DOCSLIB.ORG

5819 1 January 1977 BIOPROCESSING IN

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
5819 1 January 1977 BIOPROCESSING IN https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19770010733 2020-03-22T10:37:15+00:00Z NASA TECHMCAL N6EMORmE)UR.I NASA TM X- 5819 1 January 1977 BIOPROCESSING IN SPACE c C Proceedings of the 1976 NASA Colloquium on Bioprocessing in Space Houston, Texas, March 10-12, 1976 Compiled by Dennis R. Morrison (NASA) 217 F HC B1Q/EE Bc? Unclas 63/51 13831 -- - NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center i i Houston, Texas 77058 BIODROCESSING IN SPACE s R. Morrison pace Administration ctor waived the use of the International System of Units (SI) for this technical , because, in his judgment, the use of SI units would impair the usefulness of result in excessive cost. to introduce this subject to academic and industrial scientists who have gravity-induced biological research problems or an interest in the possibilities of processing or manufacturing biologicals in space. The meeting was intended to establish a cooperative effort among Government and non-Government researchers to examine the potential of bioprocessing in space. The program included general sessions and formal presentations on the following topics : NASA's Space Shuttle, Spacelab, and space-processing programs; the known unusual behavior of materials in space; space-processing experiment results; cell biology, gravity sensors in cells, space electrophoresis of living cells, new approaches to biosynthesis of biologicals from cell culture in space, and zero-g fermentation concepts; and upcoming flight opportunities and industrial application planning studies already underway. The proceedings include the summaries of workshops held during the colloquium to allow participants to discuss new ideas, future biological research areas, and gravity-related problems in the areas of (1) industrial biosynthesis, (2) pharmaceutical research, (3) biotech- nology , and (4) cell biology. Processing (biological) 'For sale by the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151 NASA TM X- 58191 BIOPROCESSING IN SPACE Dennis R. Morrison, Ph. D. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas 77058 FOREWORD The NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center was particularly pleased to conduct this colloquium because it was the first opportunity for the life sciences elements of NASA to focus the attention of a broad spectrum of scientists on this new research area - bioprocessing. More than 170 academic scientists and industrial researchers attended the colloquium. This document is a compilation of the papers presented at the symposium and brief summaries of the discussion workshops held during the meeting. Acknowledgment is made of the following individuals, who were directly responsible for the organization and conduct of this symposium. The colloquium committee included Dr. Wayland Hull, Bernard Mieszkuc, Dr. Dennis Morrison, and Dr. Peter Whittingham from the Johnson Space Center; and Bruce Goss of the Boeing Company. I particularly wish to thank Dr. Whittingham for his invaluable assistance in the detailed preparation and conduct of this colloquium. Additionally, I wish to thank Dr. Merlyn Bissell and Dr. Gerald Taylor for their suggestions and assistance. Finally, I wish to thank the authors and the numerous other individuals of the participating organizations who provided active support in the preparation of this colloquium. Lawrence F. Dietlein, M.D. Acting Director of Life Sciences NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center PREC~INGPAGE BLANK NOT SESSION LEADERS General Sessions Space Shuttle and Space Processing Chairman: Dr. Dennis R. Morrison, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas Materials Behavior and Space Processing Chairman: Dr. Peter Wittingham, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas Cellular Research and Biological Processing Chairman: Mr. Bernard J. Mieszkuc, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas Biosynthesis Chairman: Dr. Wayland E. Hull, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas Flight Opportunities and Potential Programs Chairman: Dr. Dennis R. Morrison, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas Workshops Biotechnology Cochairmen: Mr. John M. Walsh, Beckman Instruments, Inc., Anaheim, California; and Dr. Robert E. Allen, George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama Cell Biology Cochairmen: Dr. Jerry V. Mayeux, Bio Innovar, Inc., Storm Lake, Iowa; and Dr. Gerald R. Taylor, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas Industrial Biosynthesis Cochairmen: Dr. W. E. Brown, Squibb Institute, Princeton, New Jersey; and Dr. R. E. Sparks, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri Pharmaceuticals Cochairmen: Dr. E. John Staba, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Dr. Takeru Higuchi, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas CONTENTS Section Page INTRODUCTION ................................. 