La Construcción De La Paz En Guatemala: Reconciliación, Seguridad Y Violencia En Una Democracia Precaria

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La Construcción De La Paz En Guatemala: Reconciliación, Seguridad Y Violencia En Una Democracia Precaria LA CONSTRUCCIÓN DE LA PAZ EN GUATEMALA: RECONCILIACIÓN, SEGURIDAD Y VIOLENCIA EN UNA DEMOCRACIA PRECARIA La construcción de la paz en Guatemala: reconciliación, seguridad y violencia en una democracia precaria Bernardo Arévalo de León (compilador) PRESENTACIÓN FLACSO 5 6 In Memoriam Edelberto Torres-Rivas Índice Presentación FLACSO 5 Presentación 11 BERNARDO ARÉVALO DE LEÓN Del posconflicto a la restauración autoritaria: el incierto camino hacia la coexistencia pacífica en Guatemala 15 BERNARDO ARÉVALO DE LEÓN La seguridad de la Nación: Un balance estratégico-político en la Guatemala de hoy 61 FRANCISCO JIMÉNEZ IRUNGARAY Guatemala: violencia en tiempos de paz y democracia 93 CARLOS ANTONIO MENDOZA ALVARADO El derecho a la paz como derecho fundamental en la Constitución Política de la República de Guatemala 115 HÉCTOR OSWALDO SAMAYOA SOSA 9 Presentación BERNARDO ARÉVALO DE LEÓN Edelberto Torres-Rivas, observando el desarrollo en Guatemala de una democra- cia precaria atribulada por crisis recurrentes y carente de claros apoyos sociales, a menudo comentaba que la sociedad guatemalteca no ha sabido construir la paz de la misma manera como supo ponerle fin al conflicto armado interno. En efecto, los acuerdos de paz firmados en 1996 contienen en realidad dos agendas temporalmente separadas: una se enfocaba en la finalización del conflicto, orientada a encontrar una salida negociada a la violencia política que tenía más de tres décadas de asolar el país; la segunda, de cara al futuro, asumía compromisos para la construcción de una sociedad justa, libre y democrática que atendiera las causas estructurales de la conflictividad social y evitara el reinicio de los ciclos fratricidas de violencia que han caracterizado nuestra historia desde la era colonial. Pero mientras en la atención a la agenda ‘del pasado’ los resultados han sido ejem- plares –con un conflicto que termina sin una sola víctima producida por casos de represalias violentas, institucionales o personales, en una dirección o en otra,–1 la atención a la agenda ‘del futuro’ ha dejado mucho que desear. Logramos pacificar la política, pero ni hemos logrado transformar las condiciones sociales en las que el conflicto social emerge, se desarrolla y explota, ni fortalecer sustantivamente las capacidades para el manejo pacífico y la transformación de conflictos en la sociedad y en el Estado. Esta tensión paradojal se refleja en la medida en el proceso de paz –negociaciones y acuerdos– continúa siendo el hito referencial de los procesos sociopolíticos de nuestro país, más de veinte años después.2 No ha surgido desde entonces una dinámica distinta, alternativa, que supere las premisas o los objetivos de los acuerdos de paz, capture el imaginario colectivo de la población y organice nuestra política en lógicas diferentes de las que se derivaban de las negociaciones de paz y su conclusión. Casi por default, las reflexiones explicativas sobre la realidad 1 La ausencia total de represalias violentas entre combatientes de uno u otro lado tras la firma de los acuerdos de paz es un logro poco reconocido del proceso guatemalteco, que se aprecia en contraste con las dinámicas de represalias –animadas por resentimientos familiares e individuales más que institucionales– o de surgimiento de actores armados no estatales de nivel local –faci- litado por vacíos de poder– se pueden apreciar en otros proceso similares, como por ejemplo El Salvador o Colombia. 2 Para una revisión de temas críticos en la agenda nacional desde la perspectiva de dos décadas de implementación de los acuerdos de paz, véase Sarti, Carlos Alberto y Felipe Antonio Girón (Eds.) (2017). Resignificando los Acuerdos de Paz en Guatemala (Guatemala: Fundación Propaz). 11 sociopolítica de nuestro país terminan arribando, más tarde o más temprano, a la década entre 1986 y 1996 y su doble dinámica de democratización/pacificación como coyuntura crítica que explica –para bien y para mal, en sus logros y sus limitaciones– nuestro devenir histórico contemporáneo. De alguna manera, la vigencia referencial de los acuerdos de paz es producto precisamente de la medida en que los acuerdos ‘del futuro’ no nos alcanzaron para transformarnos suficientemente como sociedad y generar una ‘nueva’ realidad so- cial. No se trata de que, como a menudo se escucha en expresiones de hastío más emotivas y necias que racionales, “aquí no ha cambiado nada”. Cambios han exis- tido, y notables: más allá del desmantelamiento del Estado contrainsurgente –por si sólo un logro importante– los acuerdos de paz han dado lugar a una serie de reformas expresadas en transformaciones de los marcos legales, institucionales y de políticas dentro de los que