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Instituto De Formación Técnica Profesional “INFOTEP” 2012/2014 Instituto De Formación Técnica Profesional “INFOTEP” 2012/2014 Características del Computador: Una computadora o computador (del inglés computer y este del latín computare -calcular), también denominada ordenador (del francés ordinateur, y este del latín ordinator), es una máquina electrónica que recibe y procesa datos para convertirlos en información útil. Una computadora es una colección de circuitos integrados y otros componentes electronicos relacionados que puede ejecutar con exactitud, rapidez y de acuerdo a lo indicado por un usuario o automáticamente por otro programa, una gran variedad de secuencias o rutinas de instrucciones que son ordenadas, organizadas y sistematizadas en función a una amplia gama de aplicaciones prácticas y precisamente determinadas, proceso al cual se le ha denominado con el nombre de programación y al que lo realiza se le llama programador. La computadora, además de la rutina o programa informático, necesita de datos específicos (a estos datos, en conjunto, se les conoce como "Input" en inglés o de entrada) que deben ser suministrados, y que son requeridos al momento de la ejecución, para proporcionar el producto final del procesamiento de datos, que recibe el nombre de "output" o de salida. La información puede ser entonces utilizada, reinterpretada, copiada, transferida, o retransmitida a otra(s) persona(s), computadora(s) o componente(s) electrónico(s) local o remotamente usando diferentes sistemas de telecomunicación, pudiendo ser grabada, salvada o almacenada en algún tipo de dispositivo o unidad de almacenamiento. WWW.INFOTEP.CREATUPROPIAWEB.COM PROF: ROQUE CARDENAS 0416-8764700 1 Instituto De Formación Técnica Profesional “INFOTEP” 2012/2014 Placa madre/Mainboard/Motherboard: La placa base, también conocida como placa madre o tarjeta madre (del inglés motherboard o mainboard) es una tarjeta de circuito impreso a la que se conectan los componentes que constituyen la computadora u ordenador. Es una parte fundamental a la hora de armar una PC de escritorio o portátil. Tiene instalados una serie de circuitos integrados, entre los que se encuentra el chipset, que sirve como centro de conexión entre el microprocesador, la memoria de acceso aleatorio (RAM), las ranuras de expansión y otros dispositivos. Va instalada dentro de una caja o gabinete que por lo general está hecha de metal y tiene un panel para conectar dispositivos externos y muchos conectores internos y zócalos para instalar componentes dentro de la caja. La placa base, además, incluye un firmware llamado BIOS, que le permite realizar las funcionalidades básicas, como pruebas de los dispositivos, vídeo y manejo del teclado, reconocimiento de dispositivos y carga del sistema operativo. WWW.INFOTEP.CREATUPROPIAWEB.COM PROF: ROQUE CARDENAS 0416-8764700 2 Instituto De Formación Técnica Profesional “INFOTEP” 2012/2014 Arquitectura de la placa: Se divide en dos secciones, el puente norte (northbridge) y el puente sur (southbridge). El primero gestiona la interconexión entre el microprocesador, la memoria RAM y la unidad de procesamiento gráfico; y el segundo entre los periféricos y