1 Dennis R. Morrison General Sessions Space Shuttle and Space Processing SPACE SHUTTLE AND LIFE SCIENCES ....................... John A. Mason NASA's SPACE PROCESSING PROGRAM ....................... James H. Bredt Materials Behavior and Space Processing BEHAVIOR OF FLUIDS IN A WEIGHTLESS ENVIRONMENT 37 e ................ Dale A. Fester, Ralph N. Eberhardt, and James R. Tegart SPACE PROCESSING ON SKYLAB AND ASTP ..................... 53 R. S. Snyder THREE MODEL SPACE EXPERIMENTS ON CKESIICAL REACTIONS ............. 67 Philomena Grodzka and Barbara Facemire Cellular Research and Biological Processing SURVEY OF CELL BIOLOGY EXPERIMENTS IN REDUCED GRAVITY ............ 77 Gerald R. Taylor GRAVITY AND THE CELL: INTRACELLULAR STRUCTURES AND STOKES SEDIMENTATION ... 103 Paul Todd BIOPROCESSING: PROSPECTS FOR SPACE ELECTROPHORESIS ............. 117 Milan Bier ELECTROPHORETIC SEPARATION OF HUMAN KIDNEY CELLS AT ZERO GRAVITY ....... 125 Grant H. Barlow, S. LaVera Lazer, Annemarie Rueter, and Robert E. Allen ELECTROPHORESIS FOR BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION .................. 143 Louis R. McCreight Biosynthesis SOME QUESTIONS OF SPACE BIOENGINEERING .................... 159 Laszlo K. Nyiri INFLUENCE OF ZERO-G ON SINGLE-CELL SYSTEMS AND ZERO-G FERMENTER DESIGN CONCEPTS ............................... 181 Jerry V. Mayeux Flight Opportunities and Potential Programs SPACE SOLAR POWER SYSTEMS .......................... 191 Curt Toliver Section Page BENEFICIAL USES OF SPACE ........................... 205 Harold L. Bloom INTRODUCTION ................................. 221 Dennis R. Morrison BIOTECHNOLOGY WORKSHOP SUMMARY ........................ 223 John M. Wdsh and Robert E. Allen CELL BIOLOGY WORKSHOP SWY ........................ 227 Jerry V. Mayeux and Gerald R. Taylor INDUSTRIAL BIOSYNTHESIS WORKSHOP SUMMARY ................... 233 W. E. Brown and Robert E. Sparks PHARMACEUTICAL WORKSHOP SUMMARY ....................... 2 37 E. John Staba and Takeru Higuchi Appendixes APPENDIX A - ATTENDEES ............................ A-1 APPENDIX B - BIOPROCESSING BIBLIOGRAPHY ................... B-1 APPENDIX C - RELATED CONFERENCES AND STUDIES ................. C-1 viii BIOPROCESSING IN SPACE By Dennis R. Morrison Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center INTRODUCTION Experiments conducted in space onboard Apollo, Skylab, and the recent Apollo-Soyuz Test Project flight have established that many materials exhibit unique properties in virtual weightlessness, a condition impossible to duplicate on Earth. These results have led to new, Earth-based research and development efforts in areas of fluid mechanics, metallurgy, crystal growth technology, acoustic levitation and manipulation of materials without containers, silicon refining for semiconductors, and several innovations in electrophoretic separation of different types of biological cells. Materials processing onboard orbiting manned spacecraft can take advantage of weightlessness, readily available solar energy, and a vacuum source of unlimited capacity to purify, isolate, or manufacture materials that are too difficult, costly, or impossible to produce on Earth. The Space Shuttle and Spacelab flight in the 1980's will be used to explore manufacturing processes that benefit from convectionless behavior of weightless fluids, new techniques for production and manipulation of immiscible mixtures, and containerless processing of biological materials in liquid media, and mass transfer in liquids that is wholly controlled by diffusion. The possible utilization of the unique space environment for the manufacturing and processing of biological materials could be very significant to pharmaceutical research and manufacturing. In March 1976, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) sponsored