Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul Instituto De Geociências Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Geociências

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul Instituto De Geociências Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Geociências UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL INSTITUTO DE GEOCIÊNCIAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM GEOCIÊNCIAS ASPECTOS BIOMECÂNICOS E MORFOFUNCIONAIS DO ESQUELETO APENDICULAR DE PRESTOSUCHUS CHINIQUENSIS (ARCHOSAURIA: PSEUDOSUCHIA) E SUAS IMPLICAÇÕES PARA A LOCOMOÇÃO Volume I (Texto) ALEXANDRE LIPARINI Porto Alegre 2011 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL INSTITUTO DE GEOCIÊNCIAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM GEOCIÊNCIAS ASPECTOS BIOMECÂNICOS E MORFOFUNCIONAIS DO ESQUELETO APENDICULAR DE PRESTOSUCHUS CHINIQUENSIS (ARCHOSAURIA: PSEUDOSUCHIA) E SUAS IMPLICAÇÕES PARA A LOCOMOÇÃO Volume I (Texto) ALEXANDRE LIPARINI Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Geociências como requisito à obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências. ORIENTADOR: Dr. Cesar L. Schultz BANCA EXAMINADORA: Dr. Leonardo Alexandre Peyré Tartaruga Dr. Richard Alfredo Fariña Dr. Téo Veiga de Oliveira Porto Alegre 2011 Dedico este trabalho aos meus pais, eternos À minha esposa e eterna namorada E, eternamente, aos meus orientadores Se a obra é a soma das penas Pago, Mas quero meu troco em poemas Itamar Assunção Ainda que eu tivesse o dom da profecia, O conhecimento de todos os mistérios e de toda a ciência, Ainda que tivesse toda fé, a ponto de transportar montanhas, Se não tivesse amor, Eu nada seria I Coríntios 13:2 RESUMO O estudo das estruturas osteológicas e da musculatura a estas relacionadas permite compreender, em animais extintos, a evolução dos traços associados aos seus hábitos locomotores, especialmente se este estudo considerar os seus representantes atuais, a fim de se estabelecer as relações de homologia e analogia entre as estruturas comparadas e suas respectivas funções inferidas. Além disso, em uma análise biomecânica de espécies fósseis, deve-se considerar, mesmo que de forma aproximada, a massa corporal como atributo fundamental. Prestosuchus chiniquensis é uma espécie extinta de arcossauro terrestre relacionada à linhagem dos crocodilos atuais. Para testar as hipóteses de hábitos locomotores deste táxon, foi feita a reconstrução muscular da coxa do espécime UFRGS-PV-0629-T, com base nas descrições musculares de aves e crocodilos. Observou-se que o conjunto muscular considerado em P. chiniquensis, de uma forma geral, é bastante semelhante ao dos representantes atuais. Dos dezesseis grupos musculares da coxa avaliados, treze foram reconhecidos como presentes e homólogos entre os dois grupos de arcossauros viventes comparados, de modo que a reconstrução destes músculos, no exemplar fóssil analisado, se mostrou a opção mais parcimoniosa, envolvendo o menor número de passos evolutivos. Por outro lado, a morfologia da cintura pélvica e dos membros posteriores confere uma disposição distinta dos locais de origem e inserção desta musculatura, com possível alteração das linhas de ação dos mesmos. Por fim, a comparação com formas arcossaurianas extintas e atuais mostrou uma condição basal mantida para a morfologia do fêmur e a flexão do joelho, enquanto a morfologia do púbis e do ísquio – e a origem da musculatura a eles associada – revelou um padrão derivado. Paralelamente, diversas metodologias para a estimativa da massa de formas extintas foram aplicadas e comparadas, com o intuito de realizar inferências biomecânicas para o hábito locomotor de P. chiniquensis. O espécime considerado, com 4,5 m de comprimento total, apresentou uma massa média estimada de 400 kg, a qual, em conjunto com a morfologia geral dos ossos dos membros posteriores, se mostrou compatível com um hábito locomotor subcursorial, além de uma postura preferencialmente mesógrada e quadrúpede. Contudo, devido ao caráter generalista inferido – permitindo uma ampla gama de posturas admissíveis – foi sugerida uma estratégia de caça por emboscada, na qual P. chiniquensis adotaria uma postura bípede e ortógrada, que poderia conferir à espécie vantagens, tal como uma maior velocidade em relação à postura usual. Palavras-chave: Aves. Crocodylia. Estimativa de massa. Rauisuchia. Reconstrução muscular. ABSTRACT Studying osteological structures and its associated musculature may help to understand the evolution of locomotor traits in extinct animals, especially if this study considers their extant relatives, in order to set up homologies and analogies between the compared structures and their inferred functions. Furthermore, in a biomechanical analysis of the fossil record one should consider the estimated body mass as a fundamental attribute. Prestosuchus chiniquensis is an extinct species of terrestrial archosaur related to extant crocodiles. To test different hypotheses related to the locomotion of this taxon, the muscular reconstruction of the thigh of the specimen UFRGS-PV-0629-T was realized, based on the muscular descriptions of extant birds and crocodiles. It was observed that the main muscular groups considered for the reconstruction of P. chiniquensis were similar in birds and crocodiles in a general manner. Among sixteen muscular groups of the thigh that were analyzed, thirteen were recognized as present and homolog to both extant groups of archosaurs, so that the reconstruction of those muscles in the analyzed fossil specimen showed to be the most parsimonious option, involving the least number of evolutionary steps. On the other hand, the morphological particularities of the pelvic girdle and the hindlimbs gave a distinct arrangement for the origin and insertion sites of this musculature, possibly changing their line of