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The Legend of Saint Mary Magdalene: Edition of Lines 1-250 of MS Egerton 2810, Ff

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The Legend of Saint Mary Magdalene: Edition of Lines 1-250 of MS Egerton 2810, Ff Mary Anointing Jesus' Feet, by Peter Paul Rubens The Legend of Saint Mary Magdalene: edition of lines 1-250 of MS Egerton 2810, Ff. 83b-87 Judith van Aalst The Legend of Saint Mary Magdalene: Edition of lines 1-250 of MS Egerton 2810, Ff. 83b-87 Judith van Aalst 0012874 Thesis English language and culture Specialisation: English Language and Literature 1st Supervisor: Dr. E.S. Kooper 2nd Supervisor: Dr. T. G. Summerfield 2 September 2005 Preface Although my life started less than a quarter of a century ago, I have had many destinies already. I was still a child when I realised that a little musical talent was required to become some kind of musician, so my first destiny didn’t last very long… The second lasted for two or three years, until in my second year of high school my mathematical skills forever abandoned me, and becoming a paediatrician became out of reach as well. I soon chose another future – I was going to be a lawyer – and this time it seemed that nothing was standing in my way. After a visit to the University of Tilburg I was certain: I was going to court. Then it happened. On a Tuesday in 2000, just months before my high school exams, I had a sudden hunch that would change my destiny one more time. I was listening to Mrs. Van de Sande who was my French teacher, and all of a sudden I just knew that I was going to be studying English (and yes, I know that sounds a little odd). When my parents had gotten over their initial shock there was no time left for proper orientation, and I decided to spend my college years in Utrecht because it was closest to home…. Exactly five years after I started my studies I finally did it: I fullfilled one of my destinies. There are many people who helped me in one way or another and they should therefore be mentioned as my partners-in-crime. First and foremost, I’d like to thank my parents for giving me the opportunity to get this education, and for believing in me despite my sudden change of direction. Barry, we used to fight like cats and dogs, but we’ve grown much closer in the past few years and I’m glad about that. I know you are proud of me and believe me, I’m proud of you, too. Thank you to my two supervisors Dr. Erik Kooper and Dr. Thea Summerfield. Your enthusiasm during your lectures has proven to be highly infectious…! 3 Erik, without your guidance and constructive criticism I could have never written this thesis. Grandma, after a whole year of telling me it was about time to finish my studies, I can proudly tell you I’m ready, ha ha! Thank you to my other relatives for their interest and support, and to my friends for the love, tears and laughter we can share. Riemke, thanks for your friendship and help. Although I’m still not sure what exactly I want to do with my skills professionally – I am seriously considering to lengthen my student days as a learner of the French language before I take that giant leap into the real world – I know that, although it sounds extremely cheesy, deciding on a different future five years ago was the right thing to do. Judith van Aalst September 2005 4 Table of Contents Preface 2 Table of Contents 4 Chapter 1: Introduction 6 Chapter 2: Life and Legend of Saint Mary Magdalene 9 2.1. History of Mary Magdalene 9 2.1.1 Youth 10 2.1.2 Life of Sin 10 2.1.3 Conversion 11 2.1.4 Mary Magdalene as Apostle 11 2.1.5 Miracles in Marseilles 12 2.1.6 Retreat 13 2.1.7 Death 13 2.1.8 Miracles after death 14 2.2. Deviating Sources 14 2.2.1 Youth 15 2.2.2 Life of Sin 15 2.2.3 Conversion 16 2.2.4 Mary Magdalene as Apostle 16 2.2.5 Miracles in Marseilles 17 2.2.6 Retreat 17 2.2.7 Death 18 2.3. Recent Theories 19 2.3.1 Her image restored 19 2.3.2 A new Mary Magdalene? 