of Kagome Metal MgFe6Ge4, P. Belbase, Rajendra P. Adhikari, and Madhav Prasad doi:10.3390/IOCC_2020-07828 Ghimire; Electronic Structure and Thermoelectric https://sciforum.net/paper/view/conference/7828 Properties of Half-Heusler Alloys NiTZ, arXiv: 63. B. P. Belbase, S. R. Bhandari, and Madhav Prasad 2009.11916 (2020). https://arxiv.org/pdf/2009.11916.pdf Ghimire, Electronic, Magnetic and Optical Properties of 53. Tika Ram Lamichhane, and Madhav Prasad Ghimire; Double Perovskites Pb2XOsO6 (X=Co, Ni), doi: Research on Covid-19 from Biophysical Perspective, 10.3390/IOCC_2020-07349. Tribhuvan University Journal, 34 (2020) 1-14. https://sciforum.net/paper/view/conference/7349 https://doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v34i0.31535 [published on 64. B. Karki, B. P. Belbase and Madhav Prasad Ghimire, 27.09.2020] Novel Topological Weyl Semimetallic Phase in Layered 54. Tika Ram Lamichhane and Madhav Prasad Ghimire; Materials: Fe2Sn and Fe3Sn, doi: 10.3390/IOCC_2020- Structural Analysis of COVID-19 Main Protease and its 07719. https://sciforum.net/paper/view/conference/7719 Interaction with the Inhibitor N3. ChemRxiv. (2020) 65. D. R. Jaishi and Madhav Prasad Ghimire, Electronic, https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.12400604.v1[online Magnetic and Thermoelectric Properties of BaTbO3, doi: on 01.06.2020] 10.3390/IOCC_2020-07354. 55. K. Shiva Prasad, R. R. Pillai, Madhav Prasad Ghimire, https://sciforum.net/paper/view/conference/7354 R. Ray, M. Richter, C. Shivamallu, A. S. Jain, S. K. 66. N. Sharma, S. KC and Madhav Prasad Ghimire, Effect Prasad, S.ushma P, S. Armaković, S. J. Armaković, and of Hole Doping in Kagome System Yco5, doi: R. G. Amachawadi; Indole moiety induced biological 10.3390/IOCC_2020-07827. potency in pseudo-peptides derived from 2-amino-2-(1H- https://sciforum.net/paper/view/conference/7827 indole-2-yl) based acetamides: Chemical synthesis, in 67. S. Lawaju, S. R. Bhandari, S. KC, and Madhav Prasad vitro anticancer activity and theoretical studies, Journal Ghimire, First-principles Study of Electronic Structure of Molecular Structure.1217 (2020) 128445. and Magnetic Properties of Tb2FeCrO6, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128445. [online 10.3390/IOCC_2020-07353. on 15 May 2020] https://sciforum.net/paper/view/conference/7353 56. D. K. Yadav, S. R. Bhandari, B. P. Belbase, G. C. 68. S. Bati, D. R. Jaishi, and Madhav Prasad Ghimire, Kaphle, D. P. Rai, and Madhav Prasad Ghimire;Effects Electronic and Thermoelectric Properties of NiTiSi, doi: of electron-correlation, spin-orbit coupling, and modified 10.3390/IOCC_2020-07348. Becke-Johnson potential in double perovskites https://sciforum.net/paper/view/conference/7348 SrLaBB′O6 (B = Ni, Fe; B′ = Os, Ru), Comput. Mater. 69. S. Shrestha, N. Bhusal, S. Byahut, C. K. Sarkar Study of Sci.170, 109168 (2019). tunneling and oscillation in a GaAs⁄Al0.3 Ga0.7As https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2019.109168[online: superlattice: using transfer matrix method, Bibechana 18 29thAug. 2019] (2021) 104-112 ISSN 2091-0762(Print) 2382- 57. D.P. Rai, Tuan V. Vu, Amel Lare, Madhav Prasad 5340(Online) Ghimire, P. K. Patra, Sunita Srivastava; Electronic and DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v18i1.27450 optical properties of 2D monolayer (ML) MoS2 with 70. S. Shrestha, and C. K. Sarkar,Comparative studies on the vacancy defect at S sites, Nano-Structures & Nano- electronic transport in magnetically quantized low band Objects21 (2020) 100404. gap semiconductor system Bibechana 17 (2020) 34-41 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoso.2019.100404[Published: (Online Publication Dec. 2018) ISSN 2091- 6th Dec. 2019] 0762(Print)2382-5340 (Online) 58. B. R. K. L. L. Mawphlang, Madhav Prasad Ghimire, D. https://doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v17i0.21741 P. Rai, P. K. Patra; Buckling behavior of nonuniform 71. S. Shrestha, A. Shakya, and C. K. Sarkar. Study of carbon nanotubes using nonlocal elasticity theory and the electronic transport parameters on the heterojunction of differential transformation method, Int. Nano Lett. AlGaN/GaN, grown on Sapphire: two layer model, (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40089-020-00319-5. BIBECHANA 16 137-144: RCOST p.137 (2019) [Published: 09 November 2020] (Online Publication: Dec.,2018) ISSN: 2091-0762 (Print), 2382-5340 (0nline) Symmetry XIII (2019) 62 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v16i0.21072 75. Lamichhane, T. R., & Lamichhane, H. P. (2020). 72. Lamichhane, T. R., Paudel, S., Yadav, B. K., & Structural changes in thyroid hormone receptor-beta by Lamichhane, H. P. (2019). Echo dephasing and heat T3 binding and L330S mutational interactions. AIMS capacity from constrained and unconstrained dynamics of Biophysics, 7(1), 27-40.DOI: 10.3934/biophy.2020003 triiodothyronine nuclear receptor protein. Journal of 76. Lamichhane, T. R., & Ghimire, M. P. (2020). Structural Biological Physics, 45(1), 107-125. Analysis of COVID-19 Main Protease and its Interaction DOI: 10.1007/s10867-018-9518-3 with the Inhibitor N3. ChemRxiv. 73. Lamichhane, T. R., Paudel, S., Yadav, B. K., & DOI: https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.12400604.v1 Lamichhane, H. P. (2019). Molecular dynamics approach 77. Lamichhane, T. R., Pant, S. P., Lamichhane, B., Paudel, to the I431V mutational impact on thyroid hormone S., Yadav, B. K., & Lamichhane, H. P. (2020). Thyroid receptor-beta. BIBECHANA, 16, 79-91. Hormones-Thyrotropin Interrelationships in Thyroid DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v13i0.21109 Dysfunction States. bioRxiv. 74. Lamichhane, T. R., & Lamichhane, H. P. (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.26.173252 Constant velocity pulling and unfolding of thyroid 78. Lamichhane, T. R., & Ghimire, M. P. (2020). Research hormone receptor by steered molecular on Covid-19 from Biophysical Perspective. Tribhuvan dynamics. BIBECHANA, 17, 50-57. University Journal (Covid19 Issue), 1-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v17i0.25870 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v34i0.31535 CDP News Two Ph.D. Awarded during Pandemic Dr. Bhesh Raj Adhikari The supervisor and co-supervisors of this Ph.D. work is Institute of science & technology (IoST), TU awarded Ph.D. Prof. Dr. Raju Khanal of CDP, TU and Dr. Hari Prasad degree to Mr. Bhesh Raj Adhikari, Associate professor of Lamichanne of CDP, TU. This program was opened only Bhaktapur Multiple College, TU on 27 September 2020. The for limited people due to Covid-19 pandemic. The Dean, Ph.D. thesis title of Mr. Adhikari is ‘Kinetic Trajectory Assistant Deans, Research committee members, a few Simulation Model for Magnetized Plasma Seath’. Professors and extern examiner Prof. Dr. Deepak Prasad Subedi of Kathmandu University attended the program. Dr. Bhisma Karki Institute of science & technology (IoST), TU awarded Ph.D. degree to Mr. Bhishma Karki, on 28 September 2020. The Ph.D. thesis title of Mr. Karki is ‘Photoelectrocatalytic Purification of Water Using Spray Deposited Zinc Oxide Thin Films. The supervisor of this Ph.D. work is Prof. Dr. Jeevan Jyoti Nakarmi, now retired Professor of CDP, TU. The external examinor was Prof. Dr. Leela Pradhan Joshi of Amrit Campus. CDP News Online PhD Biannual Progress Report Presentation Program PhD Biannual progress report presentation program wasQ/A were strictly in English. All Ph.D. students are held online during 16-21 Srawan 2077. Thirty Four studentsrequired to attend the program (all 6 days). Students sent presented their progress report. Almost all supervisorstheir report in pdf and final presentation slide (pdf) of attended the program. Students are advised to prepare their biannual progress report in the e-mail slides in this format: >> Title (show registration number & dates) [email protected] and [email protected]. >> Motivation & Objectives Mutual exchange or reschedule was not allowed. PhD >> Progress of last semester students are advised NOT to share zoom Link to anyone! >> On-going work Only CDRC members, CDP Faculties and Supervisors >> Plan for the next semester >> References will attend the program. The allowed time was 15 minutes and the rest time was for the questions/comments. The presentation and Symmetry XIII (2019) 63 ({\mid } l{\mid }<10°) far-infrared cavities, Journal of Faculties: Central Department of Astrophysics and Astronomy, Springer, 40, 2, 116-125 (2019). DOI: 10.1007/s12036-019-9578-1 3. Binod Adhikari, Niraj Adhikari, Binil Aryal, Narayan P. Physics, TU, Kirtipur Chapagain, Ildiko Horvath, Impacts on proton fluxes observed during differennt interplaneray conditions, Journal of Solar Prof. Dr. Binil Aryal Physics, Springer, 295(3), 163 (2019). DOI: 10.1007/s18217- 03482 Designation : Head 4. A. K. Jha, B. Aryal, R. Weinberger, A study of dust color (since 2070/09/07) temperature and dust mass distributions of four far infrared loops Mailing Addres : CDP, TU, Kirtipur Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica (RxMAA), 53, Address : Jorpati – 2, KTM 467-476 (2017). Phone (+977) 9803228105 5. A.K. Jha, B. Aryal & R. Weinberger, A Study of Far-Infrared Email :[email protected] Loop at Galactic Latiude -12o , ISST Journal of Applied Physics, Date of Birth :2024-06-13 8 (1), 85-91 (2017). 