actions. Finally, the comparison between extinct and extant archosaurs showed a basal condition sustained in some aspects, such as the morphology of the femur and the flexion of the knee, though, other aspects were considered as derived, such as the morphology of the pubis and ischium, and their associated muscle origins. At the same time, different methodologies for estimating body mass of fossil specimens were applied, and compared in order to make biomechanical inferences of the locomotors habits of P. chiniquensis. The specimen considered, approximately 4.5 m long (15 ft), presented an estimated mass of 400 kg (around 880 lbs), which, with the general morphology of the hindlimbs, were consistent with a subcursorial locomotor habit, with a preferential “semi-improved” and quadruped posture. However, due to the generalist character inferred for P. chiniquensis – which permitted a wide range of feasible postures – an ambush hunting strategy, with a biped and totally improved posture, may be admitted, possibly conferring some advantages, such as higher speeds, if compared to usual postures. Keywords: Aves. Body mass. Crocodylia. Muscular reconstruction. Rauisuchia. SUMÁRIO Volume I 1 Introdução .................................................................................................................... 8 1.1 Justificativa ......................................................................................................... 10 1.2 Objetivos ............................................................................................................. 10 2 Arcabouço teórico ...................................................................................................... 11 2.1 Lito, Crono e Bioestratigrafia do Triássico no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil ......... 11 2.2 Prestosuchus chiniquensis – um rauissúquio do Triássico brasileiro ................. 13 2.3 Evolução locomotora em arcossauros ................................................................ 15 3 Material e Métodos .................................................................................................... 45 3.1 Material ............................................................................................................... 45 3.2 Métodos .............................................................................................................. 47 4 Descrição ................................................................................................................... 84 4.1 Cintura pélvica .................................................................................................... 84 4.2 Membro posterior ............................................................................................... 98 5 Resultados e Discussão ............................................................................................ 107 5.1 Estimava de massas .......................................................................................... 107 5.2 Reconstrução muscular da coxa de Prestosuchus chiniquensis ....................... 121 5.3 Momentos de flexão para a coluna vertebral .................................................... 136 6 Inferências locomotoras e posturais ......................................................................... 142 6.1 Postura bípede / quadrúpede ............................................................................. 142 6.2 Postura planígrada / mesógrada / ortógrada ...................................................... 144 6.3 Padrões gerais de ativação muscular ................................................................ 148 6.4 Capacidade cursorial ......................................................................................... 150 6.5 Locomoção usual e estratégia de caça inferida ................................................. 154 7 Comparações com grupos extintos .......................................................................... 157 7.1 Stratiotosuchus maxhechti (Archosauria, Pseudosuchia) ................................. 157 7.2 Dinossauros basais – arcossauros avemetatarsais
Recommended publications
  • Modeling and Partitioning the Nucleotide Evolutionary Process for Phylogenetic and Comparative Genomic Inference
    University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2007 Modeling And Partitioning The Nucleotide Evolutionary Process For Phylogenetic And Comparative Genomic Inference Todd Castoe University of Central Florida Part of the Biology Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Doctoral Dissertation (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Castoe, Todd, "Modeling And Partitioning The Nucleotide Evolutionary Process For Phylogenetic And Comparative Genomic Inference" (2007). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 3111. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/3111 MODELING AND PARTITIONING THE NUCLEOTIDE EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS FOR PHYLOGENETIC AND COMPARATIVE GENOMIC INFERENCE by TODD A. CASTOE B.S. SUNY – College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1999 M.S. The University of Texas at Arlington, 2001 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biomolecular Sciences in the Burnett College of Biomedical Sciences at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Spring Term 2007 Major Professor: Christopher L. Parkinson © 2007 Todd A. Castoe ii ABSTRACT The transformation of genomic data into functionally relevant information about the composition of biological systems hinges critically on the field of computational genome biology, at the core of which lies comparative genomics. The aim of comparative genomics is to extract meaningful functional information from the differences and similarities observed across genomes of different organisms.
