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https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19770010733 2020-03-22T10:37:15+00:00Z NASA TECHMCAL N6EMORmE)UR.I NASA TM X- 5819 1 January 1977 BIOPROCESSING IN SPACE c C Proceedings of the 1976 NASA Colloquium on Bioprocessing in Space Houston, Texas, March 10-12, 1976 Compiled by Dennis R. Morrison (NASA) 217 F HC B1Q/EE Bc? Unclas 63/51 13831 -- - NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center i i Houston, Texas 77058 BIODROCESSING IN SPACE s R. Morrison pace Administration ctor waived the use of the International System of Units (SI) for this technical , because, in his judgment, the use of SI units would impair the usefulness of result in excessive cost. to introduce this subject to academic and industrial scientists who have gravity-induced biological research problems or an interest in the possibilities of processing or manufacturing biologicals in space. The meeting was intended to establish a cooperative effort among Government and non-Government researchers to examine the potential of bioprocessing in space. The program included general sessions and formal presentations on the following topics : NASA's Space Shuttle, Spacelab, and space-processing programs; the known unusual behavior of materials in space; space-processing experiment results; cell biology, gravity sensors in cells, space electrophoresis of living cells, new approaches to biosynthesis of biologicals from cell culture in space, and zero-g fermentation concepts; and upcoming flight opportunities and industrial application planning studies already underway. The proceedings include the summaries of workshops held during the colloquium to allow participants to discuss new ideas, future biological research areas, and gravity-related problems in the areas of (1) industrial biosynthesis, (2) pharmaceutical research, (3) biotech- nology , and (4) cell biology. Processing (biological) 'For sale by the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151 NASA TM X- 58191 BIOPROCESSING IN SPACE Dennis R. Morrison, Ph. D. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas 77058 FOREWORD The NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center was particularly pleased to conduct this colloquium because it was the first opportunity for the life sciences elements of NASA to focus the attention of a broad spectrum of scientists on this new research area - bioprocessing. More than 170 academic scientists and industrial researchers attended the colloquium. This document is a compilation of the papers presented at the symposium and brief summaries of the discussion workshops held during the meeting. Acknowledgment is made of the following individuals, who were directly responsible for the organization and conduct of this symposium. The colloquium committee included Dr. Wayland Hull, Bernard Mieszkuc, Dr. Dennis Morrison, and Dr. Peter Whittingham from the Johnson Space Center; and Bruce Goss of the Boeing Company. I particularly wish to thank Dr. Whittingham for his invaluable assistance in the detailed preparation and conduct of this colloquium. Additionally, I wish to thank Dr. Merlyn Bissell and Dr. Gerald Taylor for their suggestions and assistance. Finally, I wish to thank the authors and the numerous other individuals of the participating organizations who provided active support in the preparation of this colloquium. Lawrence F. Dietlein, M.D. Acting Director of Life Sciences NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center PREC~INGPAGE BLANK NOT SESSION LEADERS General Sessions Space Shuttle and Space Processing Chairman: Dr. Dennis R. Morrison, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas Materials Behavior and Space Processing Chairman: Dr. Peter Wittingham, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas Cellular Research and Biological Processing Chairman: Mr. Bernard J. Mieszkuc, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas Biosynthesis Chairman: Dr. Wayland E. Hull, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas Flight Opportunities and Potential Programs Chairman: Dr. Dennis R. Morrison, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas Workshops Biotechnology Cochairmen: Mr. John M. Walsh, Beckman Instruments, Inc., Anaheim, California; and Dr. Robert E. Allen, George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama Cell Biology Cochairmen: Dr. Jerry V. Mayeux, Bio Innovar, Inc., Storm Lake, Iowa; and Dr. Gerald R. Taylor, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas Industrial Biosynthesis Cochairmen: Dr. W. E. Brown, Squibb Institute, Princeton, New Jersey; and Dr. R. E. Sparks, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri Pharmaceuticals Cochairmen: Dr. E. John Staba, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Dr. Takeru Higuchi, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas CONTENTS Section Page INTRODUCTION ................................. 