a 3-day colloquium on "Bioprocessing in Space'' at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas. The main purpose of the colloquium was to introduce this subject to academic and industrial scientists who may have gravity-induced research problems or an interest in the possibilities of processing or manufacturing biologicals in space, but who were uninformed about the behavior of materials in weightlessness and the forthcoming opportunities to fly experiments by means of NASA's sounding rocket and Space Shuttle payloads program. The general sessions included presentations on (1) the unusual behavior of materials in a weightless environment, (2) research facilities and opportunities for flight onboard the Space Shuttle and Spacelab, (3) results of pertinent experiments conducted in space, and (4) potential research and industrial applications of the space environment. Workshops in related areas of biotechnology, cell biology, industrial biosynthesis, and pharmaceutical research also were held to generate
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Praxis Manned Spaceflight Log 1961±2006
    Praxis Manned Space¯ight Log 1961±2006 Tim Furniss and David J. Shayler with Michael D. Shayler Praxis Manned Spaceflight Log 1961±2006 Published in association with PPraxisraxis PPublishiublishingng Chichester, UK Tim Furniss David J. Shayler Space¯ight Correspondent Astronautical Historian Flight International Astro Info Service Bideford Halesowen Devon West Midlands UK UK Michael D. Shayler Editor and Designer Astro Info Service Birmingham UK SPRINGER±PRAXIS BOOKS IN SPACE EXPLORATION SUBJECT ADVISORY EDITOR: John Mason B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. ISBN 10: 0-387-34175-7 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN 13: 978-0-387-34175-0 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Springer is part of Springer-Science + Business Media (springer.com) Library of Congress Control Number: 2006937359 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. # Praxis Publishing Ltd, Chichester, UK, 2007 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speci®c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: Jim Wilkie Project Copy Editor: Mike Shayler Typesetting: Originator Publishing Services, Gt Yarmouth, Norfolk, UK Printed on acid-free paper Contents Authors' Preface ......................................
    [Show full text]
  • Spacecalc Current Space Demographics
    Spaceflight Now Current Space Demographics Post STS-100 Statistics SpaceCalc Current Space Demographics Post Soyuz Taxi Launch Rank Nation No. Records Days Flights Total Fliers 403 1 U.S. 253 Avdeyev 748 3 Men 366 2 USSR 72 V. Polyakov 679 2 Women 37 3 CIS 23 A. Solovyov 652 5 Total Tickets 884 4 Germany 9 Krikalev 624 5 5 France 8 Afanasayev 546 3 United States 253 5 Canada 8 Manarov 541 2 US Men 224 6 Japan 5 Viktorenko 489 4 US Women 29 7 Italy 3 Romanenko 430 3 8 Bulgaria 2 Volkov 392 3 Soviet Union 72 Afghanistan 1 V. Titov 387 4 USSR Men 70 Austria 1 Usachev 386 3 (in 4th) USSR Women 2 Belgium 1 Tsibliev 383 2 CIS 23 Britain 1 Kizim 375 3 CIS Men 22 Cuba 1 Serebrov 374 4 CIS Women 1 Czechoslovakia 1 Ryumin 372 4 Others 55 East Germany 1 Solovyev 362 2 Other Men 50 Hungary 1 Kaleri 343 3 Other Women 5 India 1 Lyakhov 333 3 Mexico 1 Gidzenko 319 2 Men with 6 flights 5 Mongolia 1 Women with 6 flights 0 Netherlands 1 YEARS 24 57 Men with 5 flights 14 North Vietnam 1 Women with 5 flights 6 Poland 1 U.S. Data Days Flights Men with 4 flights 41 Romania 1 Women with 4 flights 1 Saudi Arabia 1 Lucid 223 5 Men with 3 flights 66 Spain 1 Foale 168 5 Women with 3 flights 9 Switzerland 1 Thomas 163 3 Page 1 Spaceflight Now Current Space Demographics Post STS-100 Statistics All with 2 flights 100 Syria 1 Blaha 161 5 All with 1 flight 161 Slovakia 1 Shepherd 158 5 Linenger 143 2 TOTAL 403 TOTALS 29 403 Wolf 142 2 1 Flight 2 Flights 3 Flights 4 Flights 5 Flights 6 Flights Name Flts Sex-Nation 161 100 75 42 20 5 Acton, Loren 1 M-US STS-51F Adamson, James 2 M-US STS-28 STS-44 Afanasyev, Viktor 3 M-USSR TM-11 TM-18 TM-29 Akers, Thomas 4 M-US STS-41 STS-49 STS-61 STS-79 Akiyama, Toyohiro 1 M-Japan TM-11 Aksenov, Vladimir 2 M-USSR Soyuz 22 Soyuz T2 Aldrin, Edwin 2 M-US Gemini 12 Apollo 11 Alexandrov, Alexander 2 M-USSR Soyuz T9 TM-3 Alexandrov, Alexander 1 M-Bulgaria TM-5 Allen, Andrew 3 M-US STS-46 STS-62 STS-75 Allen, Joseph 2 M-US STS-5 STS-51A AlSaud, Sultan 1 M-S.