    [Show full text]
  • Checklist of Helminths from Lizards and Amphisbaenians (Reptilia, Squamata) of South America Ticle R A
    The Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases ISSN 1678-9199 | 2010 | volume 16 | issue 4 | pages 543-572 Checklist of helminths from lizards and amphisbaenians (Reptilia, Squamata) of South America TICLE R A Ávila RW (1), Silva RJ (1) EVIEW R (1) Department of Parasitology, Botucatu Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil. Abstract: A comprehensive and up to date summary of the literature on the helminth parasites of lizards and amphisbaenians from South America is herein presented. One-hundred eighteen lizard species from twelve countries were reported in the literature harboring a total of 155 helminth species, being none acanthocephalans, 15 cestodes, 20 trematodes and 111 nematodes. Of these, one record was from Chile and French Guiana, three from Colombia, three from Uruguay, eight from Bolivia, nine from Surinam, 13 from Paraguay, 12 from Venezuela, 27 from Ecuador, 17 from Argentina, 39 from Peru and 103 from Brazil. The present list provides host, geographical distribution (with the respective biome, when possible), site of infection and references from the parasites. A systematic parasite-host list is also provided. Key words: Cestoda, Nematoda, Trematoda, Squamata, neotropical. INTRODUCTION The present checklist summarizes the diversity of helminths from lizards and amphisbaenians Parasitological studies on helminths that of South America, providing a host-parasite list infect squamates (particularly lizards) in South with localities and biomes. America had recent increased in the past few years, with many new records of hosts and/or STUDIED REGIONS localities and description of several new species (1-3).
    [Show full text]
  • Iii Pontificia Universidad Católica Del
    III PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DEL ECUADOR FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS EXACTAS Y NATURALES ESCUELA DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS Un método integrativo para evaluar el estado de conservación de las especies y su aplicación a los reptiles del Ecuador Tesis previa a la obtención del título de Magister en Biología de la Conservación CAROLINA DEL PILAR REYES PUIG Quito, 2015 IV CERTIFICACIÓN Certifico que la disertación de la Maestría en Biología de la Conservación de la candidata Carolina del Pilar Reyes Puig ha sido concluida de conformidad con las normas establecidas; por tanto, puede ser presentada para la calificación correspondiente. Dr. Omar Torres Carvajal Director de la Disertación Quito, Octubre del 2015 V AGRADECIMIENTOS A Omar Torres-Carvajal, curador de la División de Reptiles del Museo de Zoología de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (QCAZ), por su continua ayuda y contribución en todas las etapas de este estudio. A Andrés Merino-Viteri (QCAZ) por su valiosa ayuda en la generación de mapas de distribución potencial de reptiles del Ecuador. A Santiago Espinosa y Santiago Ron (QCAZ) por sus acertados comentarios y correcciones. A Ana Almendáriz por haber facilitado las localidades geográficas de presencia de ciertos reptiles del Ecuador de la base de datos de la Escuela Politécnica Nacional (EPN). A Mario Yánez-Muñoz de la División de Herpetología del Museo Ecuatoriano de Ciencias Naturales del Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (DHMECN-INB), por su ayuda y comentarios a la evaluación de ciertos reptiles del Ecuador. A Marcio Martins, Uri Roll, Fred Kraus, Shai Meiri, Peter Uetz y Omar Torres- Carvajal del Global Assessment of Reptile Distributions (GARD) por su colaboración y comentarios en las encuestas realizadas a expertos.
