Kôssovo: Província Ou País?

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Kôssovo: Província Ou País? KÔSSOVO Província ou país? MINISTÉRIO DAS RELAÇÕES EXTERIORES Ministro de Estado Embaixador Mauro Luiz Iecker Vieira Secretário -Geral Embaixador Sérgio França Danese FUNDAÇÃO ALEXANDRE DE GUSMÃO Presidente Embaixador Sérgio Eduardo Moreira Lima Instituto de Pesquisa de Relações Internacionais Diretor Embaixador José Humberto de Brito Cruz Centro de História e Documentação Diplomática Diretor Embaixador Maurício E. Cortes Costa Conselho Editorial da Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão Presidente Embaixador Sérgio Eduardo Moreira Lima Membros Embaixador Ronaldo Mota Sardenberg Embaixador Jorio Dauster Magalhães e Silva Embaixador Gonçalo de Barros Carvalho e Mello Mourão Embaixador José Humberto de Brito Cruz Embaixador Julio Glinternick Bitelli Ministro Luís Felipe Silvério Fortuna Professor Francisco Fernando Monteoliva Doratioto Professor José Flávio Sombra Saraiva Professor Eiiti Sato A Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão, instituída em 1971, é uma fundação pública vinculada ao Ministério das Relações Exteriores e tem a finalidade de levar à sociedade civil informações sobre a realidade internacional e sobre aspectos da pauta diplomática brasileira. Sua missão é promover a sensibilização da opinião pública nacional para os temas de relações internacionais e para a política externa brasileira. Arthur H. V. Nogueira KÔSSOVO Província ou país? Brasília, 2015 Direitos de publicação reservados à Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão Ministério das Relações Exteriores Esplanada dos Ministérios, Bloco H Anexo II, Térreo 70170 ‑900 Brasília–DF Telefones:(61) 2030 ‑6033/6034 Fax:(61) 2030 ‑9125 Site: www.funag.gov.br E ‑mail: [email protected] Equipe Técnica: Eliane Miranda Paiva Fernanda Antunes Siqueira Gabriela Del Rio de Rezende Luiz Antônio Gusmão André Luiz Ventura Ferreira Projeto Gráfico e Capa: Yanderson Rodrigues Programação Visual e Diagramação: Gráfica e Editora Ideal As opiniões emitidas no presente trabalho são de responsabilidade do autor, não refletindo necessariamente as posições da política exterior do governo brasileiro. Impresso no Brasil 2015 N778 Nogueira, Arthur H. V. Kôssovo : província ou país? / Arthur H. V. Nogueira. – Brasília : FUNAG, 2015. 408 p. – (Coleção CAE) ISBN 978‑85‑7631‑568‑1 Trabalho apresentado originalmente como tese, aprovada no LIX Curso de Altos Estudos do Instituto Rio Branco, em 2014. 1. Política e governo ‑ Kôssovo. 2. Kôssovo ‑ história. 3. Direito Internacional ‑ Kôssovo. 4. Diplomacia ‑ Kôssovo. 5. Independência do Kôssovo (2008). 6. Declaração de Independência do Kôssovo (2009). I. Título. II. Série. CDD 949.71 Depósito Legal na Fundação Biblioteca Nacional conforme Lei no 10.994, de 14/12/2004. A Sophie. Apresentação ste livro origina-se da tese que submeti ao Curso E de Altos Estudos (CAE) do Itamaraty em dezembro de 2013. A sustentação oral deu-se em maio de 2014, e, durante o ano de 2015, preparei a versão ora publicada pela Funag. Nas três etapas, o trabalho recebeu comentários e sugestões e foi relido mais de uma vez. O tema de que me ocupo, a declaração unilateral de independência do Kôssovo1, naturalmente evoluiu e a publicação, recomendada pela banca examinadora do CAE, leva em conta esses fatores – tempo decorrido, comentários e releitura crítica –, que me fizeram: • atualizar algumas informações, como o número de países que reconhecem a soberania do Kôssovo, nomes de autoridades e estruturas partidárias provinciais, eventos políticos recentes e outras; • incorporar as recomendações da banca exa- minadora do CAE, feitas na avaliação por escrito e durante a sustentação oral; • modificar o último capítulo, onde propunha iniciativas, sobretudo na área consular, destinadas ao aprimoramento das relações com o Kôssovo. Embora menção seja feita a essas propostas, a 1 Em sérvio, o nome da província escreve-se Kosovo e pronuncia-se Kôssovo. Os albaneses escrevem Kosova. No Brasil, a palavra vê-se grafada ora como Kosovo, ora como Kossovo, mas raramente com acento. Como a pronúncia original não constitui atentado ao português, adotarei a grafia Kôssovo pelo mesmo motivo que se pronuncia e grafa como Sófia, e não Sofia, a capital da Bulgária. Assinalo, também, que eliminei os sinais diacríticos do sérvio. seção pertinente foi condensada, o que permite maior ênfase sobre a posição geral do Brasil, que me parece mais importante e interessante; • transferir dos apêndices para o corpo do texto duas seções – pré-história dos Bálcãs e corrupção no Kôssovo –, que haviam sido excluídas por força do limite de páginas estabelecido pelas normas do CAE; • eliminar dois anexos que me pareceram desne- cessários; • incluir agradecimentos e mapas, estes últimos uma lacuna notada pelos examinadores; • cuidar, por fim, de aprimorar a linguagem, a estru- tura, o