6. S. N. Yadav, B. Aryal, W. Saurer, Preferred alignments of Place of Birth :Saptari angular momentum vectors of galaxies in six dynamically Field of Research : Galaxy evolution, dark unstable Abell clusters, RAA, 17, 7, 64 (2017). Matter & dark energy, ISM interaction, etc. 7. B. Aryal, H. Bhattarai, S. Dhakal, C. Rajbahak & W. Saurer, Members : TU Assembly (Senator) Spatial Orientation of Galaxies in Six Rotating Clusters, Monthly : Academic Council, TU Notice of Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS), 434, 1339 (2013) : Standing Committeete, Faculty Board 8. B. Aryal, S.N. Yadav & W. Saurer, Spatial orientation of galaxies : Board, BPKM-DB, MoST, Govt. Nepal in the Zone of Avoidance, Bulletin of Astron. Astron. Soc. Ind. : Research Committee, IOE, TU (BASI), 40, 65 (2012) : Research Committee, SOS, KU 9. B. Aryal, R. R. Paudel, W. Saurer, Spatial orientation of angular : Subject Committee, IOE, TU momentum vector of galaxies in three merging binary clusters, Astrophysics & Space Science Journ. (Springer), 337, 313 (2012) : Managing Committee, RECAST, TU 10. B. Aryal, Winding sense of galaxies around the Local : Subject Standing Committee, CDES, TU Supercluster, Journ. Research in Astronomy & Astrophysics : Board member, CDC, TU. (RAA) 11, 293 (2011) Qualification 11. B. Aryal, C. Rajbahak, R. Weinberger, A giant dusty bipolar structure around planetary nebula NGC 1514, Monthly Notice of Post Doctorate :Institute of Astrophysics, Innsbruck University, Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS) 402, 1307 (2010) Innsbruck, Austria (May 2002 –April 2004) 12. B. Aryal, C. Rajbahak, R. Weinberger, Planetary nebulae NGC :University of Washington Seattle, USA (May 6826 and NGC 2899: early aspherical mass loss?, Journ. 2004- April 2005) Astrophysics & Space Science, 323, p. 324-331 (2009) Ph. D. :Institute of Astrophysics, Innsbruck University, 13. B. Aryal, P. Kafle & W. Saurer, Radial velocity dependence in Innsbruck; Austria (2002) the spatial orientations of galaxies in and around the local supercluster, Monthly Notice of Royal Astronomical Society M. Sc. :Central Dept of Physics, T.U., Kirtipur (1994) (MNRAS) 389, 741 (2008) Post Doc Project :A new kind of interaction in the ISM 14. B. Aryal, D. Nupane & W. Saurer, Morphological dependence in Ph.D. Thesis :Spin vector orientation of galaxies in 40 Abell the spatial orientations of galaxies around the Local Supercluster, clusters Astrophysics & Space Science (Ap&SS) 314, 177 (2008) M. Sc. Thesis :Estimation of uranium & thorium collected from 15. B. Aryal, S. Paudel & W. Saurer, Coexistence of chiral symmetry central Nepal using gamma-ray spectrometry restoration and random orientation of galaxies, , Journ. International Project Experience Astronomy & Astrophysics (A&A) 479, 397 (2008) (1) Galileo Observatory, Canery Island, Spain (one observational 16. B. Aryal, S. Paudel & W. Saurer, Spatial Orientation of galaxies run – as a Ph.D. student, during 2001) in 7 clusters of BM type II, Monthly Notice of Royal (2) Asiago Observatory, Padua University, Italy (five observational Astronomical Society (MNRAS) 379, 1011 (2007) run – as a expert astronomer, during 2002-2004) 17. B. Aryal, S. R. Acharya & W. Saurer, Chirality of spiral galaxies (3) KEK Observatory, Mauna Kea, Hawaii, USA (four in the Local Supercluster, Journ. Astrophysics & Space Science, observational run – as a expert Astronomer, during 2005-2009) 307, p. 369-380 (2007) (4) IRAM Observatory, Spain (two observational run – as a expert 18. B. Aryal, S. M. Kandel & W. Saurer, Spatial orientation of Astronomer, during 2004-2005) galaxies in the core of the Shapley Concentration: The cluster Ph.D. Supervision (completed): Abell 3558, Journ. Astronomy & Astrophysics 458, 377 (2006) (1) Dr. Shiv Narayan Yadav 19. B. Aryal & R. Weinberger, A new high latitude cone like far-IR nebula, Journ. Astronomy & Astrophysics 446, 213 (2006) (2) Dr. Ajay Kumar Jha 20. B. Aryal & W. Saurer, Spin vector orientation of galaxies in ten (3) Dr. Arjun Kumar Gautam clusters of BM type II-III, Monthly Notice of Royal Astronomical M.Sc. Dissertation (completed) : 218 (till March 2019) Society (MNRAS) 366, 438 (2006) National Level Committee: 21. B. Aryal & W. Saurer, Spin vector orientation of galaxies in the (1) National Policy for University Affiliation region 19h 26m 00s < α (2000) < 20h 19m 00s, -68o < δ (2000) < - (2) Higher Education Policy: STEM (8th Chapter) 65o, MNRAS 360, 125 (2005) University Level Committee: 22. R. Weinberger & B. Aryal, A Gaint Dusty Bipolar Structure (1) Credit Transfer Policy Around the Planetary Nebula NGC 1514, Monthly Notice of (2) Improving Grading System in TU Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS) 348, 172 (2005) (3) Fast Track Recruitment Process/policy 23. B. Aryal & W. Saurer, Spin vector orientation of galaxies in (4) Improving Teaching Learning in TU seven Abell clusters of BM type III, Journ. Astronomy & (5) Question Format and Model Question for Assistant Professor, Astrophysics 432, 841-850 (2005) TU Service Commission 24. B. Aryal & W. Saurer, Morphological dependence in the spatial Selected Publications in the International Journals: orientation of Local Supercluster galaxies, Journ. Astronomy & Astrophysics 432, 431-442 (2005) 1. A. K. Jha, B. Aryal, Dust color temperature distribution of two 25. B. Aryal & W. Saurer, Spin vector orientation of galaxies in FIR cavities at IRIS and AKARI maps, Journal Astronomy & seven Abell clusters of BM type I, Journ. Astronomy & Astrophysics (JAA), 107, 216 (2019). Astrophysics 425, p. 871-879 (2004) 2. Arjun Kumar Gautam & Binil Aryal, A study of four low-latitude Symmetry XIII (2019) 64 26. R. Weinberger & B. Aryal, Huge Dust Structures and Cavities functionally graded magnetoelectroelastic composite materials, Around PNe: NGC 6826 and NGC 2899, Edited by Margaret Mechanics of Composite Materials, Volume 45, Pages 585-596, Meixner, Joel H. Kastner, Bruce Balick and Noam Soker, ASP 2009 (A translation of Russian Language Journal- Mekhanika Conf. Proc., Vol. 313. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Kompozitnykh Materialov, Volume 45, Pages 843-862, 2009 Pacific, 2004., p.112-115 (2004) 12. Niraula, O.P., Solution of wave propagation in magneto-electro- 27. R. Weinberger & B. Aryal, Asymmetric mass-loss on the AGB: elastic plate, Second Asian Conference on Mechanics of Functional examples from IRAS data, Edited by Y. Nakada, M. Honma and Materials and Structures (ACMFMS 2010), October 22-25, 2010, M. Seki. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, Vol. 283, Nanjing, China, Pages 375-378, 2010 Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN 1-4020-1162-8, 13. Niraula, O. P. and Noda, N, Derivation of material constants in p. 103-106 (2003) non-linear electromagnetothermo-elasticity, Journal of Thermal 28. B. Aryal & W. Saurer, The influence of selection effects on the Stresses, Volume 33, Pages 1011-1034, 2010 isotropic distribution curve in galaxy orientation studies, Edited 14. Niraula, O. P. and Chao, C. K., Thermodynamic derivation in by José G. Funes, S. J. and Enrico Maria Corsini. San Francisco: magneto-electroelasticity, Journal of Thermal Stresses, Volume 35, Astronomical Society of the Pacific. ISBN: 1-58381-063-3, ASP Pages 448-469, 2012 Conf. Ser., Vol. 230, p. 145-156 (2001) 15. Niraula, O. P., A Mathematical model for magneto-electro- 29. B. Aryal & W. Saurer, Comments on the expected isotropic elasticity and thermodynamics, Asian Conference on Mechanics of distribution curve in galaxy orientation study, Journ. Astronomy Functional Materials and Structures, Department of Applied & Astrophysics Letters 364, L97-L100 (2000). Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India, (ACMFMS 2012) December 5 -8, 2012, edited by Kapuria, S., Pages 99-102, 2012 Prof. Dr. Om Prakash Niraula E-mail : [email protected] Telephone : 977-1-4429383 Prof. Dr. Ram Prasad Regmi E-mail : [email protected] M.Sc. Thesis : Laser absorption in inertial confinement fusion Field of interest : Atmospheric transport processes plasma, CDP, TU (1988) over the Himalayan complex terrain. PhD Thesis : The analysis of steady thermal stresses in Qualifications :Doctor of Engineering (Environmental thermopiezoelastic body and Life Engineering) (March 2003), Graduate with an edge crack, School of Engineering, Toyohashi University Shizuoka University, of Technology (TUT), Japan. Hamamatsu, Japan :Masters Degree in Physics (1991), CDP, TU. (2002) PhD Thesis :Study on Meteorological Flows and Air Selected Publications Pollution Transport over the Kathmandu 1. Niraula, O. P. and Jha, L. N, Laser Valley, Nepal: Observation and Numerical absorption in inertial confinement fusion Simulation, Japan. 2003. plasma, 1992, Shangai International M Sc Thesis :High Field Behaviors of Electrons in Symposium on Quantum Optics, Academia, Sinica, Shangai, China, Semiconductor Surface Inversion Layer, 29 March- 2 April 1992, edited by Wang, Y., Wang, Y. and Wang, Z., SPIE - International Society for Optics and Photonics, Volume CDP, TU (1991) 126, Pages 402-407, 1992 Selected Publications 2. Niraula, O. P. and Noda, N., Thermal stress intensity factor i 1. Kitada T. and R. P. Regmi (2003): Air Pollution Distribution and thermopiezoelastic semiinfinite material, The Fourth International Their Dynamics over the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: As Revealed Congress on Thermal Stresses, Osaka, Japan, (FICTS 2001), June 8- with Numerical Simulation and 11, 2001, edited by Tanigawa, Y. , Pages 257-260, June 2001 Observation. Journal of Applied 3. Niraula, O. P., Noda N., The analysis of thermal stresses in Meteorology, American Meteorological thermopiezoelastic semiinfinite body with an edge crack, Archive of Society, Vol. 42, No 12, pages 1770- Applied Mechanics, Volume 72, Pages 119-126, 2002 1798. 4. Niraula O. P., and Noda N., Thermal stress analysis in 2. Regmi R. P. and T. Kitada (2003): thermopiezoelastic strip with an edge crack, Journal of Thermal Human-Air Pollution Exposure Map of Stresses, Volume 25, Pages 389-405, 2002 the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: 5. Ishihara, M., Niraula, O. P. and Noda, N. The analysis of transient Assessment Based on Chemical thermal stresses in piezothermoelastic semi-infinite body with an Transport Simulation. Journal of Global edge crack, IUTAM Symposium on Dynamics of Advanced Environment Engineering, JSCE, Japan, Materials and Smart Structures, Yonezawa, Japan, May 20-24, 2002, Vol. 9, pages 89-109. edited by Watanabe, K, and Zigler. F., Pages 137-146, 2003 3. Regmi R. P., T. Kitada, and G. Kurata (2003): Numerical 6. Niraula, O. P. and Wang, B. L, Thermal stress analysis in magneto- Simulation of Late Wintertime Local Flows in the Kathmandu electro-thermoelasticity with a penny-shaped crack, Journal of Valley, Nepal: Implication for Air Pollution Transport. Journal of Thermal Stresses, Volume 29, Pages 423–437, 2006 Applied Meteorology, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 42, 7. Niraula O. P. and Wang B. L., A magneto-electro-elastic material No 3, pages 389-403. with a pennyshaped crack subjected to temperature loading, Acta Reports Mechanica, Volume 187, Pages 151-168, 2006 Wang, B. L. and • Ram P. Regmi (2009): “A Study of the Local and Regional Flow Niraula, O. P., Transient analysis of thermal fracture in transversely in the Kathmandu Valley” submitted to Pacific Northwest isotropic magneto-electro-elastic material, Journal of Thermal National Laboratory, USA. Stresses, Volume 30, Pages 297-317, 2007 • Ram P. Regmi (2009): “A Study on Atmospheric Conditions 8. Wang B. L, Mai Y-W, Niraula, O. P., A horizontal shear surface Leading to Decoupling of Surface Air from the Regional Flows in wave in magnetoelectroelastic materials. Philosophical Magazine the Kathmandu Valley” submitted to Pacific Northwest National Letters, Volume 87, Pages 53-58, 2007 Laboratory, USA. 9. Wang, B. L., Zhang, H. Y. and Niraula, O. P. , An internal crack • Ram P. Regmi (2008), “Energy Sector Overview of Nepal: subjected to a thermal flow in magnetoelectroelastic solids: exact Country Report”, Wind Energy International 2007/2008, World fundamental solution, Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids, Wind Energy Association. Volume 13, Pages 447-462, 2008 10. Wang, B. L., Zhang, H. Y. and Niraula, O. P. , A moving screw dislocation in transversely isotropic magnetoelectroelastic materials, Prof. Dr. Raju Khanal Philosophical Magazine Letters, Volume 88, Pages 153-158, 2008 Designation : Professor 11. Wang, B. L. and Niraula, O. P., Two collinear antiplane cracks in Symmetry XIII (2019) 65 Mailing Address : CDP TU Materials Science and Engineering A 5, 41 (2015). Kirtipur, Nepal Phone : (+977) 9841411951 Prof. Dr. Narayan Pd Adhikari Email : plasmanepal Mailing Address : P.O. Box: 24354, @hotmail.com Kathmandu, Nepal. Date of Birth : Thursday; 12 June Phone : 01-4335958 (R) : 9841-500796 (M) 1969 (2026 Jestha 30 Email : [email protected] B.S.) Date of Birth : 10th March, 1970 Place of Birth : Sakrantibazar-6, Place of Birth :Chapakot –7, Kaski Terhathum, Nepal Field of Interest :Nanoscience, Field of Interest :Plasma Physics (Plasma–wall transition, Condensed Matter plasma seath) Physics, Computational Physics, Biophysics Qualification Qualification : Ph. D. Martin-Luther University, Halle/Saale, M.Sc. : CDP, T. U., Kirtipur (1994) Germany (2001) Ph.D. : Institute for Theoretical Physics, Innsbruck : M.S. The Abdus Salam International Center for University, Austria (2003) Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy (1998) M. Sc. Thesis :Plasma Wake-Field Accelerator and its : M.Sc. Central Department of Physics, T.U. Transformer Ratio. (1996) Ph.D. Thesis : A Kinetic Trajectory Simulation Model for Ph.D. Thesis : Interfacial properties and phase behavior of Bounded Plasmas unsymmetric polymer blends Selected International Publications: M.S. Thesis : Calculations of the energy in two weakly 1. B. Ghimire, D. P. Subedi and R. Khanal, Improvement of coupled Bose- Einstein Condensates M. Sc. Thesis : Size effects in metal clusters wettability and absorbancy of textile using atmospheric pressure Post Doctoral Experiences dielectric barrier discharge, AIP Advances 7, 085213 (2017). : October 2001 – August 2002, Rice University, 2. S. P. Gupta, L. K. Jha and R. Khanal, Study of proton and alpha Houston, Texas, USA particle impact double ionization of Fe, Bulletin of Pure & Applied : September 2002 – May 2004 : Rensselaer Sciences- Physics 36D, 43 (2017). Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, 3. G. Thakur, R. Khanal & B. Narayan, Determination of Plasma : October 2004 – December 2005: Max-Planck Parameters by using Movable Langmuir Double Probe in Copper Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany Arc Plasma, Research Highlights: A Multidisciplinary Quarterly Selected Publications International Referred Research Journal IV, 20 (2017). 