    [Show full text]
  • The Chocó-Darién Conservation Corridor
    July 4, 2011 The Chocó-Darién Conservation Corridor A Project Design Note for Validation to Climate, Community, and Biodiversity (CCB) Standards (2nd Edition). CCB Project Design Document – July 4, 2011 Executive Summary Colombia is home to over 10% of the world’s plant and animal species despite covering just 0.7% of the planet’s surface, and has more registered species of birds and amphibians than any other country in the world. Along Colombia’s northwest border with Panama lies the Darién region, one of the most diverse ecosystems of the American tropics, a recognized biodiversity hotspot, and home to two UNESCO Natural World Heritage sites. The spectacular rainforests of the Darien shelter populations of endangered species such as the jaguar, spider monkey, wild dog, and peregrine falcon, as well as numerous rare species that exist nowhere else on the planet. The Darién is also home to a diverse group of Afro-Colombian, indigenous, and mestizo communities who depend on these natural resources. On August 1, 2005, the Council of Afro-Colombian Communities of the Tolo River Basin (COCOMASUR) was awarded collective land title to over 13,465 hectares of rainforest in the Serranía del Darién in the municipality of Acandí, Chocó in recognition of their traditional lifestyles and longstanding presence in the region. If they are to preserve the forests and their traditional way of life, these communities must overcome considerable challenges. During 2001- 2010 alone, over 10% of the natural forest cover of the surrounding region was converted to pasture for cattle ranching or cleared to support unsustainable agricultural practices.
    [Show full text]
  • Borrador De Tesis
    UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE TRUJILLO ESCUELA DE POSTGRADO PROGRAMA: DOCTORADO EN CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS Estado actual de las poblaciones de Dicrodon guttulatum y Dicrodon holmbergi, en el Santuario Histórico Bosque Pómac y Pampa Tizal, 2007 TESIS PARA OPTAR EL GRADO DE DOCTOR EN CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS AUTOR: Ms. C. LUIS ENRIQUE POLLACK VELÁSQUEZ ASESOR: Dr. RADIGUD FERNÁNDEZ ROMERO TRUJILLO – PERÚ 2009 Nº de Registro: …….. i AUTORIDADES Dr. Carlos Sabana Gamarra Rector Dr. Juan César Muro Morey Vicerrector Académico Dr. Orlando Velásquez Benites Vicerrector Administrativo Dr. Sebastián Bustamante Edquén Director de la Escuela de Postgrado Dr. Steban Ilich Zerpa Profesor Secretario de la Escuela de Postgrado Dr. Federico González Veintemilla Director de Sección de Postgrado en Ciencias Biológicas i PRESENTACIÓN Señores miembros del Jurado En cumplimiento con las disposiciones establecidas en el Reglamento de Grados y Títulos de la Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, pongo a vuestra consideración el trabajo de tesis titulado: Estado actual de las poblaciones de Dicrodon guttulatum y Dicrodon holmbergi, en el Santuario Histórico Bosque Pómac y Pampa Tizal, 2007, con el propósito de obtener el Grado de Doctor en Ciencias Biológicas. Espero que vuestro criterio idóneo sepa comprender algunas omisiones involuntarias, en tal sentido me someto a su dictamen. Trujillo, agosto de 2009. _________________________________ Ms. C. Luis Enrique Pollack Velásquez ii DEL ASESOR Dr. RADIGUD FERNÁNDEZ ROMERO, suscribe que la presente tesis ha sido ejecutada de acuerdo a lo establecido en el plan de trabajo y con las debidas orientaciones brindadas al tesista. Respecto al informe, éste ha sido revisado y acoge las sugerencias pertinentes. __________________________________ Dr. RADIGUD FERNÁNDEZ ROMERO Asesor iii DEL JURADO DICTAMINADOR Los profesores que suscriben, miembros del Jurado Dictaminador, declaran que la presente tesis ha sido ejecutada en concordancia con las normas vigentes de la Escuela de Postgrado de la Universidad Nacional de Trujillo.