fluxo das ideias. Trata-se, portanto, um pouco mais de livro do que de tese. Seu mérito, se houver, terá sido o de reunir alguma literatura recente sobre o tema e organizá-la como ponto de partida para aprofundamento em qualquer dos aspectos aqui analisados. E quiçá tenha outro valor: muito pouco há de publicado no Brasil sobre o Kôssovo. Nesse sentido, talvez logre estimular o debate não apenas sobre o caso daquela província sérvia, mas também sobre o de todas as secessões mais recentes, inclusive a da Crimeia, viva na imprensa quotidiana. Ao cabo do estudo, concluo que a posição adotada pelo governo brasileiro – o não reconhecimento da declaração unilateral de independência do Kôssovo – é a mais acertada e a mais apropriada à luz da história, do direito internacional público e das teorias de relações internacionais. Também essa tomada de posição poderá avivar o interesse pelo assunto, que está longe de limitar-se à esfera puramente acadêmica. Feitas essas observações, que me tornam o único responsável pelas imperfeições das próximas páginas, desejo agradecer a todos quantos contribuíram para o que nelas há de bom. Da carreira diplomática, menciono, desde logo, o Embaixador Alexandre Addor Neto por seu apoio e por ter-me proporcionado, sem hesitar, os dias e semanas necessários à pesquisa e à redação. Assinalo igualmente o estímulo do Embaixador Luiz Alberto Figueiredo Machado, generoso incentivador. A banca examinadora do CAE, composta pelos Embaixadores Fernando Paulo de Mello Barreto Filho (presidente), Pedro Henrique Lopes Bório (vice-presidente) e João Gualberto Marques Porto Júnior (relator diplomático), e pelo Professor Doutor Estevão Chaves de Rezende Martins (relator acadêmico), da Universidade de Brasília, por sua acolhida instigante e generosa ao candidato, transformou a etapa final do exercício em oportunidade de enriquecimento cultural e intelectual. Ressalto, especialmente, o Embaixador José Augusto Lindgren Alves, querido amigo e mentor para assuntos balcânicos, que teve a gentileza de aceder a meu pedido de escrever o prefácio. Leram parcialmente o rascunho dois colegas de posto em Belgrado, Ljubomir Orlovic e Mladen Ciric, ambos com vasto conhecimento da história e da realidade sérvias, cuja apreciação foi de grande valia para dar-me a certeza de que minhas limitações não poriam a perder todo o esforço. Em Brasília, Maurício da Costa Carvalho Bernardes teve a paciência de ler a primeira versão da tese e contribuir com preciosa sugestão sobre ênfase relativa entre partes do material. Não poderia, naturalmente, deixar de agradecer aos entrevistados2, que, com seu conhecimento específico e de primeira mão, trouxeram a dimensão do real para um estudo que poderia ter ficado nas nuvens. Alguns autorizaram a menção de suas identidades; outros preferiram o anonimato. Não declino qualquer nome, mas registro, com gratidão, o quanto contribuíram para o êxito da empresa. Também às duas instituições ligadas ao livro – o Instituto Rio Branco, que organiza e promove o Curso de Altos Estudos, nas pessoas de Sérgio Barreiros de Santana Azevedo e Henrique Madeira Garcia Alves, e a Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão, que o publica – estendo meus agradecimentos. Assistência e compreensão que recebi de ambas nos últimos quatro anos foram de suma importância. Ao amigo sempre disposto a contribuir com pesquisa acadêmica, Marcos Regis da Silva, meu afetuoso obrigado. À memória do meu sogro, Gérard Dufour, cujo falecimento em novembro de 2014 deixou irremediável vazio, desejo prestar homenagem pelo incentivo irrestrito e pela confiança inabalável que mostrou em todas as horas. Nada disso teria acontecido sem a força disciplinadora da minha mulher, Sophie, e a paciência resignada da nossa filha Emma. Meus três filhos adultos, que vivem em Brasília, Pedro, Antônio e Ana Laura, têm sido constante fonte de encorajamento e motivação, com entusiasmo muito além do que mereço. Agradeço também aos meus pais pela constante presença e pelo indefectível apoio. Belgrado, maio de 2015 2 Conduzi as seguintes entrevistas em 2012 e 2013 (por ordem cronológica): em Prístina – KFOR, EULEX e UNMIK; em Belgrado – Embaixadas da Rússia, da China, da Eslováquia e da Grécia; oficial de ligação do Kôssovo em Belgrado e Embaixada da Romênia. Sumário Lista de siglas e abreviaturas ........................................13 Lista de mapas ..............................................................17 Prefácio ........................................................................19 Considerações iniciais ..................................................33 PARTE I O Kôssovo .....................................................................47 1. Geografia, economia e governo ......................................53 2. Etnia e História ...............................................................95
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