    [Show full text]
  • Rex D. Hall and David J. Shayler
    Rex D. Hall and David J. Shayler Soyuz A Universal Spacecraft ruuiiMicPublishedu 11in1 aaaundiiuiassociationi witwimh ^^ • Springer Praxis Publishing PRHB Chichester, UK "^UF Table of contents Foreword xvii Authors' preface xix Acknowledgements xxi List of illustrations and tables xxiii Prologue xxix ORIGINS 1 Soviet manned spaceflight after Vostok 1 Design requirements 1 Sever and the 1L: the genesis of Soyuz 3 The Vostok 7/1L Soyuz Complex 4 The mission sequence of the early Soyuz Complex 6 The Soyuz 7K complex 7 Soyuz 7K (Soyuz A) design features 8 The American General Electric concept 10 Soyuz 9K and Soyuz 1 IK 11 The Soyuz Complex mission profile 12 Contracts, funding and schedules 13 Soyuz to the Moon 14 A redirection for Soyuz 14 The N1/L3 lunar landing mission profile 15 Exploring the potential of Soyuz 16 Soyuz 7K-P: a piloted anti-satellite interceptor 16 Soyuz 7K-R: a piloted reconnaissance space station 17 Soyuz VI: the military research spacecraft Zvezda 18 Adapting Soyuz for lunar missions 20 Spacecraft design changes 21 Crewing for circumlunar missions 22 The Zond missions 23 The end of the Soviet lunar programme 33 The lunar orbit module (7K-LOK) 33 viii Table of contents A change of direction 35 References 35 MISSION HARDWARE AND SUPPORT 39 Hardware and systems 39 Crew positions 40 The spacecraft 41 The Propulsion Module (PM) 41 The Descent Module (DM) 41 The Orbital Module (OM) 44 Pyrotechnic devices 45 Spacecraft sub-systems 46 Rendezvous, docking and transfer 47 Electrical power 53 Thermal control 54 Life support 54
    [Show full text]
  • Apollo-Soyuz Test Project
    --.I m ...ir,,.= The document_-contains materials on the Soyuz-Apollo test and consists of two parts, prepared by the USSR and USA sides res- pectively. Both parts outline the purposes and program of the mission, the spacecraft design, the flight plan and information on Joint and unilateral scientific experiments. Brief biographies of the cosmonauts and astronauts, the Joint mission crew members_ are also presented. The document covers technical support activities providing mission control and gives information about the ASTP Soviet and American leaders. As the USSR and USA parts of the document have been prepared independently, there might be duplication in the sections dealing with the Joint activities. The document is intended for press representatives and various mass information means. CONTENTS Page I.0 INTRODUCTION ....................................... 10 1.1 Background ......................................... I0 1,2 Apollo-Soyuz joint test project objectives .......... 13 2.0 COMPATIBILITY PROBLEMS ................... ......... • 15 2.1 Spacecraft compatibility conditions and principal solutions accepted for Apollo-Ssyuz Test Mission .... 15 2.2 Compatibility of ground flight control personnel ... 18 2_3 Methodological compatibility ....................... 20 3.0 SOYUZ SPACECRAFT ................................... 22 3.1 PurPose. Brief data on Soyuz spacecraft flights .... 22 3.2 Soyuz spacecraft description ....................... 25 3.2.1 General description of the Soyuz spacecraft.. 25 Main characteristics ........................