    [Show full text]
  • Herpetofaunal Survey of the Ongeluksnek (Malekgalonyane) Nature Reserve in the Foothills of the Drakensberg, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
    Herpetology Notes, volume 13: 717-730 (2020) (published online on 25 August 2020) Herpetofaunal survey of the Ongeluksnek (Malekgalonyane) Nature Reserve in the foothills of the Drakensberg, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa Werner Conradie1,2,* Brian Reeves3, Sandile Mdoko3, Lwandiso Pamla3, and Oyama Gxabhu3 Abstract. The results of a herpetofaunal survey of Ongeluksnek Nature Reserve, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa are presented here. Combination of visual encounter survey methods and standard Y-shape trap arrays were used to conduct the survey. A total of 26 species (eight amphibians and 18 reptiles) were recorded, representing 29 quarter-degree grid cell records, of which 62% represented the first records for these units. Furthermore, we document the presence of three species of snakes (Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia, Hemachatus haemachatus and Homoroselaps lacteus) for the first time for the whole degree square of 3028 (approx. 100 km2). This study highlights the need to survey poorly known regions to enable us to understand and document the full distributional extent of species. We also discuss the impact of uncontrolled fires on the absence of grassland specialised species during our survey. Keywords. Amphibia, Reptilia, karroid, conservation, biodiversity, fire Introduction has been done in the southern and western regions (e.g. Branch and Braack, 1987), while the northern and The herpetofaunal richness of South Africa is central areas associated with the former homelands of considered to be amongst the highest in the world the Ciskei and Transkei remained poorly surveyed. In (Branch, 1998; Bates et al., 2014; Du Preez and recent years a series of rapid biodiversity studies has Carruthers, 2017; Tolley et al., 2019).
    [Show full text]
  • HERPETOLOGICAL BULLETIN Number 106 – Winter 2008
    The HERPETOLOGICAL BULLETIN Number 106 – Winter 2008 PUBLISHED BY THE BRITISH HERPETOLOGICAL SOCIETY THE HERPETOLOGICAL BULLETIN Contents RESEA R CH AR TICLES Use of transponders in the post-release monitoring of translocated spiny-tailed lizards (Uromastyx aegyptia microlepis) in Abu Dhabi Emirate, United Arab Emirates Pritpal S. Soorae, Judith Howlett and Jamie Samour .......................... 1 Gastrointestinal helminths of three species of Dicrodon (Squamata: Teiidae) from Peru Stephen R. Goldberg and Charles R. Bursey ..................................... 4 Notes on the Natural History of the eublepharid Gecko Hemitheconyx caudicinctus in northwestern Ghana Stephen Spawls ........................................................ 7 Significant range extension for the Central American Colubrid snake Ninia pavimentata (Bocourt 1883) Josiah H. Townsend, J. Micheal Butler, Larry David Wilson, Lorraine P. Ketzler, John Slapcinsky and Nathaniel M. Stewart ..................................... 15 Predation on Italian Newt larva, Lissotriton italicus (Amphibia, Caudata, Salamandridae), by Agabus bipustulatus (Insecta, Coleoptera, Dytiscidae) Luigi Corsetti and Gianluca Nardi........................................ 18 Behaviour, Time Management, and Foraging Modes of a West Indian Racer, Alsophis sibonius Lauren A. White, Peter J. Muelleman, Robert W. Henderson and Robert Powell . 20 Communal egg-laying and nest-sites of the Goo-Eater, Sibynomorphus mikanii (Colubridae, Dipsadinae) in southeastern Brazil Henrique B. P. Braz, Francisco L. Franco
    [Show full text]
  • De Los Reptiles Del Yasuní
    guía dinámica de los reptiles del yasuní omar torres coordinador editorial Lista de especies Número de especies: 113 Amphisbaenia Amphisbaenidae Amphisbaena bassleri, Culebras ciegas Squamata: Serpentes Boidae Boa constrictor, Boas matacaballo Corallus hortulanus, Boas de los jardines Epicrates cenchria, Boas arcoiris Eunectes murinus, Anacondas Colubridae: Dipsadinae Atractus major, Culebras tierreras cafés Atractus collaris, Culebras tierreras de collares Atractus elaps, Falsas corales tierreras Atractus occipitoalbus, Culebras tierreras grises Atractus snethlageae, Culebras tierreras Clelia clelia, Chontas Dipsas catesbyi, Culebras caracoleras de Catesby Dipsas indica, Culebras caracoleras neotropicales Drepanoides anomalus, Culebras hoz Erythrolamprus