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Socket E Slot Per Socket e Slot per CPU Socket e Slot per CPU Socket 1 Socket 2 Socket 3 Socket 4 Socket 5 Socket 6 Socket 7 e Super Socket 7 Socket 8 Slot 1 (SC242) Slot 2 (SC330) Socket 370 (PGA-370) Slot A Socket A (Socket 462) Socket 423 Socket 478 Socket 479 Socket 775 (LGA775) Socket 603 Socket 604 PAC418 PAC611 Socket 754 Socket 939 Socket 940 Socket AM2 (Socket M2) Socket 771 (LGA771) Socket F (Socket 1207) Socket S1 A partire dai processori 486, Intel progettò e introdusse i socket per CPU che, oltre a poter ospitare diversi modelli di processori, ne consentiva anche una rapida e facile sostituzione/aggiornamento. Il nuovo socket viene definito ZIF (Zero Insertion Force ) in quanto l'inserimento della CPU non richiede alcuna forza contrariamente ai socket LIF ( Low Insertion Force ) i quali, oltre a richiedere una piccola pressione per l'inserimento del chip, richiedono anche appositi tool per la sua rimozione. Il modello di socket ZIF installato sulla motherboard è, in genere, indicato sul socket stesso. Tipi diversi di socket accettano famiglie diverse di processori. Se si conosce il tipo di zoccolo montato sulla scheda madre è possibile sapere, grosso modo, che tipo di processori può ospitare. Il condizionale è d'obbligo in quanto per sapere con precisione che tipi di processore può montare una scheda madre non basta sapere solo il socket ma bisogna tenere conto anche di altri fattori come le tensioni, il FSB, le CPU supportate dal BIOS ecc. Nel caso ci si stia apprestando ad aggiornare la CPU è meglio, dunque, attenersi alle informazioni sulla compatibilità fornite dal produttore della scheda madre. In tabella è possibile vedere i più diffusi modelli di Socket e le relative famiglie di CPU supportate. Classe CPU Socket Pin Layout Voltaggio CPU supportate Socket 1 169 17x17 PGA 5V 486 SX/SX2, DX/DX2, DX4 OD 486 SX/SX2, DX/DX2, DX4 OD, 486 Pentium Socket 2 238 19x19 PGA 5V Classe 486 OD Intel/AMD 486 SX/SX2, DX/DX2, DX4, 486 Pentium OD, Socket 3 237 19x19 PGA 5V/3.3V AMD 5x86 Socket 6 235 19x19 PGA 3.3V 486 DX4, 486 Pentium OD Socket 4 273 21x21 PGA 5V Pentium 60/66, OD Classe 586 Socket 5 320 37x37 SPGA 3.3V/3.5V Pentium 75-133, OD Intel/AMD Pentium 75-233+, MMX, OD, AMD K5/K6, (Pentium) Socket 7 321 37x37 SPGA VRM Cyrix M1/II Dual-pattern Auto Socket 8 387 Pentium Pro, OD Classe 686 SPGA VRM Intel/AMD Auto Slot 1 242 Slot Pentium II/III, Celeron SECC (Pentium II/III) VRM Socket 370 370 37x37 SPGA Auto Celeron/Pentium III PPGA/FC-PGA VRM Auto Socket 423 423 39x39 SPGA Pentium 4 FC-PGA VRM Auto Socket 478 478 26x26 mPGA Pentium 4/Celeron FC-PGA2 VRM Classe Pentium 4 Auto Pentium M, Celeron M, Core Duo, VIA C7-M Socket 479 479 26x26 mPGA VRM FC-PGA2 Socket 775 Auto 775 30x33 LGA Pentium 4/Celeron LGA775 (Socket T) VRM Auto Slot A 242 Slot AMD Athlon SECC VRM Classe AMD K7 Socket A Auto 462 37x37 SPGA AMD Athlon/Athlon XP/Duron PGA/FC-PGA (Socket 462) VRM Auto Socket 754 754 29x29 mPGA AMD Athlon 64 VRM Auto Classe AMD K8 Socket 939 939 31x31 mPGA AMD Athlon 64 v.2 VRM Socket AM2 Auto 940 31x31 mPGA AMD Athlon 64, FX, X2, Opteron Socket AM2+ VRM Auto Slot 2 330 Slot Pentium II/III Xeon VRM Auto Socket 603 603 31x25 mPGA Xeon (P4) VRM Auto Socket 604 604 31x25 mPGA Xeon (P4) VRM Auto Classe Socket 771 771 33x30 LGA Xeon DP VRM Intel/AMD Socket 38x22 split Auto Server/Workstation 418 Itanium PAC418 SPGA VRM Socket Auto 611 25x28 mPGA Itanium 2 PAC611 VRM Auto Socket 940 940 31x31 mPGA AMD Athlon 64FX, Opteron VRM Auto AMD Opteron 2xxx, 8xxx, AMD Athlon 64 FX Socket F 1207 LGA VRM FX-7x Fig.1 - Socket per CPU della famiglia 486 Fig. 2 - Socket per CPU della famiglia Pentium Inizialmente le CPU erano saldate direttamente su scheda madre oppure inserite in socket LIF. Dato il crescere del numero di contatti della CPU i socket LIF si rivelarono inadeguati per i nuovi processori. I socket LIF prevedevano di esercitare una leggera pressione sul processore per inserirlo nel socket e questo avrebbe potuto danneggiare i delicati "piedini" delle CPU oltre alla scheda madre se non dotata di un buon supporto. Inoltre i socket LIF non permettevano una facile rimozione delle CPU che andava eseguita con appositi tool. Con i processori della famiglia 486 fu introdotto anche il Socket 1 (ZIF) che rendeva semplice la sostituzione/aggiornamento della CPU. Con il socket ZIF si elimina anche il rischio di danneggiare la CPU durante le operazioni di inserimento e sostituizione dato che non è necessario applicare alcuna pressione. Con il passare degli anni il socket subisce diverse modifiche e aggiornamenti