1 Dennis R. Morrison General Sessions Space Shuttle and Space Processing SPACE SHUTTLE AND LIFE SCIENCES ....................... John A. Mason NASA's SPACE PROCESSING PROGRAM ....................... James H. Bredt Materials Behavior and Space Processing BEHAVIOR OF FLUIDS IN A WEIGHTLESS ENVIRONMENT 37 e ................ Dale A. Fester, Ralph N. Eberhardt, and James R. Tegart SPACE PROCESSING ON SKYLAB AND ASTP ..................... 53 R. S. Snyder THREE MODEL SPACE EXPERIMENTS ON CKESIICAL REACTIONS ............. 67 Philomena Grodzka and Barbara Facemire Cellular Research and Biological Processing SURVEY OF CELL BIOLOGY EXPERIMENTS IN REDUCED GRAVITY ............ 77 Gerald R. Taylor GRAVITY AND THE CELL: INTRACELLULAR STRUCTURES AND STOKES SEDIMENTATION ... 103 Paul Todd BIOPROCESSING: PROSPECTS FOR SPACE ELECTROPHORESIS ............. 117 Milan Bier ELECTROPHORETIC SEPARATION OF HUMAN KIDNEY CELLS AT ZERO GRAVITY ....... 125 Grant H. Barlow, S. LaVera Lazer, Annemarie Rueter, and Robert E. Allen ELECTROPHORESIS FOR BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION .................. 143 Louis R. McCreight Biosynthesis SOME QUESTIONS OF SPACE BIOENGINEERING .................... 159 Laszlo K. Nyiri INFLUENCE OF ZERO-G ON SINGLE-CELL SYSTEMS AND ZERO-G FERMENTER DESIGN CONCEPTS ............................... 181 Jerry V. Mayeux Flight Opportunities and Potential Programs SPACE SOLAR POWER SYSTEMS .......................... 191 Curt Toliver Section Page BENEFICIAL USES OF SPACE ........................... 205 Harold L. Bloom INTRODUCTION ................................. 221 Dennis R. Morrison BIOTECHNOLOGY WORKSHOP SUMMARY ........................ 223 John M. Wdsh and Robert E. Allen CELL BIOLOGY WORKSHOP SWY ........................ 227 Jerry V. Mayeux and Gerald R. Taylor INDUSTRIAL BIOSYNTHESIS WORKSHOP SUMMARY ................... 233 W. E. Brown and Robert E. Sparks PHARMACEUTICAL WORKSHOP SUMMARY ....................... 2 37 E. John Staba and Takeru Higuchi Appendixes APPENDIX A - ATTENDEES ............................ A-1 APPENDIX B - BIOPROCESSING BIBLIOGRAPHY ................... B-1 APPENDIX C - RELATED CONFERENCES AND STUDIES ................. C-1 viii BIOPROCESSING IN SPACE By Dennis R. Morrison Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center INTRODUCTION Experiments conducted in space onboard Apollo, Skylab, and the recent Apollo-Soyuz Test Project flight have established that many materials exhibit unique properties in virtual weightlessness, a condition impossible to duplicate on Earth. These results have led to new, Earth-based research and development efforts in areas of fluid mechanics, metallurgy, crystal growth technology, acoustic levitation and manipulation of materials without containers, silicon refining for semiconductors, and several innovations in electrophoretic separation of different types of biological cells. Materials processing onboard orbiting manned spacecraft can take advantage of weightlessness, readily available solar energy, and a vacuum source of unlimited capacity to purify, isolate, or manufacture materials that are too difficult, costly, or impossible to produce on Earth. The Space Shuttle and Spacelab flight in the 1980's will be used to explore manufacturing processes that benefit from convectionless behavior of weightless fluids, new techniques for production and manipulation of immiscible mixtures, and containerless processing of biological materials in liquid media, and mass transfer in liquids that is wholly controlled by diffusion. The possible utilization of the unique space environment for the manufacturing and processing of biological materials could be very significant to pharmaceutical research and manufacturing. In March 1976, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) sponsored