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THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY SCHREYER HONORS COLLEGE

DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY AND CAMS

ANTHROGRAPHIC: A HUMANITIES VISUALIZATION PROGRAM

MERLE CHELSEA GILLIAM SPRING 2013

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for baccalaureate degrees in Geography, GIS Option; ; Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies with honors in Geography and Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies

Reviewed and approved* by the following:

Dr. Roger Downs Associate Professor, Geography Honors Adviser and Thesis Reader

Dr. Paul Harvey Department Head, Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies Thesis Supervisor

Dr. Mary Lou Zimmerman-Munn Associate Professor, Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies Honors Adviser

* Signatures are on file in the Schreyer Honors College.

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ABSTRACT

The argument of this thesis is that a relatively easy to use Geographic Information System (GIS) program would be of significant benefit to historians, archaeologists, and other scholars in the humanities and that AnthroGraphics is such a program. To determine the salient features of AnthroGraphic, I interviewed prospective users who were highly knowledgeable in the humanities but without experience in using GIS.

The AnthroGraphic program has three components: a data entry interface, a database, and an interactive map display. The database uses a Microsoft SQL Server and consists of tables linked to a simple data entry interface. This interface integrates the Google Geocoding Application Programming Interface (API) that converts addresses to geographic coordinates, thereby enabling points to be placed on the map. The map displays are created by Leaflet, an open source JavaScript library for interactive maps.

The prototype map is a visualization of the Romanization of the Etruscans over three centuries as depicted by primary and secondary sources pulled from books and websites. Virtually no data comprising the prototype map originally existed in a tabular form. Users can zoom and pan the map to select an area of interest. The left sidebar displays layers of primary and secondary source layers that users can choose for display on the map. These can change by moving a time slider on the bottom of the screen. The right sidebar enables users to filter display points in each layer by selecting checkboxes that correspond to layer attributes. Clicking on an individual data point brings up a menu which displays images associated with that point as well as information such as textual citations of ancient authors and the relative accuracy of the point’s geographic position. The prototype map demonstrates AnthroGraphic’s usefulness for visualizing and analyzing humanities data. As with any such program, the use of AnthroGraphic over time will suggest ways in which it can be improved.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Figures ...... iii

List of Tables ...... iv

Acknowledgements ...... v

Chapter 1 Introduction to AnthroGraphic……………………………………………………1

Chapter 2 Why AnthroGraphic?...... 7

Chapter 3 Development Process……………………………………………………………..11

Chapter 4 Entity-Relationship Models and Database Schemas…………………………… 17

Chapter 5 Sample Map: the Romanization of ………………………………………. 20

Chapter 6 Goals………………………………………………………………………33

Appendix: Interview Questions…………………………………………….37

References…………………………………………………………………..39

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Data Entry Screen………………………………………………………………….4

Figure 2. Prototype Map Screen……………………………………………………………..15

Figure 3. Paper Map Mockup………………………………………………………………..16

Figure 4. Entity Relationship Diagram………………………………………………………18

Figure 5. Database Schema Diagram………………………………………………………...20

Figure 6. AnthroGraphic displaying locational information………………………………....34

Figure 7. AnthroGraphic calculating summary statistics…………………………………….35

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Selectable Layers within AnthroGraphic……………………………………………5

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank the following persons who made this project possible.

Dr. Paul Harvey for his continuing support of this project from its inception a year and a half ago as a paper on the Romanization of the Etruscans.

Dr. Roger Downs for his enthusiasm, willingness to help, and faith in my project’s success.

Drs. Mark Munn, Sarah Salter, and James Wood for setting aside time in their busy schedules to be interviewed, which materially assisted the development of AnthroGraphic;

Dr. Stephen Wheeler for a presentation on Litterae, a database constructed of poetry, which inspired the presentation of geographically-referenced historical sources as “mosaic pieces” a historian could put together in different ways;

Shan Ye and Tom Corsale for discussions about the construction of the database, and Shan Ye for the construction of an Entity-Relationship diagram which shows early relations between entities;

My immediate family and my fiancé, Gregg Nestel, for their support, reassurance, and boundless strength, especially when times would become difficult.

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Chapter 1

Introduction to AnthroGraphic

AnthroGraphic is a Geographic Information System (GIS) software program that allows users to input archaeological, historical, epigraphic, and geographic data in order for it to be displayed graphically. The advantage of using AnthroGraphic is that the software allows users unfamiliar with GIS to create dynamic maps of humanities data that can be readily comprehended and analyzed. Because many (though not all) humanities scholars have been hesitant about utilizing GIS, relatively little geographic analysis of humanities topics has been done to date. The lack of a means to technically analyze primary source data is a problem because most scholars base their findings and conclusions on primary sources. When the information is presented in conventional data tables, many important relationships are difficult to discern and are often inaccessible without the analytical and visualization powers of GIS.

By inputting information into the data tables of AnthroGraphic, a user with a basic knowledge of Microsoft Excel can create a layered display of data on a map that has a time slider to show information by date. The software can define relationships among numerous parameters: for example, archaeological information can be linked to the excavators so that the user can choose to explore data by displaying digs by a particular excavator. An Entity-Relationship diagram later in this paper defines the relationships of the entities in the database.

AnthroGraphic Components

AnthroGraphic uses several components for map display, map referencing (geocoding), and database structure. The components of the GIS will be discussed below.

Basemap Display 2 To display the maps, AnthroGraphic utilizes Leaflet and D3, a JavaScript library. Leaflet maps are displayed in a tile format. Users can select the scale and how much of the map they wish to display. Leaflet will generate coordinates for a data frame and provide tiles that dynamically update as a user zooms in and out. Leaflet is an open source software; thus AnthroGraphic may use Leaflet’s map tiles, provided that Leaflet is given due credit for the base map.

The cartography of Leaflet’s tiles is fully customizable. Users may change the color, font, and appearance of features in the base map as well as turn features off and on. A layer containing place names enables users to see both modern and ancient place names.

Leaflet does not directly denote a map scale because the scale necessarily changes as the user zooms in and out. (There is a rationale behind the scale that Leaflet uses but the explanation is rather complicated for general users of AnthroGraphic. However, a link to the explanation of the scale is provided in the appendix.) A future goal is to display a visual scale range at the various zoom levels of the map, which gives the user a general idea of the scale viewed.

Map Referencing

Map referencing, called geocoding by Geographic Information scientists, is a critical component of AnthroGraphic. Because the Google Maps application programming interface

(API) provides the geocoding service, AnthroGraphic utilizes the coordinate specifications of

Google Maps. Thus all coordinates are expressed using the Geographic Coordinate System

(GCS), the World Geodetic System 1984 datum, and a Google-specific variant of a Mercator projection. AnthroGraphic uses decimal degree notation with five digits of floating point precision or more, as provided by Google Maps.

