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Continuity and Renewal in English Homiletic Eschatology, Ca. 1150–1200

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Continuity and Renewal in English Homiletic Eschatology, Ca. 1150–1200 Continuity and Renewal in English Homiletic Eschatology, ca. 1150–1200 by Stephen Anthony Pelle A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Centre for Medieval Studies University of Toronto © Copyright by Stephen Anthony Pelle 2012 Continuity and Renewal in English Homiletic Eschatology, ca. 1150–1200 Stephen Anthony Pelle Doctor of Philosophy Centre for Medieval Studies University of Toronto 2012 Abstract This study examines English eschatological homilies of the later twelfth century and their adaptation of both Anglo-Saxon traditions and sources introduced after the Norman Conquest. Later and non-homiletic texts are also discussed when these give clues to the continued prevalence of Anglo-Saxon and twelfth-century eschatological traditions in the later Middle Ages. Chapter 1 introduces the eschatology of the Anglo-Saxon homilists, describes English homily manuscripts written ca. 1150–1200, summarizes scholarly opinions on these texts, and details the author’s approach to the texts’ eschatological ideas. Chapter 2 examines the ‘Visit to the Tomb’ motif, which deeply influenced Anglo-Saxon depictions of individual mortality. Two early Middle English texts––Lambeth III and a treatise on the vices and virtues––contain versions of the motif that indicate a familiarity with the earlier homilies, though they also adapt the ‘Visit to the Tomb’ in new ways. The Old English texts in British Library, Cotton Vespasian D. xiv are the focus of Chapter 3. These include a description of the coming of Antichrist, the first English text of the ‘Fifteen Signs before Doomsday,’ and a typological interpretation of the Babylonian captivity. These pieces draw on both the Old English homilists and works unknown in England until ca. 1100, ii suggesting that twelfth-century English homilists did not sense any tension in combining ideas from pre- and post-Conquest traditions. Chapter 4 describes the Middle English reflexes of two Doomsday motifs common in the Old English homilies––the ‘Three Hosts of Doomsday’ and the ‘Four Angels of Judgment.’ The persistence of such motifs in later medieval England raises the possibility of a significant influence of Old English works on Middle English homiletic eschatology. The Conclusions section addresses this issue in further detail and suggests avenues of future research, while restating the importance of the twelfth-century homilies for the study of medieval English religious literature. iii Acknowledgments In completing this thesis I have depended on the kindness and experience of my committee members, of whom my supervisor, Andy Orchard, deserves first mention. I have benefited greatly from his knowledge and guidance at all stages of this project, and I consider it a privilege to have studied under him. Toni Healey not only contributed her enthusiasm for and profound familiarity with the homilies as a member of my thesis committee, but also taught me much about Old English both as my employer at the Dictionary of Old English and as my instructor in Old English philology. David McDougall’s keen eye for detail and thorough comments have brought about improvements in every chapter. I also thank Fabienne Michelet, who took part in the defence process and provided many incisive suggestions. Susan Irvine’s edition of the Bodley 343 homilies in large part inspired me to study twelfth-century English preaching, and I am honoured by her helpful participation in the defence as the external examiner. I have also received support from many other scholars, including Thomas N. Hall, Mary Swan, Elaine Treharne, and Charles D. Wright. In the course of my research I have been fortunate to make the acquaintance of Carla Thomas and Mark Faulkner, who have been trustworthy friends and have contributed valuable guidance. Though Father Édouard Jeauneau was not directly involved in this project, I have learned much about medieval Latin and textual criticism as his research assistant. Grace Desa has miraculously guided me through a maze of administrative obstacles and requirements over the past six years, despite my own absentmindedness. Many others, both in Toronto and elsewhere, have supported me with their friendship. I have neither the space to list their names nor the capacity to adequately thank them for the happiness they have given me. The members of my family have offered me their constant love and encouragement throughout my time in Toronto. Among these I owe the deepest gratitude to my wife, Jessica, the idea of spending my life with whom has alone made our long separation bearable; and to my parents, to whom this work is dedicated. 