Srpska Srednjovekovna Umetnost

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Srpska Srednjovekovna Umetnost SRPSKA SREDNJOVEKOVNA UMETNOST ARHITEKTURA I SLIKARSTVO RAŠKI STIL -od kraja 12.veka do kraja 13.veka -tada je oblast Raške (današnji Novi Pazar) bila centar države -crkve i manastiri su pravljeni od kamena -karakterističan je friz slepih arkada koji se se nalazio ispod krovnog venca I bio jedini ukras -Crkve su jednobrodne I imaju narteks, oltar I naos iznad kog je kupola -ktitorski portreti NAZIV KTITOR ZNAČAJNA PO Bogorodičina crkva u Stefan Nemanja Freska raspeća Isusa Hrista Studenici Stefan Ima crvene fasade, centar Žiča Prvovenčani arhiepiskopije Sopoćani Uroš I Freska Uspenje Bogorodice Mileševa kralj Vladislav Freska Beli Anđeo Jelena Anžujska Gradac (supruga Uroša I) SRPSKO-VIZANTIJSKI STIL -Od kraja 13 veka do 1371. (Marička bitka) -period vladavine kralja Milutina -Milutin se oženio vizantijskom princezom Simonidom pa je zato prisutan Vizantijski uticaj -grčki krst -crkve i manastiru su pravljeni od kamena -na freskama se prikazuje loza Nemanjića u Gračanici, Dečanima i Pećkoj Patrijaršiji Kraljeva U Studenici crkva Osnova izgleda Na temeljima zadužbine kao trolist zbog Hilandar Kralj Stefana Nemanje,na polukružnih Milutin Svetoj gori pevnica Gračanica Freska Simonide Bogorodica U Prizrenu Ljeviška Crkva U Starom Nagoričanu, Sv.Đorđa blizu Kumanova Ima friz slepih Stefan Visoki Dečani arkada Dečanski MORAVSKI STIL -Od 1371. do 1459. (pad Smedereva) -centar države je bio oko Moravske -crkve su bile u obliku trolista -Fasada je rađena opekom i kamenom koje su dekorativno rasporednjene, često kao šahovsko polje. Pojavljuju se rozete u plitkom bojenom reljefu isprepletenih traka sa biljnim I figuralnim motivom Ravanica Knez Lazar Lazarica Kalenić Vlastelin Bogdan Ljubostinja Kneginja Milica Resava/Manasija Despot Stefan Lazarevic -U manastiru Resava je osnovana Resavska škola. FRESKE I IKONOPISANJE U freskama imamo dva stila – raški i srpsko-vizantijski. Raški stil, kao u Studenici, Mileševi i Sopoćanima, je strog i monumentalan i karakteriše ga zlatna pozadina. Najpoznatija freska iz ovog stila je Beli anđeo u Mileševi. U srpsko-vizantijskom stilu freske su rađene više dekorativno, tematski bogatije i narativnije. U njih se unose nacionalni i lokalni prizori. Najznačajnija freska iz ovog perioda je Loza Nemanjića na kojoj je prikazana cela dinastija Nemanjić. Ovakva freska javlja se u Gračanici, Pećkoj patrijaršiji i Dečanima. Osim fresaka, u srednjevekovnoj Srbiji pisane su i ikone. U XIII veku postojale su slikarske radionice koje su oslikavale ikone za potrebe vladara po vizantijskim uzorima. KNJIŽEVNOST Srpska srednjevekovna književnost pisana je pod uticajem crkve i uzorom na Vizantiju. Tvorci književnih dela bili su monasi i crkveni velikodostojnici. Najznaćajnija dela pisana su u manastiru Hilandar. Do XII veka srpska književnost zasnivala se na prevođenju i prepisivanju biblijskih dela sa grčkog gjezika. U XIII veku počinje razvoj originalne srpske srednjevekovne knjižvenosti. Pisalo se srpskoslovenskim koji je bio redakcija staroslovenskog jezika. Žitije – o životu vladara i svetaca . Prvo žitije – Sveti Sava Žitije Svetog Simeona . Poslednje žitije – Patrijarh Pajsije Žitije Cara Uroša Pohvale – pohvalna