When users input information, a map provided by Google appears at the bottom of the screen. Data entry fields allow a user to geocode addresses “on the fly” by entering the city, province, and country and even street address of the desired data point. Google automatically provides the coordinates of the data point, and the point is saved in the database by a click of the 3 button. Users can also enter coordinates (such as latitude 26.532727 and longitude 42.697827) directly. For archaeological excavations with a local coordinate system, AnthroGraphic uses a transformation algorithm to transform local coordinates into geographic coordinates.

Database Structure

The database of relationships between entities in the map is constructed with Microsoft

SQL. Because of the complexity of the interrelationships, several add-ons have been utilized to simplify the database coding process. These add-ons include Resharper and CodeSmith Tools.

CodeSmith Tools in particular enables the user to translate between C# and JavaScript as well as to automatically generate SQL relationships to reduce the amount of work involved in coding the relationships. The AnthroGraphic program uses Microsoft Visual Studio to generate a data entry interface that simplifies data entry for general users so that individuals without a detailed knowledge of programming or GIS can effectively use the AnthroGraphic database.

Data Visualization

Data Entry

Data entry is accomplished by inputting information into a console constructed with C#.

This console enables end-users to construct data layers without needing significant technical expertise. The data entry interface pictured in figure 1 is a prototype constructed by Gregg Nestel, for the layer “Named Places,” which serves as an example of how users may enter data into the system. By entering a city, region, and country, AnthroGraphic returns a point on the map, and fills the columns “GOriginLat and *GOriginLong with coordinates in decimal degrees. By clicking the button “Get” the user can add the point to the database. Alternatively, a user can scroll and pan the map to locate a point of interest, double-click, and the system will return coordinates. In addition to creating points by clicking on the map, users can draw boxes on the map and save the set of four coordinates in the database, if the user checks the box “is area.” 4

Figure 1: The data entry console. Users can enter a point by knowing only the city and country of the location or by clicking anywhere on the map and then clicking “get.” Users can zoom and pan the map.

Data Display

Data display in AnthroGraphic shows layers selected by the user for viewing a specific location at various points in time by clicking a mouse. Below is a screenshot of the map in use

(figure 2) and a table displaying the layers that a user can select to view (table 1). These layers have been created specifically for AnthroGraphic’s sample map, discussed later in this thesis. 5 Many of these layers could be provided free of charge for AnthroGraphic users who acquire the software, although the creation of some of these layers, such as the NamedPlaces layer, requires data intensive work. Other improvements to the data display will be discussed later in this thesis.

Layer Name Layer Attributes selectable Included or User Created

for display

Named Places Modern City Name, Ancient Included

City Name

Archaeology Hover-over User Created (sample map)

Pliny the Elder Hover-over User Created (sample map)

Herodotus Hover-over User Created (sample map)

Polybius Hover-over User Created (sample map)

Table 1: Map layers of the sample AnthroGraphic map

Document Structure

Chapter one has provided an introduction and description of the software AnthroGraphic.

Chapter two explains the benefits of AnthroGraphic to the humanities community and answers the question, “Why AnthroGraphic?” Chapter three describes the identification of the need for

AnthroGraphic and the development process of the software. Chapter four contains technical documents, such as an entity-relationship diagram and the database tables, as well as an explanation of these documents. Chapter five describes the development process for a sample map created using AnthroGraphic which depicts the Romanization of the Etruscans. Lastly, the thesis concludes with Chapter six, which describes future improvements to AnthroGraphic informed by the sample map. An appendix containing interview questions and a link to the documentation for Leaflet follows chapter six. The last two documents are a bibliography listing 6 sources that influenced the creation of AnthroGraphic, some sources of which directly cited in the text, and the academic vitae of the author. 7

Chapter 2

Why AnthroGraphic? 8

Introduction

The broad technical specifications of AnthroGraphic have been described in the previous chapter, but in order to understand the potential of the software, this chapter will describe the benefits that a humanities user may gain by using GIS through a description of general benefits and then discipline-specific benefits. Not all of the discipline-specific benefits are currently available to users of AnthroGraphic, however, they are all future improvements in the software and incorporating them in an easy to use format are planned goals.

A Geographic Tool for Geographic-Centered Humanities Research

Humanities researchers interviewed during the construction of AnthroGraphic reveal that geographic relationships are sometimes keys to their research, yet few have any experience actually handling geographic information because of the complexity of currently available GIS software such as ArcGIS. The difficulties in learning how to manipulate GIS systems and the problems inherent in Geovisualizations are acknowledged in papers by Andrienko and Andrienko

(1999), Andrienko and Gatalsky (2001), MacEachren (2003), and many other researchers. These systems are so complex that major universities, such as Penn State and the University of

Wisconsin, offer four-year B.S. degrees in the use of the software. Taking years off from research to learn GIS software is obviously impractical for humanities scholars.

AnthroGraphic simplifies the process so that analysts do not need to know about map projections and other technical geographic information to create dynamic maps. A competent user of AnthroGraphic need only understand spatial statistics, and most academic disciplines require an understanding of basic statistics.

Furthermore, the language of spatial statistics is similar to the language of “classical” statistics; thus it requires less rote memorization to understand the relationships of commands, projections, and data than is required by most GIS software. The latter have little or no similarity to programs that users are most likely familiar with, such as Microsoft Windows, Microsoft 9 Office, or Mac OS. AnthroGraphic’s interface is designed with the end-user in mind, with clearly labeled commands and an optional SQL view so that users who master the simplified interface can conduct more sophisticated queries and save time during data entry.

Besides its enhanced analytical capabilities and simplified interface, AnthroGraphic is a good choice for humanities researchers because the system provides a way to visualize humanities data in both time and space. A verbal description of the relationships is not nearly as effective. The visual component focuses one’s attention on the data that supports factual conclusions rather than the postulate or claim. Because humanities researchers often work with incomplete, untrustworthy, or otherwise problematic data, mapping humanities information, particularly primary source data, provides a good check as to whether the researcher’s claims are substantiated by the evidence.

In addition to the visualization of data across time and space and the possibility of discovering invisible relationships buried within tables, an analysis using GIS has other methodological advantages such as a visual display of a researcher’s chosen site classification strategy. A verbal description of geographic relationships, while helpful, does not offer the same advantages as an actual visualization that summarizes large volumes of information for an analyst to take in at a glance.