7 September 2012 iv Table of Contents Abstract ii Acknowledgments iv Table of Contents v Abbreviations vii Additional Notes x Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 The Styles and Sources of Old English Homiletic Eschatology 1 1.2 English Vernacular Homiletic Manuscripts, ca. 1150–1200 16 1.3 Opinions on Continuity and Change in Late Twelfth-Century English Homilies 29 1.4 Approaching the Eschatology of the Late Twelfth-Century English Homilies 43 Chapter 2: Visiting the Tomb in the Old and Early Middle English Homilies 50 2.1 The Origins of the Motif in Medieval Greek and Latin Literature 50 2.2 Personalizing the ‘Visit to the Tomb’ in the Old English Homilies 60 2.3 Two Early Middle English Versions of the ‘Visit to the Tomb’ 66 Chapter 3: Signs and Warnings of Doomsday: Vespasian D. xiv and Late Old English Apocalyptic Prophecy 78 3.1 The Signs of Doomsday’s Approach and the Reign of Antichrist in the Old English Homilies 78 3.2 The Compilation and Origins of Vespasian D. xiv 92 3.3 Warner XXVII: ‘Concerning the Coming of Antichrist’ 97 3.4 Warner XXXIII: The First English Text of the ‘Fifteen Signs before Doomsday’ 111 3.5 Warner XLIV: On the Babylonian Captivity and the Ages of the World 127 v Chapter 4: Old English Doomsday Motifs in Middle English Texts 134 4.1 The Four Trumpeting Angels 135 4.1.1 Origins of the Motif 135 4.1.2 The ‘Four Angels of Judgment’ in Twelfth- and Thirteenth-Century England 144 4.1.3 The ‘Four Angels of Judgment’ in Later Medieval England 150 4.1.4 The ‘Four Angels of Judgment’: Conclusions 151 4.2 ‘The Three Hosts of Doomsday’ 152 4.2.1 Origins of the Motif 152 4.2.2 The ‘Three Hosts’ in Early Middle English Homilies 156 4.2.3 The ‘Three Hosts’ in Ancrene Wisse 158 4.2.4 The ‘Three Hosts’ in Middle English Literature of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries 161 4.2.5 Other Echoes of the ‘Three Hosts’ in Middle English 167 4.2.6 The ‘Three Hosts of Doomsday’ in Old Norse Homilies 169 4.2.7 The ‘Three Hosts of Doomsday’: Conclusions 172 Conclusions 174 Appendix 1: A More Exact Source for Elements of the CCCC 190 Sermon ‘In nomine domini’ 181 Appendix 2: More Insular Echoes in the Eschatology of the Norwegian Homily Book 184 Bibliography 189 vi Abbreviations AM The Arnamagnæan Manuscript Collection (Reykjavík and Copenhagen) ANQ American Notes and Queries Archiv Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen und Literaturen ASE Anglo-Saxon England ASPR Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records AST Anglo-Saxon Texts BCCT Brill’s Companions to the Christian Tradition BL British Library CCCC Cambridge, Corpus Christi College CCCM Corpus Christianorum: Continuatio Mediaevalis CCSA Corpus Christianorum: Series Apocryphorum CCSL Corpus Christianorum: Series Latina CGL Coptic Gnostic Library CMCS Cambridge/Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies CSASE Cambridge Studies in Anglo-Saxon England CSEL Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum CUL Cambridge, University Library DOE Angus Cameron, Ashley Crandall Amos, Antonette di Paolo Healey, et al., eds., The Dictionary of Old English: A to G Online (Toronto: Dictionary of Old English Project, 2007– ). DTM Deutsche Texte des Mittelalters EETS Early English Text Society e.s. extra series o.s. original series vii s.s. supplemental series JEGP Journal of English and Germanic Philology JTS Journal of Theological Studies o.s. original series n.s. new series KCLMS King’s College London Medieval Studies LSE Leeds Studies in English (new series) LTM Leeds Texts and Monographs o.s. original series n.s. new series MÆ Medium Ævum MED Hans Kurath et al., eds., Middle English Dictionary (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1954–2001). MRTS Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies MTCNE Medieval Texts and Cultures of Northern Europe NHS Nag Hammadi Studies NM Neuphilologische Mitteilungen NQ Notes and Queries OED Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003). OEH1 Richard Morris, ed., Old English Homilies and Homiletic Treatises of the Twelfth Century, EETS o.s. 29, 34 (London: Trübner, 1867–8). OEH2 Richard Morris, ed., Old English Homilies of the Twelfth Century from the Unique MS. B. 14. 52 in the Library of Trinity College, Cambridge, EETS o.s. 53 (London: Trübner, 1873). PG Patrologiae cursus completus, series Graeca, ed. J.-P. Migne (Paris, 1857–66). PL Patrologiae cursus completus, series Latina, ed. J.-P. Migne (Paris, 1844–65). viii PLS Patrologiae cursus completus, series Latina: Supplementum, ed. A. Hamman (Paris, 1958–74). PMAA Publications of the Medieval Academy of America PMLA Publications of the Modern Language Association of America PRIA Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy RB Revue bénédictine RC Revue celtique RES Review of English Studies RMEPS Veronica O’Mara and Suzanne Paul, A Repertorium of Middle English Prose Sermons, 4 vols., SERMO 1 (Turnhout: Brepols, 2007). SC Sources chrétiennes SEMA Studies in the Early Middle Ages TASS Toronto Anglo-Saxon Series TOES Toronto Old English Series ix Additional Notes Abbreviated text titles: Wherever an Old or Middle English text is first mentioned in the body (and, in some cases, the footnotes) of any chapter, I have given, underlined and in parentheses, the text’s DOE short title or its abbreviated title from RMEPS.
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