1. M. M. Aryal D. R. Mishra D. D. Paudyal S. Byahut N. B. 4. S. P. Gupta, L. K. Jha and R. Khanal, Electron impact single and Maharjan N. P. Adhikari · R. H. Scheicher · Junho Jeong S. R. Badu R. H. Pink Lee Chow T. P. Das “First–Principles Study of double ionization of Fe atom, Bulletin of Pure & Applied Sciences Binding Energies and Nuclear Quadrupole Interactions in - Physics 36D, 53 (2017). Molecular Solids-Halogens” Hyperfine Interactions, Volume 5. G. Thakur, R. Khanal and B. Narayan, Production of Copper Arc 176, page 51-57 (2008) (Springer, Germany) Plasma and its Characterization using a Movable Langmuir Probe, 2. V. A. Harmandaris, N. P. Adhikari, N. F. A. van der Vegt, K. Varanasi Management Review III, 27 (2017). Kremer, B. A. Mann, R. Voelkel, H. Weiss, and Chee Chin Liew 6. P. Gautam, R. Khanal, S. Heoh Saw and S. Lee, Measurement of “Ethylbenzene Diffusion in Polystyrene: United Atom Atomistic Coarse Grained Simulations and Experiments”, Macromolecules, Model Parameters versus Gas Pressure in High Performance 40, 7026 (2007) Plasma Focus NX1 and NX2 Operated in Neon, IEEE Transactions 3. V.A. Harmandaris, N.P. Adhikari, N.F.A. van der Vegt and K. on Plasma Science 45, 2292 (2017) Kremer, “Hierarchical modeling of Polystyrene: From atomistic 7. S. H. Saw, D. Subedi, R. Khanal, R. Shrestha, S. Dugu and S. Lee, to coarse-grained simulations”, Macromolecules, 39, 6399 (2006 J., Numerical Experiments on PF1000 Neutron Yield, Fusion 4. N.P. Adhikari, X. Peng, A. Alizadeh, S. Nayak and S.K. Kumar Energy 33, 684 (2014) “Multiscale modeling of the synthesis of quantum nanodots and 8. P. Gautam and R. Khanal, Comparison of Measured and their arrays” Theoretical and computational chemistry, volume Computed Neutron Yield Versus Pressure Curve on NX2 at 18, Nanomaterials:Design and simulation, Chapter 4, Page 85, Different Operating Voltages, KUSET 10, 1 (2014) editors: P.B. Balbuena and J. M. Seminario, Elsevier, 2006 9. B. Ghimire, R. Khanal and D. P. Subedi Diagnostics of Low 5. N.P. Adhikari, X. Peng, A. alizadeh, S. Ganti, S.K. Nayak and Pressure DC Glow Discharge Using Double Langmuir Probe, S.K. Kumar, “Multiscale modeling of the surfactant mediated KUSET 10, 20 (2014) synthesis and supramolecular assembly of cobalt nanodots”, 10. Comparison of Measured Neutron Yield Versus Pressure Curves Phys. Rev. Lett., 93, 188301(2004) for FMPF-3, NX2 and NX3 Plasma Focus Machines Against 6. N.P. Adhikari and J.L. Goveas, “Effects of slip on the viscosity of Computed Results Using the Lee Model Code, S. H. Saw, P. Lee, polymer melts”, Journal of Polymer Science: Part B: Polymer R. S. Rawat, R. Verma, D. Subedi, R. Khanal, P. Gautam, R. Physics, 42, 1888(2004). Shrestha, A. Singh and S. Lee, J. Fusion Energy 34, 474 (2015) 7. N.P. Adhikari and E. Straube, “Interfacial properties of 11. “Comparison of Measured Soft X-Ray Yield versus Pressure for asymmetric polymer blends”, Macromolecular theory and NX1 and NX2 Plasma Focus Devices against Computed Values simulations, 12, 499(2003). Using Lee Model Code”, P. Gautam, R. Khanal, S. H. Saw and S. 8. N.P. Adhikari, R. Auhl and E. Straube, “Interfacial properties Lee, J. Fusion Energy 34, 686 (2015) of flexible and semiflexible polymers blends”, Macromolecular 12. “Self-consistent one dimension in space and three dimension in theory and simulations, 11, 315(2002). velocity kinetic trajectory simulation model of magnetized plasma- 9. N. P. Adhikari and E. Straube, “Interfacial properties of wall transition”, Roshan Chalise and Raju Khanal, Physics of mixtures of flexible and semiflexible polymers”, Modeling Plasmas 22, 113505-1 (2015) Complex systems, AIP conference proceedings, volume 574, page 13. Electron Impact Single Ionization of Kr and Xe, Suresh Prasad 252, year 2001 Gupta, L. K. Jha, Raju Khanal and Akhilesh Kumar Gupta, 10. N.P. Adhikari and D.R. Mishra, “Electronic structure in metal Bulletin of Pure & Applied Sciences- Physics 34d, 71 (2015) clusters”, Journal of Nepal Physical Society, 15,13(1998). 14. Roshan Chalise and Raju Khanal, The Study of Kinetic Energy of 11. N.P. Adhikari and D.R. Mishra, “Thickness dependence of Ion ond Sheath Thickness in Magnetized Plasma Sheath, Journal of Fermi wave vector in thin bismuth films”, Journal of Nepal Symmetry XIII (2019) 66 Physical Society, 13, 23(1996). Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (2011), 108, 12. S. Pokharel, N. Aryal, B..R. Niraula, A. Subedi, N..P. Adhikari, 10526-10531. Transport properties of methane, ethane, propane, and n-butane in 2. Hari Lamichhane, Ruili Wang, Gary Hastings, "Comparison of water, Journal of Physics Communications 2 (6), 06500. DOI: calculated and experimental FTIR spectra of specifically labeled 10.1088/2399-6528/aabc45 ubiquinones" Vibrational Spectroscopy (2011), 55, 279-286. 3. Gary Hastings, Peter Krug, Ruili Wang, Jing Guo, Hari Lamichhane, Tian Tang, Yu-Sheng Hsu, John Ward, David Katz Prof. Dr. Ishwar Koirala and Julia Hilliard (2009) "Viral Infection of Cells in Culture Designation : Associate Professor Detected Using Infrared Microscopy", Analyst (2009) 134, 1462- Mailing Address : CDP T, Kirtipur 1471. DOI: 10.1039/b902154j. Phone : 9849073009 4. Hari Lamichhane, "A general Technique of Finding Roots by Date of Birth : 2021–04–18 the Method of Division" Published in the proceedings of IInd Place of Birth : Dharan –14, Sunsari National Conference in Science and Technology organized by Field of Interest :Solid State Physics, Royal Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Kathmandu, Material Science Nepal, June 8-11, 1994. Qualifications :M.Sc., CDP, TU Experience :tauhght B.Sc. (three Dr. Bal Ram Ghimire year system) for about Designation : Associated Professor 14 years and M.Sc. Mailing Address : CDP TU (Physics) since last 6 years Phone : 9848848733 Selected International Publications e-mail: : balramghimire@gmail 1. I. Koirala, I.S. Jha, B.P. Singh, D. Adhikari, Thermodynamic, Field of interest : Condensed matter transport and surface properties in In-Pb liquid alloys, Physica B 423 (2013) 49: Elsevier Education : M.Sc. in Physics, 2. I. Koirala, B.P. Singh, I.S. Jha ,Theoretical Investigations on Southern Illinois Univ., Mixing Properties of Liquid Ga-Zn Alloys,Journal of Science and USA Technology (JOST) 18:2(2013)37-43 : Ph. D. University of 3. I. Koirala, B.P. Singh, I.S. Jha, Theoretical assessment on North Dakota, USA segregating nature of liquid In-Tl alloys, J. Non-Cryst.Solids Any Other : Member of the Optical 398(2014) 26-31: Elsevier Society of America, 4. B.P. Singh, I. Koirala, I.S. Jha, D. Adhikari, The segregating American Physical nature of Cd-Pb liquid binary alloys, Phys. Chem. Liq., Society and Life member of Nepal Physical 52:4(2014)457: Taylor and Francis Society. 5. I.S.Jha, I. Koirala, B.P.Singh, D.Adhikari, Concentration Selected International Publications dependence thermodynamic, transport and surface properties in 1. Bal Ram Ghimire, Shanker Prasad Chimouriya, Ju H. Kim, Ag-Cu liquid alloys, Applied Physics A,116:3(2014)1517-1523: Collective Phase Frustrationand Time Reversal Symmetry Broken Springer Link on Single Long Josephson JunctionBased on MgB2Superconductor, 6. I. Koirala, I.S. Jha, B.P. Singh, D. Adhikari ,Theoretical Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP), iosrjournals.org, 10, 5 Ver. investigations of mixing properties in Ni-Pd liquid alloys,Chem. II, 38-44 (2018). DOI:10.9790/4861-1005023844. Xpress 4:1(2014)75-79: Global Scientific Inc 2. Shanker Prasad Chimouriya, Bal Ram Ghimire, Ju H. Kim, Phase 7. I. Koirala ; B.P.Singh ; I.S.Jha, Theoretical investigation of Dynamics of SingleLong Josephson Junctionin mixing behaviors on Al-Fe alloys in the molten stage, The MgB2Superconductor, AIP Conference Proceedings, American African Review of Physics 10 (2015)0040 Institute of Physics, 1953, 120074-1-1200744 (2018). 8. B. Singh and I. Koirala, Size sensitive transport behavior of DOI:10.1063/1.5033139. liquid metallic mixtures , Journal of Science and Technology 3. J. H. Kim, B. R. Ghimire, and H. Y. Tsai, Phys. Rev. B 85, 134511, (JIST) 20:2 (2015) 140-144 (2012). 9. I. Koirala, B. P. Singh, I.S. Jha , Theoretical investigation of energetic and its effect on Cd-Hg amalgam Journal of physical society 3-1(2015), 60-64 Dr. Ajay Kumar Jha Designation : Associate Professor Dr. Hari Pd Lamichhane Mailing Address : CDP TU Date of Birth : 2022/04/16(B.S.) Designation : Associate Professor Place of Birth : Janakpur Dham Contact Addres : CDP TU, Kirtipur Contact Number : +977- 9848722897 Telephone :977 -1- 4332694 (H) Email : astroajay123@ e-mail : hlamichhanel@ gmail.com gmail.com Qualification : M.Sc. Physics, CDP, Permanent Address :Tarkughat -1, TU (1992) Lamjung, Ph.D.