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Manned Space Flights Spacecalc
    CBS News Manned Space Flights Current through STS-117 Table of Manned Space Flights SpaceCalc Total: 260 Crew Launch Land Duration By Robert A. Braeunig* Vostok 1 Yuri Gagarin 04/12/61 04/12/61 1h:48m First manned space flight (1 orbit). MR 3 Alan Shepard 05/05/61 05/05/61 15m:22s First American in space (suborbital). Freedom 7. MR 4 Virgil Grissom 07/21/61 07/21/61 15m:37s Second suborbital flight; spacecraft sank, Grissom rescued. Liberty Bell 7. Vostok 2 Guerman Titov 08/06/61 08/07/61 1d:01h:18m First flight longer than 24 hours (17 orbits). MA 6 John Glenn 02/20/62 02/20/62 04h:55m First American in orbit (3 orbits); telemetry falsely indicated heatshield unlatched. Friendship 7. MA 7 Scott Carpenter 05/24/62 05/24/62 04h:56m Initiated space flight experiments; manual retrofire error caused 250 mile landing overshoot. Aurora 7. Vostok 3 Andrian Nikolayev 08/11/62 08/15/62 3d:22h:22m First twinned flight, with Vostok 4. Vostok 4 Pavel Popovich 08/12/62 08/15/62 2d:22h:57m First twinned flight. On first orbit came within 3 miles of Vostok 3. MA 8 Walter Schirra 10/03/62 10/03/62 09h:13m Developed techniques for long duration missions (6 orbits); closest splashdown to target to date (4.5 miles). Sigma 7. MA 9 Gordon Cooper 05/15/63 05/16/63 1d:10h:20m First U.S. evaluation of effects of one day in space (22 orbits); performed manual reentry after systems failure, landing 4 miles from target.
    [Show full text]
  • Association of Space Explorers 10Th Planetary Congress Moscow/Lake Baikal, Russia 1994
    Association of Space Explorers 10th Planetary Congress Moscow/Lake Baikal, Russia 1994 Commemorative Poster Signature Key Loren Acton Viktor Afanasyev Toyohiro Akiyama STS 51F Soyuz TM-11 Soyuz TM-11 Vladimir Aksyonov Sultan bin Salman al-Saud Buzz Aldrin Soyuz 22, Soyuz T-2 STS 51G Gemini 12, Apollo 11 Alexander Alexandrov Anatoli Artsebarsky Oleg Atkov Soyuz T-9, Soyuz TM-3 Soyuz TM-12 Soyuz T-10 Toktar Aubakirov Alexander Balandin Georgi Beregovoi Soyuz TM-13 Soyuz TM-9 Soyuz 3 Anatoli Berezovoi Karol Bobko Roberta Bondar Soyuz T-5 STS 6, STS 51D, STS 51J STS 42 Scott Carpenter John Creighton Vladimir Dzhanibekov Mercury 7 STS 51G, STS 36, STS 48 Soyuz 27, Soyuz 39, Soyuz T-6 Soyuz T-12, Soyuz T-13 John Fabian Mohammed Faris Bertalan Farkas STS 7, STS 41G Soyuz TM-3 Soyuz 36 Anatoli Filipchenko Dirk Frimout Owen Garriott Soyuz 7, Soyuz 16 STS 45 Skylab III, STS 9 Yuri Glazkov Georgi Grechko Alexei Gubarev Soyuz 24 