ORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION
VOL. VI NO. 2
request request upon upon
non-recording. non-recording. and and
ding ding cor re both both
raingauges, raingauges, syphon syphon
and and balance balance float, float, of of ypes ypes t All All
RAINGAUGES RAINGAUGES
distance. distance. a a at at speed speed wind wind
instantaneous instantaneous recording recording for for ments ments
instru
electro-magnetic electro-magnetic on" on" ll i Pap "
including including . . anemometers of of ypes ypes t All All
ANEMOGRAPHS ANEMOGRAPHS
rheliographs. rheliographs. y P radiation. radiation. lar lar so of of
sity sity inten the the
measuring measuring for for truments truments
ins· ins· recording recording and and reading reading Direct Direct
SOLARIMETERS SOLARIMETERS
instruments. instruments. dew.point dew.point nd nd a
upper·air upper·air including including recorders, recorders, nd nd a
indicators indicators of of types types
All All charts. charts. ruled ruled
n n o humidity humidity air air of of recording recording Direct Direct
HYGROGRAPHS HYGROGRAPHS
answer answer permanent permanent a a provide provide
sitive. sitive.
sen· sen· outstandingly outstandingly ore ore nstruments nstruments i RICHARD RICHARD JULES JULES
These These hygrometers. hygrometers. and and rometers rometers ba
our our with with combined combined 'be 'be can can Which Which
OF OF INSTRUMENTS INSTRUMENTS THERMOGRAPHS THERMOGRAPHS
PRECISION PRECISION THE THE
y. y. Nav
French French the the in in equipment equipment Standard Standard
Service. Service. Meteorological Meteorological French French he he t
y y b years years 40 40 over over for for
adopted adopted ; ; rts rts cho cho
stations stations
meteorological meteorological
continous continous with with aneroids aneroids Recording Recording
BAROGRAPHS BAROGRAPHS
modern modern all all At At
Paix, Paix, Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. Switzerland.
The The Secretariat Secretariat
of of the the
Organization Organization is is located located at at Campagne Campagne Rigot, Rigot, Avenue Avenue de de la la
THE THE SECRETARIAT SECRETARIAT
networks networks of of which which lie lie in in or or extend extend into into four four years. years.
Members Members
of of the the Organization Organization the the fields fields which which meet meet at at least least once once every every
(c) (c) Regional Regional
Associations Associations made made up up of of experts experts in in the the various various meteorological meteorological
(d) (d) Technical Technical meets meets Commissions Commissions at at least least once once composed composed annually annually of of ; ;
(b) (b) The The Executive Executive Committee, Committee,
which which
the the policies policies of of the the Organization. Organization.
years; years;
necessary necessary to to ensure ensure compliance compliance with with
which which
meets meets
at at least least once once every every four four of of the the world. world. They They meet meet as as often often as as
(a) (a) The The 'World 'World Meteorological Meteorological
Congress Congress one one of of the the six six meteorological meteorological Regions Regions
THE THE CONSTITUENT CONSTITUENT BODIES BODIES OF OF THE THE ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION
Meteorological Meteorological Organization, Organization, Article Article 2. 2.
From From the the Convention Convention exchange exchange of of of of the the weather weather World World information information ; ;
maintenance maintenance
of of systems systems for for the the rapid rapid of of such such research research and and training." training."
(b) (b) To To
promote promote the the establishment establishment and and ordinating ordinating the the international international aspects aspects
meteorology meteorology ological ological and and services services to to assist assist ; ; in in co
(e) (e) To To encourage encourage research research charged charged and and with with training training the the provision provision in in of of meteor
maintenance maintenance of of meteorological meteorological ture, ture, and and other other centres centres human human activities activities ; ; and and
and and to to promote promote the the ology ology establishment establishment to to aviation, aviation, and and shipping, shipping, agricul
observations observations related related (d) (d) To To further further to to meteorology meteorology the the application application of of meteor
ical ical observations observations or or other other geophysical geophysical ations ations and and statistics statistics ; ;
stations stations
for for the the making making of of meteorolog the the uniform uniform publication publication of of observ
in in
the the
establishment establishment
of of networks networks of of rological rological observations observations and and to to ensure ensure
"(a) "(a) To To
facilitate facilitate world-wide world-wide co-operation co-operation (c) (c) To To promote promote standardization standardization of of meteo
THE THE PURPOSES PURPOSES OF OF THE THE WORLD WORLD METEOROLOGICAL METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION
Dr. Dr. H. H.
SEBASTIAN SEBASTIAN
Deputy Deputy
Secretary-General: Secretary-General: J. J. Mr. Mr. R. R. RrvET RrvET Chief, Chief, Administrative Administrative Division: Division:
Secretary-General Secretary-General
:Mr. :Mr. D. D. A. A.
DAvms DAvms Chief, Chief, Technical Technical Division Division : : Dr. Dr. LANGLO LANGLO K. K.
SECRETARIAT SECRETARIAT
Synoptic Synoptic Meteorology Meteorology : : Prof. Prof. Dr. Dr. W. W. BLEEKER BLEEKER
Maritime Maritime Meteorology Meteorology : : Mr. Mr. H. H. THOMSEN THOMSEN Europe Europe (VI) (VI) : : Dr. Dr. A. A. NYBERG NYBERG
Mr. Mr. A. A. PERLAT PERLAT Dr. Dr. C. C. DEL DEL RosARIO RosARIO
Instruments Instruments and and Methods Methods of of Observation Observation : : South-West South-West Pacific Pacific (V) (V) : :
Climatology: Climatology:
Mr. Mr. R. R. G. G. VERYARD VERYARD Mr. Mr. A. A. THOMSON THOMSON
Bibliography Bibliography
and and Publications Publications : : Dr. Dr. M. M. M:EzrN M:EzrN North North
and and Central Central
America America (IV): (IV):
Agricultural.Meteorology Agricultural.Meteorology
J. J. J. J. : : Mr. Mr. BuRGOS BuRGOS South South America America (III) (III) : : Dr. Dr. R. R. V. V. GARcfA GARcfA
Aeronautical Aeronautical Meteorology: Meteorology: Mr. Mr. A. A. H. H.
NAGLE NAGLE Asia Asia (II) (II) : : Mr. Mr. S. S. BAsU BAsU
Aerology Aerology J. J. : :
Prof. Prof. Dr. Dr. V V AN AN MIEGHEM MIEGHEM Africa Africa (I): (I): J. J. Mr. Mr. RAVET RAVET
TECHNICAL TECHNICAL COMMISSION COMMISSION PRESIDENTS PRESIDENTS REGIONAL REGIONAL ASSOCIATION ASSOCIATION PRESIDENTS PRESIDENTS
Mr. Mr. S. S. BASU BASU Mr. Mr. L. L. DE DE AzcARRAGA AzcARRAGA Prof. Prof. J. J. Dr. Dr.
LUGEON LUGEON
J. J.
Mr. Mr.
RAVET RAVET
Dr. Dr. A: A: NYBERG NYBERG Mr. Mr. M. M. F. F. TAHA TAHA
Prof. Prof. Dr. Dr. H. H. AMORIM AMORIM FERREIRA FERREIRA Dr. Dr. C. C. DEL DEL RoSARIO RoSARIO Sir Sir GRAHAM GRAHAM SuTTON SuTTON
Dr. Dr.
M. M. A. A. F. F. BARNETT BARNETT Mr. Mr. A. A. THOMSON THOMSON Mr. Mr. A. A. A. A. SoLoToUKHINE SoLoToUKHINE
Mr. Mr. A. A. VIAUT VIAUT
Dr. Dr. R. R. V. V. GARcfA GARcfA Dr. Dr. F. F. W. W. REICHELDERFER REICHELDERFER
EXECUTIVE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE COMMITTEE
Second Second Vice-President Vice-President : : Prof. Prof. Dr. Dr. H. H. AMORIM AMORIM FERREIRA FERREIRA
First First Vice-President Vice-President : : Dr. Dr. M. M. A. A. F. F. BARNETT BARNETT
President President : : Mr. Mr. A. A. VIAUT VIAUT
OFFICERS OFFICERS OF OF THE THE WORLD WORLD METEOROLOGICAL METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION
49 49
Organization. Organization. the the of of views views the the represent represent necessarily necessarily not not do do contributions contributions Signed Signed
Geneva. Geneva.
Paix, Paix, la la de de Avenue Avenue Rigot, Rigot, Campagne Campagne Organization, Organization, Meteorological Meteorological World World
Secretary-General, Secretary-General,
the the to to addressed addressed be be should should Bulletin Bulletin the the about about correspondence correspondence other other all all and and
francs) francs)
Swiss Swiss
(4 (4
subscriptions subscriptions Annual Annual postage. postage. including including copy, copy, per per franc franc Swiss Swiss r r is is price price The The
French. French.
and and
English English editions: editions: separate separate two two in in quarterly quarterly published published is is Bulletin Bulletin WMO WMO The The
activity. activity. human human to to
meteorology meteorology of of
application application the the with with concerned concerned others others and and Organization Organization the the of of Members Members to to
interest interest of of
meteorology meteorology international international in in developments developments of of and and Organization Organization Meteorological Meteorological
World World the the
of of work work the the
of of summary summary a a provide provide to to is is Bulletin Bulletin WMO WMO the the of of purpose purpose The The
90 90
......
events events
coming coming
of of Calendar Calendar Venezuela. Venezuela. in in district district semi-arid semi-arid a a shows shows
Lausanne, Lausanne, LiJJre, LiJJre, du du
Guilde Guilde
La La
of of
permission permission
88 88 ......
......
......
......
Reviews Reviews
by by reproduced reproduced cover, cover, the the on on picture picture The The
85 85
...... Secretariat Secretariat WMO WMO the the from from News News 62. 62. p. p. on on found found be be will will
meetings meetings these these o-£ o-£ recent recent most most the the on on
report report A A
84 84
...... Notes Notes
and and News News organized. organized. has has UNESCO UNESCO which which gatherings gatherings
scientific scientific
major major the the all all to to
representatives representatives
83 83 ...... WMO WMO
of of
Membership Membership
sent sent has has and and years years several several for for programme programme
its its
in in
UNESCO UNESCO
with with collaborating collaborating been been
82 82
......
Congress Congress
Geographical Geographical International International
has has WMO WMO programme. programme. research research this this in in bility bility
responsi great great a a
have have
meteorologists meteorologists that that
8~ 8~ ...... Commissions Commissions
Technical Technical
the the
of of
Activities Activities
follows follows it it solved, solved, be be to to problems problems basic basic the the of of
one one is is water water
of of
lack lack
the the As As importance. importance. 78 78 ...... Associations Associations Regional Regional of of Activities Activities
great great of of be be would would productivity productivity agricultural agricultural
their their in in increase increase 77 77 marginal marginal a a even even and and surface surface ...... ations ations
organiz- earth's earth's the the of of international international other other with with proportion proportion high high very very Collaboration Collaboration a a sent sent
repre lands lands arid arid The The Bulletin. Bulletin. the the of of issues issues
76 76
...... WMO WMO the the of of previous previous Members Members in in frequently frequently to to referred referred been been has has
which which (UNESCO), (UNESCO), Organization Organization
Cultural Cultural
73 73
......
WMO WMO
the the of of
Publications Publications and and Scientific Scientific Educational, Educational, Nations Nations United United
the the of of
Programme Programme Zone Zone
Arid Arid
the the of of
made made
70 70 ...... stations stations weather weather
automatic automatic
States States
United United
be be must must mention mention view, view, in in object object this this have have
which which
projects projects
international international the the Among Among
69 69 ...... atlases atlases Climatic Climatic
production. production. food food for for
65 65
......
Programme Programme
Assistance Assistance
Technical Technical unsuitable unsuitable present present at at is is which which land land vation vation
culti into into
bringing bringing of of and and land land
agricultural agricultural
62 62 ......
climatology climatology zone zone Arid Arid
existing existing of of productivity productivity the the increasing increasing
of of means means
and and
ways ways find find to to endeavouring endeavouring
59 59
......
Climatology Climatology
therefore therefore are are Scientists Scientists
feed. feed. to to
mouths mouths
for for
Commission Commission the the
of of
session session
Second Second
o-£ o-£ millions millions more more many many be be time time that that by by will will
there there
continues, continues,
increase increase
natural natural present present 56 56 ...... 1957-58 1957-58 Year Year Geophysical Geophysical
International International
the the if if that that clear clear so so quite quite is is it it hence, hence, years years
population population the the of of 53 53 • • . . I I estimate estimate precise precise Association Association a a make make Regional Regional of of session session Second Second
to to possible possible not not is is it it Although Although world. world. the the of of
50 50 energy energy population population atomic atomic of of aspects aspects ever-increasing ever-increasing the the feed feed to to Meteorological Meteorological how how is is
mankind mankind facing facing problems problems major major the the of of One One
Page Page
CONTENTS CONTENTS OF OF TABLE TABLE COVER COVER THE THE ON ON PICTURE PICTURE THE THE
2 2 NO. NO. VI VI VOL. VOL. 1957 1957 APRIL APRIL
ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION METEOROLOGICAL METEOROLOGICAL WORLD WORLD
L L
I I
I I
50 50
in in th e e p eace ful ful u ses ses of of atomic atomic e n e rgy . . tw ee n n th e e ex i s ting ting specialized specialized agencies, agencies,
gro und und
of of i nt erna tion a l l co llaboration llaboration a a view view t o o ens urin g g co -ordination -ordination b e
de scr ib e d d aga inst inst th e e genera l l back s ub- co mmitte e e on on atomic atomic energy energy with with
particular
, , the the activities activities of of WMO WMO are are tion s s as as c hairm a n , , had had esta bli s hed hed a a
the the
answe rs rs to to th ese ese questions questions an d, d, in in Secretary-General Secretary-General of of the the Unit e d d N a
provi
s ion a l l indic a s s tion are are g iven iven as as to to and and th e e specialized specialized agencies agencies with with th e e
Organization. Organization. In In this this article article some some ex ec utiv e e h ea d s s of of th e e United United Nations Nations
rend
e r e d d to to th e e Members Members of of th e e nation, nation, a a committee committee consisting consisting of of the the
e nsur e e th a t t th e e ma x imum imum ben efit efit i s s Administrative Administrative Co mmitt ee ee on on Co-ordi
s
hould hould such such collaboration collaboration be be guided guided to to th e e work work of of this this co mmitt ee. ee. The The
be be
foster e d d and and in in what what dir ectio n s s m eteo rolo g ical ical f actors actors w e r e e involved involved in in
m e t e orological orological aspects aspects of of atomic atomic e nerg y y e n e r gy . . Ther e e were were indications indications that that
ca n n int e rn ati on a l l collaboration collaboration in in th e e r esu ltin g g from from th e e u ses ses of of atomic atomic
additional additional questions questions a rise rise as as to to how how function function of of advising advising on on possible possible danger s s
From From
th e e \iVMO \iVMO point point of of view, view, th e e e ff e cts cts of of atomic atomic r a diation, diation, with with th e e
of of s u ch ch knowl e dge dge in in oth e r r field li shed shed s . . a a sc i e ntific ntific co mmitt ee ee o n n th e e
m e t e orolog y y assist assist in in th a e pplication pplication The The United United Nations Nations h ad ad a l so so es tab
met eo rolo gy gy it self self and and in in what what way way can can
thi s s con f e r e nc e. e. knowledge knowledge pass pass on on t o o th e e sc i ence ence of of
Met e orology orology did did n ot ot figur e e g r ea tl him y y s in in e lf lf what what b e nefit s s can can thi s s n ew ew
int e rnati ona l l co-o p era tion tion in in thi s s to to field. field. th e se se n e w w activities. activities. H e e as k s s
r egar d ed ed as as on e e of of th e e l a ndm a rk sc s s i ence ence in in of of meteorolog y y stand stand in in r e l a tion tion
wa s s a a g r ea t t s u ccess ccess and and mu naturall s b t e e y y arises arises as as to to wh e r e e do es es the the
le a ding ding ato mic mic physicists physicists in in th e e world, world, To To th e e met eo rolo g i s t, t, the the qu es tion tion
d e l ega t es es 1400 1400 including including most most of of th e e
Thi s s conferenc e, e, atte nded nded b y y a a total total of of tion s s in in this this fi e ld . .
United United Nations Nations in in Geneva Geneva in in 1955 . . of of futur e e d eve lopm e nt s s and and applica
u ses ses of of ato mi c c energy energy h e ld ld by by present present th e e stage stage to to e nvisage nvisage the the full full scope scope
m
e d d the the conferenc e e on on the the p ea ceful ceful g iv e n n but but it it i s s quit e e impossible impossible at at th e e
r eco mm e ndations ndations of of which which had had ot s t h e m er er l ess ess obvio u s s exa mpl es es co uld uld b e e
mitt ee ee on on atomic atomic e nerg y , , from from a nd nd th almost almost e e e qu a ll y y well well known. known. Many Many
Un it e d d Ia tion s s of of a n n advisory advisory purposes purposes com are are a l so so of of great great sig nifi cance cance
included included the the es tabli s hm e nt nt by by trac th e r e e s s for for m e dical dical a nd nd ag ricultural ricultural
int e rn a ti ona l l field. field. S u c h h d e velopments velopments s uch uch ben e fits. fits. The The use use of of radioa c ti ve ve
m e nt s s which which h ad ad t aken aken place place in in the the th most most e e important important a nd nd well-known well-known of of
document document which which r eviewed eviewed the the d eve troll lop e d d generat ion ion of of pow e r r i s s one one of of
t o o th e e co mmitt ee ee at at that that sess of of ion ion a t a a om i c c r e actor actor plants plants for for th e e co n
r g56. g56. Th e e Secr e tary-G e n e ral ral submitted submitted b e n e fits fits to to the the whole whole world. world. Th e e u se se
mitt ee ee at at it s s e i g hth hth session session in in April April this this fi e ld ld can, can, if if rightly rightly us e d, d, bring bring vast vast
l i h s e b d y y th e e Vi T MO MO Ex ec utiv e e s Com cientific cientific a nd nd t ec hnolo g ical ical adva n ces ces in in
poli cy cy on on this this question question was was first first e stab the the threshold threshold of of a a n e w w era era in in which which
act iviti es es in in this this field field but but a a nized nized WMO WMO on on all all s id es es that that mankind mankind i s s on on
a s s part part of of th e ir ir r es pe ct ive ive nation e peac a l l ful ful purpos es es and and it it i s s well well r ec og
m e teorological teorological as pect s s of of a tomic tomic e nergy nergy for for the the utili za tion tion of of atom i c c energy energy for for
seve r a l l yea rs rs g iv en en a ttention ttention to to has has th b e e ee n n the the d eve lopm
e nt nt of of technique s s
O
A A s m a ll ll numb e r r of of co untri es es have have for for human human activ iti es es in in r ece nt nt yea
rs rs
of of th e e most most s NE NE i gn ifi cant cant of of a ll ll I nter nter nahonal nahonal developments developments
METEOROLOGICAL METEOROLOGICAL
ASPECTS ASPECTS OF OF ATOMIC ATOMIC ENERGY ENERGY
WMO WMO B ull etin etin
Apri l l 1 9 57 57
51 51
upper upper the the on on rays rays cosmic cosmic of of action action the the * * zz(EC-VIII). zz(EC-VIII). Resolution Resolution
by by produced produced substances, substances, radioactive radioactive
natural natural of of use use the the and and absorption absorption America. America. of of States States United United
neutron neutron by by soil soil of of content content water water the the and and Kingdom Kingdom United United Republics, Republics,
the the of of measurement measurement the the included included panel panel Socialist Socialist Soviet Soviet of of Union Union France, France,
the the by by considered considered techniques techniques active active : : countries countries following following the the of of each each from from
radio of of applications applications possible possible Other Other expert expert one one of of consists consists panel panel This This
snow. snow. the the through through
matters. matters. relevant relevant urgent urgent
path path vertical vertical a a in in radiation radiation the the of of
any any on on Secretary-General Secretary-General the the advise advise to to
attenuation attenuation the the measuring measuring by by mined mined
requested requested also also was was panel panel The The izations. izations.
deter be be could could equivalent equivalent water water The The
organ international international other other and and WMO WMO
surface. surface. earth's earth's the the with with contact contact in in
of of Members Members by by required required assistance assistance
snow snow the the beneath beneath immediately immediately source source
and and help help all all giving giving to to view view a a with with
radioactive radioactive a a of of use use the the by by obtained obtained
and and instruments instruments new new of of development development
be be
could could snow snow deep-lying deep-lying of of alent alent
the the including including way way possible possible every every
equiv water water the the of of estimation estimation accurate accurate
in in meteorology meteorology of of science science the the assist assist to to
that that panel panel the the by by noted noted further further was was It It
used used be be may may activity activity of of field field this this from from
to. to. referred referred also also was was dew dew of of formation formation
arising arising techniques techniques new new that that ensuring ensuring
the the
study study to to water water with with association association
to to view view a a with with question question this this study study
in in tritium tritium radioactive radioactive using using of of bilities bilities
to to energy energy atomic atomic on on experts experts four four of of
possi The The possible. possible. were were cycle cycle logic logic
panel panel a a established established also also resolution resolution The The
hydro the the to to applications applications important important
energy". energy". atomic atomic uses of of uses peaceful peaceful the the
that that so so water water of of molecules molecules mark mark
of of aspects aspects meteorological meteorological the the on on WMO WMO
to to
used used be be could could tritium tritium dioactive dioactive
of of Members Members and and organizations organizations tional tional
Ra hydrology. hydrology. in in tracers tracers radioactive radioactive
interna appropriate appropriate advising advising in in tions tions
of of use use the the was was panel panel the the by by to to red red
Na United United the the of of agency agency specialized specialized
refer development development possible possible Another Another
a a as as part part full full its its play play "shall "shall WMO WMO
that that established established was was it it resolution, resolution, this this physicists. physicists.
