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De Los Reptiles Del Yasuní guía dinámica de los reptiles del yasuní omar torres coordinador editorial Lista de especies Número de especies: 113 Amphisbaenia Amphisbaenidae Amphisbaena bassleri, Culebras ciegas Squamata: Serpentes Boidae Boa constrictor, Boas matacaballo Corallus hortulanus, Boas de los jardines Epicrates cenchria, Boas arcoiris Eunectes murinus, Anacondas Colubridae: Dipsadinae Atractus major, Culebras tierreras cafés Atractus collaris, Culebras tierreras de collares Atractus elaps, Falsas corales tierreras Atractus occipitoalbus, Culebras tierreras grises Atractus snethlageae, Culebras tierreras Clelia clelia, Chontas Dipsas catesbyi, Culebras caracoleras de Catesby Dipsas indica, Culebras caracoleras neotropicales Drepanoides anomalus, Culebras hoz Erythrolamprus reginae, Culebras terrestres reales Erythrolamprus typhlus, Culebras terrestres ciegas Erythrolamprus guentheri, Falsas corales de nuca rosa Helicops angulatus, Culebras de agua anguladas Helicops pastazae, Culebras de agua de Pastaza Helicops leopardinus, Culebras de agua leopardo Helicops petersi, Culebras de agua de Peters Hydrops triangularis, Culebras de agua triángulo Hydrops martii, Culebras de agua amazónicas Imantodes lentiferus, Cordoncillos del Amazonas Imantodes cenchoa, Cordoncillos comunes Leptodeira annulata, Serpientes ojos de gato anilladas Oxyrhopus petolarius, Falsas corales amazónicas Oxyrhopus melanogenys, Falsas corales oscuras Oxyrhopus vanidicus, Falsas corales Philodryas argentea, Serpientes liana verdes de banda plateada Philodryas viridissima, Serpientes corredoras verdes comunes Pseudoboa coronata, Serpiente escarlata amazónica Siphlophis cervinus, Serpientes liana comunes Siphlophis compressus, Falsas corales tropicales Xenodon rabdocephalus, Falsas equis Xenodon severus, Falsas equis orientales Xenopholis scalaris, Serpientes de cabeza plana Taeniophallus brevirostris, Culebras sudamericanas Colubridae: Colubrinae Chironius fuscus, Serpientes látigo olivas Chironius exoletus, Serpientes látigo Chironius monticola, Serpientes látigo de montaña Chironius multiventris, Serpientes látigo Chironius scurrulus, Serpientes látigo de Wagler Chironius carinatus, Serpientes látigo negras Dendrophidion dendrophis, Serpientes corredoras aceituna de bosque Drymobius rhombifer, Culebras con rombos Drymoluber dichrous, Serpientes corredoras comunes brillantes Leptophis ahaetulla, Loras falsas gigantes Oxybelis aeneus, Serpientes liana cafés Oxybelis fulgidus, Serpientes liana verdes Rhinobothryum lentiginosum, Falsas corales anilladas amazónicas Spilotes sulphureus, Serpientes silbadoras gigantes Spilotes pullatus, Serpientes tigre comunes Tantilla melanocephala, Culebras de cabeza negra Phrynonax polylepis, Culebras silbadoras amazónicas Elapidae Micrurus narduccii, Coralillas Micrurus langsdori, Corales de Langsdor Micrurus ornatissimus, Corales ornamentadas Micrurus spixii, Corales amazónicas de cuello negro Micrurus surinamensis, Corales acuáticas Micrurus lemniscatus, Corales acintadas amazónicas Viperidae Bothriopsis bilineata, Oritos machacuy Bothriopsis taeniata, Chichis Bothrocophias hyoprora, Hocicos de puerco Bothrops brazili, Equis de Brasil Bothrops atrox, Equis del oriente Lachesis muta, Verrugosas del oriente Typhlopidae Amerotyphlops reticulatus, Serpientes ciegas gigantes Crocodylia Alligatoridae Caiman crocodilus, Caimanes de anteojos Paleosuchus trigonatus, Caimanes de frente lisa Melanosuchus niger, Caimanes negros Squamata: Sauria Sphaerodactylidae Gonatodes humeralis, Salamanquesas de Trinidad Gonatodes concinnatus, Salamanquesas de tronco Lepidoblepharis festae, Salamanquesas pestañudas orientales Pseudogonatodes guianensis, Salamanquesas Phyllodactylidae Thecadactylus solimoensis, Salamanquesas gigantes orientales Gymnophthalmidae Arthrosaura reticulata, Lagartijas de vientre amarillo Bachia trisanale, Culebras falsas Cercosaura oshaughnessyi, Lagartijas rayadas de O'Shaughnessy Cercosaura argula, Lagartijas rayadas brillantes Cercosaura manicata, Lagartijas rayadas de mangas Iphisa elegans, Lagartijas Potamites ecpleopus, Lagartijas ribereñas Loxopholis parietalis, Lagartijas comunes de las raíces Alopoglossidae Alopoglossus angulatus, Lagartijas Alopoglossus atriventris, Lagartijas de vientre quillado Alopoglossus copii, Lagartijas Ptychoglossus brevifrontalis, Lagartijas Iguanidae: Hoplocercinae Enyalioides cofanorum, Lagartijas de palo cofanes Enyalioides laticeps, Lagartijas de palo cabezonas Iguanidae: Dactyloinae Anolis scypheus, Anolis de escamas doradas Anolis fuscoauratus, Anolis esbeltos Anolis ortonii, Anolis de Orton Anolis punctatus, Anolis manchados Anolis trachyderma, Anolis de piel áspera Anolis transversalis, Anolis de bandas transversales Scincidae Mabuya nigropunctata, Mabuyas de puntos negros