Soyuz 17, Soyuz 26 Soyuz 17, Soyuz 28 Soyuz T-14 Miroslaw Hermaszewski Alexander Ivanchenkov Alexander Kaleri Soyuz 30 Soyuz 29, Soyuz T-6 Soyuz TM-14 Yevgeni Khrunov Pyotr Klimuk Vladimir Kovolyonok Soyuz 5 Soyuz 13, Soyuz 18, Soyuz 30 Soyuz 25, Soyuz 29, Soyuz T-4 Valeri Kubasov Alexei Leonov Byron Lichtenberg Soyuz 6, Apollo-Soyuz Voskhod 2, Apollo-Soyuz STS 9, STS 45 Soyuz 36 Don Lind Jack Lousma Vladimir Lyakhov STS 51B Skylab III, STS 3 Soyuz 32, Soyuz T-9 Soyuz TM-6 Oleg Makarov Gennadi Manakov Jon McBride Soyuz 12, Soyuz 27, Soyuz T-3 Soyuz TM-10, Soyuz TM-16 STS 41G Ulf Merbold Mamoru Mohri Donald Peterson STS 9,
    [Show full text]
  • December 1976
    \ 004rn ') 40017ay I !/P.L. 86_ 3 , TOP SECRET lll£iJ'ilUl1Jlll£iJl1 f:5l!~C!JCEU'il~ UJ~l!lll~~ crmwv CDlUDWCDl5 CD11 Wl5UJl!ll5 f OOUJW~l1£il~[!) HANDLE VIA COMINT CHANNELS ONLY JP.L. 86-36 I ~ ~H~R~~~~~~G d~i~~rI~~N~~~~ioN::::::::::::: J r:: :[::: ~ WHY CAN'T THEY DESIGN A GOOD S.R. TEST? .••• Kathy Bjorklund •.. 1 .... 7 NON-NAMES IN THE NEWS (COOPERPERSON) ••••••••.••••..••••.•••. /; •••. 8 APOLLO-SOYUZ: BEHIND-THE-SCENES ACTIVITY .•. ·1 I" .... 9 LET'S GIVE LINGUISTS A BIGGER PIECE OF PIE! • •.> .... 13 WHAT I s IN A NAME ? . • . • . • . • . • . • . • q •••• 1 5 GEOGRAPHIC NAMES........................... : ...• 16 LETTER TO THE EDITOR ..•.•.•..•...•.•.•..•...••••.•••••••••••••.•• 21 THIS BeetJMENT €6NftlNS €6BIW61tD l'tlATlltlAt EU d'e• 111 l>l&NS1tf'1N'1liH!l (NSA;'G8SM ta I~ Kile••'••• G98; HQ 1166!, €ale1WJ ! TOP SECRET Btdawif7 Gpea Netileatiea 117 tlte 91iftia1tw - eclassified and Approved for Release by NSA on -10--1-1-::0-1.:: pursuant to E.O. '135.26. vl DR Case # 54 778 DOCID: 4009781 'f OP SECRB'f Published Monthly by Pl, Techniques and Standards, for the Personnel of Operations .. VOL. III, No. 12 DECEMBER 1976 PUBLISHER WILLIAM LUTWINIAK BOARD OF EDITORS Editor in Chief •............ Arthur J. Salemme (5642s) ········-········.. ••·,.. :•"'''' Collection ........•......... I l(8955s)·· ·· ····· ·· · · P . L . 86-36 Cryptanalysis .. ............ ';:I====~l - {80255) · · ··· · Language ..........•......... Emery W. Tetrault (5236s) Machine Support ................I__________ ....k332ls) Mathematics ....•...•.....•.. Reed Dawson (3957s) Special Research . .......... Vera R. Filby (7119s) Traffic Analysis ............ Frederic 0. Mason, Jr. (4142s) Production Manager ........•. Harry Goff (4998s) For individual subscriptions send name and organizational designator to: CRYPTOLOG, Pl TOP SECRET DOCID: 4 09~9781 r..v~ , , "'"'± • \C) P.L.