* * By By . . resolution resolution important important an an adopted adopted atomic atomic of of assistance assistance the the require require clearly clearly
and and energy energy atomic atomic of of aspects aspects ical ical would would meteorologists meteorologists the the experiments experiments
meteorolog the the in in role role future future WMO's WMO's such such In In stressed. stressed. was was tracers tracers suitable suitable
considered considered Committee Committee Executive Executive the the of of selection selection the the in in and and experiments experiments
sphere, sphere, international international the the in in activity activity such such any any of of planning planning careful careful for for need need
vigorous vigorous of of background background this this Against Against The The measured. measured. diffusion diffusion atmospheric_ atmospheric_
and and traced traced be be could could currents currents air air way way
policy policy WMO WMO this this In In atmosphere. atmosphere. the the into into tificially tificially
ar introduced introduced substances substances radioactive radioactive
of of use use the the by by motions motions atmospheric atmospheric
agency. agency. energy energy atomic atomic international international · · of of studies studies to to made made was was reference reference
new new proposed proposed a a of of statute statute the the discuss discuss special special and and information information teorological teorological
to to Nations Nations United United the the of of Members Members me valuable valuable obtain obtain to to used used be be could could
of of conference conference a a convene convene to to decision decision tracers tracers radioactive radioactive harmless harmless which which
the the was was time time that that at at development development in in ways ways to to attention attention drew drew panel panel The The
important important most most the the perhaps perhaps But But made. made. were were recommendations recommendations and and sions sions
deci important important many many which which at at rg56, rg56,
activity. activity. of of spheres spheres respective respective December December in in Secretariat Secretariat WMO WMO the the in in
their their to to techniques techniques energy energy atomic atomic meeting meeting a a held held panel panel the the respondence, respondence,
of of application application the the to to relating relating projects projects cor by by ideas ideas of of exchange exchange an an After After
on on engaged engaged already already were were UNESCO) UNESCO)
panel panel of of meeting meeting First First and and FAO FAO WHO, WHO, (e.g. (e.g. whom whom of of some some
1957 1957 April April Bulletin Bulletin WMO WMO
52 52
were were
given. given. circulated circulated to to th e e memb e rs rs of of th e e
radioactivity radioactivity
from from aircraft aircraft and and ships ships Th e e r e port port of of the the p ane h l as as be e n n
out out and and comments comments on on measurem e nts nts of of
aspects aspects of of
atomic atomic
ene rg y . . stations stations of of radioactivity radioactivity was was pointed pointed
bibliography bibliography
on on th e e m e teorological teorological m e t eo rolo g ical ical stations stations as as observing observing
plans plans
for for
maintaining maintaining
an an up-to-dat e e Th e e advantages advantages of of using using exis tin g g l a nd nd
this this
subject. subject.
Th e e panel panel also also mad e e tion tion amounts, amounts, t ypes ypes and and inten s ities. ities.
all all Members Members
an
d d others others inter es ted ted in in knowl e dg e e of of distribution distribution of of precipita
pl
e t
e d d
th
e e not e e will will be be circulated circulated to to was was drawn drawn to to th e e m eteo rologists' rologists'
is is
at at
pr ese
nt nt in in h a nd nd and and when when com radioactivity radioactivity was was not e d d and and attention attention
took took
to to pr
e par
e e such such a a note. note. This This work work to to obtain obtain m eas ur e ment s s of of atmospheric atmospheric
M e mbers mbers
of of
WMO WMO and and th e e panel panel under of of r a dioactivity dioactivity of of rainfall rainfall were were utilized utilized
atomic atomic
ene
rgy
, ,
would would
be be of of u se se to to th e e stressed. stressed. The The f act act that that m eas ur eme nts nts
applications applications
of of
th e e pea cef ul ul uses uses of of instruments instruments are are suitably suitably exposed exposed was was
which which
would would
arise arise in in the the different different rienc e e of of m e teorologi sts sts in in ensuring ensuring that that
pos s ibl
e e
the the
m e teorologi
ca l l prob l ems ems In In thes e e principl es es the the long long ex p e
technical technical not e e tr ea ting ting as as fully fully as as
this this connexion connexion th e e pan e l l felt felt that that a a be be us e d. d.
re
act
or or plants plants was was
of of importance. importance. In In would would be be made made and and th e e equipment equipment to to
log y y
to to
the the
siting siting
an d d operation operation of of stations stations at at which which such such m eas ur eme nt s s
conditions, conditions,
the the application application of of meteoro ge n e r a l l arrangements arrangements for for n e tworks tworks of of
would would
b e e dependent dependent
on on meteorological meteorological principles principles which which should should govern govern th e e
effluents effluents
or or through through
accidental accidental causes causes ingly ingly laid laid down down in in some some d e tail tail some some
ph
e r e e
by by
reactor reactor plants plants either either as as such such measurem e nts. nts. The The panel panel accord
substances substances
r e l ease
d d into into the the atmos co nsid e ration ration in in all all techniqu es es for for
fact fact
that that
movement movement of of radioactive radioactive logical logical factors factors must must be be given given due due
pan
e
l l also also
not
e
d d that that in in view view of of the the tion. tion. was was It It pointed pointed out out that that m e t eo ro
r
efe
r e nce nce has has
already already be e n n mad e. e. The The Scientific Scientific Committee Committee on on Atomic Atomic Radia
of of
atmospheric atmospheric
radio
ac tivity tivity to to which which bodies bodies such such as as the the United United Nations Nations
mitt
ee ee on on
Radi
a tion tion for for m eas ur e ments ments above, above, but but also also for for th e e work work of of other other
requirements requirements
of of th e e Scientific Scientific Com purposes purposes such such as as have have been been mentioned mentioned
energy energy
probl
e ms, ms, the the pan e l l noted noted the the ex p eri m e nts nts for for purely purely m e teorological teorological
m e t eo
rological rological
knowledge knowledge to to atomic atomic of of particular particular importance importance not not only only for for
In In
considering considering
th e e applications applications of of ment ment of of atmospheric atmospheric r ad ioactivity ioactivity was was
The The panel panel noted noted that that th e e m eas ure Preparation Preparation of of technical technical note note
Locat
ion ion of of stations stations
pr ev iousl y. y.
h e ld ld in in New New York York some some two two months months
in in Paris Paris
in in
Jun e e 1957 . . tion tion of of a a form a l l statute statute at at a a conference conference
e
d d
at at
the the forthcoming forthcoming session session of of CAe CAe important important step step forward forward b y y th e e adop
this this
subject subject will will acco rdingl y y b e e discuss of of the the me e tin g g of of th e e p ane l , , taken taken an an
Commission Commission
on on Aerology Aerology (CA e ) ) and and th e e creation creation of of whi c h h had , , at at th e e time time
was was more more ap propriat e e to to the the WMO WMO int e rnational rnational atomic atomic energy energy agency, agency,
task task
of of
formulating formulating precis e e proj e cts cts made made to to liaison liaison betw ee n n WMO WMO and and the the
The The
p a n el el f e lt, lt, howev e r , , that that the the achieved. achieved. Particul a r r e f ere nc e e was was
tiv e e suggestions suggestions as as to to how how this this could could be be
dioxid
e e in in the the atmosphere. atmosphere. energy energy and and made made a a numb e r r of of construc
ulat
es es and and th e e incr ease ease of of carbon carbon whose whose work work li es es in in the the fi e ld ld of of atomic atomic
atmosphere, atmosphere, th e e r e mov a l l rate rate of of partic and and oth e r r international international organizations organizations
tions tions as as vertical vertical diffusion diffusion in in the the importance importance of of liaison liaison b e twe e n n WMO WMO
atmosphere, atmosphere,
to to
investigate investigate such such ques The The panel panel laid laid great great emphasis emphasis on on the the
WMO WMO Bulletin Bulletin
April April 1 957 957
53 53
local local and and insular insular national, national, Spanish Spanish forecasting. forecasting. weather weather of of
the the thanked thanked Ravet Ravet Mr. Mr. Finally, Finally, methods methods the the and and processes processes atmospheric atmospheric
of of
knowledge knowledge
improved improved
in in
erpart erpart unt co session. session. present present the the g g in z i organ in in
their their
have have
not not did did
they they f f i
value value Secretariat Secretariat the the with with y y l effective so so ated ated r
their their
lose lose
would would
management management
e e rlin ai collabo having having for for WMO, WMO, with with Spain Spain
and and
industry industry
aircraft aircraft the the in in
ments ments of of representative representative permanent permanent Azcarraga, Azcarraga,
develop
easing easing incr ever-
the the
that that out out de de Luis Luis Mr. Mr. to to particularly particularly and and
pointed pointed He He
world. world. the the
throughout throughout tices tices
Government, Government, Spanish Spanish the the to to grateful grateful
prac
meteorological meteorological
of of
standardization standardization deeply deeply was was Organization Organization the the that that
the the
to to
contribution contribution
invaluable invaluable
WMO's WMO's stated stated also also Davies Davies Mr. Mr. 1955. 1955. August August
of of
and and
activities activities
human human
of of
branches branches in in duties duties present present s s hi up up taking taking until until
many many
in in
meteorology meteorology
of of
importance importance 1951 1951 April April in in Congress Congress First First by by creation creation
the the
of of
spoke spoke He He
Islands. Islands.
Canary Canary the the
its its from from ation ation i assoc the the of of president president
of of
Sector Sector
Aviation Aviation the the
of of
chief chief
Mata, Mata, as as serving serving of honour honour the the had had had had he he that that
Francisco Francisco
General General
Excellency Excellency
s s
Hi
by by
recalled recalled He He session. session. the the of of nd nd e the the by by
Government Government
Spanish Spanish
the the of of
behalf behalf
on on
resolved resolved be be would would difficulties difficulties and and ems ems l
welcomed welcomed
officially officially
were were
Delegates Delegates
prob ll ll a that that ensure ensure would would years years many many
for for meteorology meteorology in in existed existed had had which which
aboration aboration ll co international international of of spirit spirit dependencies. dependencies. and and Madagascar Madagascar of of
the the that that sure sure felt felt he he but but meeting meeting the the Service Service Meteorological Meteorological the the of of director director
before before agenda agenda important important and and long long the the Ravet, Ravet, Jacques Jacques Mr. Mr. of of presidency presidency the the
to to referred referred He He session. session. the the of of success success under under 1957 1957 January January 21 21 on on Palmas Palmas Las Las
the the for for Organization Organization the the of of wishes wishes at at Insular Insular Cabildo Cabildo the the of of Palace Palace the the
T best best the the expressed expressed then then Davies, Davies, Mr. Mr. in in opened opened (Africa) (Africa) I I Association Association
WMO, WMO, of of Secretary-General Secretary-General The The Regional Regional the the of of session session second second HE HE
ASSOCIATION ASSOCIATION REGIONAL REGIONAL OF OF SESSION SESSION SECOND SECOND
D. D. A. A. D. D. the the is is development development interesting interesting Another Another
. . conceived been been 58). 58). p. p. (see (see subject subject this this on on mendations mendations
have have y y hardl could could recently recently until until recom which which of of number number a a prepared prepared and and 1957 1957
techniques techniques of of application application the the by by greatly greatly January January in in Utrecht Utrecht in in met met (CSAGI) (CSAGI)
benefit benefit course course due due in in will will meteorology meteorology IGY IGY the the for for Committee Committee Special Special the the
of of science science the the that that so so l a clear clear seems seems It It of of group group working working A A Year. Year. physical physical
activity. activity. human human of of field field important important and and Geo International International the the of of programme programme
new new this this in in play play to to roles roles important important the the in in water water sea sea and and precipitation precipitation air, air,
have have WMO WMO and and meteorologists meteorologists the the of of that that radioactivity radioactivity of of measurements measurements
seen seen be be will will It It view. view. of of point point logical logical include include to to decision decision the the mentioned mentioned be be
meteoro the the from from y y rg ene atomic atomic of of may may es es us which which among among months, months, recent recent in in
peaceful peaceful the the regarding regarding position position present present place place taken taken also also have have meteorologists meteorologists
the the of of resume resume brief brief a a is is then then to to Such Such interest interest of of developments developments Other Other
organizations organizations other other of of Activities Activities
hand. hand. in in is is end end
that that to to action action and and conference conference this this in in
participate participate to to invited invited been been has has WMO WMO 1957. 1957. tember tember
1957. 1957. in in research research scientific scientific in in topes topes Sep in in Committee Committee Executive Executive the the of of
radio-iso on on conference conference international international meeting meeting next next the the at at reviewed reviewed be be ll ll wi
an an convene convene to to UNESCO UNESCO of of decision decision question question the the and and Committee Committee Executive Executive
1957 1957 April April Bulletin Bulletin WMO WMO
54 54
:ments :ments were were recommended recommended for for the the improve improve the the situation. situation.
tions tions
of of the the Members. Members.
Some Some improve level level with with airline airline operators operators in in
order order
to to
the the
economic economic
and and administrative administrative situa to to take take action action at at the the international international
land land
stations stations
should should pay pay due due regard regard to to to to find find out out whether whether or or not not it it is is necessary necessary
network network
of of
synoptic synoptic
observations observations from from international international routes routes are are to to be be compiled compiled
gates gates
felt felt that that
a a realistic realistic plan plan for for a a reports reports received received from from aircraft aircraft flying flying
were were
examined examined
in in
detail. detail. Many Many dele Statistics Statistics of of the the number number of of in-flight in-flight
·surface ·surface and and upper-air upper-air observations observations
The The networks networks of of stations stations making making 1200 1200 GMT. GMT.
per per day day should should make make one one
of of them them at at
·Observational ·Observational
networks networks
more more than than one one upper-air upper-air observation observation
ciation ciation decided decided that that stations stations making making
.arid .arid
zone zone problems. problems.
Geophysical Geophysical Year, Year, however, however, the the asso
climatology climatology
and and related related matters, matters, and and 18oo 18oo GMT. GMT. During During the the International International
Africa) Africa)
to to study study
observational observational
networks, networks, south south of of that that latitude latitude at at o6oo o6oo and and
Mr. Mr. F. F.
Mendes Mendes
(Portuguese (Portuguese West West oooo oooo and and 1200 1200 GMT, GMT, and and stations stations
the the
other other
under under the the
chairmanship chairmanship of of Tropic Tropic of of Cancer Cancer should should observe observe at at
tions tions _and _and
maritime maritime
meteorology, meteorology, and and mended mended that that stations stations north north of of
the the
to to deal deal
with with codes, codes, telecommunica For For practical practical reasons, reasons, it it was was
recom
J. J.
Mr. Mr. A. A.
King King (Union (Union
of of South South Africa) Africa) times times for for such such observations observations (seep. (seep. 81) 81)
.. ..
up, up,
one one under under
the the chairmanship chairmanship of of light light of of the the newly newly adopted adopted standard standard
Two Two working working
committees committees were were ·set ·set air air observations observations were were revised revised in in the the
The The recommended recommended hours hours for for upper
week. week.
Unit Unit was was also also present present during during the the first first i? i? the the salient salient weather weather feature. feature.
The The chief chief
of of the the Technical Technical Assistance Assistance tropical tropical areas areas where where thundery thundery activity activity
Rubiato, Rubiato,
of of
the the Technical Technical Division. Division. synoptic synoptic
stations, stations, mainly mainly
in in those those
J. J.
Mr. Mr. R. R.
Rivet, Rivet,
assisted assisted J. J. byMr. byMr. M. M. to to lessen lessen the the requirements requirements for for surface surface
sion sion
by by the the
Deputy Deputy
Secretary-General, Secretary-General, of of these these stations stations it it might might be be possible possible
first first
few few
days days and and throughout throughout the the ses tioned tioned that that by by increasing increasing the the number number
by by the the
Secretary-General Secretary-General
during during the the stations stations was was laid laid down. down. was was It It men
The The
WMO WMO
Secretariat Secretariat was was represented represented of of ground ground radar radar weather weather observing observing
who who took took
an an active active part part in in the the meeting. meeting. For For the the first first time time a a regional regional network network
national national organizations organizations sent sent observers observers
non-Member non-Member territory territory and and two two inter remedy remedy this this deficiency. deficiency.
Members Members
from from
outside outside the the Region, Region, one one and and Members Members concerned concerned were were urged urged to to
delegations. delegations.
In In addition, addition, four four WMO WMO tions tions from from oceanic oceanic regions regions was was stressed stressed
membership membership
of of 22, 22, were were represented represented by by The The need need for for more more upper-air upper-air observa
Twenty Twenty Members, Members, out out of of a a total total
at at the the latest latest by by the the end end of of 1959· 1959·
Organization Organization
of of the the session session
air air navigation navigation should should be be established established
observations observations essential essential for for international international
of of the the meeting meeting
by by the the host host country. country. association. association. It It was was decided decided that that the the
staff staff
and and
services services -put -put at at the the disposal disposal and and report report to to the the president president of of the the
cially cially
the the impressive impressive facilities facilities - local local matter matter with with the the Members Members concerned concerned
for for the the
session. session. He He appreciated appreciated espe from from other other territories territories can can take take up up the the
effective effective
assistance assistance in in the the preparation preparation Members Members handicapped handicapped by by lack lack of of data data
words words
and and Mr. Mr. Davies Davies for for his his most most A A procedure procedure was was laid laid down down whereby whereby
Mr. Mr.
Mata Mata for for his his very very kind kind welcoming welcoming will will still still be be below below the the desirable desirable density. density.
erously erously
offered offered to to the the association, association, these, these, the the upper-air upper-air station station network network
authorities authorities for for the the
hospitality hospitality so so gen existing existing networks, networks, but but even even with with
WMO WMO Bulletin Bulletin
April April 1957 1957
55 55
preparation preparation
the the in in made made progress progress lent lent stations. stations. transmitting transmitting ·the ·the
excel
The The Africa. Africa. for for Atlas Atlas Climatic Climatic with with associated associated services services meteorological meteorological
the the of of
preparation preparation the the and and practices practices the the to to sent sent be be will will reports reports these these
climatological climatological included included session session the the maintained; maintained; is is watch watch listening listening a a which which
at at
with with
dealt dealt items items other other many many The The for for broadcast broadcast each each of of reception reception the the on on
reports reports prepare prepare to to decided decided also also
was was It It
questions questions
Other Other
down. down. laid laid were were broadcasts broadcasts of of types types
various various the the of of contents contents and and
tions tions
level. level.
national national
func the the
of of
specifications specifications
Detailed Detailed
the the at at matters matters these these of of co-ordination co-ordination
the the and and data data of of publication publication the the tion, tion,
circuits. circuits.
calibra their their and and
instruments instruments
radiation radiation
teleprinter teleprinter by by
replaced replaced be be
should should
stations, stations, radiation radiation of of
classification classification
the the
broadcasts broadcasts
WjT WjT
that that
recommended recommended
concerning concerning taken taken were were
decisions decisions
portant portant
was was
It It group. group.
working working
competent competent the the
Im undertaking. undertaking.
regional regional a a
as as
world world
of of
meetings meetings
three three
the the
of of
mendations mendations
the the in in unique unique -
Bulletin Bulletin
Radiation Radiation
recom
the the of of
light light the the in: in:
revised revised
was was
Quarterly Quarterly the the of of
publication publication
and and tion tion
Region Region the the in in
telecommunications telecommunications
ical ical
compila the the for for
responsibility responsibility
taking taking
meteorolog of of
system system
present present The The
in in Bureau Bureau Weather Weather African African South South
the the of of contribution contribution
invaluable invaluable the the
Transmissions Transmissions
of of appreciation appreciation great great its its recorded recorded and and
Radiation, Radiation, on on Group Group Working Working its its by by ed ed
decision. decision.
national national
to to left left
accomplish work work
excellent excellent
the the
mended mended
is is
section section
this this of of use use
the the ; ;
down down laid laid
corn
association association
The The · ·
stations. stations.