Discipline-specific advantages of AnthroGraphic analysis

Because all material remains have surfaces, the analysis of surfaces is a helpful tool for understanding the past. Surfaces allow the “examination of change on a much broader level” than other important factors (Izzet 2007:2). Some criticize the analysis of surfaces to be “too inclusive” but Izzet points out that the analysis can vary by the type of surface being considered.

Some surfaces, like Etruscan mirrors, change more quickly in response to cultural trends, whereas other surfaces, like those of buildings, change much more slowly. GIS is particularly helpful for the analysis of surfaces because the software is capable of displaying surfaces at multiple scales 10 and supports both two and three dimensional analysis. An analyst can create a digital elevation model (DEM) of a surface for 3D display which can be juxtaposed with other surfaces, or the surfaces can be categorized and classified according to criteria specified by the analyst.

All of these benefits are available to a humanities analyst proficient in the use of GIS, however, a program like AnthroGraphic is needed to assist scholars who do not have time to acquire the necessary skills.

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Development Process of AnthroGraphic

The development process of AnthroGraphic began with an assessment of the available software for the construction of a dynamic map of the Romanization of Etruria using primary sources only. During the assessment, I realized that the map had the potential to become a system that could display geographic information of the ancient world as a whole. What was needed was a software program that was easier to use than those currently available. Such a program would be of value for scholars unfamiliar with GIS software programs. I interviewed potential users of

AnthroGraphic to determine their needs and how AnthroGraphic could be designed to meet those needs. The choice of interviewees was intended to gather perspectives across three disciplines: , , and literature. While not representative of the user-body for a program like

AnthroGraphic, time and schedule limitations for contacted interviewees were an unavoidable constraint. The questions asked of the participants are located in the Appendix. The interviewees were a demographer of traditional farming societies, a bioarchaeologist, a professor of classical history, and a professor of Italian literature from the 1800s. All of the scholars interviewed lacked experience using GIS.

Use Case Scenarios: History

History use case scenarios highlighted the need for an adequate tool to represent geographic relationships among entities and to connect both quantitative and qualitative metadata to the points. In this context, metadata refers to the “source of the source.” For an archaeological dig, the metadata is the published archaeological report, the year of the excavation, and the name of the archaeologist who published the report. This addresses the desire to reference a particular scholar’s work as the origin of certain data, which may contain categorizations or identifications that are not consensus views across the discipline. 12 One hurdle to surmount is a lack of knowledge about the capabilities of GIS. Some humanities scholars view GIS with distrust because they fear visual quantification oversimplifies the past. While it is true that any GIS output is only as good as the data entered, it is entirely possible to construct a GIS which is true to the source data. AnthroGraphic’s database requires users to incorporate metadata into the database itself: users must specify the source for each entity entered, such as the source type (book, academic paper, etc) and author, and stores the

International Standard Book Number (ISBN) of the source data. Additionally, during the data entry process users can note if data is uncertain, e.g. locational inaccuracy, identification uncertain, et cetera. Thus AnthroGraphic encourages responsible use of the data and does not pose any more significant problems than those of traditional textual analyses; these also cite sources, but the reader is required to actually check the sources to determine the validity of the analyses. So too must the scholar using AnthroGraphic check the metadata to make sure she believes the analysis implicit in the data (such as locational positions and identifications) are valid.

Use Case Scenarios: Archaeology

Archaeologists and anthropologists desire a system which is more tailored to their particular analytical needs. While many archaeologists are knowledgeable about space and spatial relationships, confusion exists as to the skill level necessary to implement these specialized tools. For example, ArcMap requires extensive training about the technological aspects of map projections and the validity of various statistical analysis methods. Physical anthropologists have pointed out a need to connect multiple z-values to a given x and y. While lidar imaging has proven helpful to get around this problem for very small objects, such as the complex interconnections of cortical bone, there is a great frustration at the necessity of having to analyze cross-sections instead of analyzing the bone in its entirety. Devising a GIS that enables the addition and display of more than one z value is beyond the scope of this analysis (even major 13 corporations like ESRI have not been able to effectively accomplish this task beyond the implementation of lidar data; (Ryan 2012, personal communication)), but this need is important for consideration in the future.

Use Case Scenarios: Demography

Demographers, in particular historic demographers, have a need for a toolset which enables them to render accurate complex analyses without mastering the fine points of geographic analysis. However, in addition to the ability to display data across time and space, the demographer interviewed for this project expressed a strong desire for a dynamic component to

“play” selected data layers across time to see how the shapes of geographic relationships changed. Additionally, demographers desire a dynamically linked graph displaying attribute data belonging to individual locations that could be shown alongside the map. This visualization would make their research easier.

Use Case Scenarios: Historic Literature

` The scholar in historic literature interviewed was enthusiastic about the features of a program like AnthroGraphic. She was interested in mapping regional distribution and thematic content of ephemera such as advertisements, magazine articles, and pamphlets from the 1800s.

These tasks can be accomplished by a proficient user of GIS using currently available software like ArcMap; however, the complexities of creating datasets and flowlines are beyond what this researcher had time to focus on. A system which allows for the creation of flowlines by novice users would be a potential ArthroGraphic improvement.

System Construction

To construct the database, I used Microsoft SQL Server. I created tables to define relationships between entities and populated the tables with information from primary sources. I relied on Richard Talbert’s Barrington Atlas of the Classical World to provide ancient and modern city names for the database, as well as McEvedy’s Classical Gazetteer. Then I used a 14 gazetteer from Open Geocode to match the modern city names to geographic coordinates to create point data.

Gregg Nestel devised a data input interface which enables users to specify geographic points by typing the name of a modern city. Alternatively, users can click on the map. This interface was constructed using C# and currently exists in a prototype phase. Further testing is needed to ensure that users unfamiliar with GIS can reliably enter data into the system.

The dynamic map display was created using Leaflet, with cartography customized to the needs of the project (although limited by the options of Leaflet). Place names were removed, although park areas and water bodies remained in place.

Expert-Based Interface Evaluation

After the dynamic map was prototyped, the next step was to evaluate the map input interface. This was done by selecting an expert to test a mockup of the interface for potential problems (figure 2). Dr. Alan MacEachren has considerable experience creating and evaluating dynamic maps, and is considered a pioneer in the field of dynamic visualizations. His feedback was that although the interface uses classic designs that users are familiar with such as Microsoft

Windows-style folders and checkboxes, the separation of layers on the left bar and the attributes of the layers on the right bar are possible sources of confusion. Additionally, the font size in the display mockup is too large.

