COMPENDIUM CHURCH HISTORY BY THE REV. ANDREW C. ZENOS, D.D. Professor of Biblical Theology in the McCormick Tlieological Seminary, Chicago, Illinois WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY THE REV. JOHN DEWITT, D.D., LL. D. Archibald Alexander Professor of Church History in Princeton Theological Seminary Philadelphia, Pa. : Presbyterian Board of Publication and Sabbath-School Work 1896 Copyright, 1896, by THE TRUSTEES OF THE PRESBYTKRIAN BOARD OF PUBLICATION AND SABBATH- SCHOOL WORK. —— TABLE OF CONTENTS. PART I. THE ANCIENT PERIOD. (B. C. 4-A. D. 590.) IXTRODUCTION BV THE REV. JOHN DEWITT, D.D., LI,. D. 1-3. PRELIMINARY. History—Church History — History of the Christian Church—The Christian Church—Visible and invisible— Church History and secular Hisiory Advantages of the study—Divisions 5-10 CHAPTER I. CONDITION OF THE WORLD. Preparation for Christianity— Contribution of Greece to this preparation ContributioT of Rome—Corrupt religion and morals—Judaism —The Pharisees—Sadducees— Essenes—Scribes— Synagogue — Dispersion Alexandrian influence— Proselytes— Samaritans— Political history 11-17 CHAPTER II. THE APOSTOLIC AGE (30-IO0). Birth of Jesus Christ— Ministry and death— Pentecost—Original community —Appointment of deacons— Martyrdom of Stephen — Preaching in Samaria— Preaching to proselytes— Preaching to Gentiles—Paul's con- version — First missionary journey—Question concerning Gentile Chris- tians— -Assembly at Jerusalem—Second missionarj- journey—Third mis- sionary journey — Peter — James — The other Apostles— John—The Christian Church and the world— Persecution under Nero and Domi- tian— Fall of Jerusalem— Polity of the Church—Worship—Lord's Sup- per--Eaptism—Other ordinances—Literary activity (writing of the New Testament) — Heresies 18-30 3^ CHAPTER in. THE SUB-APOSTOLIC AGE (100-170 A. d). Spread of Christianity—Christianity distinguished from Judaism—The Jews after the fall of Jerusalem— Rabbinical schools—Christianity and the world— Laws affecting the Church— Pliny's letter to Trajan — Hadrian —.Antoninus Pius—Marcus .Aurelius. Literary productions— Apostolic Fathers—Clement— Barnabas — Ignatius— Hernias— Polycarp— Papias — The Teachings of the 'T-wehe—The. Apologists— Justin—Tatian Heresies— Pseudo-Clementine writings— Nazarenes, Ebionites, etc — Gnostics in general— Special Gnostic systems— Bardesanes— Develop- ment of local association—Catholic Church—Worship—Montanism.. 31-43 iii. —— iv. TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER IV. THE ANTE-NICENE PERIOD (170-325 A. d). Spread of Christianity—Attacks of Pagan philosophers — Apollonius of Tyana— Neo-Platonism — Porphyry — Persecutions— Alexander Severus —Maximin— Decius—Gallienus—Diocletian 44-50 CHAPTER V. ANTE-NICENE CHRISTIAN THOUGHT. Christian writings— Irenaeus— Hippolytus — Gains — Hegesippus — Julius Africanus—TertuUian—Minor Latin writers — Alexandrian School— Panta-nus—Clement—Origan (life works, Theology)— Dionysius—Greg- ory Thaumaturgus— Methodius— Emergence of the Canon of the New Testament—The Rule of Faith — Heresies—The Alogi—Monarchian- ism—Dynamic Monarchianism —Theodotus— Paul of Samosata—Modal Monarchianism—Patripassians—Sabellius— Beryl—Chiliasm Si-59 CHAPTER VI. ECCLESIASTICAL DEVELOPMENT. Clergy and laity —The bishops— Presbyters and deacons—Lower clergy^ Election and consecration of bishops— Support of clergy— Marriage Hierarchical organization— Synods— Patriarchates— Primacy of Rome Ecclesiastical law — Discipline — Schism of Callixtus and Hippolytus of Novatian— Felicissimus— Fortunatus— Meletius—Worship~-Baptism —Sacred Seasons — Quartodeciman controversy — Church buildings Catacombs— Emblematic decorations — Asceticism— Hermits—Anthony — Manichffiism 6o-6g CHAPTER VII. CHURCH AND STATE I.V THE NICENE AGE (325-590). Constantine and Licinnius— Christianity made the state religion—Char- acter of Constantine— His sons— Julian— Restoration of Christianity Attitude of Pagan philosophy— Suppression of heathenism— Hypsista- rians and Euchets— Christianity in Persia— In Armenia— In Abyssinia —Among the Goths—Among the Franks— In Britain— In Ireland— St. Patrick— In Scotland 70-77 CHAPTER VIII. THE HIERARCHY AND POLITY. Extension of episcopal administration— Privileges granted by the govern- ment to Church— New officers —QuaUfications for entering clerical life — Ecumenical councils— Patriarchates—Claims of Rome— Leo I 7S-82 CHAPTER IX. THEOLOGY AND CONTROVERSIES. Arius and his views—Council of Nicsa 325 — Semi-Arian controversy Anomaeans and Homoiousians— Ambrose and Hilary— Macedonian- ism—The Cappadocian theologians—Origan's influence — Origenistic controversy—Theophilus and Chrysostom—Christological controversies —Apollinaris—Theodore of Mopsuestia— Nestorianism — Etychianism — Monophysitism— Coimcil of Chalcedon— Debates on Monophysitisiii — Fifth Ecumenical Council—Jacobites— Augustine— His work— His theology—Pelagianism— Julian