20 Chapter 3: Importance and Popularity 22 3.1 The Widespread Fame of Mary Magdalene 22 3.1.1 ‘Legenda Aurea’ or ‘Golden Legend’ 22 3.1.2 Lay People 23 5 3.2. The Exemplary Life 24 3.2.1 Symbolism 25 3.2.2 Diversity of Mary Magdalene 28 3.2.3 Her relationship with her Lord 30 3.2.4 Representation 31 Chapter 4: Introduction to the Text 33 4.1. The Manuscript 33 4.1.1 Manuscript context 33 4.1.2 Provenance 33 4.2. Handwriting 34 4.3. The Text 35 4.4 Editorial Practice 36 Chapter 5: St. Marie Maudeleyne, ll. 1-250, edition from MS. Egerton 2810. ff. 83b-87 37 Explanatory Notes 45 Textual Notes 48 Bibliography 49 6 Chapter 1: Introduction In the Middle Ages, religion and faith were extremely important to the people. For many of them, the belief in God was the basis of both their thinking and their behaviour. Therefore, it is hardly a surprise that Biblical figures were worshipped. Possibly the most important Biblical woman – apart from the Holy virgin, of course – was Saint Mary Magdalene. She is the subject of an enormous amount of material written throughout the Middle Ages, and one of the most popular saints of the South English Legendary (SEL). The SEL is a “collection of Middle English versified saints’ legends and homiletic pieces [that] must have been one of the most popular vernacular texts of the late 13 and 14 C”.1 It consists of 25 major manuscripts and many other (fragments of) texts.2 No less than eighteen of the main manuscripts of the SEL include a text on St Mary Magdalene,3 and there is also a “quantity of literature on the subject in the form of sermons, poems, and plays” that is not included in SEL.4 As Carl Edgar Eggert points out in The Middle Low German Version of the Legend of Mary Magdalen, her legend is “one of the most widespread Christian legends of the middle ages”.5 Mary Magdalene’s popularity is not only visible through the large number of medieval manuscripts in which she is included, but also through the many places of worship, such as churches and monasteries, that are dedicated to her and carry her name. A third indication of her importance is her portrayal in many medieval pieces of art, not to mention the many pilgrimages that were made in her honour. On top of this all, she has her own Feast Day, July 22. Because of all this, one might think that Mary Magdalene was an honourable and pious woman. However, this Saint comes with a history – as a prostitute. This thesis concerns itself with a Middle English text of the legend of St Mary Magdalene, taken from 1 Görlach, The Textual Tradition of the South English Legendary (1974), p. 1. 2 Görlach, Textual Tradition, viii-x. 3 Görlach, Textual Tradition, p. 308-10. 4 Garth, Saint Mary Magdalene in Mediaeval Literature (1950), p. 12. 5 Eggert, The Middle Low German Version of the Legend of Mary Magdalen (Bloomington, Indiana, 1902), p. 132, quoted by Garth, p. 11. 7 MS Egerton 2810, ff. 83b-87, which is preserved in the British Library in London.6 My aim is to create an edition of this text that is accessible to contemporary audiences. To achieve this, I have added a basic punctuation and capitalisation according to modern practice, provided a glossary and added textual and explanatory notes. A second aim of this thesis is to answer the question how a woman who was once known as ‘the sinner’ could have become the most popular female Saint of the Middle Ages. Despite Mary Magdalene’s popularity during the Middle Ages, it seems that many people today have forgotten – or have never even heard of – her legend, unlike the legends of non-religious medieval heroes. For that reason, it is important to know who Mary Magdalene was, and, more importantly, why she is seen as a legend rather than a real person. It is hardly possible to answer the first question, but all the more simple to answer the second. To begin with the first, establishing the identity of the historical St Mary Magdalene as she appears in the New Testament is an extremely difficult task, for various reasons. First of all, the four Gospels of Matthew, Luke, John, and Mark only account for a few episodes of Mary Magdalene’s life. Furthermore, it is covered in such a minimal way that it is impossible to determine whether the facts ascribed to her actually are part of her history. What adds to the confusion is the fact that she is never mentioned by name in the scene that she is mostly linked to, namely that of the woman who washes her sins away by washing the feet of the Lord with her tears.7 As a result of all the uncertainty, various legends of the Saint existed throughout the Middle Ages, which were not only based on the details of Mary Magdalene’s life, but partly also on the lives of one of the six other Marys that appear in the New Testament.8 There was, however, a firm belief that Mary Magdalene and Mary of Bethany, the sister of Lazarus and Martha, were the same woman.
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