MacEachren noted that the term “evidence” for the layer selection is confusing, which is a helpful criticism because viewing the data as “evidence” versus viewing the data as

“information” requires an understanding of the purpose of the system. For exploratory spatial data analysis, all pieces of data may be considered “evidence” because they are the only remnants that inform us about the past, and exploratory data analysis does not start with a conclusion in mind.

However, not all researchers will use AnthroGraphic for exploratory spatial data analysis, and not all the data displayed may be relevant to answering the researchers’ questions or supporting their 15 hypothesis or thesis. Thus, the term “evidence” will be removed so as not to bias exploratory spatial data analysis over other kinds of analysis.

Figure 2. AnthroGraphic User Interface, first draft .

Constructing the Interface

The interface is constructed using Javascript, as outlined in the Introduction to

AnthroGraphic. The individual data points displayed on the map below are the locations of cities.

Due to their number, the cities do not have labeled names (figure 3). A future addition to the system will be a scale to rank cities by importance, with “1” for the most important cities that will be visible at all zoom levels, and increasing lower numbers for less important cities that will not be visible unless the user zooms further into the map. The importance ranking will be assigned based on the opinion of ancient historians. 16

Figure 3. Anthrographic User Interface, First Draft (digital). This draft does not have any filter and demonstrates the need to rank cities by order of importance at small scales.

The next chapter describes some of the technical considerations that went into the construction of the database, and technical documents to illustrate these considerations.

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Entity-Relationship Model and Database Schema

Entity-Relationship Model

The entity-relationship model is a work in progress which changes according to the needs of the system. The system specifications are in flux until enough data has been inputted to understand how entities need to relate to one another. Below (figure 4) is an entity-relationship diagram from early in the creation process for AnthroGraphic, created by Shan Ye. This diagram, which is not complete, shows the complexity of the system and the need to think carefully about the relationships between entities. 18

19 Figure 4. An entity-relationship diagram from early in the development process.

Database Schema

Like the entity-relationship model, the database schema is a work in progress and will necessarily change when more system specifications have been added. This database schema is even more complicated than the entity-relationship model. Notable points of difficulty include the difficulty of integrating geographic information with most of the tables, and the necessity of defining various geographic scales in a database format.

Figure 5. A database schema from early in the development process. 20 Chapter 5

The Romanization of Etruria

To prototype this map, data was entered into AnthroGraphic relating to the Romanization of the Etruscans. Layers were constructed as shown in Table 1. As a map cannot be understood unless the data in the map is understood, a short sketch of the Etruscans and the stages of

Romanization follow, concluding with a description of four principal cities: , ,

Clusium and . All succumbed to Roman power, but did so in different ways.

AnthroGraphic also address the gaps in the narrative evidence.

Introduction to the Etruscans

There are many historic works which describe the ascent of . However, there are far fewer analyses of the civilization that preceded the Romans in : the Etruscans. Their land was known as Etruria. Theirs was an advanced civilization comprised of city states that controlled their surrounding territory. Each had its own distinctive political and social characteristics. The Etruscans were found primarily in north central Italy (modern Liguria,

Tuscany, and northern Latium down to Rome) and parts of southeastern central Italy (modern

Campania). They flourished from the ninth till the fourth century BCE, when their civilization began its decline as Rome began to significantly expand its territory. By the third century BCE every city state was forced to come to an arrangement with Rome which in effect reduced them to subject status. As the Etruscans became Roman citizens, they lost their language and cultural identity as they were assimilated over the next three centuries. Conversely, the Etruscans influenced the Romans in religion and other areas such as the purple bordered and the lictors, carrying an ax bound inside a bundle of sticks called fasces, who accompanied public officials.

The Etruscan People 21 The Etruscans, who called themselves the Rasenna, were devoted more to pleasure and commerce than to war. The vast iron and copper reserves of Etruria (Forsythe 9) funded the wealthy lifestyle of the Etruscan aristocrats, who seemed to occupy themselves with living the good life. The that exists, tomb paintings, statues, figurines, and pottery, show

Greek influences, though the Etruscans imposed their own style. The Etruscans had a great fondness for all things Greek and beautiful. They especially enjoyed the Greek drinking party, called the symposium. There exists a sarcophagus from Caere (ca 520 BCE) in the shape of a symposium dining couch. On its top you will see two life size sculptured figures doing something very unusual for that time in the classical world – a wife joining her husband in the symposium as an equal participant. Aristocratic Etruscan women had substantial rights and participated in society. In other cultures, most notably Greek, society was very much divided into masculine and feminine spheres —among the aristocrats, anyway.

Rome absorbed all the between the fourth and first centuries BCE, beginning with in 396. By the time of the late , most Etruscan freemen had been granted Roman citizenship with its benefits in trading, voting, and marriage. Decrees posted in Etruscan cities were written in Latin as well as Etruscan. Formally, Etruria ceased to exist after the destruction of , an Etruscan city, during the clash between Octavian and Mark

Antony in 41 BCE. The Etruscan haruspices saw this as the conclusion of the final saeculum.

Even though the Etruscans are gone, their civilization left behind significant material evidence in the form of and archaeological remains such as tomb paintings, sculptures, pottery, and other artifacts. The Etruscans were a literate society, but no surviving texts written in their language remain except for epigraphy fragments. We are told by various ancient authors of a “rich” body of Etruscan literature that once existed. The last Etruscan speaker known to us was Rome’s fourth emperor, , who composed a dictionary of the language, which has been lost to time. However, Greek and Roman authors wrote about the Etruscans extensively and 22 are sources of information. Because these sources are necessarily fragmentary and contradictory, a method of GIS analysis that takes into account the uncertainty of the evidence would be useful.

Although there much that we do not know about the Etruscan people, the Etruscans are not as “mysterious” as experts sometimes depict them. We have deciphered about 200 words from their language, we know something about their mythology, and we have found Etruscan relics spread throughout the Mediterranean. The spatial distributions of artifacts can tell us much about life in the ancient world, but unfortunately, they also tell us much about where archaeologists choose to dig. With the exception of Diura van Velzen’s study of the distribution of Etruscan epigraphy (van Velzen 1999), little spatial analysis has been done of Etruscan remains. Given the fragmentary nature of the historical record, a dynamic map that shows where data does and does not exists would be of use to scholars in the field.

Etruscan History to 500 BCE

One cannot talk about the Etruscans without delving into the problem of their origins.

The question is important in understanding the Etruscans as a people group separate from the

Romans, who were Latin. , , and all other known ancient historians, save one, held that the Etruscans were Asiatic immigrants. Dionysos of Halicarnassus supported an indigenous origin. The archaeological evidence for their origins is contradictory. On one hand, the Etruscans spoke a language isolate that has no relationship to any other known language.