of Eclanum— Semi-Pelagianism— Pris- cillianism 83-97 —— TABLE OF CONTENTS. V. CHAPTER X. NICENK AND POST-NICENE INSTITUTIONS. Eucharistic service—Doctrine of Sacrifice —Sunday— Easter — Epiphany and Christmas—Saint and martyr worship—The Virgin Mary— Angel- worship — Image-worship—Opposition to images—Church buildings Discipline — Baptism— Law— Donatists— Monasticism — Coenobites Monastic rules—Western Monasticism—Jovinian 98-105 PART II. THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD. (590-1517.) CHAPTER I. THE GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE MIDDLE AGES. End of the Western Empire—The Church and the Dark Ages— Limits of the Middle Ages—Geographical distribution of races 107-iog CHAPTER IL THE CHURCH IN THE EAST. The disturbing elements—Arabia— Its people and its religions—Life of Mohammed—System —The Koran — Spread of Mohammedanism— Mon- othelite controversy — Sixth Ecumenical Council — The Quiuisext Council — Subsequent history of Mcnothelites — Image-worship— Con- troversy— Seventh Ecumenical Council— Final Conflict —The Western Church on Image-Worship—Paulicians 110-117 CHAPTER III. THE CHURCH IN THE WEST—THE FRANK KINGDOM. Gregory I. —Controversy as to universal bishopric— Successors of Gregory The Frank Kingdom—Charles Martel— Pepin the Short—Charlemagne —The Holy Roman Empire 118-121 CHAPTER IV. CHRISTIANIZATION OF THE TEUTONS. General character of medieval missions— Augustine and the Anglo-Saxons —The Keltic Churches— Christian literature in England —Columbanus —Willibrord— Boniface 122-125 CHAPTER V. CHRISTIAN THOUGHT AND LIFE IN THE WEST. The Court of Charlemagne— Isidore of Seville — Adoptionism—Adoption- ism condemned— Ecclesiastical corruption—-Legislation passes into the hands of the civil government— Law of Spain—of Charlemagne— Legis- lation as to clergy — Ecclesiastical discipline — Penitential books — Homiliaria—Church music 126-130 CHAPTER VI. THE PAPACY AND THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE (80O-IO73). Decline of the Carolingian dynasty— Temporary decline of the Papacy The Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals —The Female Pope Joanna—Nicholas I. — Hadrian II. — John VIII. —The Pornocracy—Tusculan Supremacy —Synod of Sutri and Reforms 131-136 — vi. TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER VII. CHRISTIANIZATION OF THE SCANDINAVIANS AND SLAVS. Harald Klak—Ansgar in Denmark, in Sweden—Conversion of Denmark Norway— Iceland—The Slavs—Christianization of Bulgaria— Moravia Bohemia— Poland— Russia—the Wends—the Magyars 137-143 CHAPTER VIII. CONTROVERSIES AND SCHISMS. Augustinianism in the Church—Gotschalk— His view condemned—His im- prisonment—Controversy carried on—John Scotus Erigena— End of the controversy —Sacramentarian controversy— Berengarius and his views— Differences between Eastern and Western churches—Separa- tion in the ninth century— Final schism 144-1 50 CHAPTER IX. LIFE AND MORALS IN THE MIDDLE AGES Degeneration of morals —The Dark Century —The wholesome influence of — " the Church— Slavery — Private feuds " Truce of God — Discipline Worship— Hymnology— Monasticism—Reforms—Clugny 'Si^'SS CHAPTER X. THE PAPACY AND THE EMPIRE IN CONFLICT (1073-1294). Accession of Gregory VII. —Reforms — Ideals of Hildebrand — Conflict with and submission of Henry IV. — Rebellion of Henry, and death of the pope —Successors of Gregory —Guelph and Ghibelline—Arnold of Brescia—Conflict with Frederick Barbarossa— Henry II. and Thomas k Becket— Innocent III. — Frederick II. — Fifth Crusade —Conflict re- newed— Fall of the Hohenstaufen — Louis IX. and the Pragmatic sanction—The Hapsburgs— Gregory X.— Martin IV. —Sicilian vespers — Celestine V 156-164 CHAPTER XI. THE CRUSADES—WARS OF THE CHURCH AGAINST INFIDELS AND HERETICS. Mohammedan control of Palestine— Peter the Hermit—The First crusade Consequences — Knightly orders—.Second crusade — Third crusade Fourth crusade — Fifth crusade —Sixth and seventh crusades—Good and evil results—Albigensian crusade — Waldensians — Petrobrusians Bogomiles 165-170 CHAPTER XII. MONASTICISM AND SCHOLASTICISM—LEARNING AND PIETY. Spirit of independence —New orders—Cistercians—Other orders—The Car- thusians—The Mendicants — Dominican order — Franciscan order Growth of the Mendicant orders— Universities— .4rabic and Jewish Aristotelianism — Scholasticism— Ansel m — Abelard— Bernard of Clair- vaux—Gilbert of Porr^e— School of St. Victor— Peter Lombard— Alex- ander Hales—John of .Salisbury—Albertus Magnus—Thomas Aquinas —Bonaventura—Duns Scotus—Roger Bacon —Raymond Lull 171-179 — ——• 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS. vii. CHAPTER XIII. DECLINE OF THE PAPACY. Boniface VIII. and Philip the Fair—Removal to Avignon— Babylonian captivitv of the papacy— Feud with the empire —The Golden Bull— Rieuzi—End of the captivity—The great schism—Attempts to heal the breach—Council of Constance—Council of Basel—