reginae, Culebras terrestres reales Erythrolamprus typhlus, Culebras terrestres ciegas Erythrolamprus guentheri, Falsas corales de nuca rosa Helicops angulatus, Culebras de agua anguladas Helicops pastazae, Culebras de agua de Pastaza Helicops leopardinus, Culebras de agua leopardo Helicops petersi, Culebras de agua de Peters Hydrops triangularis, Culebras de agua triángulo Hydrops martii, Culebras de agua amazónicas Imantodes lentiferus, Cordoncillos del Amazonas Imantodes cenchoa, Cordoncillos comunes Leptodeira annulata, Serpientes ojos de gato anilladas Oxyrhopus petolarius, Falsas corales amazónicas Oxyrhopus melanogenys, Falsas corales oscuras Oxyrhopus vanidicus, Falsas corales Philodryas argentea, Serpientes liana verdes de banda plateada Philodryas viridissima, Serpientes corredoras
    [Show full text]
  • Supplemental Material Conservation Status of the Herpetofauna
    Official journal website: Amphibian & Reptile Conservation amphibian-reptile-conservation.org 8(2) [Special Section]: 1–18; S1–S24 (e87). Supplemental Material Conservation status of the herpetofauna, protected areas, and current problems in Valle del Cauca, Colombia 1Alejandro Valencia-Zuleta, Andrés Felipe Jaramillo-Martínez, Andrea Echeverry-Bocanegra, Ron- ald Viáfara-Vega, Oscar Hernández-Córdoba, Victoria E. Cardona-Botero, Jaime Gutiérrez-Zúñiga, and Fernando Castro-Herrera Universidad del Valle, Grupo Laboratorio de Herpetología, Departamento de Biología, Cali, COLOMBIA Citation: Valencia-Zuleta A, Jaramillo-Martínez AF, Echeverry-Bocanegra A, Viáfara-Vega R, Hernández-Córdoba O, Cardona-Botero VE, Gutiérrez- Zúñiga J, Castro-Herrera F. 2014. Conservation status of the herpetofauna, protected areas, and current problems in Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 8(2) [Special Section]: 1–18; S1–S24 (e87). Copyright: © 2014 Valencia-Zuleta et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCom- mercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use for non-commercial and education purposes only, in any medium, provided the original author and the official and authorized publication sources are recognized and properly credited. The official and authorized publication credit sources, which will be duly enforced, are as follows: official journal title Amphibian & Reptile Conservation; official journal website <amphibian-reptile-conservation.org>. Received: 12 March 2014; Accepted: 24 November 2014; Published: 19 December 2014 Table 1. Taxonomic list of amphibians and reptile of the department of Valle del Cauca (Cardona-B. et al. 2014). Actualization of threat categories based on: IUCN (red list), Red Book of Amphibians (Rueda et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Selected Body Temperature and Thermoregulatory Behavior in the Sit-And-Wait Foraging Lizard Pseudocordylus Melanotus Melanotus
    Herpetological Monographs, 23 2009, 108–122 E 2009 by The Herpetologists’ League, Inc. SELECTED BODY TEMPERATURE AND THERMOREGULATORY BEHAVIOR IN THE SIT-AND-WAIT FORAGING LIZARD PSEUDOCORDYLUS MELANOTUS MELANOTUS 1,2 SUZANNE MCCONNACHIE ,GRAHAM J. ALEXANDER, AND MARTIN J. WHITING School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits, 2050, South Africa ABSTRACT: We investigated the thermoregulatory abilities and behavior of Pseudocordylus melanotus melanotus (Drakensberg crag lizard) in terms of the relationship between the operative temperature (Te), selected temperature (Tsel), set-point range (Tset) and field active body temperature (field Tsel), exposure to low temperature, body posture and activity. The Te range for P. m. melanotus was about 58 C (23.20 C in winter to 54.94 C in summer). In a laboratory thermal gradient, in a setting that is independent of ecological costs or thermal constraints, lizards maintained Tset (defined as the interquartile range of Tsel, after Hertz et al., 1993) between 29.00 6 0.36 C and 31.78 6 0.16 C in winter and 29.61 6 0.28 C and 32.47 6 0.18 C in summer. The mean Tsel was 30.08 6 0.14 C in winter and 30.99 6 0.11 C in summer. In the field, however, lizards achieved significantly lower Tb, which suggests that the thermal environment limited the Tb that lizards were able to achieve. Lizards were active for significantly longer and selected significantly higher Tb in summer than in winter. During winter, lizards spent a significant amount of time at Tb below their lower critical limiting temperature (defined by loss of righting).