However, there is a stele from the island of that appears to be written in a script similar to Etruscan that many philologists believe is too close a match to be incidental. If one digs deeply enough in Etruscan archaeological sites, an earlier layer emerges that archaeologists consider to be from a culture distinct from the Etruscans – the Villanovans, an early people. To my knowledge, there is no evidence of any burn layers between the Etruscan and

Villanova layers. (Burn layers could be signs of invasion, conquest, and destruction.) Likely, both theories are true to an extent, given that the populations of countries are not static now or in the 23 ancient world. Migration and cultural shift of Villanovans together produced the Etruscan people.

Etruscan history can be divided into four periods: the Orientalizing, Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic periods. The arose between the and Arno rivers from the

10th- to the 7th century BCE. Though there are few or no records describing the Villanovans, we have learned of their existence through their tombs, which dot the landscape at the major Etruscan towns of Tarquinia and Veii (Macnamara 44-47).

The Villanovans, like the Etruscans, produced fine metal works in gold. We have a good idea of what Villanovan houses looked like because of the rare find of two urns, each shaped like a dwelling (Figure 1). One of these urns is on display at the Princeton University Museum

(Princeton University). Because the urn was made of metal, it has survived, whereas all that is left of the structure of Villanovan houses are the foundations because they were made of wood

(Barker and Rasmussen 69). Other common Villanovan artifacts include finely crafted swords and armor (Macnamara 9).

The began around the start of the 7th century BCE. Towns that eventually developed into Etruscan city states (Macnamara 26) were influenced by the Egyptian and the Assyrian culture through Greek traders (de Grummond 2). In addition, Etruscan art from this time period shows humans and animals depicted in a Greek and Eastern Mediterranean style.

That is why the time period is called “Orientalizing” (Barker and Rasmussen 118). A possible reason for the spread of the Eastern Mediterranean style throughout Etruria is the arrival of artisans from Syria and who were fleeing the Assyrians (Barker and Rasmussen 119).

During this time period, the Etruscan people engaged in the commerce of metal mined from the earth, mainly copper and iron, and became rich (Barker and Rasmussen 125). Tombs during the

Orientalizing period show tremendous wealth, more so than in any other period —so much so that 24 Graeme Barker and Tom Rasmussen call the lavishly ornamented tombs a form of “conspicuous consumption” (Barker and Rasmussen 117).

There is a story about the Etruscans during this period written by the Roman historian,

Livy (59 BCE -17 CE). According to , Demaratus of Corinth was a rich political exile who had immigrated to Tarquinia. He brought with him a number of Greek artists, who began teaching the Etruscans how to manufacture their Greek wares (Macnamara 26). Demaratus’ son,

Lucumo, married a highborn Etruscan woman from Tarquinia, but he could not rise in Tarquinian society because he was not of Etruscan blood. In response to this dilemma, and his wife,

Tanaquil, set out for Rome in disgust. On the way, an eagle took Lucumo’s cap, flew away, and then returned and replaced it on his head. , a skilled , divined that this was a sign of Lucumo’s changing fortune. After arriving at Rome, Lucumo entered politics and from

616 to 579 BCE ruled as the first of the six Etruscan . He called himself Lucius

Tarquinius (Macnamara 27). Livy likes to tell history as a story rather than as a factual account, but the tale of Demaratus and Lucius Tarquinius is still an important one because of the dearth of historical sources during this period.

After the reign of Lucius Tarquinius (579 BCE), the Etruscans began to settle in the southern plain of Campania, founding a number of colony cities. Many of these cities survive to this day, including Volturnum (modern day Capua). Other Etruscan colony cities such as

Pompeii would later play an important role in our understanding of Roman history (Macnamara

29).

The next period of Etruscan history is the Archaic, from 575 to 470 BCE. (de Grummond

2). This is considered to be the time when “the Gods arrive in Etruria,” and we see the first real

“cult images” (de Grummond 6). The Greek influence becomes much more pervasive, by means of both trade and conquest. The vast amount of Greek pottery found in Etruscan tombs are ample evidence that there was a Greek influence during this period (Baker and Rasmussen 134-135). 25 The Apex of

By the 5th century BCE, the Etruscans had spread into northern Italy, reaching the Po

River. They controlled territory far into the North and South of Italy, marking the height of their influence (Macnamara 30). Etruscan expansion was largely driven by trade. Like the mainland

Greeks, the Etruscans lived in city-states rather in than single large political unit that we would call a country. Infighting among the cities was common throughout. The city states were ruled by kings, and many also had advisory bodies akin to the Roman senate.

The Greek city states in southern Italy were trading partners and sometimes enemies of the Etruscans. They gave the Etruscans an “artistic reception of Greek myths and pottery shapes, skilled artisans, and exported goods.” (Forsythe 43).

An Etruscan tomb from this period shows a happy scene from life – there is no sadness here, just a picture of the deceased doing what he enjoyed doing while he lived. (The tomb pictures would later become far more somber as Rome gradually imposed its authority over the

Etruscans.) Etruscan tombs were shaped like houses and included everything that one would need in the . The act of catching food probably relates to an important Etruscan funerary ideology, the idea of the Eternal Banquet. Greek amphorae were often present, and many were filled with food and wine to sustain the deceased. Because most tombs were cut into volcanic rock called tufa, they were not readily discernible from the outside. They were largely undisturbed until rediscovered during the 1800s. Most of our knowledge about Greek vases comes from this time period. There is evidence that many of the vases in Etruscan tombs were secondhand, originally belonging to Greek owners, because the writing and scenes on the vases are for or about .

Evolution of Rome as an Etruscan City

In 504 BCE, as the patriotic Roman historian Livy tells us, the Romans revolted against their Etruscan masters. This event is shrouded in mythology. Livy claims that the sixth Etruscan 26 king, the insufferable Tarquinius Superbus or Tarquin the Arrogant, had a son, , who raped a virtuous Roman matron named , who had been at her spindle performing her virtuous wifely duties. After reporting the assault to her husband, unwilling to live in dishonor, she stabbed herself in the heart with a needle. Enraged at this insult, Lucretia’s husband and father led a revolution that ousted the Tarquin family, and Rome vowed never to have a king again.

Regardless of the truth of the incident, it is likely that a substantial Etruscan aristocracy remained within Rome because it was simply impractical to relocate elsewhere when one’s wealth is tied up in the economy of a particular city. Additionally, administrators were needed to run the city, and it is probable that the Etruscan aristocrats were not only trained but also had the money to carry out these necessary tasks. It is therefore likely that there was significant tension between the new “Roman” rulers and the Etruscans holdouts, a tension that would rename itself as the “struggle of the orders,” the patricians against the plebeians, though out the history of

Republican Rome.