130 130
were were level level
mb mb
the the
above above
500 500
pressures pressures
than than more more
of of present at at
consists consists
Africa Africa
at at
maxima maxima speed speed
wind wind
about about
tion tion in in stations stations radiation radiation of of
network network The The
informa supplying supplying for for used used be be to to tion tion
studies studies radiation radiation Solar Solar sec code code TEMP TEMP the the of of specifications specifications
and and form form The The upon. upon. agreed agreed was was them) them)
services. services. prediction prediction quency quency along along speeds speeds wind wind and and streamlines streamlines of of
fre existing existing of of use use the the and and stations stations transmission transmission (for (for code-form code-form VENTAL VENTAL
sounding sounding ionospheric ionospheric of of up up setting setting the the uniform uniform A A revised. revised. were were agreement agreement
level, level, noise noise of of recording recording the the equipment, equipment, regional regional to to subject subject are are which which codes codes
facsimile facsimile of of introduction introduction the the as as such such international international the the of of parts parts various various The The
questions questions telecommunications telecommunications other other of of
Codes Codes number number a a to to attention attention pay pay to to invited invited
were were association association the the of of Members Members
meteorology. meteorology. general general for for and and flights flights
only. only. traffic traffic logical logical high-speed high-speed and and high-level high-level for for needs needs
meteoro for for used used be be would would network network practical practical foreseeable foreseeable and and present present the the
this this of of
channel channel Multiplex Multiplex or or Diplex Diplex meeting meeting for for required required network network upper-air
a a
whereby whereby Network Network communication communication the the of of density density the the on on and and tropics, tropics,
Tele Fixed Fixed Aeronautical Aeronautical ICAO ICAO the the of of the the within within winds winds and and temperatures temperatures
advantage advantage taking taking of of possibility possibility the the gate gate upper-air upper-air forecasting forecasting for for techniques techniques
investi to to requested requested were were Members Members possible possible on on report report also also service will will service This This
years. years. three three last last the the during during recorded recorded
not. not. or or justified justified is is broadcasts broadcasts nental nental level, level, mb mb 6oo 6oo the the for for and and levels levels
conti of of establishment establishment the the whether whether pressure pressure standard standard the the of of each each for for
decided decided be be will will it it which which of of basis basis speed, speed, and and direction direction wind wind and and ature ature
the the on on Africa, Africa, for for data data meteorological meteorological temper of of daily values values daily the the of of analysis analysis
of of
exchange exchange inter-regional inter-regional for for need need the the an an with with entrusted entrusted was was Africa Africa South South of of
into into
conducted conducted be be will will inquiry inquiry An An Union Union the the of of Bureau Bureau Weather Weather The The
1957 1957
April April Bulletin Bulletin WMO WMO
56 56
r
egions egions
and and
as as this this view view was was generally generally th e e IGY IGY h as as be e n n don e e by by th e e Specia l l
than than
a a project project
limited limited to to the the polar polar vey. vey. Although Although the the ov e rall rall planning planning of of
would would
be be
of of
greater greater interest interest to to WMO WMO teorological teorological Programme Programme - G eneral eneral Sur
a a geophysical geophysical
yea r r for for th e e whole whole wor public ld ld a tion tion No. No. 55 · · IGY . . r, r, I GY GY Me
was was
It It
point e d d out out at at th a t t tim e e that that a a concrete concrete progr a mm e e is is told told in in WMO WMO
then then
known known
as as the the Third Third Pol a r r Year. Year. id eas eas hav ubs s e eq u e ntl y y d eve lop e d d into into
pation pation
in in the the planning planning of of w hat hat was was The The s tor y y of of how how th ese ese first first n e bulous bulous
Organi za tion tion first first announced announced
its its partici
N
since since
the the World World Meteoro l og i ca l l Int e rn a tion a G l eo ph ys i cal cal Y ea r. r.
six six yea EARLY EARLY r s s hav e e elapsed elapsed accepted accepted th e e proj ec t t was was r e -n a med med the the
THE THE
INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR YEAR 1957-58 1957-58
d ec
isions. isions. J. J. M. M. R. R.
o n n action action t a ken ken b y y Members Members on on th ese ese
th
e e
finen ess ess
of of the the weather. weather. from from tim e e to to time time f ac t-finding t-finding surveys surveys
by by
th e e
b ea
ut y y of of the the
surroundings surroundings and and Genera l l was was r eq u es t e d d to to undertak e e
th
e e
Spanish Spanish
hospitality-
on l y y eq ualled ualled munication s . . To To this this e nd nd the the S ec retary
appreciated appreciated
b
a y
ll ll p a rti c ipants, ipants, was was of of th e e d ec i s ions ions concerning concerning t e l eco m
f ac tor, tor,
a
nd nd one one
which which
was was pa rti c ul arly arly recommend e d d observing observing n e tworks tworks a nd nd
of of
th
e e session
. .
Anoth e r r import a nt nt be be given given to to th e e impl e m e ntation ntation of of th e e
ic e, e, great
l y y
contributed contributed
to to the the success success futur e e programme programme first first priorit y y shou ld ld
Spanish Spanish
National National
Meteorological Meteorological Serv Th e e assoc iation iation de c id e d d th a t t in in its its
Mr. Mr. Font Font I. I. and and Mr. Mr. Maristan y y of of the the
gathering, gathering, und e r r th e e supervision supervision of of Future Future programme programme
Th e e exce ll e nt nt organization organization of of th e e
d e bate
s. s. m e nd a tion s s were were adopted. adopted.
mann
e r r in in
w hi
c h h
he he h a d d conducted conducted th e e In In all, all, 34 34 r eso lution s s and and ro ro r eco m
to to the the pr
es
id
e nt nt
for for th e e firm firm and and tactful tactful of of th e e arid arid zones zones within within th e e R eg ion. ion.
D e
l ega
t es es
expresse d d th ei r r gra titude titude on on th e e h ydro m e t eo rolo gica l l problems problems
b e tt e r r co-ordination co-ordination of of r esea r c h h
wo
rk rk
d ent
. .
A A working working g roup roup was was se t t up up to to e n sure sure
lo
g i ca l l
Service, Service,
was was
e l ec t e d d vice-presi in gs gs for for ship pin g g were were a lso lso s tudi ed. ed.
of of th e e Portuguese Portuguese
East East Africa Africa Meteoro i ssu in g g of of weather weather forecasts forecasts a nd nd
warn
J. J.
Mr. Mr.
B. B. Blanc Blanc
de de Portugal, Portugal,
dir ecto r r R eg ion. ion. Sh ip s' s' observations observations a nd nd th e e
d epe nd
enc
i es es was was
e le
cted cted pr es id e nt, nt, a nd nd agrome t eo rolo gical gical activ iti es es within within
th
e e
lo g i ca l l Service Service of of
Madagascar Madagascar
a nd nd prom o tion tion of of hydrometeorological hydrometeorological a nd nd
qu
es es R
ave
t, t,
dir
e ctor ctor
of of the the Meteoro sa r y . . Attention Attention was was also also g i ven ven to to th e e
A t t th
e e
nd nd
of of th
e e session, session, Mr. Mr. J a c the the p ar t t of of the the assoc iati on on was was n eces
was was d ec id e d d th a t t
no no furth
e r r ac tion tion on on Concl
usion usion
direction direction of of Dr. Dr. S. S. P. P. J J ackson ackson a nd nd it it
University University of of Witwatersrand Witwatersrand und er er th e e
Unit Unit of of African African C limat o lo gy gy of of th e e and and arid arid zo n e e studies. studies.
This This
proj ect ect is is
b e ing ing und e rtak e n b n y y th e e m ete orolog y, y, agricultura l l meteoro l ogy ogy
1 953 953
was was
n
oted oted
with with
much much satis facti o n . . t e l eco mmuni ca ti ons, ons, r a di at ion, ion, h yd ro
the the
association association
at at it s s fir s t t sess ion ion in in in g g g roups roups to to cover cover th e e followin g g fields fields : :
of of
th e e atlas atlas
followin g a a g resolution resolution
of of Th e e association association es tablish ed ed fi ve ve work
WMO WMO Bulletin Bulletin
April April 1957 1957
57 57
form form revised revised a a devise devise to to possible possible found found tailed tailed e d a a give give to to stage stage this this at at ible ible
was was it it Meteorology Meteorology Maritime Maritime pos for for be be sion sion not not would would it it and and course, course, due due
Commis e e th of of session session second second the the At At in in distributed distributed be be will will period period trial trial the the
machines. machines. tabulating tabulating ir ir e th of of from from rnt rnt ea l teristics teristics lessons lessons the the on on report report full full A A
charac the the suit suit to to versions versions forms. forms. e e th modified modified completing completing satisfactorily satisfactorily in in
own own ir ir e th prepare prepare to to invited invited were were untered untered enco difficulties difficulties e e th advance advance in in
cards cards punch punch from from eans eans m out out hanical hanical ec m finding finding by by of of opportunity opportunity an an services services
forms forms the the complete complete to to d d e plann giving giving in in which which valuable valuable equally equally been been has has
services services adopted, adopted, was was ship ship board board on on period period e e th that that n n show have have services services
made made observations observations meteorological meteorological e e th meteorological meteorological from from received received rs rs e lett
for for form form standard standard WMO WMO the the When When but but microcards, microcards, to to em em th transferring transferring
in in and and forms forms the the handling handling in in ence ence
vations vations obser Marine Marine
experi valuable valuable some some gain gain to to Centre Centre
Data Data Meteorological Meteorological the the enable enable to to was was
light. light. to to
period period trial trial the the of of object object primary primary e e Th
come come may may that that ts ts efec d any any rectifying rectifying
Secretariat. Secretariat. the the by by required required as as d d e pli
to to
view view a a with with
Secretariat Secretariat WMO WMO e e th
sup were were observations observations the the entering entering
in in
studied studied and and received received being being now now are are
for for forms forms ; ; IGY IGY the the for for period period trial trial
results results The The others. others. amongst amongst networks networks
a a as as I957 I957 January January ro ro to to 6 6 ntacle ntacle e p
lecommunications lecommunications e t l a meteorologic the the
the the observe observe to to Committee Committee Executive Executive
by by
world world e e th over over all all stations stations ing ing eceiv r
WMO WMO e e th by by requested requested were were world world
to to on on
ed ed pass
were were and and GMT, GMT, r6oo r6oo
the the of of services services meteorological meteorological The The
at at U.S.A., U.S.A., Virginia, Virginia, Belvoir, Belvoir, Fort Fort at at
period period l l j,a . r Agency Agency T T Warning Warning World World the the by by d d ssue i
were were es es messag warning warning test test daily daily
data. data. meteorological meteorological of of held, held, tion tion dy dy ea alr weeks weeks trial trial the the During During
collec valuable valuable most most a a inclusive. inclusive. I957 I957 with with May May workers workers to to January January from from
research research the the provide provide will will IGY IGY month month the the each each of of r6th r6th to to roth roth the the from from
that that believe believe to to n n easo r y y r eve is is e e r e weeks weeks th trial trial of of series series a a during during tested tested be be
period, period, trial trial IGY IGY the the during during made made should should tions tions warnings warnings these these minating minating e diss for for
observa the the containing containing Centre Centre Data Data arrangements arrangements the the that that session session fourth fourth
Meteorological Meteorological IGY IGY the the in in its its at at arriving arriving decided decided CSAGI CSAGI ntatives, ntatives, eprese r
now now are are which which forms forms e e th from from WMO WMO e e Judging Judging th of of suggestion suggestion the the At At works. works.
world. world. the the of of services services l l a net teorologic e m telecommunications telecommunications logical logical eoro t
e e th to to falls falls tion tion execu e e th me IGY IGY e e th the the including including means means various various by by
of of programme programme logical logical eoro met the the of of disseminated disseminated be be will will which which warnings warnings by by
case case e e th in in and and completed, completed, been been notice notice has it it short short at at announced announced e e b will will SWI) SWI)
until until successful successful considered considered e e b can can rvals, rvals, e ned, ned, Int World World Special Special (the (the which which
plan well well however however project, project, no no of of But But some some ys, ys, Da world world · on on concentrated concentrated
be be will will IGY IGY the the during during s s rvation obse
unions. unions. scientific scientific the the of of work work the the
to to
certain certain 57), 57),
p. p. No. No.
IV, IV, (Vol. (Vol.
Bulletin Bulletin 2, 2,
upport upport s s s it add add to to organization organization mental mental
the the
of of
e e issu
earlier earlier an an in in reported reported As As
-govern er int an an having having in in sciences sciences
warnings warnings ALERT ALERT geophysical geophysical other other e e th over over advantage advantage
big big a a has has Meteorology Meteorology world. world. the the
Ices. Ices. in in service service meteorological meteorological every every tically tically
serv participating participating the the of of cent cent per per 6o 6o prac of of co-operation co-operation the the nsuring nsuring e in in
over over from from received received n n ee b had had forms forms and and programme programme ical ical g rolo eo met the the ing ing
period period trial trial the the of of months months two two lop eve d within within in in both both WMO, WMO, by by played played part part
that that report report to to able able be be to to satisfactory satisfactory the the of of e e importanc the the about about doubt doubt no no
very very s s i light. light. It It to to brought brought be be been been can can have have there there I), I), (CSAG (CSAG Year Year ical ical ys ph
which which facts facts useful useful e e th all all of of account account Geo International International the the for for Committee Committee
1957 1957 l l Apri Bulletin Bulletin WMO WMO
58 58
of of recommendations recommendations
concerning concerning the the
geophysics. geophysics.
O. O.
M. M. A. A.
ghem. ghem.
The The
meeting meeting
adopted adopted
a a number number
stations stations
for for , , the the other other branches branches of of
represented represented J. J.
by by
Professor Professor
Van Van Mie
for for the the publication publication of of similar similar lists lists of of
of of these these
measurements; measurements;
WMO WMO was was
is is understood understood that that CSAGI CSAGI is is
arranging arranging
26 26
January January
I957, I957,
to to discuss discuss the the
details details
published published by by the the WMO WMO Secretariat. Secretariat.
It It
Utrecht, Utrecht,
Netherlan9-s, Netherlan9-s,
from from 22 22 to to
in in the the IGY IGY programme programme have have now now been been
Group Group
on on
Nuclear Nuclear Radiation Radiation met met in in
of of meteorological meteorological stations stations participating participating
solid solid
particles. particles.
The The CSAGI CSAGI Working Working
As As
reported reported on on p. p. 87, 87, the the main main lists lists
tion tion of of the the air, air, of of precipitation precipitation and and of of
Lists Lists of of stations stations some some measurements measurements of of nuclear nuclear radia
has has
recently recently
been been
extended extended
to to include include
probably probably be be held held in in
Paris Paris
in in
June June I957· I957·
of of the the Bulletin, Bulletin,
the the IGY IGY
programme programme
be be settled settled
at at
a a meeting meeting
which which
will will
As As reported reported
on on p. p.
32 32 in in
the the last last
issue issue
and and it it is is hoped hoped
that that
final final details details will will
Nuclear Nuclear radiation radiation
presentation presentation and and contents contents of of the the charts, charts,
ensuring ensuring a a reasonable reasonable
uniformity uniformity
in in
the the
(see (see Bulletin, Bulletin, Vol. Vol.
VI, VI,
No. No.
p. p. 33). 33).
I, I,
the the countries countries
concerned concerned
with with a a view view to to
group group of of the the
Commission Commission
for for
Aerology Aerology
spondence, spondence,
over over the the
past past
year year
between between
devised devised by by the the
competent competent
working working
have have taken taken
place, place,
mainly mainly by by
corre
for for this this purpose purpose
have have
already already been been
the the northern northern
hemisphere. hemisphere.
Discussions Discussions
IGY IGY atmospherics atmospherics
observations. observations.
Forms Forms
the the equatorial equatorial
zone, zone, the the
southern southern
and and
also also be be charged charged
with with
collecting collecting
the the
These These charts charts
will will cover cover
respectively respectively
President President
of of WMO, WMO,
the the Centre Centre
will will
and and the the United United
States States of of
America. America.
In In accordance accordance
with with a a decision decision
of of the the
Germany, Germany, the the Union Union of of South South Africa Africa
Services Services of of immediate immediate the the Federal Federal future. future. Republic Republic of of
synoptic synoptic charts charts :final :final decisions decisions by by the the Meteorological Meteorological will will be be taken taken in in the the
will will be be the the observations observations preparation preparation and and of of it it a a is is series series anticipated anticipated of of that that
One One of of the the major major prepare prepare IGY IGY standard standard undertakings undertakings forms forms for for these these
tional tional
Association Association of of Meteorology Meteorology to to World World synoptic synoptic charts charts
diation diation Commissions Commissions of of the the Interna
collaborating collaborating on on p. p. so. so. with with the the Ozone Ozone and and Ra
tions. tions. The The Secretariat Secretariat radiation radiation has has since since should should been been turn turn to to the the article article
main main ozone ozone the the and and meteorological meteorological radiation radiation observa aspects aspects of of nuclear nuclear
the the collection collection wishing wishing and and publication publication to to obtain obtain a a of of general general the the picture picture of of
teorological teorological Data Data course course Centre Centre to to should should all all concerned. concerned. include include Readers Readers
that that the the programme programme decisions decisions of of will will the the be be IGY IGY promulgated promulgated Me in in due due
The The Executive Executive were were Committee Committee addressed addressed decided decided to to CSAGI CSAGI and and the the final final
The The recommendations recommendations of of the the group group vations vations
Ozone, Ozone, radiation radiation and and atmospherics atmospherics obser sulted sulted about about this this possibility. possibility.
glaciological glaciological experts experts should should be be con
be be tabulated tabulated by by mechanical mechanical methods. methods. depths. depths. It It was was recommended recommended that that
IGY IGY marine marine meteorological meteorological data data will will samples samples taken taken from from glaciers glaciers at at different different
that that with with very very few few exceptions exceptions all all the the obtained obtained from from the the analysis analysis of of ice ice
out out
by by the the Secretariat, Secretariat, it it now now appears appears pre-atomic pre-atomic age age and and that that this this might might be be
results results
of of an an inquiry inquiry recently recently carried carried about about the the tritium tritium background background of of the the
by by some some other other service. service. From From the the interesting interesting to to obtain obtain some some information information
machines machines to to have have their their data data tabulated tabulated group group considered considered that that it it would would be be very very
ing ing for for services services not not possessing possessing such such tion tion about about counting counting techniques. techniques. The The
to to investigate investigate the the possibility possibility of of arrang samples, samples, and and the the exchange exchange of of informa
tabulating tabulating machines machines and and it it decided decided was the the IGY, IGY, the the methods methods of of collecting collecting
which which could could be be
used used on on most most types types of of networks networks of of observation observation stations stations for for
WMO WMO Bulletin Bulletin
April April 1957 1957
59 59
items items a a nd age the the covered covered B B the the in in Committee Committee rest rest e int growing growing the the indicated indicated
. . practices and and rules rules ments, ments, e requir session) session) first first the the at at 23 23 with with compared compared
ations, ations, l egu r climatology, climatology, l l era n ge as as with with occasion occasion this this n n o 37 37 were were (there (there
ealt ealt d , secretary as as tariat) tariat) e Secr the the of of present present tes tes ega del official official of of er er numb d d e
Division Division hnical hnical ec T the the of of (chief (chief anglo anglo L increas the the that that rked rked a rem who who waite, waite, th
K. K. Dr. Dr. with with and and (Canada) (Canada) r r Boughne Thorn W. W. C. C. . . Dr , , l CC of of ident ident es pr the the
C. C. . . C Mr. Mr. y y d b d e l A, A, Committee Committee y. y. by by da ed ed ing ing n e op y y ll a form was was session session e e Th
open the the of of
afternoon afternoon
the the on on es es
mitte
oticed." oticed." unn relatively relatively goes goes
com
working working
two two
into into
down down eak eak br
often often it it n n ee uns being being but but edifice, edifice, whole whole
to to e e l
ab
was was
on on i
sess
the the
and and
minimum minimum
the the o o t y y ilit stab gives gives and and es es rli e und "It "It
the the
to to
reduced reduced
were were
es es iti l
Forma
...... erg erg b ce i great great a a of of portion portion n n ee uns
session session the the of of ganization ganization the the Or ke ke li structure structure Nations Nations United United l l a tot
e e th to to was was es es i agenc zed zed li specia other other
opment. opment. l eve d urce urce eso r water water the the with with of of and and WMO WMO of of work work e e th view view
concerned concerned those those from from climatologist climatologist his his In In the the weather. weather. the the about about hing hing et om s
on on emands emands d the the of of importance importance do do to to growing growing was was it it business business whose whose people people
the the of of spoke spoke so so l a He He e. e. ilabl ava of of e e st st wer mid e e th in in ing ing e b at at ure ure eas pl his his
s s r yea past past the the for for ecords ecords r 000 000 e e expressing expressing 1 l ab by by li d d e e r u contin e e H 1957. 1957. uary uary
if if e e lik e e b would would ogy ogy l climato of of ce ce n Jan scie 14 14 on on Washington Washington in in opening opening its its
the the what what asking asking by by thinking thinking s s at at d ) ) l ea h (CC Climatology Climatology for for Commission Commission
photograph) photograph)
State State of of partment partment e D (U.S. (U.S.