(submitted) : Interaction Between Pulsar wind and the Education : B.Sc. in Physics, ambient Interstellar Medium 1990, TU, Nepal Experience :tought B.Sc. (three year system) for about 12 : M.Sc. in Physics, years and M.Sc. (Physics) since last 3 years 1994, TU Nepal Selected Publications: 1. A. K. Jha, B. Aryal, R. Weinberger, A study of dust color temperature : Ph. D. in Physics (December, 2011), Georgia and dust mass distributions of four far infrared loops Revista State University, Atlanta Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica (RxMAA), 53, 467-476 (2017). Ph.D. Title : Calculated Vibrational properties of Quinones 2. A. K. Jha, B. Aryal & R. Weinberger, A Study of Far-Infrared in Photosynthetic Reaction Centers M.S. in Loop at Galactic Latiude -12o , ISST Journal of Applied Physics, 8 Physics, August 2008, Georgia State (1), 85-91 (2017). 3. A. K. Jha & B. Aryal, A Study of Pulsar Driven Structure in Far- University, Atlanta Infrared IRAS map at Latitude of -10o . Journal of Institute of Selected Publications Science and Technology, JIST, 22 (1): 12-20 © IOST, Tribhuvan 1. Hari Prasad Lamichhane and Gary Hastings, "Calculated University (2017). Vibrational Properties of Pigments in Protin Binding Sites", 4. A. K. Jha & B. Aryal, A Study of Cavity Nearby Pulsar at -60o Symmetry XIII (2019) 67 Latitude in the Fra-Infrared Map, Journal of Nepal Physical Surface and interfacial properties of 2D materials, thermoelectric, Society, JNPS, 4 (1), 33-41 (2017). electronic and magnetic properties of complex materials, etc. 5. A.K. Jha, Systematic Search of Interacting Pulsar in the IRAS Qualification: Survey, Nepalese Journal of Integrated Sciences, 3, 38-43 (2013). Post Doc 1: Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, IFW- Dresden,Germany (1stNov., 2015 – 8th August, 2018) Dr. Gopi Chandra Kaphle Project title: Magnetic doping of weak Topological insulators Post Doc 2.: National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Designation : Associate Professor Tsukuba, Japan 1stFeb., 2012 – August, 2014 Mailing Address : CDP, TU Permanent Address :Butwal-14, Tamnagar, Project title: Exploring novel materials of half metallic Rupandehi antiferromagnet and application to spintronics Email :[email protected] Ph. D. : Ph.D. in Physics, Department of Physics, Mizoram Phone: :+014479927(Home) / University, Aizawl, India (November, 2010) 9849000975(Mobile) Ph. D. thesis: Theoretical study of Photofield emission and band Phone : 9848848733 structure calculations Field of interest : Electronic and Magnetic M. Sc.(Physics) : Solid State Physics, Department of Physics, properties of clusters, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India (June, 2003) nanosystems and M. Sc. Thesis: Series analysis and critical disordered solids phenomena Education : M.Sc. in Physics, CDP Selected Publications : Ph.D. in Physics, CDP, TU 1. J. Zeisner, A. Alfonsov, S. Selter, S. M.Sc. Thesis :Dipole Potential Characteristics of the metal vacuum Aswartham, M. P. Ghimire, M. Richter, J interface of the selected metals van den Brink, B. Büchner, & V. Kataev, Ph. D. Thesis :Study of electronic structure of clusters and Magnetic anisotropy and spin-polarized disordered solids two-dimensional electron gas in the van der Selected Publications Waals ferromagnet Cr2Ge2Te6, Physical 1. P. Sharma and G. C. Kaphle, Electronics and Magnetic properties Review B, APS,99, 165109 (2019) DOI: of Half-Metallic Heusler Alloy:Co2MnSi:A first Principles Study, 10.1103/PhysRevB.99.165109 Journal of Nepal Physical Society 4(1), 60-66 (2017). 2. M. P. Ghimire, J. I. Facio, J.-S. You, Linda Ye, J. G. Checkelsky, 2. R. P. Sedhain and G. C. Kaphle, Structural and Electonic properties S. Fang, E. Kaxiras, M. Richter & J. van den Brink, Creating Weyl of Transition Metal Di-Calcogenides(MX2) M=(Mo, W) and nodes and tuning their energy by magnetization rota-tion in a X=(S,Se) in Bulk State: A First-principles Study, Journal of Institute metallic ferromagnet, Bulletin of the American Physical Society, of Science and Technology, 22(1), 41-50 (2017). MAR19, B04.6 (2019) 3. S. Paudel, S. Dandeliya, R. Chaurasiya, A. Srivastava, G. C. 3. Bishnu P. Belbase, Dinesh K. Yadav, Shalika R. Bhandari, Gopi C. Kaphle; Magnetism in zigzag and armchair CuO nanotubes: Ab- Kaphle, and Madhav P. Ghimire, Investigations of electronic and initio study, J. Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 406, 8 (2016). optical properties of double perovskite Ba2BiSbO6, Bulletin of the 4. G. C. Kaphle, N. P. Adhikari, and A. Mookerjee, Adsorption and American Physical Society, MAR19, P33.14 (2019) Dissociation of Nitrogen and Hydrogen Molecules on Platinum (Pt) 4. M. P. Ghimire, and M. Richter, “Chemical gating of a weak Clusters, Quantum Matter, 5(3), 348-355 (2016). topological insulator: Bi14Rh3I9” ACS Nano Letters, 17, 6303 5. S. Lamichhane, G. C. Kaphle, N. P. Adhikari, Electronic Structures (2017). and Magnetic Properties of NiAl and Ni3Al, Quantum Matter, 5(3), 5. Sandeep, D.P. Rai, A. Shankar, M.P. Ghimire, R. Khenata, S. B. 356-361 (2016). Omran, S.V. Syrotyuk, and R.K. Thapa “Investigation of the 6. R. Poudel and G. C. Kaphle, Study of electronic and Magnetic structural, electronic and optical properties of the cubic RbMF3 properties of Fe, Cr, FeCr and FeCr3: TB-LMTO -Approach, Patan perovskites (M=Be,Mg,Ca,Sr & Ba) using modified Becke-Johnson Gyansagar, 2(1), 80 (2016). exchange potential” Mater. Chem. Phys. 192, 282-290 (2017). 7. S. Lamichhane, B. Aryal, G. C. Kaphle, N. P. Adhikari, Structural 6. D.P. Rai, Sandeep, A. Shankar, A. P. Sakhya, T.P. Sinha, P. G.- and Electronic Properties of Perovskite Hydrides ACaH3 (A=Cs and Gallardo, H. Cabrera, R. Khenata, M. P. Ghimire, and R.K. Thapa Rb), BIBECHANA 13, 94-99 (2016). “Electronic, optical and thermoelectric properties of bulk and 8. B. Aryal, G. C. Kaphle; Study of Electronic Structure and Magnetic surface (001) CuInTe2: A first principles study” Jour. Alloys. Comp. Properties of Bulk (Pb & Ti) and Perovskite (PbTiO3), Asian 699, 1003-1011 (2017). Academic Research Journal of Multidisciplinary (AARJMD), 3(2), 7. H. L. Feng, S. Calder, M. P. Ghimire*, Y.-H. Yuan,Y. Shirako,Y. 47 (2016). Tsujimoto, Y. Matsushita, Z. Hu, C.-Y. Kuo, L. H. Tjeng, T.-W. Pi, 9. G. C. Kaphle, N. Adhikari, A. Mookerjee, Study of Spin Glass Y.-L. Soo, J. He, M. Tanaka, Y. Katsuya, M. Richter, and K. Behavior in Disordered Pt x Mn1− x Alloys: An Augmented Space Yamaura “Ba2NiOsO6: A Dirac-Mott insulator with Recursion Approach, Advanced Science Letters, 21(9), 2681, ferromagnetism near 100 K” Phys. Rev. B 94, 235158 (2016). (2015). 8. M. P. Ghimire, L.-H. Wu, and X. Hu “Possible half-metallic 10. Study of morphology effects on magnetic interactions and band gap antiferromagnetism in an iridium double-perovskite material” Phys. variations for 3d late transition metal bi-doped ZnO nanostructures Rev. B 93, 134421 (2016). by hybrid DFT calculations. The Journal of chemical physics,143 9. D. P. Rai, Sandeep, A. Shankar, A. P. Shakya, T. P. Sinha, R. (8), O84309 (2015) Khenata, M. P. Ghimire, and R. K. Thapa “Electronic and magnetic 11. Structural and electronic properties of Perovskite Hydrides properties of X2YZ and XYZ Heusler compounds: a comparative AcaH3 (CaH3), BIBECHANA 13, 94-99 (2015) study of density functional theory with different exchange- 12. A study of magnetism in disordered Pt–Mn, Pd–Mn and Ni–Mn correlation potentials” Mater. Res. Express3, 075022(2016). alloys: an augmented space recursion approach. Journal of Physics: 10. Sandeep, D. P. Rai, A. Shankar, M. P. Ghimire, A. P. Sakhya, T. P. Condensed Matter 24(29), 295501 (2012). Sinha, R. Khenata, S. B. Omran, and R. K. Thapa “Band-gap engineering of La1-xNdxAlO3 (x=0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1) perovskite Dr. Madhav Prasad Ghimire using density functional theory: A modified Becke Johnson potential study” Chinese Physics B 25, 067101 (2016). Designation : Associate Professor 11. A. Shankar, D. P. Rai, Sandeep, R. Khenata, M. P. Ghimire, and R. Contact no. : 9851127345 K. Thapa “FP-LAPW study of energy bands and optical properties E-mail : [email protected] of the filled skutterudite CeRu4As12 with spin–orbit coupling” J. Date of Birth :10th April, 1981 Comp. Elec. 15, 721 – 728 (2016). Place of Birth : Rupandehi, Nepal 12. Sandeep, D.P. Rai, A. Shankar, M.P. Ghimire , R. Khenata, and Field of Research: Weyl semi-metals, topological phase transition R.K. Thapa “A first principles study of Nd doped