Etruscan Decline

The first city to experience friction with an expanding Rome was Veii, one of the richest

Etruscan cities. Veii was located only 10 miles NNE of Rome on the north bank of the Tiber.

Rome was located on the south bank. Both cities were dependent upon the river and were trade rivals. It was inevitable that they would clash, and the two cities were at war with each other off and on for over two centuries. Near the end of the fifth century BCE, the Romans laid siege. In

496 BCE they managed to enter the city through a drainage tunnel. They sacked the city, annexed its territory, and Veii ceased to exist.

This event marked the beginning of the decline of the Etruscans, whose leading sea power, Caere, had been previously defeated by Syracuse. The other Etruscan cities failed to come to Veii’s aid, happy to get rid of a commercial rival. “Before long, the other Etruscan states were 27 able to see how short-sighted their failure to help Veii had been; for within a little more than a hundred years every one of them had been obliged to sign a treaty or “truce’ with Rome— arrangements which, in effect, reduced them to subject status.” (Michael Grant The Etruscans pp.

229-233)

The Story of Volsinii (modern )

Etruscan society was always impaired by the stratification of wealth, as evidenced by the fate of the people of Troilum; the rich were able to buy their way out of harm while the poor were left to die. Additionally, many of the aristocrats always had the option of appealing to Rome for help. No story tells this better than the tragedy of Volsinii. In Volsinii, slaves were gradually emancipated, and in 280 BCE the freedmen were admitted into the army. From there they gained access to the administration of the city and became a powerful plebian class. They married aristocratic women, entered the senate, and began to oppress their former masters. The masters appealed to Rome for aid against their oppressors. A Roman army captured the city in

264 BCE, killed many former slaves, and restored the others to their masters. The city was devastated, and the survivors were removed to another city that was subservient to Rome.

The Story of Caere (modern )

Caere was the leading Etruscan seapower. Caere traditionally had friendly relations with

Rome, except for a brief period around 353 BCE when it briefly sided with Tarquinia in objecting to Rome’s rising domination of the city states. Caere and Rome reconciled, and Caere continued to enjoy its special legal privileges. Its independence, however, was limited ever after.

Caere was the first city to received hospitium publicum from Rome. This meant that its citizens were treated like Roman citizens when they were physically in Rome. They could not vote but neither did they pay taxes or serve in the . By the end of the 4th century BCE, this status changed to civitas sine suffrago—citizenship without the vote, by which Caere was required to pay taxes and serve in the military. 28 Caere (Cerveteri) is noted today for its necropolis, which contains largely intact tombs dating from the ninth to the third century BCE. The imagery and furnishings found in the tombs that date from the period of the Etruscan decline reflect those times. As a result of the bloodshed and uncertainty in their lives, the Etruscan mindset began to change. The tranquil scenes of the afterlife formerly depicted were replaced by disquieting hints of warfare and the . In the Tomb of the Reliefs. everything that an Etruscan noble would need for survival in the afterlife and in times of strife was provided: swords, spears, military helmets, and big hoplite shields.

Very disconcerting is the image of a sea demon next to , the three-headed guard dog of the underworld, and the figures on the square columns that probably represent and

Persephone.

There is a sarcophagus called Youth and the Demon of Death. The sarcophagus shows an

Etruscan youth seated with a woman who is not his wife; she is Vanth, the demon goddess of

Death, who has come to escort him to the Underworld. The art scholar Janson notes that by the way the young man points at Vanth, he is almost saying “Behold, my time has come.” The

Etruscans are no longer in control of their own future, as the ten saeculum – the ten lifespans allotted to their civilization – begin to run out, and the Gods themselves seem to desert them.

Another tomb, The Tomba de Tifone at Tarquinia shows the increase in interaction between the

Roman and Etruscan people because some of the inscriptions on the tomb are written in Latin.

The Story of Tarquinia

Tarquinia was one of the leading Etruscan cities, located about 45 miles north of Rome near the coast. After off and on warfare, it finally fell to Rome in 311 BCE. Like Cerveteri, it has many tombs with wall paintings.

The Tomba Brusci at Tarquinia is another useful example of the somber new style of tombs dating from the Etruscan decline. In this tomb, beautiful frescos depict an Etruscan vision of the Underworld, known to the Etruscans as the “Oltretomba,” which is located across an ocean 29 (Figure 6). A woman is holding a pomegranate, which is an “obvious reference to the

Underworld” (Holliday 80-81). Behind the woman stands a demon, which becomes more and more common in later Etruscan depictions of death and the Underworld. There is a procession of four musicians, three lictors, and four figures wearing a toga. The toga itself is noteworthy because it is a toga praetexta, the purple-lined garment that the Romans adopted to indicate senatorial status. This is consistent with Pliny’s belief that the Roman use of this toga came from the Etruscans (Holliday 81). Later in the procession are young men, possibly sons of the deceased, and a winged demon, along with a slave carrying a lamb for sacrifice (Holliday 81).

The Tomba de Tifone at Tarquinia dates slightly later, from the mid second century B.C.

This tomb shows the increase in interaction between the Roman and Etruscan people because some of the inscriptions on the tomb are written in Latin (Holliday 82). Again, this tomb is contemporaneous with Roman expansion into Etruria (Macnamara 37). The relief in this tomb shows sea waves in accordance with the belief that the Underworld is located across an ocean.

The goddess Vanth appears in her role as messenger of death, and with her comes the ugly demon

Charun, which further suggests that this relief is a depiction of the path to the Underworld. The procession shows lictors and cornicines, bodyguards and military horn players, respectively. The deceased are two magistrates named Laris Pumpu cechase and Laris Pumpu zilath (Holliday 82).

The Story of (modern Chusi)

Ancient Clusium is located in modern in north central Italy about 55 miles from the west coast and 16 miles west of Perugia. The city’s wealth came from metals and agriculture.

Around 509 BCE, Clusium went to war against Rome in a vain attempt to restore Lucius

Tarquinius Superbus to the throne. The war ended by treaty in 507, and thereafter Rome and

Clusium generally enjoyed friendly relations. Though relatively distant from each other, they had excellent road and river (the Tiber) communications, and Rome needed Clusium’s grain. 30 Around 391 BCE Clusium appealed to Rome for help in fending off a Gallic invasion. The

Romans sent mediators from the Fabii clan. One of them killed a Gallic chieftan in a duel. When

Rome refused to hand over the guilty Fabii, the became enraged, broke off their siege of

Clusium, and marched on Rome. They defeated a Roman army and sacked Rome around 390.