. . President retiring retiring
A.), A.), . (U.S Thornthwaite Thornthwaite W. W. C. C.
Dr. Dr. and and ology ology limat C for for sion sion
Commis the the of of President President ed ed
ect l newly-e (left), (left), Kingdom) Kingdom)
(United (United Veryard Veryard . . G Mr. Mr. R. R.
many many set set He He Bureau. Bureau. Weather Weather U.S. U.S. the the of of session session second second e e th to to delegates delegates
the the of of chief chief er, er, rf e ld Reiche W. W. . . F Dr. Dr. ed ed t ee r g Affairs, Affairs, ions ions zat Organi national national
by by welcomed welcomed also also were were Delegates Delegates er Int for for State State of of Secretary Secretary Assistant Assistant
American American Wilcox, Wilcox, 0. 0. Francis Francis Mr. Mr. that that
z). z). . . p No. No. VI, VI, (Vol. (Vol. , , I Twain Twain Mark Mark from from quotation quotation enging enging ll cha
Bulletin Bulletin the the of of e e issu previous previous the the in in this this with with was was It It it." it." about about much much
published published was was address address presidential presidential the the very very does does r r eve one one no no weather, weather,
of of text text full full The The ogy. ogy. l climato of of the the science science about about talks talks everyone everyone "WHILE "WHILE
CLIMATOLOGY CLIMATOLOGY FOR FOR COMMISSION COMMISSION THE THE OF OF SESSION SESSION SECOND SECOND
1957 1957 April April Bulletin Bulletin WMO WMO
60 60
Guide Guide to to Climatological Climatological Practices, Practices, one one matic matic elements elements are are broadcast broadcast for for
number number of of draft draft chapters chapters for for the the certain certain monthly monthly mean mean values values of of cli
The The commission commission had had before before it it a a The The present present arrangements arrangements whereby whereby
Guide Guide
CLIMAT CLIMAT messages messages
Meteorology. Meteorology.
of of the the Commission Commission terial terial for for for for the the Aeronautical Aeronautical Guide. Guide.
being being communicated communicated climatic climatic to to the the elements elements president president and and to to prepare prepare ma
Regulations. Regulations. to to These These study study suggestions suggestions methods methods of of mapping mapping are are derived derived
tained tained in in Chapter Chapter established established of of the the to to examine examine Technical Technical 12 12 this this question, question,
maries maries for for aeronautical aeronautical the the air air purposes purposes column. column. con A A working working group group was was
amendments amendments ration ration to to the the and and material material the the total total on on vapour vapour sum content content of of
sion sion decided decided to to matic matic recommend recommend elements, elements, some some such such as as evapotranspi
matological matological Summaries, Summaries, ing ing the the values values the the of of commis certain certain derived derived cli
Working Working Group Group on on nationally nationally the the Form Form agreed agreed of of Cli methods methods of of determin
Following Following item, item, some some a a proposals proposals need need was was felt felt of of to to the the develop develop inter
Arising Arising from from the the discussion discussion of of this this
former former ones. ones.
definitions definitions are are not not so so stringent stringent as as the the importance. importance.
purposes purposes
was was
recommended. recommended.
The The new new suggested, suggested, most most of of them them being being of of minor minor
nary nary
stations stations
and and stations stations
for for specific specific ordination. ordination. A A few few amendments amendments
were were
classification classification
into into
principal principal
and and ordi excellent excellent piece piece of of selection selection and and co
tions tions
was was not not
very very realistic, realistic,
and and a a new new the the view view that that the the report report constituted constituted
an an
into into
:first, :first, second second
and and third third order order sta the the whole whole the the commission commission expressed expressed
classification classification
of of climatological climatological
stations stations the the members members of of the the working working group. group.
On On
The The
commission commission
felt felt that that
the the present present facilitated facilitated by by the the presence presence of of most most of of
great great detail detail ; ; this this work work was was greatly greatly
were were also also
proposed. proposed.
for for these these maps maps were were examined examined
in in
be be
amended. amended. Several Several
new new regulations regulations atlases atlases and and the the specifications specifications laid laid down down
Guide Guide
(see (see below) below)
and and
that that some some should should for for inclusion inclusion in in national national and and regional regional
that that
others others
should should
be be transferred transferred to to the the Atlases Atlases (seep. (seep. 6g). 6g). The The maps maps proposed proposed
regulations regulations
should should
be be strengthened, strengthened, of of the the Working Working Group Group on on Climatic Climatic
suggested suggested
that that
some some
of of the the existing existing tee tee B B was was to to review review the the second second report report
WMO WMO
Technical Technical
Regulations. Regulations. was was It It One One of of the the major major tasks tasks of of Commit
form form of of recommended recommended changes changes to to the the
received received its its :final :final Climatic Climatic expression expression atlases atlases in in the the
Much Much of of the the work work of of Committee Committee A A
Technical Technical Regulations Regulations working working group group as as required. required.
authorized authorized to to call call upon upon a a special special
plenary plenary meetings. meetings. of of the the president president of of CCl CCl who who was was
necessary necessary to to have have :five :five fairly fairly short short now now in in the the hands hands of of the the Secretariat Secretariat and and
these these two two committees committees and and it it was was only only Further Further work work on on this this publication publication is is
agenda agenda items items were were thrashed thrashed out out in in additional additional paragraphs paragraphs and· and· sections. sections.
With With very very few few exceptions, exceptions, all all the the committees committees led led to to the the drafting drafting of of
several several of of the the agenda agenda items items in in both both
Secretariat) Secretariat) as as secretary. secretary. edit edit these these chapters, chapters, the the discussions discussions on on
of of
the the Investigations Investigations Section Section of of the the the the time time available available at at the the session session to to
(U.S.A.) (U.S.A.)
with with Mr. Mr. 0. 0. M. M. Ashford Ashford (chief (chief p. p. g8). g8). Although Although it it was was not not possible possible in in
it it was was chaired chaired by by Dr. Dr. H. H. Landsberg Landsberg by by WMO WMO (see (see Bulletin, Bulletin, Vol. Vol. IV, IV, No. No. 3, 3,
on on research research
and and applied applied climatology climatology ; ; of of the the series series of of Guides Guides to to be be published published
WMO WMO Bulletin Bulletin
April April 1957 1957
61 61
secretariat. secretariat. K. K. HARE) HARE)
F. F. (Dr. (Dr. climatology climatology of of local local aspects aspects the the of of dynamic dynamic work work The The exemplary exemplary the the of of and and
BuDYKo) BuDYKo) M. M. I. I.
(Dr. (Dr. facilitiesprovided facilitiesprovided
interpreting interpreting
excellent excellent
earth earth the the of of surface surface the the of of
balance balance Heat Heat
the the of of made made being being mention mention special special
DEIJ) DEIJ)
L. L.
session, session, the the of of success success the the for for J. J. ponsible ponsible L. L. (Dr. (Dr. Netherlands Netherlands the the in in Evaporation Evaporation
res those those N. N. all all (Mr. (Mr. to to RosENAN) RosENAN) passed passed were were thanks thanks
climatology climatology
zone zone arid arid in in problems problems
Special Special of of Votes Votes commission. commission. the the to to
given given
E. E. LANDSBERG) LANDSBERG)
had had he he lead lead scientific scientific excellent excellent
the the
H. H. (Dr. (Dr. user user the the
for for data data
climatic climatic
Preparing Preparing
for for president president
retiring retiring the the to to paid paid was was }ACOBS) }ACOBS)
C. C. W. W. (Dr. (Dr. Tribute Tribute processing processing data data for for respectively. respectively. CCl CCl quirements quirements of of dent dent
re
modern modern
with with
associated associated problems problems Some Some vice-presi and and president president elected elected were were
(Canada) (Canada) Boughner Boughner C.C. C.C. Mr. Mr. and and dom) dom)
sented: sented:
King (United (United Veryard Veryard
R.G. R.G.
Mr. Mr. ry, ry,
pre
were were
papers papers
following following
the the
which which
J J anua 25 25 on on meeting, meeting, closing closing
the the At At
at at discussions discussions and and lectures lectures scientific scientific
to to devoted devoted were were afternoons afternoons Two Two
Conclusion Conclusion
meetings meetings Scientific Scientific
future. future. the the in in
purpose purpose this this for for made made be be should should sion sion
provi financial financial substantial substantial more more that that
messages. messages. TEMP TEMP
urging urging adopted adopted y y according! according! was was tion tion
CLIMAT CLIMAT
and and CLIMAT CLIMAT the the for for averages averages
recommenda A A inadequate. inadequate. were were ings ings
or or
normals normals
and and
values values mean mean ing ing
meet such such arranging arranging for for Congress Congress by by
comput
of of
methods methods the the to to and and sorship, sorship,
provided provided funds funds the the that that and and meeting meeting a a
spon
WMO WMO
under under Bureau Bureau Weather Weather
having having without without satisfactorily satisfactorily tasks tasks
U.S. U.S.
the the by by published published now now is is which which
their their out out carry carry to to groups groups working working the the
World, World, the the
for for Data Data Climatic Climatic Monthly Monthly
for for impossible impossible be be cases cases many many in in would would
in in data data the the
of of
accuracy accuracy and and pleteness pleteness
it it that that considered considered commission commission The The
corn-. corn-. the the ensuring ensuring for for arrangements arrangements
the the
to to
given given
also also was was Attention Attention
competency. competency. of of field field its its within within service service
advisory advisory an an provide provide to to upon upon called called
rainfall. rainfall. of of instead instead is is Climatology Climatology in in Methods Methods and and ments ments
reported reported be be
would would temperature temperature surface surface Require Statistical Statistical on on Group Group Working Working
sea
whereby whereby
reports reports SHIP SHIP CLIMAT CLIMAT the the that that is is feature feature novel novel A A ments. ments.
in in
included included be be
to to data data the the in in change change ele climatic climatic derived derived ; ; practices practices ical ical
minor minor a a
proposed proposed also also commission commission climatolog to to guide guide croclimatology; croclimatology;
The The
regime. regime.
climatic climatic the the sideration sideration mi ; ; climatology climatology to to relating relating material material
con into into
taking taking associations, associations, regional regional guidance guidance and and Regulations Regulations Technical Technical
by by
out out carried carried
be be
should should stations stations ; ; classification classification climatic climatic ; ; climatology climatology in in
the the
of of selection selection
detailed detailed ; ; square square ro
methods methods and and requirements requirements statistical statistical 0 0
every every in in
one one
TEMP TEMP CLIMAT CLIMAT for for layout; layout; punch-card punch-card data; data; weather weather
and and square, square,
5° 5° every every
in in one one be be should should past past of of exchange exchange : : questions following following
stations stations
CLIMAT CLIMAT
for for network network basic basic the the with with deal deal to to groups groups working working
the the
that that
recommended recommended was was it it regions, regions, eight eight up up set set to to decided decided was was it it all, all, In In
climatic climatic all all of of representation representation adequate adequate
secure secure to to need need growing growing consequent consequent groups groups Working Working
the the and and forecasts, forecasts, period period extended extended
for for information information this this of of value value ing ing
elsewhere. elsewhere. or or series series Notes Notes increas the the of of view view In In examined. examined. fully fully
Technical Technical WMO WMO the the in in published published care were were messages messages TEMP TEMP T T CLIMA CLIMA
be be will will papers papers these these that that hoped hoped is is It It and and CLIMAT CLIMAT in in stations stations selected selected
1957 1957 April April Bulletin Bulletin WMO WMO
62 62
ance. ance.
The The revi
ew ew paper paper by by D eaco n, n, selected selected wavelength wavelength bands. bands.
with with
evaporation evaporation
and and
the the water water bal fiat fiat plate plate and and for for measurements measurements
within within
The The
next next
session session
was was
concerned concerned spherica l l co ll ec tor tor in in addition addition to to a a
discussed, discussed, including including the the need need for for a a
radiation radiation mea arid arid s ur zone zone eme nt nt climatology. climatology. r eq uir e d d was was
mal mal b e haviour haviour of of his his important important of of soi l s. s. background background The The type type of of paper paper on on
others others were were by by concerned concerned a a t y pically pically with with whimsical whimsical the the ther pr ese ntation ntation
heat heat from from priate priate ground ground atmosphere atmosphere to to air, air, for for whilst whilst the the symposium symposium
Pri est l ey d , man man ea lt lt did did with with much much the the to to transfer transfer encourage encourage of of an an appro
probl e ms ms ; ; others, others, In In th e e including including introductor that that y y session session of of th e e chair
that that of of Albrecht Albrecht dealt dealt with with radiation radiation
The The re v iew iew
pap
e r r by by
Drummond Drummond
and and
sics sics ( l ed ed by by
Dr. Dr.
C.H.B . . Priestl
ey)
. .
was was considered considered
in in
th e e third third
session. session.
CSIRO CSIRO Division Division
of of Meteorological Meteorological
Ph y
Radiation Radiation
and and the the
thermal thermal
balance balance
Ashton Ashton and and W.J. W.J. Gibbs) Gibbs) and and from from th e e
logy logy (including (including WMO WMO observers observers
H.T. H.T.
stressed. stressed.
del eg ations ations
from from the the Bureau Bureau of of
Meteoro
in in studies studies
of of the the
water water
balance balance was was
was was also also
well well repr es ented ented
by by strong strong
bility bility of of
cons id e r ation ation
of of
these these
factors factors
and and
Ramdas. Ramdas.
Australian Australian m
eteo rolo gy gy
ground-disturbed ground-disturbed
l ayer, ayer,
and and the the desira
Fournier Fournier
d'Albe, d'Albe, Ganji, Ganji, Geiger, Geiger,
Naqvi Naqvi
pans, pans,
and and
wind wind
at at
the the top top of of the the
l ogica
l l
circles circles - Burgos, Burgos,
Eriksson, Eriksson,
lap se, se,
surface surface
temperature temperature
of of l akes akes a nd nd
whose whose
nam es es are are well well known known in in
m e teoro
need need
for for the the measurement measurement
of of hydro
while while
the the delegates delegates included included
many many
the the
preparation preparation
of of
climatic climatic
data. data. The The
the the
WMO WMO
Commission Commission for for
C l imatology, imatology,
bility bility
of of
the the month month as as
a a
time time
unit unit
in in
Dr. Dr.
C.W. C.W. Thornthwaite, Thornthwaite,
pr es
id e nt nt
of of
was was some some
comment comment
on on the the
unsuita
Chairman Chairman
of of th e e symposium symposium
was was
the the m easurement easurement of of evaporation. evaporation. There There
to to be be the the b es t t availab l e e instruments instruments
for for
tralian tralian
Government. Government.
deficiencies, deficiencies, w e re re considered considered
by by many many
Organization Organization
(UNESCO) (UNESCO)
and and the the Aus Evaporation Evaporation pans, pans, in in spite spite of of
their their
Educational, Educational,
Scientific Scientific
and and Cultura l l session session was was particularly particularly animated. animated.
sponsored sponsored
by by the the
United United
Nations Nations particular particular inter es t. t. Discussion Discussion
in in this this
reference reference
to to microclimatology), microclimatology),
jointly jointly Hounam Hounam on on pan pan coefficients coefficients were were
of of
Arid Arid Zone Zone
Climatology Climatology
(with (with special special Philip Philip on on evaporation evaporation from from soil soil
and and
non-arid non-arid
setting setting
for for a a Symposium Symposium on on on on an an automatic automatic
evaporation evaporation
recorder, recorder,
from from I7 I7 zo zo
to to October October
rg56, rg56, the the rather rather particular particular aspects. aspects. Those Those by by Taylor Taylor
swept swept
by by occasional occasional
showers, showers, was, was, was was followed followed
by by papers papers dealing dealing with with
T
lush lush w
ith ith
spring spring
greenness greenness and and th e e fundam e ntal ntal aspects aspects of of the the problem, problem,
Australian Australian
HE HE
capital, capital, Canberra, Canberra, Priestley Priestley and and Swinbank, Swinbank, emphas i zing zing
ARID ARID ZONE ZONE CLIMATOLOGY CLIMATOLOGY
development development
in in recent recent years years a nd nd is is now now O.M.A. O.M.A.
of of climatology climatology has has shown shown a a remarkable remarkable
commissions, commissions,
namely namely
that that the the science science WMO WMO Commission Commission for for Climatology Climatology
! !
take take place place
during during
sessions sessions of of technical technical not not receive receive much much support support from from the the
informal informal
discussions discussions
which which invariably invariably statistical statistical aspects aspects of of meteorology meteorology will will
and and
in in the the
course course
of of the the very very important important climatology climatology merely merely deals deals with with the the
both both
during during
the the
official official gatherings gatherings Anybody Anybody suggesting suggesting in in future future that that
One One
theme theme
was was constantly constantly heard heard rea ching ching out out in in many many new new directions. directions.