    [Show full text]
  • ASTP IMP Eng.Pdf
    The end of the Cold War Project ASTP APOLLO – SOYUZ / SOYUZ - APOLLO Carlos González Carlos González The end of the Cold War Project ASTP APOLLO – SOYUZ / SOYUZ - APOLLO This essay, as all the previous, is dedicated to my wife, Estrella, and daughters, Raquel and Sara, who have seldom seen me in the last months while I was busy with compiling all the available information existing on the subject and mixing it with my own memories. Carlos González Carlos González Mission patch as worn by the Americans Mission patch as worn by the Soviets APOLLO - SOYUZ SOYUZ - APOLLO Brief history of Program ASTP (Carlos Gonzalez. Ex Operations MGR at MDSCC) 1. BEGINNING 2. THE ACTORS 3. SPECIALIZED TRAINING 4. TRACKING AND CONTROL 5. BREAKING THE ICE. SPACE HUG 6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 7. BIBLIOGRAPHY 8. GLOSSARY OF TERMS Carlos González Carlos González Foreword This is July 1975. During 30 years, the two most powerful economic and military Nations in the world had had such big disagreements that it had actually become a state of “Cold War” and it had finally come the time to stop this nonsense which had been threading the survival of our home, Earth. The President of the USA, Richard Nixon, and Soviet´s Prime Minister, Alexei Kosygin, meet in Moscow in the 24th of May 1972 and signed and agreement of cooperation by which they would help each other in the case of an accident of a space ship much as it happens in the oceans when a ship, from any nationality, sends an SOS. Almost nine years before, the then President of the USA, late John F.
    [Show full text]
  • Mir Hardware Heritage Index
    Mir Hardware Heritage Index A attitude control systems (continued) on Kvant 2 165 Aktiv docking unit. See docking systems: Aktiv on Mir 106, 119, 123, 131, 137 Almaz (see also military space stations) on Original Soyuz 157, 168-169, 187 hardware adaptation to Salyut 69, 71 on Salyut 1 67 history 63-65 on Salyut 6 75, 79, 81, 84-85 missions 177-178 on Salyut 7 91, 100, 185 in station evolution 1, 62, 154-156 on Soyuz 1 10 system tests 70 on Soyuz Ferry 24-25 Almaz 1 64, 65, 68, 177 on Soyuz-T 47, 50 Almaz 1V satellite 65 on space station modules 155 on TKS vehicles 159 Almaz 2 64, 65, 68, 73, 177, 178 on Zond 4 14 Almaz 3 64, 73, 178 Almaz 4 64 Altair/SR satellites B description 105 berthing ports 76, 103, 105, 165 illustration 106 BTSVK computer 47 missions 108, 109, 113, 115, 118, 121, 133, 139 Buran shuttle androgynous peripheral assembly system (APAS). See crews 51, 54, 98 docking systems: APAS-75; APAS-89 flights 115, 188, 193 Antares mission 136 hardware adapted to Polyus 168 APAS. See docking systems: APAS-75; APAS-89 illustration 189 Apollo program (U.S.) (see also Apollo Soyuz Test and Mir 107, 167 Project) and Salyut 7 161 command and service module (CSM) 5, 6, 16, 172, 173, 176, 177 illustration 176 C lunar module (LM) 19, 21, 172 circumlunar flight 3, 4, 5, 12, 63, 155, 173, 175 (see illustration 175 also lunar programs) missions 172, 173, 175-178 Cosmos 133 10, 171 Apollo Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) (see also ASTP Soyuz) Cosmos 140 10, 172 background 6, 65 Cosmos 146 14, 172 mission 28, 34-35, 177-178 Cosmos 154 14, 172 and Soyuz 18 72 Cosmos 186 10-11, 172 approach systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Lanzamientos De Satelites Notificados En 1974
    This electronic version (PDF) was scanned by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Library & Archives Service from an original paper document in the ITU Library & Archives collections. La présente version électronique (PDF) a été numérisée par le Service de la bibliothèque et des archives de l'Union internationale des télécommunications (UIT) à partir d'un document papier original des collections de ce service. Esta versión electrónica (PDF) ha sido escaneada por el Servicio de Biblioteca y Archivos de la Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones (UIT) a partir de un documento impreso original de las colecciones del Servicio de Biblioteca y Archivos de la UIT. (ITU) ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻻﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻔﻮﻇﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺃﺟﺮﺍﻩ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺢ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ (PDF) ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ .ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻔﻮﻇﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺃﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻼ ً◌ 此电子版（PDF版本）由国际电信联盟（ITU）图书馆和档案室利用存于该处的纸质文件扫描提供。 Настоящий электронный вариант (PDF) был подготовлен в библиотечно-архивной службе Международного союза электросвязи путем сканирования исходного документа в бумажной форме из библиотечно-архивной службы МСЭ. © International Telecommunication Union lanzamientos de satélites notificados en 1974 Esta lista integra los satélites artificiales lanzados en 1974; está basada en los datos proporcionados por las administraciones de telecomunicaciones, el Comité de Investigaciones Espaciales (COSPAR), el Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC — Centro de Vuelos Espaciales Goddard) de la Administración Nacional de la Aeronáutica y del Espacio (NASA), de Estados Unidos, el Ministerio de Comunicaciones de la URSS, el Centre national d'études spatiales (CNES), de Francia, la Junta Internacional de Registro de Frecuencias (IFRB), uno de los cuatro organismos permanentes de la UIT, y en las informaciones publicadas por la prensa especializada.