Teiidae Kentropyx pelviceps, Lagartijas del bosque Tupinambis cuzcoensis, Tegúes de la selva Iguanidae: Tropidurinae Plica umbra, Lagartijas de labios azules Plica plica, Lagartijas zanqueras de los árboles Uracentron flaviceps, Lagartijas tropicales de cola espinosa Testudines Chelidae Chelus fimbriatus, Tortugas Mata-mata Phrynops georoanus, Tortugas cabeza de sapo de Georoy Platemys platycephala, Charapitas de aguajal Mesoclemmys gibba, Tortugas de Gibba Mesoclemmys heliostemma, Tortugas cabeza de sapo Mesoclemmys raniceps, Tortugas cabeza de sapo de líneas negras Kinosternidae Kinosternon scorpioides, Tortugas tapa-rabo de la Amazonía Podocnemididae Podocnemis expansa, Charapas grandes Podocnemis unifilis, Charapas pequeñas Peltocephalus dumerilianus, Tortugas cabezonas de la Amazonía Testudinidae Chelonoidis denticulatus, Motelos Amphisbaenia Amphisbaenidae Amphisbaena bassleri Culebras ciegas Vanzolini (2002) Orden: Amphisbaenia | Familia: Amphisbaenidae Nombres comunes Pudridoras , Mottled amphisbaenas , Speckled worm lizards , Worm lizards , Culebras ciegas Tamaño El tamaño varía de 300 a 362 mm de longitud (Duellman, 1978; Vitt y de la Torre, 1996). Color en vida Cuerpo blanco a blanco amarillento, raramente blanco rosáceo; marcas dorsales oscuras (negruzcas o azuladas), delgadas y transversales que terminan en los flancos; vientre blanco a blanco amarillento, raramente blanco rosáceo (Duellman, 1978; Vitt y de la Torre, 1996; Vanzolini, 2002). Historia natural Esta especie de hábitos fosoriales es diurna y crepuscular (Vitt y de la Torre, 1996). Poco se conoce sobre su ecología, pero podría ser un forrajeador activo de desplazamiento lento que se alimenta de invertebrados, como hormigas (Formicidae), termitas (Isoptera) y ciempiés (Chilopoda) (Duellman, 1978; Vitt y de la Torre, 1996). Es probablemente ovípara, como la mayoría de anfisbénidos (Duellman, 1978; Vitt y de La Torre, 1996). Andrade et al. (2006) sugieren que los huevos de las especies amazónicas pueden ser colocados en nidos de hormigas y termitas, lo que brindaría rangos de temperatura y humedad favorables para el desarrollo de los embriones, además de servir como mecanismo de defensa ante depredadores o ataques microbianos. Cuando se siente amenazada levanta la cola y la cabeza del suelo, y mueve la cola como si fuese la cabeza. La cola puede autotomizarse una vez (desprenderse), si es atrapada se defiende mordiendo, y aunque no es venenosa sus mordeduras son dolorosas (Vitt y de la Torre, 1996). Distribución y Hábitat Amphisbaena bassleri se distribuye en Bolivia, Perú, norte de Argentina y la Amazonía alta de Ecuador (Gans, 2005). En Ecuador habita entre los 0 a 152 m de altitud, y se la ha reportado en las provincias de Napo, Orellana, Pastaza, Sucumbíos y Morona Santiago (Vanzolini, 2002; Lemos y Facure, 2007). Este reptil habita en bosques de galería, bosques semideciduos y formaciones abiertas, en la hojarasca o bajo tierra. Después de las lluvias se la puede observar sobre el suelo (Vitt y de la Torre, 1996). Regiones naturales Bosque Montano Oriental, Bosque Piemontano Oriental, Bosque Húmedo Tropical Amazónico Pisos Altitudinales Tropical oriental Sistemática Vanzolini (1951, 2002) reconoce cinco subespecies de Amphisbaena fuliginosa, por su coloración y números de escamas. Sin embargo, Gans (2005) propone el cambio de estatus de la subespecie (Amphisbaena fuliginosa bassleri) a especie (Amphisbaena bassleri). Estado de conservación Lista Roja IUCN: No evaluada. Lista Roja Carrillo: Preocupación menor. La destrucción, fragmentación y contaminación del hábitat son sus mayores amenazas. Fomentar los estudios acerca del estado de sus poblaciones naturales sería el primer paso para su conservación. Literatura Citada 1. American Heritage Dictionary. 2006. The American heritage dictionary of the English language. Houghton Milin Harcourt Publishing Company, 2074 pp. 2. Andrade, D. V., Nascimento, L. B. y Abe, A. S. 2006. Habits hidden underground: A review on the reproduction of the Amphisbaenia with notes on four neotropical species. Amphibia-Reptilia 27:207-217. 3. Carrillo, E., Aldás, S., Altamirano-Benavides, M. A., Ayala-Varela, F., Cisneros-Heredia, D. F., Endara, A., Márquez, C., Morales, M., Nogales-Sornosa, F., Salvador, P., Torres, M. L., Valencia, J., Villamarín-Jurado, F., Yánez-Muñoz, M. H. y Zárate, P. 2005. Lista roja de los reptiles del Ecuador. Fundación Novum Milenium, UICN-Sur, UICN-Comité Ecuatoriano, Ministerio de Educación y Cultura, Serie Proyecto Peepe, Quito, Ecuador, 46 pp. 4. CITES. 2017. Apéndices I, II y III. https://cites.org/esp/app/appendices.php (Consultado: 2017). 5. Duellman, W. E. 1978. The biology of an equatorial herpetofauna in Amazonian Ecuador. Miscellaneous Publications of the University of Kansas 65:1-352.
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