WMO WMO Bulletin Bulletin
April April 1957 1957
63 63
fields. fields. r r e oth vid- indi e e th of of e e t a im ocl micr e e (th mate mate
many many in in est est r e int of of d d an work, work, zone zone arid arid Proprio-cli s. s. imal an domestic domestic and and
in in ance ance import e e rabl e id cons of of s s i which which man man of of microclimate microclimate with with concerned concerned
subject, subject, this this of of iew iew ev r thorough thorough was was a a which which six six ion ion sess opened opened Neilsen Neilsen
d d e nt ese pr Eriksson Eriksson d d an water water rain rain of of Schmidt by by er er p a p review review e e Th
chemistry chemistry nd nd a ng ng lti sa f f o n n o ti a r e id cons
a a to to d d e ot ev d was was t t eigh ion ion Sess
ants. ants. pl y y b utilization utilization s s it and and origin origin s s it to to
d d r ega r in in both both comment comment much much d d evoke
?" ?" y y tl significan also also fall fall ew ew d of of ect ect j sub e e Th ents. ents. ronm
rain affect affect to to e e l sib pos it it "Is "Is : : question question envi ro- c mi particular particular of of servations servations
the the to to r r answe an an om om r f r r a f ll ll sti are are ob dard dard stan of of ess ess n ve i at nt ese r ep non-r
we we that that indicated indicated hich hich w ll ll a f ain r of of the the on on ti and and crises, crises, climatic climatic r r suffe ay ay m e e lif
timula s l l artificia the the to to nces nces e r e ref nt nt a pl hours hours few few a a even even or or ays ays d ew ew f a a
e e th were were est est r e int Of Of . . ium of of sympos period period a a within within that that t t c fa the the e, e, tim
the the d d an ion ion sess e e th to to contributions contributions of of unit unit a a as as month month e e th of of y y lit abi it su un
notable notable were were on on tati vege y y b climate climate the the - past past e e th in in ssions ssions i comm l l ca ni
micro of of modification modification the the on on ger ger i ech e t G O O WM concerned concerned as as h that that ch ch mu
by by r r e p a p e e th nd nd a This This . . ces n e influ f f o ration ration e it e r a a was was e e r e th sessions sessions
l l artificia nd nd a natural natural and and climate climate these these In In control. control. st st u c lo rt rt ese d of of
micro of of s s nt e m e l e the the g g in ew i ev r , , r e pap aspects aspects meteorological meteorological some some ained ained pl ex
photograph) photograph) -Sun -Sun rald
e- H (i"Vlelbourne (i"Vlelbourne . . semi-arid
y y normall s s i y y untr co this this ; ; tour tour
y y stud the the of of e e m ti e e th at at
ura ura ild ild M near near y y ntr cou ed ed lood F
background background comprehensive comprehensive a a sented sented us us a Kr by by r r e pap e e Th . . ects ins and and
pre e e d'Alb r r e Fourni , , e roclimat c mi birds birds animals, animals, on on effects effects her her eat w with with
of of tion tion ca modifi on on seven seven ion ion sess In In dealt dealt which which r r e nheim e Bod of of that that by by
particularly particularly and and rs rs e pap rous rous e num by by
. . stressed was was man man and and animal animal on on effects effects d d e indicat y y clearl was was ecology ecology animal animal
its its studying studying in in radiation radiation ultra-violet ultra-violet and and plant plant control control evaporation evaporation and and
of of nt nt e asurem e m the the of of importance importance mperature mperature e t infall, infall, a r which which in in way way The The
The The es. es. tur ea f other other and and louring louring co rologist. rologist. eo t e m e e th to to interest interest of of much much
surface surface clothing), clothing), and and (fur (fur insulation insulation contained contained and and fauna, fauna, and and flora flora and and
surface surface of of properties properties and and function function elements elements climatic climatic of of s s inter-relationship
the the with with together together , , d e discuss was was ual) ual) the the with with dealt dealt five five and and four four Sessions Sessions
1957 1957 April April Bulletin Bulletin WMO WMO
64 64
2I 2I October October they they travelled travelled to to Broken Broken J. J. W. W. GIBES GIBES
diately diately following following the the symposium. symposium. On On
tion. tion.
a a study study tour tour on on the the four four days days imme
more more than than
usually usually
luxuriant luxuriant vegeta
A A number number of of delegates delegates embarked embarked on on
rivers, rivers, many many small small lakes lakes and and much much
ed ed by by the the tour tour was was marked marked by by flooded flooded
The The study study tour tour
zones, zones, for for the the so-called so-called arid arid zone zone cover
be be the the variability variability of of rainfall rainfall in in arid arid
gained. gained. The The strongest strongest of of these these must must
symposium. symposium.
dim dim
the the vividness vividness
of of the the impressions impressions
work work in in related related fields fields covered covered by by the the
was was
of of
such such excellence excellence
that that this this did did not not
cerned cerned with with the the application application of of their their
the the
Australian Australian
organizing organizing committee committee
climatologists climatologists and and meteorologists meteorologists con
certain certain
amount amount
of of
fatigue, fatigue,
the the work work of of
be be an an essential essential and and valuable valuable task task for for
the the
heels heels
of of the the symposium symposium caused caused a a
published published proceedings proceedings will will undoubtedly undoubtedly
miles miles in in
four four
days days
following following
hard hard on on
sive sive investigation. investigation. A A study study of of the the
Although Although
the the
tour tour of of about about I,ooo I,ooo
will will repay repay continued continued and and more more inten
knowledge knowledge had had been been covered, covered, which which
viction viction that that a a considerable considerable field field of of of of the the Bureau Bureau of of Meteorology. Meteorology.
organization, organization, and and a a unanimous unanimous con logical logical Physics Physics and and the the Central Central Office Office
Government Government and and UNESCO UNESCO for for the the ing ing the the CSIRO CSIRO Division Division of of Meteoro
thanks thanks to to the the chairman, chairman, the the Australian Australian were were given given the the opportunity opportunity of of inspect
The The symposium symposium concluded concluded with with bourne bourne on on 24 24 October October where where delegates delegates
Eaters) Eaters) ! ! The The tour tour concluded concluded in in Mel
as as dew dew comes comes from from the the soil. soil. (World (World Organization Organization of of Wichetty-grub Wichetty-grub
tions tions much much of of the the moisture moisture condensed condensed new new organization organization entitled entitled WOWE WOWE
was was
suggested suggested that that under under some some condi eminent eminent meteorologists meteorologists have have formed formed a a
tered tered in in measuring measuring evaporation. evaporation. It It aborigine. aborigine. is is It It rumoured rumoured that that some some
many many respects, respects, similar similar to to those those encoun grubs, grubs, a a delicacy delicacy of of the the Australian Australian
the the difficulties difficulties in in this this field field were, were, in in duced duced beverages beverages and and eating eating wichetty wichetty
being being pointed pointed out. out. appeared appeared It It that that tunity tunity of of sampling sampling some some locally locally pro
ods, ods, and and in in particular particular visual visual methods, methods, where where delegates delegates were were given given the the oppor
comment, comment, the the defects defects of of existing existing meth provided provided on on the the shores shores of of Lake Lake Hattah, Hattah,
measurement measurement
was was the the subject subject of of much much and and entertaining entertaining picnic picnic lunch lunch was was
integrated integrated surveys surveys was was essential. essential. Dew Dew agriculture agriculture is is practised. practised. A A pleasant pleasant
orologists orologists
and and other other workers workers in in making making neighbouring neighbouring areas areas where where marginal marginal
also also that that co-operation co-operation between between mete seeing seeing typical typical irrigation irrigation country country and and
be be
put put
into into effect effect in in arid arid zones zones and and in in the the vicinity vicinity of of Mildura Mildura by by bus, bus,
a a distinct distinct need need for for these these regulations regulations to to the the next next day day the the party party toured toured the the area area
ulations. ulations.
was was It It evident evident that that there there was was saline saline water water were were demonstrated. demonstrated. On On
reference reference
to to the the WMO WMO Technical Technical Reg and and a a solar solar still still for for the the distillation distillation of of
tions tions
necessary necessary was was emphasized emphasized by by Station, Station, where where frost frost protection protection methods methods
broad broad scope scope of of meteorological meteorological observa Commonwealth Commonwealth Agricultural Agricultural Research Research
appreciation appreciation
by by WMO WMO of of the the very very day day was was spent spent in in inspecting inspecting the the nearby nearby
by by
Masson. Masson. During During this this session session the the to to Mildura Mildura where where the the remainder remainder of of the the
urement urement
of of dew dew was was made made in in the the paper paper 22 22 October October the the party party travelled travelled by by air air
reference reference to to the the problem problem of of the the meas experiment experiment is is being being conducted. conducted. ·On ·On
Gilead Gilead and and Rosenan Rosenan and and particular particular reservoir reservoir at at which which an an anti-evaporation anti-evaporation
tions tions
were were discussed discussed in in the the paper paper by by plant plant regeneration regeneration schemes schemes and and a a
of of session session nine. nine. The The general general considera ing ing inspecting inspecting plant plant associations associations and and
ments ments
in in arid arid zones zones were were the the subject subject that that afternoon afternoon and and the the following following morn
Climatological Climatological
observational observational require Hill Hill by by chartered chartered aeroplane aeroplane and and spent spent
WMO WMO Bulletin Bulletin
April April 1957 1957
65 65
determined determined is is country country one one any any in in WMO WMO far far so so in in exercise exercise difficult difficult very very a a sents sents
under under assistance assistance for for TAB TAB by by gested gested pre procedure procedure this this needs needs urgent urgent the the
sug sum sum the the that that therefore therefore mind mind in in even even meet meet to to funds funds available available of of inability inability
bear bear should should services services Meteorological Meteorological the the of of view view In In country. country. each each in in tions tions
organiza participating participating different different the the
between between as as amounts amounts these these of of bution bution projects. projects. ing ing
distri relative relative the the suggest suggest will will time, time, exist under under commitments commitments continuing continuing
same same the the at at and, and, countries countries between between the the meet meet to to made made is is provision provision adequate adequate
funds funds assistance assistance technical technical available available of of that that provided provided so so do do to to liberty liberty at at
apportionment apportionment the the determine determine will 1957, 1957, is is it it Programme Programme Expanded Expanded the the under under
April April in in meeting meeting next next its its at at (TAB), (TAB), received received being being assistance assistance of of forms forms the the in in
Board Board Assistance Assistance Technical Technical The The variation variation request request to to wishes wishes government government
a a if if that that however however clear clear is is erally. erally. It It
gen projects projects going going and and commitments commitments needs. needs.
continuing continuing of of needs needs the the of of taken taken is is urgent urgent meeting meeting into into directed directed be be well well
regard regard due due that that ensure ensure to to and and request request could could allocation allocation present present the the times times
programme overall overall its its up up drawing drawing in in four four or or three three sum sum a a and and requirement requirement
government government a a to to guide guide broad broad a a as as serve serve the the of of short short far far very very fall fall programme programme
to to TAB TAB by by offered offered are are suggestions suggestions assistance assistance technical technical its its for for WMO WMO to to
The The government. government. the the upon upon binding binding available available funds funds increased increased slightly slightly The The
as as regarded regarded be be to to not not is is country country one one
any any in in agencies agencies specialized specialized the the between between
appreciated. appreciated.
as as funds funds of of subdivision subdivision
suggested suggested
wholly wholly not not was was WMO WMO under under assistance assistance
the the that that stressed stressed be be will will it it and and ing ing
for for demand demand global global the the of of urgency urgency
meet April April the the after after shortly shortly countries countries
and and extent extent real real the the time time that that at at but but
to to communicated communicated be be will will funds funds of of ment ment
obtained obtained probably probably position position this this that that
apportion the the on on decisions decisions TAB TAB The The
out out pointed pointed was was it it Secretary-General Secretary-General
the the from from circular circular the the In In Programme. Programme.
country. country. the the of of Expanded Expanded the the under under available available resources resources
development development economic economic the the in in marked marked the the exceeds exceeds far far assistance assistance technical technical
most most be be would would impact impact whose whose projects projects meteorological meteorological for for need need the the that that clear clear
those those to to given given therefore therefore is is priority priority is is it it supplied, supplied, the the of of sis sis in~ormation in~ormation
and and finance finance of of shortage shortage the the by by seriously seriously analy an an from from and, and, received received been been now now
limited limited be be must must missions missions existing existing have have replies replies the the of of Most Most world. world. the the out out
of of extension extension the the and and projects projects new new through meteorology meteorology in in assistance assistance nical nical
of of introduction introduction The The commitments. commitments. tech for for envisaged envisaged requirements requirements the the
continuing continuing definite definite are are there there where where larly larly on on information information for for services services orological orological
particu projects projects worthwhile worthwhile existing existing mete all all asked asked had had Secretary-General Secretary-General
of of continuation continuation the the meet meet to to go go must must the the programme, programme, rg58 rg58 the the planning planning in in
I
funds funds available available on on call call first first analysis analysis assist assist to to that, that, Bulletin Bulletin the the of of issue issue
final final the the In In concerned. concerned. is is WMO WMO as as January January the the in in mentioned mentioned was was T T
PROGRAMME PROGRAMME 1958 1958
April April 1957 1957 Bulletin Bulletin WMO WMO
I_ I_
66 66
vinced vinced of of the the r equirements, equirements, authorize authorize by by the the late late Professor Professor Alfredo Alfredo Crespi. Crespi.
tive tive C h air m a n n may, may, when when he he is is co n where where he he car ri es es on on the the work work started started
requ es ts ts and, and, in in such such cases, cases, the the Execu taken taken up up his his ass i gnmen t t in in Nicaragua Nicaragua
submission submission of of normal normal programme Meteorological Meteorological Service Service of of Argentina Argentina has has
ments ments must must inevitably inevitably arise arise a ft er er Professor Professor Oscar Oscar Vannini Vannini from from the the
is is It It clear clear however however that that urgent urgent r eq uire
Nicaragua Nicaragua
Executive Executive Cha irm an an during during l ate ate 1956. 1956.
programme-requests programme-requests s ubmitt ed ed to to the the
sound sound
upper-air upper-air
observing observing
network. network.
tion tion by by TAB TAB of of the the formal formal country country
and and
to to lay lay th
e e general general
foundation foundation
for for a a
Assistance Assistance Committee Committee after after conside r a
wi ll ll even tu
a ll y y
take take
over over th ese ese stations stations
projects projects authorized authorized by by the the Technical Technical
training training
faci
li ties ties
for for the the l oca l l staff staff who who
approved approved programme programme r e pr ese nts nts those those
Mr. Mr. Skaar Skaar
wi ll ll
be be required required
to to set set up up
orological orological services services during during January. January. This This
to to th
e e installation installation
of of the the eq uipm e nt, nt,
und e r r WMO WMO were were circu l ated ated to to a ll ll mete
site site
ye t t to to be be
determined. determined. In In additio n n
programm e e for for technical technical assistance assistance
eq
uip ment ment
at at Basrah Basrah
and and at at one one othe r r
The The details details of of the the approved approved 1957 1957
network network and and to to install install radiosonde radiosonde
development development of of an an upper-air upper-air o b serving serving
Working Working
capital capital and and reserve reserve fund fund
Iraq Iraq to to advise advise the the governmen t t on on the the
ical ical Service Service of of
Norway Norway has has a rriv ed ed in in
1957 1957 PROGRAMME PROGRAMME
Mr. Mr. John John Skaar Skaar of of the the Meteorolog
Iraq Iraq
and and rewarding rewarding channels channels . . . tion . .
ably ably
as as possible possible into into the the most most essent i a l l programme programme are are worthy worthy of of spec ial ial men
the the
availab
l e e limited limited finance finance as as equ it under under WMO WMO but but certain certain aspects aspects of of the the
him, him,
at at the the planning planning stage, stage, to to direct direct assistance assistance being being curre ntl y y carried carried out out
global global
requirements requirements and and have have enab l ed ed ab l e e to to d etai l l th e e full full programme programme of of
tar
y-General y-General
in in indicating indicating the the overall overall is is It It not not possible possible in in the the space space avai l
be be particularly particularly valuable valuable to to the the Secre
Current Current field field programme programme
The The replies replies however however have have proved proved to to
consideration consideration by by him . .
WMO. WMO.
major major
urgent urgent
requests requests
at at present present
under under
any any financial financial provision provision at at all all under under
Executive Executive
Chai
rman rman for for
two two
other other
no no doubt doubt be be found found impossible impossible to to
make make
provision provision
will will
also also
be be made made
by by the the
General General and and in in some some countries countries it it will will
confiden
tl
y y expected expected
th at at additional additional
the the circ ul ar ar issued issued by by the the Secretary
for for a a mission mission
in in
the the
L ebano
n. n.
is is It It
teorological teorological services services in in their their replies replies to to
the the working working
capi t a l l
and and
reserve reserve fund fund
grammes grammes tentatively tentatively suggested suggested by by
me
already already
be
e n n
authorized authorized
in in 1957 1957
from from
cases, cases, be be markedly markedly l ess ess than than th
e e pro
that that
o ne ne
such such
project project
und
e r r WMO WMO has has
assistance assistance under under WMO WMO wi ll, ll, in in most most
ized ized
age n cy. cy.
is is It It
pleasing pleasing
to to record record
the the amo unts unts suggested suggested by by T AB AB for for
avai
l a ble ble und
e r r the the particular particular
special
will will It It be be clearly clearly appreciated appreciated that that
they they do do in in f act act incr ease ease th e e programme programme
projects are are projects au thori zed zed from from this this fund fund
ance ance to to m ee t t th e e desired desired requirements. requirements. the the country country programme-request. programme-request. When When
a a variation variation in in the the app li cation cation of of assist adequately adequately at at th e e time time of of drawing drawing up up
project project then then it it is is at at liberty liberty to to request request which which could could not not hav e e been been for esee n n
teorolog y y as as compared compared with with some some other other to to m ee t t only only very very urg e nt nt r eq uirements uirements
the the need need for for greater greater assistance assistance in in fund. fund. me This This fund fund may may b e e ca lled lled upon upon
th e e government government is is itself itself persuaded persuaded of of from from the the working working capital capital and and r ese rve rve
on on the the foregoing foregoing principles principles but but that that the the if if financing financing of of additional additional projects projects
WMO WMO Bulletin Bulletin April April 1957 1957
67 67
hydrology hydrology in in minar minar e s training training hnical hnical ec t the the analysing analysing and and plotting plotting of of work work The The
a a of of form form e e th in in project project regional regional stifies. stifies. ju so so information information of of availability availability
inter an an for for provision provision es es mak 1957 1957 for for the the where where services services appropriate appropriate all all
programme programme WMO WMO d d authorize The The to to visits visits his his continue continue will will Aspliden Aspliden Mr. Mr.
observations. observations. l l origina of of copies copies curate curate
seminar seminar resources resources Water Water
ac obtain obtain to to Programme, Programme, d d e Expand
the the r r e und d d e i suppl ent, ent, ipm equ filming filming
y. y. tr micro using using is is Aspliden Aspliden Mr. Mr. events. events.
coun that that in in activities activities ogical ogical l eoro t e m locust locust ted ted en docum and and known known well well of of
of of unification unification e e th in in s s ult es r first-class first-class period period a a over over nts nts e developm synoptic synoptic
produced produced already already had had work work sterling sterling the the of of made made be be to to analysis analysis critical critical
whose whose and and Iran Iran in in m1sswn m1sswn assistance assistance and and exact exact an an enable enable to to records records cal cal logi
Ankara Ankara in in Service Service logical logical
Meteoro- e e th of of headquarters headquarters
the the e e id ts u o recorder recorder fall fall
ain r a a demonstrating demonstrating ce, ce, Servi
teorological teorological e M Turkish Turkish the the
of of members members other other and and tion, tion,
Sec ical ical og Hydrometeorol the the
of of ef ef i ch Aykulu, Aykulu, Tevfik Tevfik Mr. Mr.
th th i w left) left) from from (second (second
vVilson vVilson alter alter ' \'\ pert pert ex WMO WMO
nical nical ech t WMO WMO e e th initiated initiated had had who who - eoro met original original collecting collecting Africa Africa of of
Pramanik Pramanik Sushil Sushil Dr. Dr. of of th th ea d sudden sudden parts parts throughout throughout extensively extensively d d e travell
the the rd rd eco r we we that that ret ret eg r with with is is It It has has locust, locust, t t er des e e th of of control control
the the in in concerned concerned factors factors rological rological eo met
n n Ira
y y ud st to to ion ion s mis WMO WMO the the ducting ducting
con is is who who Aspliden, Aspliden, H. H. C. C. I. I. Mr. Mr.
ocust. ocust. l rt rt ese d the the of of control control with with
concerned concerned East East e e Middl the the and and Africa Africa control control Locust Locust - Africa Africa East East British British
in in governments governments several several e e th facing facing
problems problems the the to to approach approach l l logica
meteoro und und so a a producing producing of of promise promise service. service. logical logical
excellent excellent shows shows mission mission this this of of work work ro eteo m the the of of development development the the in in
The The I957· I957· in in early early pert pert ex second second a a by by nt nt governme e e th to to adviser adviser as as act act e, e, tim
joined joined be be will will Aspliden Aspliden Mr. Mr. that that hoped hoped same same e e th at at and, and, installation installation its its vise vise
s s i it it and and Nairobi Nairobi at at well well y y l super extreme will will Vannini Vannini Professor Professor and and vided vided
proceeding proceeding is is ected ected ll co pro information information being being is is equipment equipment Meteorological Meteorological
1957 1957 April April Bulletin Bulletin WMO WMO
68 68
gramme gramme covering covering practically practically all all aspects aspects needs needs of of individual individual countries. countries.
carried carried
out out a a comprehensive comprehensive pro particular particular application application to to meet meet the the
India India
under under
this this fellowship fellowship where where he he Technical Technical Assistance Assistance and and also also to to its its
Dr. Dr.