    [Show full text]
  • 2017 Ranger Shelby Thesis.Pdf (584.1Kb)
    UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE U.S.-RUSSIAN SPACE COOPERATION: EXPLAINING OUTER SPACE PARTNERSHIP IN THE MIDST OF EARTHLY RIVALRY A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN INTERNATIONAL STUDIES By SHELBY RANGER Norman, Oklahoma 2017 U.S.-RUSSIAN SPACE COOPERATION: EXPLAINING OUTER SPACE PARTNERSHIP IN THE MIDST OF EARTHLY RIVALRY A THESIS APPROVED FOR THE COLLEGE OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES BY ______________________________ Dr. Mark Raymond, Chair ______________________________ Dr. John Fishel ______________________________ Dr. Eric Heinze © Copyright by SHELBY RANGER 2017 All Rights Reserved. For my dad, who sparked my curiosity about space Acknowledgements I would like to thank my thesis committee, Dr. Mark Raymond, Dr. John T. Fishel, and Dr. Eric Heinze, for their support, guidance, and feedback throughout the process. Their unique perspectives were immensely helpful. I would also like to thank my family and friends for their suggestions and encouragement throughout the process. iv Table of Contents Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... iv Abstract ........................................................................................................................... vii Chapter 1: Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2: Historic Overview of U.S.-Russian Relations and Outer
    [Show full text]
  • Apollo - Soyuz Test Project” of the Betty Ford White House Papers, 1973-1977 at the Gerald R
    The original documents are located in Box 28, folder “Apollo - Soyuz Test Project” of the Betty Ford White House Papers, 1973-1977 at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Copyright Notice The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Betty Ford donated to the United States of America her copyrights in all of her unpublished writings in National Archives collections. Works prepared by U.S. Government employees as part of their official duties are in the public domain. The copyrights to materials written by other individuals or organizations are presumed to remain with them. If you think any of the information displayed in the PDF is subject to a valid copyright claim, please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. apollo•soyuz test pro1ect• 3KcnepHMeHT8HbHhlti npoeKT <<Coroa>> -<<AnonnoH>> USSR COSMONAUTS USA ASTRONAUTS Aleksey A. Leonov Valeriy N. Kubasov Thomas P. Stafford Donald K. Slayton Vance 0. Brand .. ~ (/) -z: NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION APOLLO SOYUZ TEST PROJECT 3KCTIEPl1MEHTATibHblfi TIOTIET "ATIOTITIOH"/"COI03 " FIRST INTERNATIONAL MANNED SPACE MISSION TIEPBblA ME)f{,[(YHAPO,[(HbJ~ Ill1TIOTl1PYEMblfi TIOTIET B KOCMOCE The Apollo Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) is a joint endeavor 3Kcnep11MeHTaJihHbii1 npoeKT 11 A noJIJIOH- Co103 11 /3I1AC/ - of the United States and the Soviet Union as part of the coaMeCTHOe Haq11HaH11e CCCP 11 CWA Ha ocHoae corJI8llleHl1R agreement on cooperation in space which President Nixon and 0 COTPY,llHl1qecTBe B o6JiaCTl1 11CCJie,llOBaHl1R KOCM11qecKoro Chairman Kosygin signed in Moscow in May of 1972. Both npocTpaHCTBa, no.un11caHHoro B Mae 1972 r .
    [Show full text]