opera el Estado. Pero como lo hemos visto siempre en nuestra historia: los cambios del entramado formal del aparato del Estado no son suficientes, por sí solos, para transformar las relaciones sociales y políticas que tienen lugar en su seno. La formalidad de los procedimientos democráticos del sistema político, la cons- trucción y desarrollo de un marco constitucional y legal garantista, el estableci- miento de unidades ejecutivas dedicadas a atender áreas de rezago, y el desarrollo de mecanismos participativos que han involucrado inéditamente a distintos secto- res de la población en la definición de políticas públicas, no nos han alcanzado para construir la sociedad reconciliada y pacífica que se identificaba como el objetivo del esfuerzo de reforma contenido en la agenda ‘de futuro’ de los acuerdos de paz. Ya no somos la sociedad confrontada y sangrante del período contrainsurgente, pero tampoco somos la sociedad reconciliada y armónica que esperábamos. Aún más, en los últimos meses, a la preocupación por la fragilidad de la paz que hemos venido construyendo se agrega el temor ante dinámicas que amenazan revertirla para hundirnos nuevamente en ciclos de autoritarismo y violencia. ¿Dónde esta- mos? ¿A dónde vamos? El presente volumen examina estas preguntas desde la perspectiva de áreas te- máticas que tienen un carácter crítico para las posibilidades de construir la paz sostenible en nuestro país: la reconciliación, la seguridad, y la violencia. Cuatro ensayos exploran la ruta crítica de logros y deficiencias que nuestro país ha reco- rrido desde que decidimos poner fin al enfrentamiento armado, aportando datos e interpretaciones destinadas a dilucidar la naturaleza de los procesos atravesados y de la coyuntura política en la que nos encontramos a comienzos de 2019. El primero, por Bernardo Arévalo de León, revisa las diferentes interpretaciones de la noción de reconciliación que se han manejado durante más de tres décadas en el discurso político y las acciones que, al amparo de estas definiciones, se han desplegado en la esfera pública. El ensayo constata la ausencia de un uso estratégico por parte del Estado de la reconciliación como concepto político 12 destinado a generar las condiciones necesarias para sobreponer divisiones y heridas históricas –ligadas al conflicto y su resolución– y contemporáneas –relacionadas con la conflictividad social emergente–, e identifica en el último año –2018– el resurgimiento de una retórica de polarización que, desde el Estado, amenaza por destruir los tímidos avances que en materia de coexistencia pacífica se habían venido gestando desde 1986. A continuación, Francisco Jiménez Irungaray focaliza su análisis en la transfor- mación de discursos, instituciones y prácticas de seguridad pública que han tenido lugar como parte de los procesos de democratización y de pacificación. Estable- ciendo el contraste fundamental que existe entre los principios y los objetivos que animan la acción de seguridad de un Estado democrático, orientado a proteger el bienestar de las personas y comunidades, y las de un Estado autoritario, cuyo propósito es la defensa de la estructura de dominación política a costa incluso del bienestar de la sociedad, analiza las medidas que, en los distintos ámbitos de la gestión de la seguridad del Estado, se han venido adoptando para realizar –es decir, hacer reales– los presupuestos filosóficos y políticos que se encuentran plasmados en la serie de instrumentos legales que desde hace más de tres décadas han venido orientando la transformación de los marcos de seguridad del autoritarismo a la de- mocracia. En este sentido, para concluir con una advertencia: estamos en presencia de un proceso de regresión político-institucional que amenaza con restablecer con- cepciones y prácticas autoritarias de la seguridad que no se corresponden con las establecidas en la legislación vigente, con efectos nefastos para la seguridad en sí y para la sostenibilidad de la democracia. Siempre dentro del ámbito de las políticas de seguridad, Carlos Mendoza Al- varado aborda la problemática de la violencia, examinando el comportamiento de la violencia homicida en nuestro país desde el comienzo del periodo democráti- co hasta la fecha. Mediante el análisis interpretativo de los datos estadísticos, re- flexiona sobre las condicionantes sociopolíticas, nacionales e internacionales que explican, por una parte, la explosión de la violencia homicida tras la firma de los acuerdos de paz y, por la otra, al desarrollo de una tendencia firme de disminución de las tasas de homicidio desde hace nueve años, hecho que no se refleja en las percepciones de violencia que mantiene la población del país. Elaborando en torno a las razones que podrían explicar esta tendencia a la baja, señala la importancia de los cambios institucionales derivados de los acuerdos de paz y de la lucha contra la corrupción,
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