cubic LaAlO3 in kagome systems, topological insulators, Magnetic anisotropies, perovskite: mBJ+U study” J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 417, 313–320 (2016). Symmetry XIII (2019) 68 13. Sandeep, D. P. Rai, A. Shankar, R. Khenata, M. P. Ghimire, R. K. Qualifications : M.S. Norwegian University of Science and Thapa and S. Bin Omran “GGA+U and mBJ+U study of the Technology (Norway) optoelectronic, magnetic and thermoelectric properties of the Thesis entitled :Surface Ultraviolet Radiation in Nepal, [ground- SmAlO3 compound with spin-orbit coupling” Int. Jour. Mod. based measurement, satellite information and Phys.30, 1650078 (2016). modeling] (2007) 14. A. Shankar, D. P. Rai, Sandeep, H. Joshi, R. Khenata, M. P. : M.Sc., TU (1999) Ghimire, and R. K. Thapa “Energy band structure, elastic and M. A. in Population Studies, T.U. (2001) optical constants of the filled skutterudite CeRu4Sb12” Mat. Sci. Thesis entitled : Gender Inequality in Nepal: A case study for Semicond. Proc.46, 10-16 (2016). Lumbini Zone 15. Y. Yahua, H. Feng, M. P. Ghimire, Y. Matshushita, Y. Tsujimoto, Ph.D. Thesis Title : First-principles and classical atomistic study J. He, M. Tanaka, Y. Katsuya, and K. Yamaura “High-pressure of interactions between methane and other synthesis, crystal structure, and magnetic properties of 5d double substances. perovskite oxides Ca2MgOsO6 and Sr2MgOsO6” Inorg. Chem. 54, Selected Publications 3422-3431 (2015). 1. S. Pokhrel, N. Pantha and N. P. Adhikari, Diffusion coefficients 16. D. P. Rai, A. Shankar, Sandeep, M. P. Ghimire, R. Khenata, and R. of Nitric Oxide in water: a molecular dynamics study. Int. J. Mod. K. Thapa “Study of the enhanced electronic and thermoelectric Phys. B 30, 1650205-1-20 (2016). properties of ZrxHf1-x-yTayNiSn: a first principles study” RSC 2. S. Lamichhane, P. Lage, G. B. Khatri, N. Pantha, N. P. Adhikari, Advances 5, 95353 (2015). and B. Sanyal.First-Principles Study of Adsorption of Halogen 17. M. P. Ghimire*, and R. K. Thapa “Ferromagnetic Mott-insulating Molecules on Graphene-MoS2 Bilayer Hetero-system. state in double perovskite Gd2MgIrO6”Adv. Sci. Lett. 21, 2727- J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., 765(1), 012011-1-10 (2016). 2729 (2015). 3. N. Pantha, N. P. Adhikari, and S. Scandolo, Decomposition of 18. Sandeep, D. P. Rai, A. Shankar, M. P. Ghimire, R. Khenata, and R. methane hydrates: a density-functional theory study, High K. Thapa “Study of electronic and magnetic properties in 4f electron Presuure Research 35(3), 231-238 (2015). based cubic EuAlO3: A first-principles calculation” 4. N. Pantha, A. Khaniya, and N. P. Adhikari, Hydrogen storage on PhysicaScripta90, 065803 (2015). palladium adsorbed graphene: a density functional theory study, , 19. Sandeep, D. P. Rai, A. Shankar, M. P. Ghimire, R. Khenata, and R. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 29(20), 1550143-1-14 (2015). K. Thapa “A systematic study of LaAlO3 with variation of Nd 5. N. Pantha, K. Belbase, and N. P. Adhikari, First-principles study doping, case of bandgap tuning: A first principles method” Mod. of the interaction of hydrogen molecular on Na-adsorbed Phys. Letts. B 29, 1650028 (2015). graphene, Appl. Nanosci 5, 393-402 (2014). 20. D. P. Rai, A. Shankar, Sandeep, M. P.Ghimire, and R. K. Thapa “A 6. Surface UV Radiation in Nepal: Satellite Retrieval System, comparative study of a Heusler alloy Co2FeGe using LSDA and Journal of Nepal Physical Society, Vol. 23 (1), pp 27-31, June LSDA+U” Physica B 407, 3689 (2012). (2007). 21. D. P. Rai, A. Shankar, Sandeep, M. P.Ghimire, and R. K. Thapa “Electronic structure and magnetic properties of Co2YZ (Y=Cr, Z=Al, Ga) type Heusler compounds: A first principles study” Int. J. Dr. Sanju Shrestha Mod. Phys. B 26, 1250071 (2012). Designation : Assistant Professor 22. M. P.Ghimire*, Sandeep, T. P. Sinha, and R. K. Thapa “Ground Mailing Address : Devnagar, Sankhamul- state electronic and magnetic properties of RCrSb3 (R= La, Ce, Sm, 9, Lalitpur, Bagmati, Gd, Dy): A first principles study” Sol. Stat. Commn. 151, 1224- Nepal 1227(2011). Telephone : (+977)-1-5006507 (R) 23. M.P. Ghimire*, Sandeep, T.P. Sinha, and R.K. Thapa “First : 9841-406928 (M) principles study of the electronic and optical properties of SbTaO4” Physica B 406, 3454–3457 (2011). Email : sanju12np@ 24. Sandeep, M. P.Ghimire, and R. K. Thapa “Electronic and magnetic yahoo.com Field of Interest : Electronics properties of SmCrSb3 and GdCrSb3: A first principles study” J. Mag. Mag. Mat. 323, 2883-2887 (2011). Ph. D. : Low Dimensional 25. Sandeep, M. P.Ghimire, and R. K. Thapa “Electronic and magnetic Devices (TU 2006) properties of NdCrSb3: A first principles study” Physica B 406, M.Sc. : CDP, T.U. (1994) 1862-1864 (2011). Selected Publications 26. M. P.Ghimire*, Sandeep, T. P. Sinha, and R. K. Thapa “First 1. Comparative studies on electronic transport due to the reduced principles study of the electronic and magnetic properties of semi- dimensionality at the heterojunctions of 퐺푎퐴푠/퐴푙 퐺푎 퐴푠 Heusler alloys NiXSb (X=Ti, V, Cr and Mn)” J. Alloys Compds. 푥 (1−푥) and 퐺푎 퐼푛 퐴푠/퐼푛푃 systems at low temperatures: S. Shrestha 509, 9742-9752 (2011). 푥 (1−푥) 27. D. P. Rai, M. P. Ghimire, Sandeep, and R. K. Thapa “Study of & C. K. Sarkar, Microelectronics Journal 37, 8, 735-7 (2006). 2. Low-field electrical and thermal transport in lattice-mismatched energy bands and magnetic properties of Co2CrSi Heusler alloy” Bull. Mat. Sc.34, 1219-1222 (2011). n-GaN grown on sapphire: Two-layer model calculations: S. 28. R. K. Thapa, Sandeep, M. P. Ghimire, and Lalmuanpuia “Study of Shrestha, C. K. Sarkar & A. Chakraborty, J. Appl. Phys. 100, DOS and energy band structures in beryllium chalcogenides” Indian 013705 (2006). J. Phys.85, 401-409 (2011). 3. Low fiB. Sen & C. K. Sarkar, pg. 377, Proceeding of 29. M. P.Ghimire, Sandeep, and R. K. Thapa “Study of the electronic International conference on Communications, Devices and intelligent Systems (CODIS 2004) properties of CrO2 using density functional theory” Mod. Phys. Letts. B24, 2187-2193 (2010). 4. The effect of band structure on the thermoelectric figure of merit of n-HgCdTe (MCT) under magnetic quantization at low temperatures: S. Shrestha, A. Chakraborty & C. K. Sarkar, Dr. Nurapati Pantha pg.324, Proc. of International conference on Communications, Designation : Assistant Professor Devices and intelligent Systems (CODIS 2004) Mailing Address : CDP, TU 5. Effect of carrier confinement on photoelectric emission from Kirtipur, Kathmandu, magnetically and geometrically confined sub-two-dimensional Nepal semiconductor systems: P. K. Das, C. Bose, S. Shrestha & C. K. Phone : +977-1-4336326 (R) Sarkar, pg.381, Proc. of International conference on Email : mrnurapati@ Communications, Devices and intelligent Systems (CODIS 2004) yahoo.com 6. The effect of reduced dimensionality on low field transport at low Place of Birth : Baletaksar -8, Gulmi temperatures: S. Shrestha, P. Samanta & C. K. Sarkar, pg.1074, Field of Interest : Solid State Physics Proceedings of the XIIth International Workshop on the Physics and Atmospheric of Semiconductor Devices (IWPSD 2003) Physics. 