a 3-day colloquium on "Bioprocessing in Space'' at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas. The main purpose of the colloquium was to introduce this subject to academic and industrial scientists who may have gravity-induced research problems or an interest in the possibilities of processing or manufacturing biologicals in space, but who were uninformed about the behavior of materials in weightlessness and the forthcoming opportunities to fly experiments by means of NASA's sounding rocket and Space Shuttle payloads program. The general sessions included presentations on (1) the unusual behavior of materials in a weightless environment, (2) research facilities and opportunities for flight onboard the Space Shuttle and Spacelab, (3) results of pertinent experiments conducted in space, and (4) potential research and industrial applications of the space environment. Workshops in related areas of biotechnology, cell biology, industrial biosynthesis, and pharmaceutical research also were held to generate
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    UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE U.S.-RUSSIAN SPACE COOPERATION: EXPLAINING OUTER SPACE PARTNERSHIP IN THE MIDST OF EARTHLY RIVALRY A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN INTERNATIONAL STUDIES By SHELBY RANGER Norman, Oklahoma 2017 U.S.-RUSSIAN SPACE COOPERATION: EXPLAINING OUTER SPACE PARTNERSHIP IN THE MIDST OF EARTHLY RIVALRY A THESIS APPROVED FOR THE COLLEGE OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES BY ______________________________ Dr. Mark Raymond, Chair ______________________________ Dr. John Fishel ______________________________ Dr. Eric Heinze © Copyright by SHELBY RANGER 2017 All Rights Reserved. For my dad, who sparked my curiosity about space Acknowledgements I would like to thank my thesis committee, Dr. Mark Raymond, Dr. John T. Fishel, and Dr. Eric Heinze, for their support, guidance, and feedback throughout the process. Their unique perspectives were immensely helpful. I would also like to thank my family and friends for their suggestions and encouragement throughout the process. iv Table of Contents Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... iv Abstract ........................................................................................................................... vii Chapter 1: Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2: Historic Overview of U.S.-Russian Relations and Outer
  • Apollo - Soyuz Test Project” of the Betty Ford White House Papers, 1973-1977 at the Gerald R

    Apollo - Soyuz Test Project” of the Betty Ford White House Papers, 1973-1977 at the Gerald R

    The original documents are located in Box 28, folder “Apollo - Soyuz Test Project” of the Betty Ford White House Papers, 1973-1977 at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Copyright Notice The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Betty Ford donated to the United States of America her copyrights in all of her unpublished writings in National Archives collections. Works prepared by U.S. Government employees as part of their official duties are in the public domain. The copyrights to materials written by other individuals or organizations are presumed to remain with them. If you think any of the information displayed in the PDF is subject to a valid copyright claim, please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. apollo•soyuz test pro1ect• 3KcnepHMeHT8HbHhlti npoeKT <<Coroa>> -<<AnonnoH>> USSR COSMONAUTS USA ASTRONAUTS Aleksey A. Leonov Valeriy N. Kubasov Thomas P. Stafford Donald K. Slayton Vance 0. Brand .. ~ (/) -z: NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION APOLLO SOYUZ TEST PROJECT 3KCTIEPl1MEHTATibHblfi TIOTIET "ATIOTITIOH"/"COI03 " FIRST INTERNATIONAL MANNED SPACE MISSION TIEPBblA ME)f{,[(YHAPO,[(HbJ~ Ill1TIOTl1PYEMblfi TIOTIET B KOCMOCE The Apollo Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) is a joint endeavor 3Kcnep11MeHTaJihHbii1 npoeKT 11 A noJIJIOH- Co103 11 /3I1AC/ - of the United States and the Soviet Union as part of the coaMeCTHOe Haq11HaH11e CCCP 11 CWA Ha ocHoae corJI8llleHl1R agreement on cooperation in space which President Nixon and 0 COTPY,llHl1qecTBe B o6JiaCTl1 11CCJie,llOBaHl1R KOCM11qecKoro Chairman Kosygin signed in Moscow in May of 1972. Both npocTpaHCTBa, no.un11caHHoro B Mae 1972 r .