The nearby city of Caere, remembering what the Romans had done for Clusium, sheltered the

Vestal Virgins and the Priests until Rome was recaptured (Macnamara 34-35).

Although Clusium and Rome never significantly warred against each other after 507 BCE, beginning in the third century BCE Rome tightened its control and the absorption of Clusium began. The dark and gloomy themes and images found in the Clusines’ tombs during this period indicates their reaction to Romans’ encroachment upon their lands and the gradual loss of their way of life.

The area around modern is filled with chamber tombs that have over 3,200 inscriptions with the names and family members of the deceased (van Velzen 67). This is the greatest number of funerary inscriptions ever found in an Etruscan city. Vanth makes an appearance in the Chiusi tombs, accompanied by Etruscan demons. A common scene on funerary monuments is the Hero with the Plow, which shows an Etruscan man driving out a soldier with a plow while Vanth watches. The soldier has been forced to his knees and appears to be at the mercy of the farmer. Another scene shows the brothers Polyneikes and Eteocles fighting each other with Vanth ready to take the loser. Diura van Velzen notes that these grim funerary depictions, arising during the time of the Etruscan conflicts with Rome, represent a “sharp contrast” with older Etruscan tomb decorations, which were replete with “pleasing representations of song, dance, hunting and banqueting” (van Velzen 68).

Once more the change in the theme of artwork as well as the preponderance of funerary inscriptions suggests that the Etruscan world view had changed in the wake of the Roman absorption. The luxurious life they had led as a wealthy people famous for their art and culture 31 had ended. They now lived the life of a dominated people struggling to maintain their identity in the face of Rome’s ever increasing need for land for its veterans (van Velzen 66). The change in the artwork and in the number of inscriptions represents a fundamental shift in the way the

Etruscans at Chiusi thought about themselves. Through their art and inscriptions, the tombs were a statement that the land of Chiusi belonged to Etruscans and their lineal descendants and was not something to be taken by Rome (van Velzen 68).

There is little evidence as to how the Romans reacted to the Etruscan’s claim to the land through their tombs. No Etruscan tombs were apparently harmed, which van Velzen understands as the Romans ignoring the Etruscan graves when they took possession of the area. However, one Etruscan tomb suggests that the Romans may have responded to this challenge in a truly

Roman fashion: assimilation.

This assimilated tomb contains the burials of two Etruscans from the Punacese clan. But further back in the tomb, the founder of the clan is not found as would be expected. Instead, there are inscriptions in Latin bearing the name “of the Roman . . . Vettii” (van Velzen 72).

Continuing further in the tomb, there are more Roman burials from the gens Vettia, and also the gens Papiria. And at the deepest part of the tomb are members of the gens Gellia. Because of their associated grave goods, the Gellia are believed to be the last people interred in the tomb.

However, van Velzen says that this sequence is highly unusual because the back of the tomb is

“the position where any Etruscan would place the first burial . . . [of] the founding father of the tomb” (van Velzen 73). Therefore, van Velzen postulates that Etruscan bodies had been taken from this tomb. The Gellii may have removed some of the Vettii burials to make room for their own dead, and the Vettii had removed the Etruscan Punacese family before them.

The Roman appropriation of the tomb may have been a symbolic act that Rome did indeed have control of the Etruscan land at Chiusi and everything within it. No longer were the

Etruscans “the only ones to have ancestors buried in the land” (van Velzen 74). The frequent 32 inscriptions in Latin seem to underscore this fact, and perhaps “[devalue] the medium of the grave as a locus in which Etruscan identity could be expressed” (van Velzen 74).

Digital Data

With an understanding of the history of these four Etruscan towns, and the diverse kinds of evidence available for understanding the changing culture of Etruria, I began work creating what was intended to be a written paper. However, the evidence for the response to the Roman incursion changed depending on the source used, and each piece of data from each source was like a “mosaic piece” to be placed in a crafted representation of reality. Because I was working with mostly tertiary source from modern classicists, I was three steps removed from the actual events I was discussing. In other words, I was crafting a picture of a picture of a picture.

In Professor Stephen Wheeler’s class we were introduced to a program called Tessellae, a database of extant Roman poetry. Due to the highly metric nature of Roman poetry and the system of word endings, there are a finite number of ways to express sentiments in poetic form.

Thus by necessity, poets reused phrases from generations prior. The art of Roman poetry is in arranging the phrases in unique ways, like creating a mosaic from similar stones. It occurred to me that historical analysis, especially the analysis of ancient history, was remarkably similar.

Historians select evidence from a limited number of sources, and craft a mosaic narrative of the past. A program which would allow users to display historical information on a map, layered by source and dynamic across time and space, seemed like a useful tool for historians to understand what evidence is “out there,” so to speak. The evidence could be physically or temporally close to a given place, but above all the geographic aspect connecting evidence together would be emphasized by this approach. Furthermore, placing the data on the map forces evidence to be

“grounded,” highlighting its limitations for the analyst. Lastly, places without much data, or odd patterns of data could show up which would otherwise be invisible to scholars without some form of geographic visualization. 33 With these thoughts in mind, and with consultation with Gregg Nestel, a software designer, AnthroGraphic was conceptualized/

Inputting Data into AnthroGraphic

The locations of the Etruscan cities were digitized. This involved creating a database of

500 ancient and modern places across Italy and . On click, each point shows the modern city name, the period city name, and the period city region in which the city was located. The modern city, the ancient city, and the ancient regions were taken from information provided by the Barrington Atlas of the Classical World.

Figure 6. AnthroGraphic displaying an ancient city, a modern city, and naming the encompassing region “on-click.” 34 Next, the layer “Archaeology” was clicked. This layer displayed information available about archaeological sites in the area. The archaeological site of Satricum was digitized and included in the map; however, the local coordinate system remains a problem to be solved, and the exact locations of the finds are not yet visible. To compensate for this problem,

AnthroGraphic drafts summary statistics of the layer information.

Figure 7. AnthroGraphic calculates “summary statistics” for data which does not have any locational information. Later, localized coordinates can be imputted for this data to show its distribution across the archaeological site of Satricum. 35 A search for the Ancient Historian tab showed a paucity of information. Other historians not included in this analysis make up this gap, such as Livy. Occasionally Polybius mentions something of note. Future work could include creating layers with their information.