7. Study of thermoelectric power of GaN grown on sapphire using Symmetry XIII (2019) 69 two layer model: A. Chakraborty, S. Shrestha & C. K. Sarkar, 3. S. Maharjan and Ram P. Regmi, Grid Based Temperature and pg.1071, Proceedings of the XIIth International Workshop on the Relative Humidity Distribution Map of The Kathmandu Valley. Physics of Semiconductor Devices (IWPSD 2003) JIST, 19 (1),7-13 (2014) 8. Effect of reduced dimensionality on low field AC Mobility at low 4. Ram P. Regmi and S. Maharjan, Wind Power Density over the temperatures: S. Shrestha, P. Samanta & C. K. Sarkar, pg.133, Kathmandu Valley and its Surrounding Areas. JIST, 18 (1), 43- IEEE Conference on Electron Devices and Solid-State Circuits 49 (2013). (EDSSC’2003) 5. S. Maharjan and Ram P. Regmi, Mechanism of Intrusion and 9. Hot-phonon effect on hot electron transport in narrow gap Channeling of Regional Air Mass Over Kathmandu Valley. semiconductors under a quantizing magnetic field at low JIST, 18 (2), 77-83 (2013). temperature: S. Shrestha & C. K. Sarkar, pg. 409, Phonons in Condensed Materials editors: S P Sanyal and R K Singh (2002) 10. Low field AC mobility in one dimensional electron gas at low temperatures: S. Shrestha, P. Samanta & C. K. Sarkar, pg. 414, Supporting Staffs Phonons in Condensed Materials editors: S P Sanyal and R K Sargaman Mina Singh (2002) Maharjan 11. Breakdown of Gate Dielectrics of EEPROM Devices in VLSI Manander Circuit during High-field Stress: P. Samanta, S. Shrestha & C. K. Administrator Head Sarkar Pg. 110, 28th Annual Convention and Exhibition of IEEE 9803736846 Assistant India Council (ACE-200) 9813040374 12. Longitudinal Magneto-Seebeck coefficient in degenerate and nondegenerate n-HgCdTe in the Extreme Quantum Limit at low Mohan Bd Govinda temperatures: S. Shrestha, K. Santra, P. K. Bhattarai & C. K. Sarkar, pg.1367, XIth International Workshop on the Physics of Shrestha Maharjan Semiconductor Devices (IWPSD 2001) Lab Assistant S. Lab Boy 13. Study of magneto-millimeter and microwave hot electron 9849087874 9860811494 conductivities in narrow band gap n-HgCdTe: S. Shrestha, P. K. Bhattarai, A. Chakraborty & C. K. Sarkar,IVth National Conference on Science & Technology, Royal Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (RONAST 2004) Gautam Shreedhar Pd. Subedi 14. Combined figure of merit for GN: grown on sapphire: S. Thapa Shrestha, A. Chakraborty, C. K. Sarkar & P. K. Bhattarai IVth S. Lab Boy National Conference on Science & Technology, Royal Nepal T. Technician 9841401776 Academy of Science and Technology (RONAST 2004). 9841400142 Mr. Pramod Kumar Thakur Laxmi Mangal S. Designation : Assistant Professor Maharjan Contact Address : CDP TU Kirtipur, Pandey Office Telephone : 031-522887 (H) Lab Boy Assistant : 9841721700 (M) 01-4336315 01-4330705 E-mail : thakur_pramod2001@ yahoo.com Sharmila Lalit Bd Date of Birth : 2035 – 02 – 10 Place of Birth : Rajbiraj –9, Saptari Shrestha Gurung Office Field of interest :Experimental work in Office Assistant Assistant Physics, Molecular Physics 01-4331054 Qualification : M. Sc., CDP, TU, Kirtipur 01-4330625 M Sc Thesis :Theoretical study on absorption of light due to Gyanendra effect of Ponderomotive Force Raj Deula Maharjan Office Experience :tought M.Sc. (Physics) since last 12 years Gardener Assistant 9841468167 9841862681 Ms. Sangeeta Maharjan Designation : Teaching Assistant Contact Address : CDP,T.U., Kirtipur Telephone Number : 9841652075 Official e-mail address of our faculty: E-mail : first [email protected] sangeetamaharjan@ gmail.com Place of Birth : Kathmandu Field of Interest : Atmospheric CDP Webpage Address: Physics Qualification : M. Sc., CDP, TU, Kirtipur https://tucdp.edu.np/ Publications: 1. S. Maharjan and Ram P. Regmi, Numerical Weather Prediction for Himalayan Complex Terrain: Prospects of Variational Data CDP Telephone: Assimilation. JNPS, 2 (1), 63-68 (2015). 2. S. Maharjan, Springtime Meteorology of Damauli valley, 0144331054 Nepal: Implication for Climatic Comfort and Environmental Hygiene. JIST , 19 (2), 24-29 (2014). Symmetry XIII (2019) 70 Ph.D. Students (2019-20) Anita Misra Bhanu B. Sapkota Basu Dev Ghimire Bhogendra Kathayet Daya Nidhi Chhatkuli Mahottari Kathmandu Kathmandu Morang Kathmandu S: Prof. Raju Khanal S: Prof. Binil Aryal S: Prof. N. Chapagain S: Prof. N. Chapagain S: Prof. B. Aryal Dinesh K Chaudhary Drabindra Pandit Indra Bd Bhandari Janak R. Malla Kathmandu Rautahat Kathmandu Nepalgunj Jiwan Regmi S: Prof. Leela Pradhan S: Prof. N. Chapagain S: Prof. Ishwar Koirala S: Prof. Binil Aryal Pokhara S: Prof. Khem N. Paudyal Ram Babu Roy Manoj K Chaudhary Prakash Man Shrestha Rajendra P. Koirala Raj Kumar Rai Kathmandu [email protected] Kathmandu Syangja Kathmandu S: Dr. G. C. Kaphle S: Dr. Bhawani D. Joshi S: Prof. Khem N. Paudyal S: Prof. N. P. Adhikari S: Prof. Om P. Niraula Ramesh K Gohiwar Salika Ram Bhandari Shankar P Chimauriya Shyam P. Khanal Suresh Basnet Biratnagar Rupandehi KU, Dhulikhel Gulmi Kathmandu S: Prof. D. Adhikari S: Dr. G. C. Kaphle S: Dr. Bal Ram S: Prof. N. P. Adhikari S: Prof. R. Khanal Ghimire Tarini Kumar Yadav Taraun Chaudhary Upendra Meheta Usha Joshi Vijay K. Jha Kathmandu Mahendranagar Biratnagar Kathmandu Mahottari S: Dr. G. C. Kaphle S: Prof. B. D. Joshi S: Prof. D. Adhikari S: Prof. Khem N. Paudyal S: Dr. Lekhnath Misra First and second semester PhD students are not shown in above. There are 11 students in the second semester and 6 students in the first. Official e-mail of PhD Student: first name.(last two dizit of registration year)[email protected] Screen Shot of First Semester Students Symmetry XIII (2019) 71 Screen Shot of First Semester Students Screen Shot of First Semester Students Symmetry XIII (2019) 72 Screen Shot of First Semester Students Screen Shot of First Semester Students Symmetry XIII (2019) 73 Screen Shot of Third Semester Students Screen Shot of Third Semester Students Symmetry XIII (2019) 74 Screen Shot of Third Semester Students Screen Shot of Third Semester Students Symmetry XIII (2019) 75 Screen Shot of Third Semester Students Screen Shot of Fourth Semester Students Symmetry XIII (2019) 76 Screen Shot of Fourth Semester Students Symmetry XIII (2019) 77 Screen Shot of Fourth Semester Students Symmetry XIII (2019) 78 Screen Shot of Fourth Semester Students Symmetry XIII (2019) 79 Official e-mail address of First (first 120), second (next) and fourth semester (last 114) students Aadarsha Wagle [email protected] Ajay Chaudhary [email protected] Aarati khatiwada [email protected] Amrit Nepal [email protected] Symmetry XIII (2019) 80 Ananda Subedi [email protected] Prashanna Poudel [email protected] Anupam Khanal [email protected] Prativa Sharma [email protected] Apsara Dulal [email protected] Prithivi Raj Joshi [email protected] Arjun Sharma [email protected] Raghav Neupane [email protected] Ashesh Giri [email protected] Rajan Bhandari [email protected] Ashok Dhakal [email protected] Rajan Paudel [email protected] Ashok Raj Joshi [email protected] Raju Bhusal [email protected] Asmita Pudasainee [email protected] Rakesh Kumar Sharma [email protected] Basanta Subedi [email protected] Ram Kattel [email protected] Bhagawati Ban [email protected] Ram P. Hangsurumba [email protected] Bharat Bhatta [email protected] Ramesh Sapkota [email protected] Bhim Bahadur Singh [email protected] Ranjeet Kumar Yadav [email protected] Bhim Shrestha [email protected] Roshan poudel [email protected] Bhupendra Sharma [email protected] Roshan Sunar [email protected] Bibek Chaudhary [email protected] Sabnam Shrestha [email protected] Bijita Thapa Magar [email protected] Sagar Gaire [email protected] Bikash Kumar patel [email protected] Sagar Kanwar [email protected] Bikash Kunwar [email protected] Samir Tamang [email protected] Bikram Bd Basnet [email protected] Samjhana Dahal [email protected] Bipin Kumar Yadav [email protected] Sandeep Pangeni [email protected] Bishal Bhandari [email protected] Sandesh khadka [email protected] Buddha Gubhaju [email protected] Sangita Oli [email protected] Deep Kumar Yadav [email protected] Sanjay Kharel [email protected] Deepak Raj Ojha [email protected] Sanjay Shrestha [email protected] Deepesh Kumar Karki [email protected] Sanjay Tiwari [email protected] Devendra Shrestha [email protected] Santosh Bhattarai [email protected] Dhan Bahadur Khadka [email protected] Santosh Poudel [email protected] Dhiraj Raut [email protected] Saroj Syangtan [email protected] Dhurba Pun Magar [email protected] Som Bahadur karki [email protected] Diksha Neupane [email protected] Subash Kumar Rawal [email protected] Dilip Rijal [email protected] Sudarshan Pandey [email protected] Dipendra K Dahal [email protected] Sudeep Bista [email protected] Dipesh Awasthi [email protected] Sudeep Lamichhane [email protected] Durga Bhattarai [email protected] Sujan Basnet [email protected] Ganesh Bahadur Mali [email protected] Suman Gaire [email protected] Garima Joshi [email protected] Suman Kandel [email protected] Gyani Jl S Kushwaha [email protected] Suraj Bhandari [email protected] Harendra Singh Dhami [email protected] Suraj Gyawali [email protected] Hemant Bd Deuba [email protected] Surendra Poudyal [email protected] Ishwor Adhikari [email protected] Suresh Chaudhary [email protected] Isman Mainali [email protected] Sushant Thapaliya [email protected] Jeevan Poudel [email protected] Sushil Adhikari [email protected] Jyoti Thapa [email protected] Swastika Dahal [email protected] Kalpana K Chaudhary [email protected] Tap Raj Bhandari [email protected] Kashmira Malla [email protected] Ajit Shah [email protected] Kiran Pandey [email protected] Anjat Kumar Tharu [email protected] Kishor Tamang [email protected] Ashish Dahal [email protected] Krishna Ghimire [email protected] Ashmita Shah [email protected] Laxman Chaudhary [email protected] Ashok Rai [email protected] Mahesh Chaulagain [email protected] Asmita Shrestha [email protected] Mandip Dhakal [email protected] Basanta Adhikari [email protected] Manish K Chhetri [email protected] Bebi Muskan Rai [email protected] Manjay koiree [email protected] Bharat Gajurel [email protected] Manoj Kumar Gupta [email protected] Bhaskar Datt Joshi [email protected] Manoj Paudel [email protected] Bhaskar Khadka [email protected] Manoj Shah [email protected] Bhumi N Poudel [email protected] Milan Chhetri [email protected] Bibek Acharya [email protected] Milan Gole Tamang [email protected] Bibek Gyawali [email protected] Mohan Kumar Mishra [email protected] Bijaya Adhikari [email protected] Mustakim Miya [email protected] Bikash Karki [email protected] Nabin Bhattarai [email protected] Bimal Dahal [email protected] Nabin Shrestha [email protected] Binod Bhatta [email protected] Naresh Yekten [email protected] Bipin Aryal [email protected] Nirajan Bd Thapa [email protected] Bipin Paudel [email protected] Niranjana Dhoju [email protected] Bipul Bade [email protected] Niranjan K Chaudhary [email protected] Bishnu Kumar Khatri [email protected] Nishan Kumar Nepal [email protected] Chandra Man Lama [email protected] Pankaj Singh Dhami [email protected] Chandra S Chaudhary [email protected] Poojan Koirala [email protected] Chhatra K Bastola [email protected] Prabin Paudel [email protected] Chiranjibi Dhakal [email protected] Prakash Kumar Khati [email protected] Deva Basnet [email protected] Prasanna Nepal [email protected] Devendra S Dhami [email protected] Symmetry XIII (2019) 81 Devraj Tiwari [email protected] Shambhu Tharu [email protected] Dinesh Upreti [email protected] Shankar Dhakal [email protected] Dipika Bhatt [email protected] Shishir Ojha [email protected] Dipu Nepal [email protected] Subarna B.C. [email protected] Gopal Baniya [email protected] Sujan Shakya [email protected] Gopal Basnet [email protected] Suman Bahndari [email protected] Gopal Wagle [email protected] Suman Ghimire [email protected] Govinda Basnet [email protected] Sundar Pandey [email protected] Helan Sharma [email protected] Sunil Bhusal [email protected] Hemant Bahadur Patali [email protected] Sunil Prasad Timilsina [email protected] Himal Oli [email protected] Suraj Sapkota [email protected] Himlal Pantha [email protected] Sushil Babu Ojha [email protected] Jagga Bd Adhikari [email protected] Thakur Poudel [email protected] Jogendra Giri [email protected] Ujwal Lamsal [email protected] Jyoti Rawal [email protected] Unish C Gautam [email protected] Kabi Raj Bhatt [email protected] Yubraj Aryal [email protected] Keshav Raj Mishra [email protected] Akash Subedi [email protected] Khagendra B.K. [email protected] Amir Wagle [email protected] Khagendra bhandari [email protected] Amit Tharu [email protected] Kham Bd Tamang [email protected] Amrit Gurung [email protected] Khyam Pd Ghimire [email protected] Amrit Naharki [email protected] Kishor Bhujel [email protected] Arjun Dumre [email protected] Krishna Pd Poudel [email protected] Arjun Gaire [email protected] Kumar Chudali [email protected] Arjun Lama [email protected] Kumar Dhamala [email protected] Arun Shrestha [email protected] Kusum Rana Magar [email protected] Ashish Bhattarai [email protected] Laxman Timsina [email protected] Bhairab S S Thakuri [email protected] Laxmi Chataut [email protected] Bhawana Sharma [email protected] Lok Bahadur Nepali [email protected] Bhishma Neupane [email protected] Lok Raj Pant [email protected] Bijay Nath Baniya [email protected] Madan koirala [email protected] Bikash Shrestha [email protected] Manish poudel [email protected] Bikram Pandey [email protected] Mohan B Neupane [email protected] Bimal Thapa [email protected] Mukul Oli [email protected] Bishal Paudel [email protected] Narayan Kafle [email protected] Bishnu N Shrestha [email protected] Padam K.C. [email protected] Chandra P Bhatta [email protected] Pooja Dhakal [email protected] Chandra Singh Aidi [email protected] Prabin Chand [email protected] Chandrashekhar Bhagat [email protected] Parbin Dahal [email protected] Chhabi Lal Bhandari [email protected] Pradip Adhikari [email protected] Chiranjibi Dhakal [email protected] Pradip Karki [email protected] Deepa Lamichhane [email protected] Pradip Pangali [email protected] Dharma Raj Dhakal [email protected] Prakash Kafley [email protected] Dhiraj Ghimire [email protected] Prakash Timilsina [email protected] Dilip Gautam [email protected] Pramod K Yadav [email protected] Dinesh G.C. [email protected] Pratiksha Khatiwada [email protected] Dipak Chaulagain [email protected] Prem Raj Bhatt [email protected] Dipesh Kumar Sah [email protected] Purusottam Thapa [email protected] Durga Prasad Bhandari [email protected] Rabin Dhaurali [email protected] Ganesh Prasas Joshi [email protected] Rabina Thapa Magar [email protected] Geeta Pandey [email protected] Raj kamas Bartaula [email protected] Gopal Bhusal [email protected] Raj Kishor Pd Gupta [email protected] Gopal B.K. [email protected] Rajan Bhattarai [email protected] Gyan Prasad Neupane [email protected] Rajesh Khanal [email protected] Hari Prasad Kurmi [email protected] Ram Timsina [email protected] Hari Timsina [email protected] Ramesh Gautam [email protected] Homchandra Adhikari [email protected] Ramesh Jethara [email protected] Hom Nath Dulal [email protected] Ramu Bhandari [email protected] Imran Khan [email protected] Rekha Joshi [email protected] Indra Bahadur K.C. [email protected] Rojila Ghimire [email protected] Indrira Adhikari [email protected] Roshan Sigdel [email protected] Jeevan Bhattarai [email protected] Sagar Aryal [email protected] Kamal Dhamala [email protected] Sagar Ghimire [email protected] Kamal Pandey [email protected] Samjhana Dhakal [email protected] Khil Prasad Timalsina [email protected] Samundra Chapagain [email protected] Krishna Oli [email protected] Sandipa Subedi [email protected] Krishna Prasad Bhurtel [email protected] Sanjeeb Budhathoki [email protected] Kshitij Pangeni [email protected] Sanjib K.C. [email protected] Kshitiz Kshetri [email protected] Santosh Bhusal [email protected] Kula Jaishi [email protected] Santosh Dhital [email protected] Kumar K.C. [email protected] Santosh Khanal [email protected] Kumar Neupane [email protected] Saroj Ray [email protected] Lalit Dhami [email protected] Symmetry XIII (2019) 82 Lalit Singh Karki [email protected] Nirmala Ragmi [email protected] Laxman Bhandari [email protected] Niroj Humagain [email protected] Liladhar Bohara [email protected] Nishchal Paudel [email protected] Lokendra S Dhami [email protected] Phanindra Devkota [email protected] Madan Rawal [email protected] Pintu Shah [email protected] Mahendra Rawat [email protected] Prabin Katuwal [email protected] Mahesh Giri [email protected] Prajapati Dahal [email protected] Manoj Kumar Shrestha [email protected] Prajwal Shrestha [email protected] Mausam N Limbu [email protected] Prakash B Thakur [email protected] Mohan Datt Bhatt [email protected] Prakash Dawadi [email protected] Nabin Bhagat [email protected] Prakash Joshi [email protected] Narayan Basnet [email protected] Pratibha Khanal [email protected] Nirab Sharma [email protected] Prem prasad Ghimire [email protected] Nirmala Kuikel [email protected] Pushkar Saud [email protected] Deep Condolence He was the best teacher one can get and it broke our heart when we heared that he is gone. May his soul rest in peace, wish you healing with all my heart. Our respected guardian, our teacher, former HoD of CDP Prof. Dr. Kedar Lal Shrestha left us on 25 November 2020. We CDP family and CDP alumni are saddened by this news. We express our heartfelf condolence on the sad demise of our respected KL sir. He served the nation by several means. He was Assistant Dean of IoST, Executive director of RECAST, Vice Chancellor of then RONAT and chief scientific advisor of MoST, Government of Nepal during 2002-2004. He is survived by wife, two sons and two daughters.