fino al 1997 quando Intel introdusse lo Slot 1 in sostituzione del socket. Lo Slot 1 venne utilizzato per i processori Penitum II, Celeron e per i primi Pentium III. Furono realizzate anche diverse varianti Slot 2 per gli Xeon, Slot 3 e Slot M per i processori Itanium. Il processore per lo Slot 1 veniva prodotto partendo dalle stesse specifiche dei processori Pentium su socket ma con la differenza che il processore veniva saldato su una scheda: Single Edge Connector Cartridge (SECC). Fig. 3 - Pentium III su Slot 1 I processori su Slot 1 disponevano di una cache di secondo livello (L2) non integrata nel core ma saldata sulla SECC e funzionante con un clock dimezzato rispetto a quello del processore. Anche AMD intrapese la stessa strada di Intel realizzando lo Slot A per i suoi processori. La soluzione su Slot rivelò subito i suoi limiti soprattutto in termini di costo di produzione che si rilevarono superiori ai processori basati su socket. I due produttori di CPU ritornarono sui loro passi tornando alla soluzione su socket: Intel con il Socket 370 mentre AMD con il Socket 462 . Ancora oggi la soluzione su Socket viene utilizzata per montare le CPU su schede madri e continua ad evolversi per stare a passo con le nuove tecnologie. Nelle pagine successive vedremo in dettaglio alcuni socket/slot elencati in tabella. Socket 1 Il Socket 1, introdotto nell'Aprile del 1989, rappresenta un evoluzione del socket PGA precedentemente utilizzato da Intel. E' un socket di 169-pin PGA (17x17) progettato per ospitare i processori della famiglia 486 alimentati a 5V (486SX, DX, DX2 e il DX2/OverDrive). In figura è possibile vedere la piedinatura del Socket 1. Socket 1 Specifiche Tipo LIF/ZIF PGA (17x17) Anno introduzione Aprile 1989 Chip Form Factor PGA Contatti 169 FSB 16Mhz 20Mhz 25Mhz 33Mhz Voltaggio 5V CPU Intel i486 SX 16-33 Intel i486 SX2 50/66 Intel i486 DX 20-33 Intel i486 DX2 50/66 Intel i486 DX4 75/100 (with voltage adaptor) Intel i486 SX OverDrive 25/33 Intel i486 SX2 OverDrive 50 Intel i486 DX OverDrive 25/33 Intel i486 DX2 OverDrive 50/66 Intel i486 DX4 OverDrive 75/100 AMD Am5x86 133 (with voltage adaptor) Cyrix Cx5x86 100/120 (with voltage adaptor) Socket 2 Il Socket 2, successore del Socket 1 , fu introdotto da Intel nel Marzo 1992. E' un socket da 238-pin PGA (19x19) progettato per ospitare CPU della famiglia 486 alimentati a 5V tra cui tutti i processori 486 SX, DX, DX2, DX4 Overdrive e Pentium Overdrive. In figura è possibile vedere la piedinatura del Socket 2. Socket 2 Specifiche Tipo LIF/ZIF PGA (19x19) Anno introduzione Marzo 1992 Chip Form Factor PGA Contatti 238 FSB 25Mhz 33Mhz 40Mhz 50Mhz Voltaggio 5V CPU Intel i486 SX 25-33 Intel i486 SX2 50/66 Intel i486 DX 25-50 Intel i486 DX2 50-80 Intel i486 DX4 75-120 (with voltage adaptor) Intel i486 SX OverDrive 25/33 Intel i486 SX2 OverDrive 50 Intel i486 DX OverDrive 25/33 Intel i486 DX2 OverDrive 50/66 Intel i486 DX4 OverDrive 75/100 Intel Pentium OverDrive 63/83 AMD Am5x86 133 (with voltage adaptor) Cyrix 5x86 100/120 (with voltage adaptor) Socket 3 Il Socket 2 era afflitto da alcuni problemi di progettazione, inoltre le versioni a 5V dei Pentium Overdrive realizzati per il Socket 2 generavano molto calore e rappresentava un problema per il raffreddamento. Proprio per risolvere questi problemi Intel, nel Febbraio del 1994, introdusse un nuovo socket, il Socket 3, che rappresenta un miglioramento di quello precedente. Il nuovo socket è costituito da 237-pin PGA (19x19) ed è in grado di ospitare sia i vecchi processori alimentati a 5V (486 SX, DX, DX2, DX4 Overdrive e Pentium Overdrive) sia i nuovi processori alimentati a 3.3V (i nuovi DX4 e Pentium Overdrive). In figura è possibile vedere la piedinatura del Socket 3. Come si può vedere dalla figura il nuovo Socket, rispetto al Socket 2 , sfrutta un piedino in più (A1 - Key) usato per evitare che il processore possa essere montato con un orientamento scorretto. Ad ogni modo, nel montare un nuovo processore, bisogna prestare molta attenzione. Il Socket 3, infatti, non è in grado di regolare automaticamente la tensione del processore ma l'operazione va fatta manualmente tramite un jumper, presente nei pressi del socket, che imposta la tensione a 5V oppure a 3.3V. ATTENZIONE: Nel caso venga montato un processore a 3.3V mentre il socket è impostato a 5V si danneggia seriamente il processore mentre nel caso inverso, cioè un processore a 5V con la tensione del socket impostata a 3.3V, non si hanno danni permanenti ma il sistema non funzionerà correttamente finchè non viene impostata la giusta tensione.
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