36

Chapter 6

Future Goals

Although AnthroGraphic shows what is possible with the historic analysis of primary sources, and suggests that a program can be developed to meet the needs of highly educated humanities users without extensive knowledge of geographic systems, there is much that can be done to improve the system’s capabilities. Extending coverage to all known ancient cities worldwide and indicating the degree of certainty of a given location would be extremely beneficial, as well as address concerns indicated by historians as to the usefulness of

AntrhoGraphic.

Another helpful system update would be to link the geographic database to a dynamic graph display. This kind of linking addresses some of the wishes of demographers. Furthermore, the ability to turn on “benchmarks” of significant data values, such as high and low values, would be tremendously useful to demographers examining the changes in population over time. A tool which creates an ellipse showing the directionality of spatial distributions (and the ability to turn on benchmarks for these ellipses) would also be greatly helpful for demographers.

While integrating many of these functions is beyond the capabilities of a single programmer and cartographer, a team working on AnthroGraphic could easily accomplish these tasks. If AnthroGraphic were hosted on an academic website and made publicly available to users, there is a potential for AnthroGraphic to become a powerful tool to assist members across the humanities in their research interests. 37

Appendix

Interview Questions

Semi-Structured interviews were conducted throughout February to determine user needs.

Questions attempted to go from general to specific queries about the role of geography in the user’s field and the kinds of spatial analysis that will be helpful for research.

1. Briefly, what is the research that you do?

2. What is the role of qualitative information in your research?

3. What is the role of quantitative information in your research?

4. Are there “data problems” common in your field, such as missing, fragmented, biased, or untrustworthy data?

5. How important are geographic relationships in your research?

6. What role do graphs, maps, and visualizations play in your research?

7. The same, but in your field as a whole?

8. If they are not playing a big role, how do you think you could integrate graphs, maps, and visualizations into your research?

9. What are the limitations of graphs, maps, and visualizations in your research?

10. What parts of graphs, maps. And visualizations, as they relate to your work and interests, are either ineffective difficult to understand, whether graphs and visualizations you are creating yourself, or graphs and visualizations made by others in your field?

11. How would you describe your computer literacy?

12. How would you describe your geographic literacy, ex. spatial statistics, map projections, spatial problems?

13. Do you have much experience with GIS or databases?

38 14. Creative question: If you could create any kind of visualization (regardless of whether or not the ability to create this visualization currently exists) what would that visualization do?

15. Would you have any interest in a system that enables you to input humanities data, such as events and locations described by historians, for geographic visualization across space and time? If so, what would be your specific interest?

16. In what direction do you envision future digital research in your field to be going?

An explanation of the scale in Leaflet and many other Leaflet features can be found using this link: http://leafletjs.com/reference.html

39

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Cornell, T.J. (1995). The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the to the Punic Wars. New York: Routledge.

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MacNamara, E. Everyday Life of the Etruscans. New York : Dorset Press, 1987.

McEvedy, C. (2012). Cities of the Classical World: An Atlas and Gazetteer of 120 Centuries of Ancient Civilization. New York: Penguin Global.

Plinius, G. Trans. John Healy. (2004). Natural History: A Selection. New York: Penguin Books.

Polybius. Trans. B. McGing. (2010). The . Oxford: .

Potter, T. W. (1979). The Changing Landscape of Southern Etruria. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

Potter, T.W. (1976). A Faliscan Town in South Etruria: Excavations at Narce 1966-71. London: The British School at Rome.

Ridgway, D. & Ridgway, F. (1979). Italy Before the Romans. New York: Academic Press.

Roberts, H. S. (1981). Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum : Denmark . The Danish National Museum. Copenhagen: Odense University Press.

Strassler, R. (2007). The Landmark Herodotus. New York: Pantheon Books.

Strong, D. (1968). The Early Etruscans. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons.

Talbert, R. (2000). Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Talbert, R. (2000). Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World: Map by Map Directory, Book 1. Princeton: Princeton Universi ty Press.

Talbert, R. (2000). Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World: Map by Map Directory, Book 2. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Van Velzen, D. (1999). “A Game of Tombs.” Archaeological review from Cambridge 11, no. 1 (1992): 65 - 76.

ACADEMIC VITA

M. Chelsea Gilliam

118 N. Butz St, State College PA 16801 [email protected]

______

Education

B.S Geography; B.A. Classics; B.A. Anthropology, 2013 Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA Schreyer Honors College College of Earth and Mineral Sciences Student Marshal Graduating with Highest Distinction

Honors and Awards

University Phi Beta Kappa National Honor Society – Member Phi Kappa Phi National Honor Society Fellowship – Recipient 2013. John White Graduate Fellowship – Finalist pending interview. Evan Pugh Award – Given to top .05% of the junior class Penn State Brandywine Service Award Recipient – Awarded for leading the 2010 Haiti school supply fundraiser

Geography E. Willard Miller Award -- Given to the best Undergraduate paper. Recipient 2013. Jeff Gockley Memorial Award - Given to the top rising senior majoring in Geography, (GIS). Recipient 2011 Classics Bermingham Memorial Scholarship—Awarded for excellence in the study of Latin, Recipient 2011

Association Memberships/Activities

 American Association of Geographers

 American Society of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry

 North American Cartographic Information Society

 Phi Beta Kappa, Honors Society

 Phi Kappa Phi, Honors Society

 Gamma Theta Upsilon, Geography Honors Society

 Phi Alpha Theta, History Honors Society

Professional Experience

Human Factors in GIScience Lab at Penn State, Intern --- Collaborated with PhD. student Rui Li to gather data and analyze human wayfinding inside the Pattee and Paterno libraries. th Presented research findings at NACIS on October 13 2011.

Independent Research, Etruscan Romanization -- Spatial humanities dynamic mapping project utilizing geospatial and historical evidence. Presenting at the 2013 AAG. Wealth and Wall Paintings in Pompeii --- Presented research at the 2012 AAG conference and received an award from the University Libraries for excellence in utilizing library resources

Geography Teaching Experience Geog 361, Cartography -- Responsible for assisting students with lab projects. Geog 160, Introduction to Geographic Information Systems --- Responsible for assisting students with lab projects and answering student questions. Geog 124, Introduction to Cultural Geography--Managed message boards on ANGEL,

Professional Presentations

Presenting and Primary Author: AAG 2013: The Romanization of the Etruscans: the Geography of Cultural Assimilation . Paper. AAG 2012: Wall Paintings, Wealth, and Status in Pompeii. Poster. AAG 2011: Helping Haiti: Hope Comes in Many Colors. Undergraduate Student Session.

Presenting Author: NACIS 2012: Analyzing the Placement of Maps in Pattee and Paterno Libraries. Paper.