los dispositivos de almacenamiento, como los discos duros o las unidades de disco óptico. A estos puentes, se le conocen como chipset, y son una serie de circuitos electrónicos, que gestionan las transferencias de datos entre los diferentes componentes de la computadora. Socket/Zócalo: El zócalo de CPU es un receptáculo que recibe el microprocesador y lo conecta con el resto de componentes a través de la placa base. Existen los siguientes Socket; 478, Lga775, Lga1156, Lga1366. MT/s: Millones de transferencias por segundo es un término usado en informática, se refiere al número de transferencias de datos que pueden darse en un segundo. Generalmente se expresa en millones de transferencias por segundo (MT/s) aunque se pueden dar en GT/s también. Usualmente se aplica al número de transferencias efectivas, que pueden darse en un bus. Por ejemplo, en sistemas de memoria DDR, si la frecuencia de trabajo es de 100 MHz, como se transfieren datos tanto en los flancos de subida como de bajada de la señal de reloj, la velocidad de transferencia de datos será de 200 MT/s. WWW.INFOTEP.CREATUPROPIAWEB.COM PROF: ROQUE CARDENAS 0416-8764700 3 Instituto De Formación Técnica Profesional “INFOTEP” 2012/2014 478: Para las PIV de 1era generación y los Celeron. FSB: 400/533/800 CPU: Intel PIV de 1.4/3.4Ghz,Intel Celeron de 1.7/2.8Ghz, WWW.INFOTEP.CREATUPROPIAWEB.COM PROF: ROQUE CARDENAS 0416-8764700 4 Instituto De Formación Técnica Profesional “INFOTEP” 2012/2014 Lga775: Para las PIV de última generación, Core Dúo, Dual Core, y los Core Quad. El zócalo LGA 775, también conocido como Socket T FSB: 533, 800, 1066, 1333, 1600. Intel Pentium 4 (2.66 - 3.80 GHz) Intel Celeron D (2.53 - 3.60 GHz ) intel Pentium 4 Extreme Edition (3.20 - 3.73 GHz) Intel Pentium D (2.66 - 3.60 GHz) Pentium Dual-Core (1.40 - 2.80 GHz) Intel Core 2 Duo (1.60 - 3.33 GHz) Intel Core 2 Extreme (2.66 - 3.20 GHz) Intel Core 2 Quad (2.33 - 3.00 GHz) Intel Xeon (1.86-3.40 GHz) Intel 'Core' Celeron (1.60 - 2.40 GHz) Actualmente el zócalo LGA 775 ha sido superado por los zócalos LGA 1156 (Socket H) y LGA 1366 (Socket B) WWW.INFOTEP.CREATUPROPIAWEB.COM PROF: ROQUE CARDENAS 0416-8764700 5 Instituto De Formación Técnica Profesional “INFOTEP” 2012/2014 Lga1156: Para los i3, i5, i7. LGA 1156, también conocido como Socket H, es un socket de CPU Intel de sobremesa. LGA significa Land Grid Array. El LGA 1156, junto con el LGA 1366, fue diseñado para sustituir a LGA 775. LGA 1156 es muy diferente de LGA 775. Los Procesadores LGA 775 estaban conectados a un puente norte con el bus frontal. Con LGA 1156, las funciones que tradicionalmente eran de un puente norte se han integrado en el procesador. GT/s: Indicado en el CPU Procesadores soportados Nombre Nombre de Modelo Frecuencia Núcleos/Hilos Velocidad máxima clave marca (lista) de memoria Lynnfield Core i5 i5-7xx 2.66 GHz 4/4 DDR3-1333 Core i7 i7-8xx 2.8-2.93 4/8 GHz Xeon L34xx 1.86 GHz 4/4 or 4/8 X34xx 2.4-2.93 GHz Clarkdale Celeron G1xxx 2.26 GHz 2/2 DDR3-1066 Pentium G6xxx 2.80 GHz 2/2 Core i3 i3-5xx 2.93-3.06 2/4 DDR3-1333 GHz Core i5 i5-6xx 3.2-3.46 2/4 GHz WWW.INFOTEP.CREATUPROPIAWEB.COM PROF: ROQUE CARDENAS 0416-8764700 6 Instituto De Formación Técnica Profesional “INFOTEP” 2012/2014 Lga1366: Para los i7 con GPU integrado, posee 1366 contactos. El Socket LGA 1366 es una implementación de zócalo para procesadores Intel Core i7, también conocido como el Socket B. Procesadores: Intel Core i7 (2,66 - 3,33 GHz), Intel Xeon (5500 series) WWW.INFOTEP.CREATUPROPIAWEB.COM PROF: ROQUE CARDENAS 0416-8764700 7 Instituto De Formación Técnica Profesional “INFOTEP” 2012/2014 La mayoría de las placas de PC vendidas después de 2001 se pueden clasificar en dos grupos: • Las placas base para procesadores AMD o Slot A Duron, Athlon o Socket A Duron, Athlon, Athlon XP, Sempron o Socket 754 Athlon 64, Mobile Athlon 64, Sempron, Turion o Socket 939 Athlon 64, Athlon FX , Athlon X2, Sempron, Opteron o Socket 940 Opteron y Athlon 64 FX o Socket AM2 Athlon 64, Athlon FX, Athlon X2, Sempron, Phenom o Socket F Opteron o Socket AM2 + Athlon 64, Athlon FX, Athlon X2, Sempron, Phenom o Socket AM3 Phenom II X2/X3/X4/x6. o Socket AM3+ Sempron, Athlon II X2/X3/X4, Phenom II X2/X3/X4/X6, FX X4/X6/X8 • Las placas base para procesadores Intel o Socket 7: Pentium I, Pentium MMX o Slot 1: Pentium II, Pentium III, Celeron o Socket 370: Pentium III, Celeron o Socket 423: Pentium 4 o Socket 478: Pentium 4, Celeron o Socket 775: Pentium 4, Celeron, Pentium D (doble núcleo), Core 2 Duo, Core 2 Quad, Core 2 Extreme, Xeon o Socket 603 Xeon o Socket 604 Xeon o Socket 771 Xeon o LGA1366 Intel Core i7, Xeon (Nehalem) o LGA 1156 Intel Core i3, Intel Core i5, Intel Core i7 (Nehalem) o LGA 2011 Intel Core i7 (Sandy Bridge) o LGA 1155 Intel Core i7, Intel Core i5 y Intel Core i3 (Sandy Bridge) Factor de forma: Factor de forma (inglés form factor) son unos estándares que definen algunas características físicas de las placas base para ordenador personal. Tamaños de factores.Tipos mas conocidos de placas base WTX 356×425 AT 350×305 Baby-AT 330×216 BTX 325×266 ATX 305×244 NLX 254×228 microATX 244×244(mm) DTX 244×203 FlexATX 229×191 Mini-DTX 203×170 EBX 203×146 microATX (Min.) 171×171 Mini-ITX 170×170 EPIC (Express) 165×115 Nano-ITX 120×120 COM Express 125×95 ETX / XTX 114×95 Pico-ITX 100×72 PC/104 (-Plus) 96×90 mobile-ITX 75×45 WWW.INFOTEP.CREATUPROPIAWEB.COM PROF: ROQUE CARDENAS 0416-8764700 8 Instituto De Formación Técnica Profesional “INFOTEP” 2012/2014 FUENTES: La fuente de Poder, fuente de Alimentación o Power Supply es un dispositivo electrónico que suministra la energía necesaria para que el computador y sus periféricos operen normalmente. Dicho de otra forma la fuente de poder se encarga de transformar la energía alterna de 110 Vac 220Vac, que nos entrega la red comercial, a distintas líneas de voltaje DC típicamente 3.3V, 5V, 12V. Ya que todos los componentes del computador requieren de energía C.C. CONECTORES DE LA FUENTE: WWW.INFOTEP.CREATUPROPIAWEB.COM PROF: ROQUE CARDENAS 0416-8764700 9 Instituto De Formación Técnica Profesional “INFOTEP” 2012/2014 VOLTAJES DE LA FUENTE: Negro = 0vdc = Negativo/Tierra Naranja = +3.3vdc Rojo = +5.1vdc Amarillo = +12vdc Blanco = -5vdc Azul = -12vdc Verde = +4.7vdc = Pwr/Encendido Morado = +4.9vdc = Stamby/Voltaje de espera Gris = +5vdc = Pwr Ok/Monitoreo de voltaje Nota: Verde y Morado deben medir voltaje aunque la fuente este en off.
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