    [Show full text]
  • Literature Cited in Lizards Natural History Database
    Literature Cited in Lizards Natural History database Abdala, C. S., A. S. Quinteros, and R. E. Espinoza. 2008. Two new species of Liolaemus (Iguania: Liolaemidae) from the puna of northwestern Argentina. Herpetologica 64:458-471. Abdala, C. S., D. Baldo, R. A. Juárez, and R. E. Espinoza. 2016. The first parthenogenetic pleurodont Iguanian: a new all-female Liolaemus (Squamata: Liolaemidae) from western Argentina. Copeia 104:487-497. Abdala, C. S., J. C. Acosta, M. R. Cabrera, H. J. Villaviciencio, and J. Marinero. 2009. A new Andean Liolaemus of the L. montanus series (Squamata: Iguania: Liolaemidae) from western Argentina. South American Journal of Herpetology 4:91-102. Abdala, C. S., J. L. Acosta, J. C. Acosta, B. B. Alvarez, F. Arias, L. J. Avila, . S. M. Zalba. 2012. Categorización del estado de conservación de las lagartijas y anfisbenas de la República Argentina. Cuadernos de Herpetologia 26 (Suppl. 1):215-248. Abell, A. J. 1999. Male-female spacing patterns in the lizard, Sceloporus virgatus. Amphibia-Reptilia 20:185-194. Abts, M. L. 1987. Environment and variation in life history traits of the Chuckwalla, Sauromalus obesus. Ecological Monographs 57:215-232. Achaval, F., and A. Olmos. 2003. Anfibios y reptiles del Uruguay. Montevideo, Uruguay: Facultad de Ciencias. Achaval, F., and A. Olmos. 2007. Anfibio y reptiles del Uruguay, 3rd edn. Montevideo, Uruguay: Serie Fauna 1. Ackermann, T. 2006. Schreibers Glatkopfleguan Leiocephalus schreibersii. Munich, Germany: Natur und Tier. Ackley, J. W., P. J. Muelleman, R. E. Carter, R. W. Henderson, and R. Powell. 2009. A rapid assessment of herpetofaunal diversity in variously altered habitats on Dominica.
    [Show full text]
  • Lizard Diversity in Response to Human-Induced Disturbance in Andean Ecuador
    Lizard diversity in response to human-induced disturbance in Andean Ecuador BRYONY A. TOLHURST1, , VANESSA AGUIRRE PEÑAFIEL2, PAOLA MAFLA-ENDARA2, MAUREEN J. BERG¹ , MIKA R. PECK³, AND SIMON T. MADDOCK 4 5 1 Behaviour Biodiversity Ecology and Conservation (BBEC) Research Group, University of Brighton, Cockcroft Building, Lewes Road, Brighton, Sussex, BN2 4GJ, UK. Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] ² Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador. ³ School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK. 4 Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, UK. 5 Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK. Abstract. The cloud-forests of the Western Ecuadorean Andes are highly diverse and under threat from anthropogenic habitat disturbance. Reptiles are sensitive to habitat change and are therefore useful indicators of ecosystem state, although effects vary. Overall diversity has been shown to be highest in old-growth (primary) forest however recent studies suggest that older secondary forests can recover to near pre-disturbance levels. We systematically surveyed leaf-litter lizard diversity along a gradient of disturbance in a montane cloud-forest fragment whilst controlling for the potentially confounding effect of elevation. We deployed 21 pitfall trap-lines equally between primary forest, secondary forest of mid-age (18-30 years), and agroforestry, between three altitudinal bands, for ten days each, over a period of three years. 1 We investigated diversity patterns using Chao 1 and 2 indices (estimated richness), effective species number (ESN), relative abundance of individual species, relative abundance of pooled species, and observed species richness. We also conducted an opportunistic inventory of reptile species.
    [Show full text]