Khalek Khalek spent spent three three months months in in pects pects of of the the Expanded Expanded Programme Programme of of
Royal Royal
Afghan Afghan Meteorological Meteorological Institute. Institute. questions questions relative relative to to the the general general as
director-general director-general of of the the recently recently formed formed ices ices in in Africa Africa and and to to answer, answer, in in person, person,
award award was was made made to to Dr. Dr. Abdul Abdul Khalek, Khalek, practically practically all all the the meteorological meteorological serv
orological orological
services services ; ; one one recent recent such such the the directors directors and and representatives representatives of of
and and organization organization of of some some older older mete a a valuable valuable opportunity opportunity for for him him to to meet meet
Programme Programme to to study study administration administration in in the the Canary Canary Islands. Islands. This This provided provided
granted granted awards awards under under the the Expanded Expanded Regional Regional Association Association I I at at Las Las Palmas Palmas
meteorological meteorological
services services have have been been a a short short time time the the second second session session of of
some some
cases, cases, even even directors directors of of younger younger WMOjTA WMOjTA Unit Unit was was able able to to attend attend for for
should should be be granted granted such such awards. awards. In In During During January January the the chief chief of of the the
dictate dictate that that more more junior junior personnel personnel
where where the the needs needs of of basic basic REGIONAL REGIONAL training training ASSOCIATION ASSOCIATION I I
cers cers of of the the individual individual service service except except
more more experienced experienced or or more more senior senior offi
study study are are generally generally chosen chosen from from the the available available to to him him under under the the fellowship. fellowship.
Meteorologists Meteorologists selected selected for for fellowship fellowship addition addition to to the the academic academic training training
application application
to to their their parent parent services. services. will will provide provide a a most most valuable valuable practical practical
specialized specialized knowledge knowledge necessary necessary for for participation participation in in this this proposed proposed tour tour
meteorological meteorological
services services may may develop develop fellowship fellowship award award and and it it is is felt felt that that his his
worthwhile worthwhile means means whereby whereby officers officers of of Imperial Imperial College College under under a a WMO/TA WMO/TA
fellowship fellowship
scheme scheme provides provides a a most most Service Service of of Burma, Burma, is is studying studying at at the the
whole whole range range of of meteorology meteorology and and the the ant ant director director in in · · the the Meteorological Meteorological
case. case. Subjects Subjects of of study study cover cover the the Europe. Europe. Mr. Mr. Ba Ba Kyi, Kyi, who who is is an an assist
type type of of study study desired desired in in each each individual individual hydrological hydrological installations installations in in western western
institutions institutions
providing providing the the particular particular London London University, University, for for study study of of
meteorological meteorological services services or or at at academic academic tour tour arranged arranged by by the the Imperial Imperial College, College,
enabled enabled to to receive receive training training with with other other granted granted to to Mr. Mr. Ba Ba Kyi Kyi to to join join a a group group
didates didates from from recipient recipient countries countries are are is is illustrated illustrated by by the the facilities facilities being being
programme programme under under which which selected selected can programme programme worthy worthy of of particular particular note note
portance portance attaches attaches to to the the fellowship fellowship One One other other aspect aspect of of the the fellowship fellowship
being being directed, directed, very very considerable considerable im
meteorological meteorological technical technical assistance assistance is is new new services. services.
Of Of the the several several avenues avenues into into which which contribution contribution in in the the development development of of the the
provide provide a a worthwhile worthwhile and and valuable valuable
FELLOWSHIP FELLOWSHIP
ACTIVITIES ACTIVITIES
officers officers of of meteorological meteorological services services does does
of of such such fellowships fellowships to to senior senior directorate directorate
is is organized. organized. is is It It felt felt that that the the award award
pate. pate. the the India India Meteorological Meteorological Department Department
will will be be advised advised and and invited invited to to partici various various specialized specialized sections sections in in which which
determined determined all all interested interested governments governments tive tive problems, problems, Dr. Dr. Khalek Khalek saw saw the the
details details of of date date and and venue venue have have been been broad broad organizational organizational and and administra
the the
formative formative stage. stage. As As soon soon as as final final Calcutta. Calcutta. In In addition addition to to studying studying the the
this this year year but but arrangements arrangements are are still still international international in in airports airports at at Bombay Bombay and and
will will be be held held in in October October or or November November New New Delhi Delhi and and Poona Poona and and also also the the
Asia Asia area. area. is is hoped hoped It It that that the the seminar seminar ment. ment. He He visited visited the the headquarters headquarters at at
the the Mediterranean Mediterranean and and South-West South-West of of the the India India Meteorological Meteorological Depart
to to
meet meet the the needs needs of of the the countries countries in in of of the the organization organization and and administration administration
WMO WMO Bulletin Bulletin
April April 1957 1957
69 69
services services meteorological meteorological for for task task diate diate for for areas, areas, land land over over elements elements surface surface
imme the the Committee, Committee, Executive Executive the the of of maps maps the the on on concentrated concentrated being being
by by adopted adopted are are specifications specifications the the If If is is attention attention moment moment the the For For sphere. sphere.
atmo free free the the and and elements) elements) (surface (surface
CCl. CCl. from from support support full full with with Committee Committee areas areas sea sea elements), elements), (surface (surface areas areas
Executive Executive the the to to on on goes goes now now report report the the land land with with respectively respectively dealing dealing sections, sections,
and and adopted adopted fact fact in in were were CCl CCl by by gested gested three three into into be be would would division division logical logical
sug modifications modifications the the all all Practically Practically more more a a that that group group the the by by decided decided
CCl. CCl. of of comments comments the the of of light light the the was was atlas. atlas. It It physical physical a a and and dynamic dynamic
in in report report second second the the to to made made be be should should a a namely namely sections, sections, main main two two into into
modifications modifications what what on on decide decide to to ing ing divided divided be be should should atlas atlas climatic climatic world world
meet further further a a arrange arrange to to possible possible was was the the that that proposal proposal original original group's group's
it it Washington, Washington, in in present present also also were were the the about about Members Members by by expressed expressed been been
Centerton Centerton in in meeting meeting the the attended attended had had opinion opinion of of diversity diversity Considerable Considerable
had had who who those those all all As As (CCl). (CCl). Climatology Climatology
for for Commission Commission the the of of session session second second specifications specifications of of Revision Revision
the the at at considered considered was was report report second second
group's group's the the 6o, 6o, p. p. on on reported reported As As
secretary. secretary. as as again again
served served
Secretariat Secretariat action action Subsequent Subsequent
WMO WMO the the of of Ashford Ashford M. M. 0. 0. Mr. Mr.
Meteorology. Meteorology. Maritime Maritime for for Commission Commission
the the of of
Climatology Climatology Marine Marine
on on
Group Group
factors. factors. operational operational with with not not and and
Working Working the the represent represent to to
session session the the
of of
elements elements climatic climatic basic basic with with only only deal deal
part part
attended attended also also Haggard Haggard
H. H. W. W.
Mr. Mr.
should should atlas project project atlas climatic climatic world world
VI. VI. Association Association
Regional Regional of of
Atlases Atlases
the the that that view view original original its its to to
adhered adhered
Climatic Climatic on on
Group Group
Working Working
the the sented sented
group group The The interest). interest). operational operational of of
repre who who Wallen, Wallen, C. C. A. A. C. C.
Dr. Dr. by by
primarily primarily phenomenon phenomenon local local a a be be to to (felt (felt
and and group group
the the of of
members members
the the of of one one
rain rain freezing freezing of of and and impracticable) impracticable)
but but all all
by by
attended attended
was was session session The The
be be to to (considered (considered conductivity conductivity soil soil
atlases. atlases.
climatic climatic
for for
specifications specifications draft draft
of of those those are are list list the the in in included included longer longer
contained contained
which which
report, report,
first first its its
on on bers bers
no no Maps Maps mm. mm. and and exceeding exceeding
IO IO I I
Mem by by made made comments comments the the
consider consider
precipitation precipitation with with
days days
of of
number number
to to I957, I957, 7 7 January January I2 I2 to to from from Jersey, Jersey,
the the and and cover cover snow snow of of depth depth mum mum
New New Centerton, Centerton, in in met met
Atlases Atlases
matic matic
maxi mean mean the the temperature, temperature, imum imum
Cli on on
Group Group
Working Working
Committee Committee
max mean mean the the temperature, temperature, maximum maximum
Executive Executive The The
specifications. specifications.
WMO WMO
daily daily mean mean the the days, days, cloudy cloudy
and and
clear clear
uniform uniform to to prepared prepared
atlases atlases
climatic climatic
of of frequency frequency the the of of maps maps include include These These
national national on on
based based
sheets sheets
regional regional
Members. Members. by by expressed expressed needs needs the the
of of collection collection a a of of form form
the the in in
atlas atlas
meet meet to to maps maps of of number number a a of of addition addition
climatic climatic
world world a a
preparing preparing
for for
plans plans
the the is is report report second second its its in in
group group the the by by
the the to to p. p. 87) 87) No. No. V, V, 3, 3, Vol. Vol. and and I8 I8 p. p.
adopted adopted change change important important
most most
The The
No. No. V, V, Vol. Vol. particular particular in in I, I, (see (see tin tin
n n specifications. specifications. Bulle the the of of issues issues previous previous in in
revised revised the the completed completed group group the the which which made made been been already already has has DEFERENCE DEFERENCE
ATLASES ATLASES CLIMATIC CLIMATIC
1957 1957 April April Bulletin Bulletin WMO WMO
70 70
ciation ciation I I (Africa) (Africa) and and the the Commission Commission ature, ature, d e w w point, point, wind wind speed speed and and
the the r ece nt nt sessions sessions of of R eg ional ional Asso ures ures at at present present are are visibility, visibility, temper
by by the the discussions discussions on on this this subject subject e at at lem e nts nts which which this this a pparatus pparatus m e as
observational observational networks networks was was also also s hown hown co mmunic ato rs. rs. Th e e m e t eo rological rological
stations stations as as a a m ea ns ns of of improving improving being being handl e d d by by human human observers observers or or
Evidence Evidence of of the the interest interest in in automatic automatic over over the the national national circuits circuits without without
typewriter typewriter code code and and transmitting transmitting them them
capable capable of of converting converting them them to to tele p. p. II2). II2).
ing ing meteorological meteorological conditions, conditions, it it is is also also were were r epo rt e d d by by Japan Japan (Vol. (Vol. V, V, o. o. 3, 3,
e r r e obs rv e r r and, and, in in addition addition to to m ea sur the the use use of of automatic automatic rainfall rainfall stations stations
as as th e e automatic automatic t e l etypewr iter iter weath More More r ece ntly ntly some some d eve lopment s s in in
matic matic weather weather station. station. This This is is known known the the Bulletin Bulletin (Vol. (Vol. II, II, No. No. 4, 4, p. p. rrg). rrg).
has has give n n details details of of its its n ewest ewest a uto was was published published in in a n n earlier earlier numb er er of of
Th e e United United States States Weather Weather Bureau Bureau station station operating operating at at La g houat houat (Algeria) (Algeria)
account account of of a a French French automatic automatic weather weather La nd nd station station
in in the the WMO WMO Bu . lletin. lletin. In In this this way way an an
r e ported ported by by publishing publishing suitable suitable articles articles United United States. States.
automatic automatic
weather weather s tations tations s hould hould b be be ee d n es i gne d d an d d constructed constructed in in the the
server server
teletypewriter teletypewriter weather weather ob
Main Main unit unit of of U.S. U.S. automatic automatic
cided cided
that that d eve lopments lopments in in th e e us e e of of weather weather stations, stations, both both of of which which have have
A
Executive Executive Committee Committee it it was was d e news news of of two two n e w w typ es es of of automatic automatic
the the fourth fourth session session T T of of the the vVMO vVMO for for Climatology. Climatology. This This article article gives gives
UNITED UNITED STATES STATES AUTOMATIC AUTOMATIC WEATHER WEATHER STATIONS STATIONS
pletion pletion of of all all the the rel eva nt nt national national
O.M.A. O.M.A.
Africa) Africa) without without waiting waiting for for the the com
sheets sheets (as (as has has already already been been don e e in in sheets. sheets.
should should also also be be started started on on th e e regional regional with with plans plans for for producing producing th e ir ir r eg ional ional
sidered sidered
how eve r r that that work work could could a nd nd should should proceed proceed as as rapidly rapidly as as possible possible
th e ir ir own own co untries . . Th e e group group con that that presid e nts nts of of regional regional associations associations
will will be be
to to prepare prepare climatic climatic atlases atlases for for atlases. atlases. It It was was therefore therefore recommended recommended
WMO WMO Bulletin Bulletin
April April 1957 1957
71 71
A A een. een. r sc rd rd a nd a t s a a in in sed sed hou bulb bulb system system this this e e us To To change. change. es es valu
nsing nsing se a a with with tubing tubing e e bl exi fl filled filled y y cur orological orological e met e e th as as mitted mitted s tran are are
mer a a using using nt nt e trum s in l l a di six-inch six-inch ers ers tt e l Morse Morse nt nt e differ and and hanism hanism ec m
precision precision a a on on indicated indicated is is e e ratur e p em T code-sending code-sending a a to to connected connected is is tator tator
riod. riod. e p h eac of of nd nd e the the at at ro ro ze to to commu the the of of nts nts e m g se e e th of of Each Each
rning rning etu r relay relay e e th , , s hour six six of of ods ods ri e p tor. tor. a indic e e th from from d d e nsmitt a tr figure figure
for for ed ed rd eco r are are amounts amounts Cumulative Cumulative h h eac for for milliseconds milliseconds r63 r63 for for · te te a pl
lay. lay. e d r d e pp e t s a on on s s mount a cipitation cipitation commutator commutator e e th against against firmly firmly pointer pointer
e pr s s nt cou which which ge ge u ga in- a r bucket bucket e e th pulls pulls dial dial the the neath neath e b solenoid solenoid
tipping d d e t ea h a a from from obtained obtained are are A A er. er. point ding ding ea r visual visual and and arm arm
measurements measurements Precipitation Precipitation . . ose purp contacting contacting of of purpose purpose dual dual e e th es es rv e s
ial ial spec s s thi for for d d e adapt r r o d d e ifi od m r r e point A A instruments. instruments. g g din ea ct-r e dir
n n e be ave ave h which which instruments instruments standard standard d d ar nd a t s of of y y r e riph e p the the around around
are are factors factors l l ca i g rolo eo t e m the the ure ure eas m d d e fitt e e ar nts nts e m seg e e typ r r ato commut
to to d d se u nts nts e rum st in the the of of Most Most em em t sys this this In In s. s. r ette l e e -cod se Mor
y y b tion tion a inform rological rological eo t e m transmit transmit
. . y usl eo imultan s stations stations o o t stations stations atic atic utom a e mot e r ir ir e th
of of
s s n ze do of of printers printers the the o o t y y l ect dir in in services services military military e e th y y d b d se u system system
ts ts n segme
ator ator t commu the the over over moves moves
pointer pointer the the of of nd nd e eme eme r ext
The The er. er. point ose ose urp p l l a du
showing showing barometer barometer eroid eroid n A
data data l l ca logi eoro t e m send send o o t tors tors ca a a indi from from d d e lop eve d as as w observer observer er er
e e th rs rs gge tri and and responds responds (SECO) (SECO) s s ratu weath etypewriter etypewriter l e t automatic automatic The The
Appa Control Control l l a ti en qu Se Secondary Secondary
e e th station, station, ntral ntral ce a a by by d d e itt sm n a tr . . e futur near near
is is characters characters of of combination combination ate ate pri e e th in in up up set set e e b to to are are fifteen fifteen r r e furth a a
ppro a e th n n e Wh code. code. r r e rit ew p y t e tel nd nd a operation operation in in already already e e r a stations stations
to to nts nts e m seg commutator commutator e e th at at d d e h is l ese ese th of of Four Four port. port. e r automatic automatic e e th in in
tab es its its circu l l electrica e e th rts rts e conv included included be be to to weather weather of of type type the the and and
unit unit s s Thi d. d. e ign es d been been has has r, r, code ments ments e measur height height cloud cloud enable enable will will
a a called called s, s, e diod and and relays relays of of twork twork e n nt nt e lopm eve d r e furth that that d d e hop is is It It
nious nious e ing an an teletypewriter teletypewriter the the with with precipitation. precipitation. and and pressure pressure direction, direction,
1957 1957 April April Bulletin Bulletin WMO WMO
72 72
:.ro :.ro feet feet wide, wide, is is constructed constructed
of of alumi-
P. P. R. R.
The The vessel, vessel, which which is is feet feet long long 20 20 and and
ment ment
until until
the the next next operational operational period. period. three three minutes. minutes.
contact contact supplying supplying
power power
to to the the
equip
ing ing table. table.
A A single single
transmission transmission
takes takes
period period
the the master master
control control breaks breaks
the the
.receivers .receivers
and and
evaluated evaluated
from from
a a
decod
At At the the
conclusion conclusion
of of the the transmission transmission
.ceived .ceived on on standard standard
communications communications
sufficient sufficient
time time to to
identify identify
the the signal. signal.
frequency. frequency.
These These
signals signals can can be be
re
that that even even
inexperienced inexperienced
operators operators
have have
·on ·on a a pulse-modulated pulse-modulated
6 6 Mcjsec Mcjsec
carrier carrier
sending sending speed speed
may may be be
controlled controlled
so so
.code .code groups groups
and and transmits transmits
the the signals signals
meteorological meteorological
measurements. measurements.
The The weather weather information information
into into
three-letter three-letter
followed followed
by by
the the correct correct
sequence sequence
of of The The automatic automatic
station station
translates translates
ensures ensures that that the the identification identification signal signal is is
.radio .radio range range in in master master excess excess control control of of 8oo 8oo and and miles. miles. a a programme programme timer timer
preliminary preliminary periods periods trials trials of of show show the the station station that that it it provides provides has has a a reliable reliable
·only ·only in in the the cally cally experimental experimental rewound during during rewound stage stage but but the the operational operational
the the day. day. At At A A present present chronometer chronometer this this equipment equipment which which is is is is automati
in in code code at at regular regular intervals intervals throughout throughout
pressure pressure and and
wind wind
speed speed
and and
direction direction
will will replace replace
the the
dry dry battery battery supply. supply.
1he 1he air air
temperature, temperature,
sea sea
temperature, temperature,
driven driven generator generator
and and storage storage
battery battery
rated rated in in a a buoy, buoy,
the the station station
broadcasts broadcasts
ture ture models models
of of the the
station station
a a petrol
unattended unattended
for for
six six months. months.
Incorpo
for for the the
electronic electronic
components. components.
In In fu
anchored anchored in in
remote remote
locations locations
and and
left left
the the
low-voltage low-voltage
to to rzo rzo
V V at at
6o 6o cjsec cjsec
marine marine weather weather
station station
which which
can can
be be
and and a a rotary rotary
converter converter
which which
changes changes
has has announced announced
the the development development
of of
a a
The The power power
is is
supplied supplied
by by dry dry
cells cells
The The National National Bureau Bureau of of Standards Standards
self-balancing self-balancing bridge bridge circuit. circuit. Marine Marine station station
tions tions of of resistance resistance by by a a motor-driven motor-driven
conditions conditions are are converted converted into into varia
and and climatological climatological the the vane. vane. purposes. purposes. Variations Variations of of meteorological meteorological
available available magnetic magnetic research, research, for compass compass statistical statistical synchronously synchronously studies studies with with
centre centre activating activating so so that that the the a a servo servo information information which which is is positions positions then then a a
on on standard standard selsyn selsyn punch punch transmitter transmitter cards cards at at the the and and records records receiver receiver circuit circuit
observation. observation. tube. tube. The The These These wind wind tapes tapes vane vane can can is is connected connected be be placed placed to to a a
l(y l(y making making is is applied applied a a punched punched to to the the grid grid tape tape of of of of a a each each vacuum vacuum
r;ecord r;ecord small small of of the the generator generator magnetic information information transmitted transmitted whose whose output output
system system robust robust is is its its three-cup three-cup ability ability anemometer anemometer to to preserve preserve drives drives a a a a
Another Another the the time time feature feature of of measurement. measurement. of of this this automatic automatic An An especially especially
strip strip
and and
is is clamped clamped
to to the the strip strip at at
the the usual usual hourly hourly
observations. observations.
slave slave
needle needle
rides rides
above above
a a resistance resistance
required required
to to furnish furnish a a report report
between between
The The barometer barometer
is is modified modified
so so that that
a a
in in case case the the automatic automatic
observer observer is is
cision cision
barometer barometer
measures measures
pressure. pressure.
taken taken
subsequently subsequently every every
rz rz
minutes minutes
ured ured
by by simple simple
thermistors thermistors
and and
a a pre
each each transmission transmission and and
new new
readings readings
are are
Air Air
and and sea sea
temperature temperature
are are
meas
minute minute sample sample is is taken taken just just prior prior to to
vides vides wind wind speed speed and and direction. direction. A A one
ment ment in in shockproof shockproof
mountings. mountings. standard standard contacting contacting anemometer anemometer pro
electronic electronic
and and
meteorological meteorological used used equip to to determine determine visibility visibility whilst whilst a a
and and four four watertight watertight
wells wells hold hold all all Transmissometer Transmissometer the the measurements measurements are are
a a depth depth of of r,roo r,roo metres. metres. Two Two
masts masts
screen screen
gives gives
the the
dew dew
point. point. and and can can be be anchored anchored in in waters waters
up up to to
dew-cell dew-cell
in in a a small small metal metal
hood hood on on the the nium nium and and other other non-magnetic non-magnetic alloys alloys
WMO WMO Bulletin Bulletin
April April 1957 1957
73 73
ro.- frs. frs. Sw. Sw. Price: Price: French. French. 3.50 3.50 frs. frs. Sw. Sw. : : Price Price
English 1956. 1956. April, April, I7-30 I7-30 Spanish. Spanish. Russian- Session. Session.