slova o Molitve – srednjevekovna lirika Pisma - poslanice Prvi srpski književnik je Sveti Sava. Kraj devetog veka – prodor knjige i pismenosti među slovenske narode Glagoljica i ćirilica su slovenska pisma Za razvoj pisma je zaslužna dinastija Nemanjić Pisalo se rućno na pergamentu, kasnije hartiji. Tekst se često čistio sa pergamenta nožićem Prva štamparija otvorena je 1493. godine na Cetinju. Knjige štampane pre 1500. godine – inhunabile Prva štampana knjiga – Biblija Rad Svetog Save o Rastko Nemanjić (1175-1236) je prvi srpski prosvetitelj. Napisao je dosta dela, od kojih su najznačajnija o Tipici . Studenički . Hilandarski . Karejski Žitije o Svetog Simeona o Molitva Svetom Simeonu o Krmčija Jefimija o Jefimija je rođena kao Jelena Mrnjavčević. Ona je izgubila muža Ugljeušu u Maričkoj bitci, a dete sa 22 godine. Velik značaj je imala na dvoru kneginje Milice i kneza Lazara, gde je pomagala u vaspitanju dece. Napisala je tri dela: 1. Tuga za jedinčetom – pesma urezana u ikoni 2. Od skrvnih usana – izvezena zavesa 3. Pohvala knezu Lazaru – na crvenom platnu sa zlatnim nitima, u delu se a. Opisuje knez b. Opisuje stanje srbije – voljena ti čeda ima znaćenje ili srpskog naroda ili njegovih sinova c. Zahvaljuje knezu Ostala značajna dela: Žitije Sv Save – Domentijan i Teodosije Žitija kraljeva i arhiepiskopa srpskih – Danilo II Himnografije Miroslavljevo jevanđelje Vukanovo jevanđelje Letopis popa dukljanina Roman o Troji Roman o Aleksandru Velikom Panonske legende (videti lekciju Srpska srednjevekovna književnost na ovom linku) PRAVO Tradicionalno pravo zasnivalo se na običajnom pravu uz koje su dodavani novi propisi koje su izdavali srednjevekovni vladari. Srbija je u svom pravnom razvoju bila bliža državama Srednje Evrope nego Vizantiji, koja je direktno od Rima primila rimsko pravo. Srbija je bila vlasteoska država sa državnim saborima, ali nije bila država zapadnoevropskog tipa. Uvođenje prava u Srbiji je bilo povezano sa razvojem crkvenih i državnih institucija. Najstariji pravni spomenik na ćirilici je povelja bosanskog bana Kulina iz 1189. godine. Napisana je narodnim srpskim jezikom koji je tada bio govoren, ali ima brojne elemente srpskoslovenskog. Istim jezikom napisano je i Zakonopravilo ili Nomokanon koji je preveo Sveti Sava sa grčkog, a kasanije i Dušanov zakonik. Delo Zakonopravilo je poslužilo kao osnova zakonodavstvu kasnijih srpskih vlaldara. Kralj Milutin doneo je mnoge propise kojima je dalje uredio državu i odnose između manastira i stanovnika. To su bili Stari srpski zakon, koji je sačinjen od 11 odredbi unesenih u povelju manastira Gračanica. Njima se uređuje položaj zavisnog stanovništva – meropaha i sokalina na vlastelinstvu manastira Gračanice. Dušanov zakonik je najvažniji pravni spomenik iz srpske srednjevekovne države. Obljavljen je na saboru u Skopju 1349. godine, a dopunjen 1354. godine u Seru. Sastoji se od 201 člana i govori o pitanjima javnog i krivičnog prava, prava crkve, vladara i činovnika. Pisan je po ugledu na odgovarajuće vizantijske propise. Prvih 38 članova vezano je za crkvu, potom za vlastelu i slobodne ljude, njihove dužnosti, a na kraju za obaveze sebara – zavisnog stanovništva. Originalni zakonik nije sačuvan, ali postoji 20 prepisa. .
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