Geneva, Geneva, Session, Session, Eighth Eighth the the Fourth Fourth the the of of Resolutions Resolutions
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Regu -Technical -Technical II II Volume Volume
\VMO \VMO the the of of Congress Congress Second Second IO IO RC. RC. 48. 48.
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Spanish. Spanish. Russian- Session. Session. English English I952. I952. Geneva, Geneva,
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R()port R()port
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No. No. WMO- No. No. WMO-
Records Records
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- French French - English English I956. I956. 7.- frs. frs. Sw. Sw. : : Price Price
edition, edition, Ist Ist General, General, - I ume ume
BD. BD. 49· 49· Vol
Regulations. Regulations.
Technical Technical
- 2 Spanish. Spanish. - French French - glish glish
En I956. I956. edition, edition, Ist Ist tion, tion, 5·- frs. frs. Sw. Sw. Price: Price: French. French.
Naviga Air Air English International International for for I956. I956. edition, edition, 2nd 2nd
Service Service Meteorological Meteorological II- ume ume Regulations), Regulations), Technical Technical the the
Vol Regulations. Regulations. Technical Technical - 3 rs. rs. BD. BD. 49· 49· (excluding (excluding Documents Documents Basic Basic - I BD. BD.
No. No. WMO- No. No. WMO-
documents documents Basic Basic
WMO WMO THE THE F F 0 0 PUBLICATIONS PUBLICATIONS
1957 1957 April April Bulletin Bulletin WMO WMO
74 74
Region Region or or Part Part
of of the the Volumes . . Pric e e : : Sw. Sw. fr. fr. I . -
* * Individual Individual sale sale prices prices are are fixed fixed for for Russian Russian each each - Spanish Spanish summaries . .
No. No. English. English. French French 2. 2. -
Visibility. Visibility. French) Price Price . . Te : : Sw. Sw. ch nical nical frs g . . . - Note Note
Height, Height, maps. maps. Wind, Wind, Bilingual Bilingual Rainfall Rainfall (English (English and and and and
spheric spheric of of Pressure, Pressure, marine marine data data Cloud Cloud and and world world
ture ture storm storm and and days. days. Humidity, Humidity, Part Part Atmo Tables Tables 2 2 : :
TP. TP. Sea. Sea. Part Part 2I. 2I. World World II II Air Air distribution distribution - 2I 2I Tempera - of of thunder
40
. . TP. TP. Methods Methods I5 I5
of of - Observation Observation at at
Price Price : : Sw. Sw. frs. frs. 2 . -
(English (English and and French). French).
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storm storm
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Tables. Tables. I I : : brary brary Practice . . English English -
World World distribution distribution
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International
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17. 17. TP. TP. 5 5 - Bibliographie Bibliographie Meteorologique Meteorologique
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36. 36. TP . . I2 I2 Reduction Reduction of of Atmospheric Atmospheric
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Assessment Assessment 9· 9· of of suitable suitable TP. TP. 4 4 winds winds Weather Weather reports: reports: Stations, Stations,
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Publication Publication
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78, 78, being being
craft craft Icing. Icing. Technical Technical Note Note
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IMO IMO 30. 30. TP . . 9 9 Meteorological Meteorological - Aspects Aspects of of Air
orological orological Instrument Instrument and and Ob
8. 8. TP. TP. 3 3 - Guide Guide to to International International
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Sea. Sea.
Part Part - I Sea Sea Surface Surface 5· 5· TP. TP. Composition Composition 2 2 of of - the the WMO. WMO.
26. 26. TP. TP.
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Monde Monde (former (former IMO IMO Publica cipitation . . Technical Technical Note Note
TP . . 2. 2. Offices Offices - I Meteorologiques Meteorologiques 24. 24. TP. TP. du du 7 7 Artificial Artificial Inducement Inducement of of Pre
WMO- No. No. WMO- No. No.
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WMO WMO
Bulletin Bulletin April April 1957 1957
75 75
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French. French.
English- I954· I954· French. French. - English English
January, January, Melbourne, Melbourne, Session, Session, I953· I953· April, April, Washington, Washington,
First First the the of of Report Report Final Final ged ged Session, Session, First First the the of of Report Report
Abrid Pacific). Pacific). (South-West (South-West Final Final Abridged Abridged teorology. teorology.
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Agricultural Agricultural for for Commission Commission I2 I2 RP. RP. 27. 27.
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Au Toronto, Toronto, Session, Session, First First Tanana Session, Session, First First the the of of
the the of of Report Report Final Final Abridged Abridged Report Report Final Final Abridged Abridged . . ca)
America). America). Central Central and and (North (North (Afri I I Association Association Regional Regional - 5 . . RP I3. I3.
IV IV Association Association . . RP Regional Regional 23. 23. - II II
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WMO WMO the the of of Report Report Annual Annual 4 4
RP. RP.
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First First the the of of Report Report l l Fina frs. frs. Sw. Sw. : : J.- Price Price French. French.
Abridged Abridged America). America). (South (South English I952. I952. June, June, May-
III III Association Association Regional Regional Io Io RP. RP. Zurich, Zurich, 22. 22. Session, Session, First First the the of of
. . frs Sw. Sw. : : J. Price Price French. French. Report Report Final Final Abridged Abridged rope). rope).
English I953· I953· -September, -September,
(Eu VI VI Association Association Regional Regional - 3 RP. RP. I. I. I I
August August
Toronto, Toronto, Session, Session, First First
frs. frs. Sw. Sw. J.- Price: Price: -French. -French.
the the
of of
Report Report
Final Final
Abridged Abridged
English English I952. I952. y, y, ul J London, London,
Observation. Observation.
of of
Methods Methods
and and
Session, Session, First First the the of of Report Report
9 9 Instruments Instruments
for for
RP. RP. . . I9 Commission Commission
Final Final Abridged Abridged teorology. teorology.
frs. frs. Sw. Sw. : :
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Commission Commission - 2
RP. RP. ro. ro.
English I953· I953· September, September,
August Toronto, Toronto, Session, Session, First First sale. sale. for for Not Not WMO. WMO.
the the of of Report Report Final Final Abridged Abridged the the of of General General - Secretary
s s Aerology. Aerology.
for for Commission Commission the the RP. RP. of of IS. IS. I95I I95I for for Report Report Annual Annual RP. RP. · · 7 - I I
No. No. WMO- No. No. WMO-
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edition. edition. Ist Ist French). French). and and Technical Technical hydrometeors. hydrometeors. and and
(English (English Bilingual Bilingual - Europe Europe clouds clouds of of control control Artificial Artificial I9 I9 TP. TP. 50. 50.
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VI VI Region Region - Networks Networks I0.- frs. frs. Sw. Sw. Price: Price: I956. I956. . . Ed
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Observing Observing orological orological French). French). and and (English (English lingual lingual
Mete
of of
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selected selected of of list list International International - IS IS TP. TP. · · 47
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: : Price Price
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summaries. summaries.
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En
16. 16.
No. No.
Note Note
Technical Technical
En 12. 12. No. No. Note Note
Technical Technical
air. air. upper upper
the the in in rate rate
lapse lapse
- Techniques Techniques Atmospherics Atmospherics - I7 I7 TP. TP. 44· 44·
Superadiabatic Superadiabatic 15. 15. No. No. Note Note
z.- fr. fr. Sw. Sw. : : Price Price l l Technica . . criteria mance mance
summaries. summaries. perfor to to relation relation in in winds winds
Spanish Spanish - Russian Russian - French French measured measured - contour and and wins wins
English. English. . . I I I No. No. Note Note nical nical ra of of accuracy accuracy relative relative The The
Tech - Factor Factor Climatic Climatic a a as as Russian. Russian. - Spanish Spanish - ish ish l Eng
Evaporation Evaporation of of Measurement Measurement French I4. I4. No. No. Note Note l l nica
the the of of Standardization Standardization The The Tech radiosondages. radiosondages. de de peen peen
IO. IO. No. No. Note Note Technical Technical Pests- euro reseau reseau du du Homogeneite Homogeneite - 20 20 TP. TP. 51. 51.
and and Diseases Diseases Plant Plant other other
frs. frs. . . Sw - J. : : Price Price maries. maries. and and Blight Blight Potato Potato of of Data Data
sum Spanish Spanish - Russian Russian - Veather Veather \ from from Forecasting Forecasting The The - I6 I6 TP. TP. . . 42
No. No. WMO- -No. -No. WMO WMO
57 57 9 1 l l i r Ap n n ulleti B WMO WMO
76 76
* *
On On
I I April April I957 I957 and and N N yasaland yasaland New New Caledonia Caledonia
Federation Federation of of Rhodesia Rhodesia Netherlands Netherlands New New Guinea Guinea Yugoslavia Yugoslavia
Ethiopia Ethiopia Netherlands Netherlands Antilles Antilles Viet-Nam Viet-Nam
El El Salvador Salvador Netherlands Netherlands Venezuela Venezuela
Egypt Egypt Morocco Morocco Uruguay Uruguay
Ecuador Ecuador
Mexico Mexico United United States States of of America America
Dominican Dominican Republic Republic Madagascar Madagascar Ireland Ireland
Denmark Denmark
Luxembourg Luxembourg Britain Britain and and Northern Northern
Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia
Libya Libya United United Kingdom Kingdom of of Great Great
Cuba Cuba Lebanon Lebanon Republics Republics
China China
Laos Laos Union Union of of Soviet Soviet Socialist Socialist
Ceylon Ceylon
Korea Korea Union Union of of South South Africa Africa
Canada Canada
Jordan Jordan Ukrainian Ukrainian S.S.R. S.S.R.
Cambodia Cambodia Japan Japan Turkey Turkey
Byeiorussian Byeiorussian S.S.R. S.S.R. Italy Italy Tunisia Tunisia
Burma Burma Israel Israel Thailand Thailand
Bulgaria Bulgaria Ireland Ireland Syria Syria
Territories Territories Iraq Iraq Switzerland Switzerland
British British West West African African Indonesia Indonesia Sweden Sweden
Territories Territories India India Surinam Surinam
British British Malaya/Borneo Malaya/Borneo Iceland Iceland Sudan Sudan
Ocean Ocean Islands Islands Hungary Hungary Guinea Guinea
Territories Territories
and and Indian Indian Hong Hong Kong Kong Spanish Spanish Territories Territories of of
British British East East African African Haiti Haiti Spain Spain
Territories Territories Guatemala Guatemala Romania Romania
British British
Caribbean Caribbean Greece Greece Portuguese Portuguese West West Africa Africa
Brazil Brazil
French French West West Africa Africa Portuguese Portuguese East East Africa Africa
Bolivia Bolivia French French Togoland Togoland Portugal Portugal
Bermuda Bermuda French French Somaliland Somaliland Poland Poland
Belgium Belgium French French Oceania Oceania Philippines Philippines
Belgian Belgian Congo Congo French French Equatorial Equatorial Africa Africa Peru Peru
Austria Austria French French Cameroons Cameroons Paraguay Paraguay
Australia Australia France France Pakistan Pakistan
Argentina Argentina Finland Finland Norway Norway
Afghanistan Afghanistan Federal Federal Repub. Repub. of of Germany Germany New New Zealand Zealand
MEMBERS MEMBERS OF OF THE THE WORLD WORLD METEOROLOGICAL METEOROLOGICAL * * ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION
since since
the the
First First
Session Session (June (June N N at at for for sale. sale.
Recommendations Recommendations adopted adopted I956. I956. English English - French. French.
(Europe), (Europe),
Resolutions Resolutions and and 57· 57· RP. RP. 22 22 - Annual Annual Report Report of of
the the WMO, WMO,
37· 37· RP. RP.
I7 I7 -
Regional Regional
Association Association
VI VI Price Price : : Sw. Sw. frs. frs. J.-
lish lish - French. French. Price Price : : Sw. Sw. frs. frs. 9·-
brovnik, brovnik, March, March, Volume Volume 1956. 1956. II, II, Eng
of of the the Second Second Price Price Session, Session, : : Sw. Sw. frs. frs. Du J.
rope). rope). Abridged Abridged Volume Volume Final Final I, I, Report Report
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Montreal, Montreal, June-July, June-July, Not Not for for sale. sale. I954· I954·
I955· I955· English- French. French. Report Report of of the the First First Session, Session,
52. 52. RP. RP. 20 20 - Annual Annual Report Report Meteorology. Meteorology. of of the the WMO, WMO, Abridged Abridged Final Final
33· 33· French. French. RP. RP. I6 I6 Price: Price: - Commission Commission Sw. Sw. frs. frs. for for Aeronautical Aeronautical J.-
February, February,
1955. 1955.
English English
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frs. frs.
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First First Session, Session,
New New
Delhi, Delhi, December, December, I953· I953·
English
Abridged Abridged Final Final
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of of the the
Session, Session,
Paris, Paris,
November
43. 43. RP. RP. 19 19 - Regional Regional Association Association
II II (Asia). (Asia).
Final Final Report Report
of of
the the First First
Not Not
for for
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and and
Publications. Publications.
Abridged Abridged
I954· I954· English English
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French. French.
31. 31.
RP. RP.
IS IS
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Commission Commission
for for Bibliography Bibliography
41. 41. RP. RP. r8 r8 - Annual Annual Report Report of of the the WMO WMO
Not Not
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29. 29. RP. RP.
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Annual Annual Report Report
o! o! the the WMO WMO I952 I952 - December December I954)· I954)· En
WMO WMO -No. -No. WMO- No. No.
WMO WMO
Bulletin Bulletin April April 1957 1957 WMO Bulletin April 1957
IICAO rscussroNs continue regarding ar meteorological charts, it has adopted a D rangements for the joint WMO/ new question for study confining its ICAO meeting on meteorological tele scope to meteorological charts only. communications in Europe (see Bul Experiments in using the + sign in the letin, Vol. VI, No. r, p. 38). The main body of meteorological telegrams had recent development is the decision of brought to light certain difficulties ICAO not to hold the meeting in June which require further study of the 1957 as originally planned but to post problem by the Commission for Syn pone it until the beginning of 1958. optic Meteorology. The question has This change in the initial plans has not therefore been withdrawn provision affected the date of the proposed ally from the CCIT. meeting of the Working Group on Meteorological Transmissions in Eu rope, which will be held in April 1957 UN (seep. 8o). HE decision of the 2rst session of Some other items on which WMO is the United Nations Economic and collaborating with ICAO are mentioned T Social Council (ECOSOC) to recom on p. 8o. mend the constitution of a panel of world renowned experts to review and ITU (CCIT) advise on the economic and social aspects of integrated river-basin devel HE International Telephone Con opment was reported in the October T sultative Committee (CCIT) of 'r956 number of the WMO Bulletin the International Telecommunication (Vol. V, No. 4, p. 139). The first Union held its VIIIth plenary assembly meeting of this panel was held in New from 8 to 22 December 1956 in Geneva. York from 7 to 12 ] anuary 1957 under WMO was represented by Mr. V. Sun the chairmanship of Professor Gilbert daram, telecommunications expert in E. White. The WMO was represented the Secretariat. Among the matters of for the first two days of the meeting by interest to WMO that were considered, Dr. K. Langlo, chief of the Technical were the characteristics of facsimile Division of the WMO Secretariat. apparatus to be used for the transmis sion of meteorological charts, and the use of the + sign for indicating missing The principal task of the panel was characters in meteorological telegrams. to draw up an outline of the report The plenary assembly has now forward which it will submit, in accordance ed its comments on the characteristics with the ECOSOC resolution, after a of facsimile apparatus proposed by the second and final meeting in November WMO. As the CCIT has at present no 1957. The panel agreed to draft, with deman:d for the transmission by fac the aid of the UN Secretariat and the simile of large documents other than specialized agencies, a report which
77
7 8 8
the the various various facilities facilities that that have have been been almost almost unanimous l y y to to re - adopt adopt several several
to to their their quality quality and and adequacy; adequacy; use use of of ruary ruary 1957, 1957, the the association association dec i ded ded
broadcasts broadcasts on on the the African African contin e nt nt as as tion tion II II (Asia), (Asia), which which closed closed on on r8 r8 Feb
B
were were a a re-examination re-examination of of the the existing existing president president of of Regional Regional Associa
I957· I957· Among Among the the it e ms ms considered considered a a postal postal ballot ballot initiated initiated by by the the Y Y
Las Las Palmas, Palmas, from from ro ro to to r8 r8 January January
A S IA IA
sociation sociation I I held held its its third third session, also also session, at at
ca l l Telecommunications Telecommunications of of Regional Regional As
Th e e Working Working Group Group on on Meteorologi tion tion I. I.
second second session session of of Regional Regional Associa
report report of of th e e session session appears appears on on p . . 53· 53· this this me e ting ting were were presented presented at at the the
zr zr January January to to g g February February I957· I957· A A lems lems of of th e e Region. Region. Th e e results results of of
. . Las Las Palmas, Palmas, Canary Canary Islands, Islands, from from
other other technical technical and and operational operational prob
T
Association Association I I (Africa) (Africa) was was held held at at telecommunications telecommunications procedures procedures and and
s ec ond ond session session of of Regional Regional introduced introduced HE HE recently recently in in the the Region Region ; ;
AFRICA AFRICA
tries. tries. logical logical journa l s. s.
particularly particularly in in under-d eve loped loped coun ial ial to to be be found found in in som e e non-meteoro
account account in in implem e nting nting such such schemes, schemes, rath e r r than than on on the the controversial controversial mater
social social implications implications to to be be tak e n n into into based based on on r ece nt nt climatological climatological studies studies
serve serve as as a a guide guide to to the the economic economic and and ing ing that that the the technical technical note note should should be be
report report emerging emerging from from its its work work would would proposal proposal of of the the UN UN panel, panel, recommend
purpos es . . The The panel panel hop e d d that that the the subsequently subsequently decided decided to to support support the the
power power for for domestic domestic and and industrial industrial The The second second session session of of the the commission commission
ways ways and and the the production production of of e l ec tric tric
the the d eve lopment lopment of of navigable navigable water about about to to meet meet in in Washington. Washington.
by by irrigation, irrigation, flood flood protection protection projects, projects, mission mission for for C l imatology, imatology, which which was was
ditions ditions of of the the inhabitants inhabitants of of the the region region brought brought to to the the attention attention of of the the Com
to to improve improve materially materially the the living living con suggested suggested that that the the matter matter should should be be
lished. lished. Th ese ese schemes schemes will will endeavour endeavour of of precipitation. precipitation. The The WMO WMO observer observer
the the regional regional economy economy is is to to b e e esta b nical nical Note Note No . . Arti(ic1:at Arti(ic1:at in ducement ducement I I : :
developm e nt nt programme programme to to improve improve be be pr epa red red on on similar similar lines lines to to T T ech
basin basin is is treated treated as as the the unit unit for for which which a a was was proposed proposed It It that that a a report report should should
water water schemes schemes in in which which the the riv e r ments ments (irrigation, (irrigation, drainage, drainage, dams, dams, etc.). etc.).
rests rests on on th e e planning planning of of multi-purpos e e change change induced induced by by wat e r r develop
int egra t e d d river-basin river-basin developm e nt nt preparing preparing a a technical technical report report on on climatic climatic
ered ered in in any any detail. detail. The The concept concept of of to to explore explore the the possibility possibility of of WMO WMO
basin basin d eve lopment lopment will will not not be be consid opment, opment, Dr. Dr. Langlo Langlo was was formally formally asked asked
technical technical aspects aspects of of integrated integrated river WMO WMO Panel Panel on on Water Water Resource Resource Devel
development. development. Th e e engineering engineering and and various various projects projects recommended recommended by by the the
and and political political aspects aspects of of water water resourc es es of of WMO WMO in in the the subject subject and and referring referring to to
will will concentrate concentrate on on the the social, social, economic economic After After explaining explaining the the general general interest interest
WMO WMO Bu ll etin etin April April 1957 1957
79 79
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S fourth fourth the the of of postponement postponement e e Th of of rs rs e Memb by by considered considered ng ng ei b
nt nt ese pr at at re re a inquiries inquiries AL AL EVER
. . n egio R the the
EUROPE EUROPE
of of services services cal cal rologi eo t e m of of number number
y a a y b collected collected statistics statistics includes includes report report
This This flight. flight. in in aircraft aircraft from from tions tions
ballot. ballot. postal postal
observa l l ogica rol eo t e m of of ion ion eg R the the
a a of of subject subject e e th are are ved, ved, i ece r were were
within within e e mad use use the the concerning concerning tion tion
comments comments ral ral seve which which concerning concerning
ssocia a e e th of of Members Members to to d d e distribut
tions, tions, a mmend eco r two two maining maining e r e e Th
nd nd a prepared prepared was was port port e r a a ll, ll, RA RA
. . Members from from ived ived ece r were were nts nts e m
of of president president e e th of of request request the the At At
m co adverse adverse no no hich hich w on on mendations mendations
m eco r ese ese th
to to d d
e
limit
was was
action action
s s thi
. . hts g fli nce nce ssa reconnai
IV; IV; RA RA of of
olutions olutions
es r
as as
Committee Committee
meteorological meteorological for for need need the the nd nd a ships, ships,
e e n ca
Hurri n n ea Caribb
Eastern Eastern e e
th of of
n n o observations observations ll ll a rainf gy, gy, orolo e t
ion ion sess
fourth fourth e e
th
of of
ns ns
atio
nd
e m
ecom r
e m agricultural agricultural s, s, r e t ecas for for for s s flight
the the of of y y jorit a m e e th
dopt dopt a to to ion, ion,
eg R
familiarization familiarization observations, observations, per-air per-air
the the
f f o Members Members with with
consultation consultation
er er ft a
up telecommunications, telecommunications, ical ical g rolo eo met
and and of of
alf alf beh
on on
ed, ed, id ec d
has has
America) America)
of of pects pects as certain certain concern concern s s
olution
T ral ral
Cent
nd nd a
(North (North IV IV
tion tion
es r ese ese Th . .
Organization l l gica Meteorolo
Associa
ional ional
eg R
of of
nt nt e presid
HE HE
International International the the of of ll ll Commission Commission
nal nal egio R r e form the the of of resolutions resolutions AMERICA AMERICA CENTRAL CENTRAL AND AND NORTH NORTH
1957 1957 April April Bulletin Bulletin WMO WMO
80 80
of of
participants participants in in the the very very near near future. future. charts charts included included in in flight flight forecast forecast
of of
documents documents should should be be in in the the hands hands Projections Projections and and scales scales of of weather weather
uted uted in in February February and and the the first first batch batch flight flight forecast forecast forms forms
oranda oranda
for for the the sessions sessions were were distrib Representation Representation of of ground ground profiles profiles on on
The The agenda agenda and and explanatory explanatory mem AFTN AFTN channels channels
messages messages meteorological
carried carried
over over
and and various various
other other related related
matters. matters.
Downgrading Downgrading
and/or and/or
cancellation cancellation of of
of of the the meetings, meetings,
the the
documentation documentation
ments ments relate relate
to to the the
following following
subjects: subjects:
14 14 March March to to
discuss discuss
the the organization organization
tion tion (ICAO). (ICAO).
The The remaining remaining
amend
WMO WMO Secretariat Secretariat
between between 12 12
and and
International International
Civil Civil
Aviation Aviation
Organiza
ghem ghem and and Mr. Mr.
A. A.
Perlat, Perlat,
visited visited
the the
Third Third Air Air
Navigation Navigation
Conference Conference
of of the the
of of the the commissions, commissions, J. J.
Dr. Dr. Van Van
Mie
of of operational operational
control control
developed developed
at at the the
now now well well under under
way. way. The The
presidents presidents
amendments amendments
is is a a result result
of of
the the concept concept
to to open open in in Paris Paris on on 18 18 June June
1957, 1957,
are are
sidered. sidered.
The The
most most
important important
of of these these
ments ments and and Methods Methods
of of Observation, Observation,
due due
navigation, navigation,
are are
at at
present present
being being con
logy logy and and
the the Commission Commission
for for Instru
P logical logical services services
for for
international international
air air
sions sions of of the the
Commission Commission
for for
Aero
Regulations, Regulations, which which
deals deals
with with
meteoro
REPARATIONS REPARATIONS
for for
the the
second second
ses
S
ter ter 12 12 of of the the WMO WMO Technical Technical
OBSERVATION OBSERVATION proposed proposed amendments amendments OME OME to to Chap
INSTRUMENTS INSTRUMENTS AND AND METHODS METHODS OF OF
AERONAUTICAL AERONAUTICAL
METEOROLOGY METEOROLOGY
AEROLOGY AEROLOGY
and and the the use use of of radar radar in in meteorology. meteorology.
tember tember or or October October 1958. 1958. fusion fusion in in the the atmosphere, atmosphere, actinometry, actinometry,
tural tural Meteorology Meteorology
in in Warsaw Warsaw in in Sep above above the the mb mb level, level, turbulent turbulent 100 100 dif
session session of of the the Commission Commission for for Agricul be be dynamic dynamic and and physical physical processes processes
being being made made for for convening convening the the second second the the sessions. sessions. The The principal principal topics topics will will
fi fi
Government, Government, arrangements arrangements are are sions sions will will be be held held in in conjunction conjunction with with
J\ J\
the the invitation invitation T T of of the the Polish Polish Some Some scientific scientific lectures lectures and and discus
AGRICULTURAL AGRICULTURAL METEOROLOGY METEOROLOGY
1957. 1957. The The object object of of this this meeting meeting is is to to data. data.
the the
Netherlands, Netherlands, from from 12 12 to to 19 19 April April requirements requirements for for the the exchange exchange of of these these
tion tion of of the the Meteorological Meteorological Service Service of of on on the the basis basis of of existing existing and and anticipated anticipated
working working
group group in in Utrecht, Utrecht, by by invita the the meeting meeting will will be be able able to to make make plans plans
convene convene
the the third third meeting meeting of of the the within within the the Region. Region. is is It It hoped hoped that that
of of the the association, association, has has decided decided to to exchange exchange of of basic basic meteorological meteorological data data
sions, sions,
in in agreement agreement with with the the president president prepared prepared a a preliminary preliminary report report on on the the
Group Group on on Meteorological Meteorological Transmis Bulletin, Bulletin, the the working working group group has has already already
The The
chairman chairman of of the the RA RA VI VI Working Working indicated indicated in in the the last last number number of of the the
beginning beginning of of 1958 1958 (see (see p. p. 77). 77). As As
tions. tions.
in in Europe, Europe, which which will will be be held held at at the the
radiosonde radiosonde and and radiowind radiowind observa ICAO ICAO meeting meeting on on telecommunications telecommunications
concerning concerning
the the altitudes altitudes attained attained during during make make preparations preparations for for the the joint joint WMO/ WMO/
WMO WMO Bulletin Bulletin
April April 1957 1957
81 81
form. form. coded coded a a in in shipping shipping for for On On tins tins observations. observations. upper-air upper-air of of times times
bulle weather weather broadcasting broadcasting of of bility bility standard standard the the in in change change a a concerning concerning
possi the the and and stations stations weather weather ocean ocean Meteorology Meteorology Synoptic Synoptic for for Commission Commission
from from reports reports supplementary supplementary radar, radar, the the of of recommendation recommendation the the Committee Committee
T
ground ground by by made made observations observations logical logical Executive Executive the the of of behalf behalf on on ed ed
meteoro for for code code a a Year, Year, Geophysical Geophysical approv has has WMO WMO of of President President HE HE
International International the the during during ships ships by by
METEOROLOGY METEOROLOGY made made SYNOPTIC SYNOPTIC observations observations surface surface transmitting transmitting
for for form form short short a a include include studied studied being being
now now questions questions important important other other The The
Year. Year. Geophysical Geophysical International International
the the to to relating relating those those to to attention attention
substantial. substantial. very very already already is is which which
particular particular with with session, session, second second the the of of
agenda agenda the the of of draft draft first first a a Secretariat, Secretariat,
decisions decisions the the on on action action follow-up follow-up initial initial
the the with with collaboration collaboration in in preparing, preparing,
the the
take take to to been been has has Meteorology Meteorology
is is CSM CSM of of president president the the step step first first a a As As T
Maritime Maritime for for Commission Commission the the of of
commission. commission. the the of of session session second second the the
field field the the in in activity activity principal principal
HE HE
for for way way under under also also are are Preparations Preparations
METEOROLOGY METEOROLOGY MARITIME MARITIME
CSM. CSM. of of session session second second
the the before before well well framed framed mendations mendations
attention. attention. for for recom its its and and studied studied be be may may lems lems
bodies bodies constituent constituent other other to to referred referred prob telecommunication telecommunication the the that that so so
being being are are CCl CCl by by raised raised questions questions October October in in meeting meeting a a holding holding of of sibility sibility
the the of of Some Some groups. groups. working working new new the the pos the the examining examining is is communications communications
establishing establishing for for formalities formalities necessary necessary Tele on on Group Group Working Working CSM CSM The The
the the out out carrying carrying and and session session the the
of of report report final final abridged abridged the the preparing preparing
code. code. tional tional now now is is Secretariat Secretariat the the CCl, CCl, of of president president
interna the the about about taken taken been been has has sion sion the the with with collaboration collaboration In In I957· I957· uary uary
deci final final a a until until force force in in remain remain will will Jan in in Washington Washington in in session session second second
A
arrangement arrangement This This aircraft. aircraft. naissance naissance its its held held Climatology Climatology for for sion sion
recon by by observed observed sea sea at at ice ice cerning cerning Commis the the 59, 59, p. p. on on reported reported s s
con information information transmitting transmitting for for form form
code code States States United United existing existing the the use use CLIMATOLOGY CLIMATOLOGY
to to Members Members for for provides provides which which tion tion
recommenda CSM CSM another another approved approved
also also has has WMO WMO of of President President The The
examined. examined. being being
are are amendments amendments proposed proposed the the when when
ICAO ICAO at at WMO WMO represent represent will will who who 1957. 1957. June June I I from from times times new new the the
commission commission the the of of president president the the to to introduce introduce to to decided decided consultation, consultation, eral eral
comments comments their their submit submit to to them them enable enable bilat a a after after which, which, America America of of States States
to to amendments amendments proposed proposed these these of of tified tified United United the the and and Canada Canada were were exceptions exceptions
no been been have have Meteorology Meteorology nautical nautical main main the the ; ; I957 I957 April April I I on on times times new new
Aero for for Commission Commission the the of of Members Members the the introduce introduce to to proposed proposed they they that that
indicated indicated have have subject subject this this on on inquiry inquiry
Secretariat Secretariat the the to to replied replied have have which which reports. reports. ditching ditching in in
services services meteorological meteorological the the of of Most Most sea sea of of state state and and swell swell of of Reporting Reporting
GMT. GMT. I8oo I8oo and and rzoo rzoo o6oo, o6oo, oooo, oooo, came came charts charts such such
be therefore therefore times times these these I957 I957 April April I I on on drawn drawn isohypses isohypses the the and and folders folders
1957 1957 April April Bulletin Bulletin WMO WMO
82 82
frosts frosts for for three three months months of of the the year. year. qu e ncies ncies of of maximum maximum and and minimum minimum
rasset rasset m) m) and and (1,400 (1,400 almost almost nightly nightly a a graphic graphic device device to to represent represent fre
the the regular regular Saharan Saharan station station of of Taman analysis analysis : a a : new new technique technique described described
two two and and one-half one-half times times as as great great as as at at Kingdom) Kingdom) in in Temperature Temperature and and humidity humidity
Ahaggar, Ahaggar, showing showing precipitation precipitation nearly nearly eight eight inches. inches. Monica Monica Mary Mary Cole Cole (United (United
from from Asekrem Asekrem at at metres metres in in 2,700 2,700 the the from from the the ground ground surface surface to to a a d e pth pth of of
reported reported a a pion ee r r two-year two-year record record dig dig an an Bay, Bay, Wales Wales presented presented results results
l e e climat climat de de montagne montagne au au Sahara Sahara central central tion tion to to aspect aspect on on coastal coastal slopes slopes in in Car
R ey ey (Algeria), (Algeria), in in Donnees Donnees nouvelles nouvelles sur sur Variations Variations in in soil soil temperature temperature in in rela
Jordan Jordan Valley Valley types). types). Robert Robert Capot J. J. wide wide forces. forces. A. A. Taylor Taylor (Wales) (Wales) in in
aridity aridity in in Palestine Palestine (the (the Neg ev ev and and where where indicating indicating the the play play of of world
(Israel) (Israel) spoke spoke on on T w o o types types of of border border correspondence correspondence of of fluctuations fluctuations every
oth e r r dry dry lands. lands. D. D. H. H. K. K. Amiran Amiran concluded concluded that that there there is is a a gene r a l l
Five Five papers papers treated treated climatology climatology of of Fluct~tations Fluct~tations of of glaciers glaciers in in the the Alps Alps
gradients . . Hanz Hanz Kinzl Kinzl (Austria) (Austria) in in
eastern eastern Brazil. Brazil. characteristics characteristics of of r eg ional ional and and seasona l l
Solar Solar activity activity and and rainfall rainfall in in south regions regions of of the the w orld orld d esc ribed ribed the the
and and Sampaio Sampaio Ferraz Ferraz (Brazil) (Brazil) discussed discussed decrease decrease w ith ith altitude altitude in in the the diff ere nt nt
ditions ditions in in the the Distrito Distrito Federal, Federal, Brazil, Brazil, march march of of the the rates rates of of temperature temperature
Faissol Faissol (Brazil) (Brazil) d es cribed cribed Climatic Climatic con Laut ensac h h (Germany) (Germany) in in The The annual annual
generally generally sem i-arid i-arid r egion. egion. Speridiao Speridiao criterion criterion for for clas s ification. ification. Hermann Hermann
thwaite thwaite index index as as low low as as -44.5) -44.5) in in the the the the duration duration of of th e e rainy rainy season season as as the the
found found a a node node of of desert desert climate climate (Thorn delineation delineation of of tropical tropical cl imates imates stressed stressed
aridity aridity in in north-eastern north-eastern Brazil. Brazil. Webb Webb lem s s of of subclassification subclassification and and methods methods of of
Maio Maio (Brazil) (Brazil) in in Map Map of of the the index index results. results. of of W . . Lauer Lauer (Germany) (Germany) in in Prob
th waite waite system, system, and and by by Celeste Celeste Rodrigues Rodrigues was was believ e d d to to produc e e s i gnificant gnificant
north-east north-east Brazil Brazil according according to to the the Thorn stated stated that that seeding seeding with with water water spray spray
E . . Webb Webb (U.S.A.) (U.S.A.) in in The The climate climate Puerto Puerto of of Rico Rico by by means means of of cloud cloud seeding seeding
indices, indices, were were pr ese nt ed ed by by Kempton Kempton Po ssi bility bility of of initiating initiating rainfall rainfall in in
the the de de Martonne Martonne moisture moisture and and aridity aridity other other papers. papers. Leo Leo A lp ert ert (U.S.A.) (U.S.A.) in in
on on the the basis basis of of the the Thornthwaite Thornthwaite and and A A variety variety of of themes themes were were covered covered in in
the the dry dry r eg ion ion of of north - easte rn rn Brazil, Brazil,
of of Brazil. Brazil. Large-scale Large-scale climatic climatic maps maps the the of of Quaternary. Quaternary.
Four Four papers papers dealt dealt with with the the climate climate with with dry dry periods periods in in the the south south during during
periods periods in in the the north north tended tended to to coincide coincide
posium. posium. concluding concluding that that on on the the whole, whole, wet wet
other other sections sections and and in in a a general general sym arides arides au au nord nord et et au au sud sud du du Sahara, Sahara,
matology matology had had a a prominent prominent place place in in ed ed Correlation Correlation des des piriodes piriodes plu via les les et et
Miller Miller (England). (England). In In addition, addition, J. J. of of cli rainfall. rainfall. Tricart Tricart (France) (France) discuss
Hanz Hanz Kinzl Kinzl (Austria) (Austria) and and A. A. Austin Austin including including the the year-to-year year-to-year variability variability
sessions, sessions, presided presided over over by by Prof esso rs rs (Iraq) (Iraq) described described The The climate climate of of Iraq, Iraq,
The The section section on on climatology climatology held held three three sub-types sub-types of of steppe. steppe. J J assim assim M. M. Khalaf Khalaf
held held at at Rio Rio de de Janeiro Janeiro in in August August rgs6. rgs6. phiqu es , , including including the the four four principal principal
Int e rnational rnational
Geographical Geographical Congress, Congress, l'U.R.S.S. l'U.R.S.S. et et leurs leurs analogues analogues geog ra
C
by by papers papers at at th e e eighteenth eighteenth Re gions gions arides arides et et semi-arides semi-arides de de
was was LIMATOLOGY LIMATOLOGY well well repr ese nted nted P. P. I. I. Guerassimov Guerassimov (U.S.S.R.) (U.S.S.R.) analysed analysed
INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL GEOGRAPHICAL GEOGRAPHICAL CONGRESS CONGRESS
WMO WMO Bulletin Bulletin April April 1957 1957
83 83
rritories. rritories. e T Member Member and and Morocco. Morocco. 22 22 of of e e torat ec Prot Spanish Spanish the the
States States Member Member as as h now now 72 72 WMO WMO nd nd a Morocco Morocco of of Protectorate Protectorate French French
e e th of of Territories Territories Member Member r r e form two two
iously. iously. ev pr as as Territory Territory Member Member a a the the of of replaces replaces r r e mb e M new new This This 1957. 1957.
d d ea inst 7 7 195 February February 21 21 on on WMO WMO of of February February on on WMO WMO of of State State 2 2 Member Member
State State Member Member a a ecame ecame b s s thu a a a a Tunisi became became thus thus Morocco Morocco vention. vention.
. . Convention the the of of 3(b) 3(b) e e Articl of of s s n Con sio the the of of 3(b) 3(b) Article Article of of provisions provisions
provi e e th er er und 1957, 1957, y y Januar 22 22 on on the the r r e und Washington, Washington, at at State State of of
Washington Washington t t a State State of of t t epartmen nt nt e D e e th Departm e e th h h wit Convention Convention ical ical
with with Convention Convention Meteorological Meteorological World World Meteorolog World World the the to to accession accession of of
O e e th to to accession accession of of nt nt e rum st nt nt in e an an instrum an an ited ited s po e d Empire Empire
deposited deposited Tunisia Tunisia of of m m gdo Sherifian Sherifian Kin e e e e th Th 1957 1957 y y Januar 3 3 N N
Tzmisia Tzmisia Morocco Morocco
WMO WMO OF OF MEMBERSHIP MEMBERSHIP
MEIGS MEIGS ; ; e e PEVERIL PEVERIL climat from from than than r r e rath minerals minerals
certain certain
of of absence absence and and age, age, drain of of
meteorologique. meteorologique. reseau reseau du du stations stations des des
ess ess poorn ess, ess, n e fin soil soil as as actors actors f such such
repartition repartition la la de de principes principes es es L : : binstein binstein
from from
results results world, world, the the of of parts parts other other
Ru . . E. E. S ; ; $tviometriques $tviometriques pl ariations ariations v
in in probably probably and and Brazil, Brazil, in in as as savann
des des probtemes probtemes les les et et eau eau l' l' de de culation culation
of of ibution ibution str di the the that that consensus consensus
cir La La Drozdov: Drozdov: . . A 0. 0. comprehensive; comprehensive;
the the
was was
It It discussion. discussion. general general by by ed ed
climatologie climatologie la la par par . . .R.S.S l'U de de arides arides
follow
were were (Germany), (Germany), Troll Troll Carl Carl and and
extra et et arides arides regions regions des des climat climat du du
(Germany) (Germany) eck eck Hu Kurt Kurt (Brazil), (Brazil), Arens Arens
etude etude L' L' Tchouboukov: Tchouboukov: A. A. et et L. L. Feldman Feldman
Karl Karl
by by
presented presented s s r e Pap regions. regions.
A. A. ; ; I. I. humides humides et et arides arides regions regions les les
ical ical trop in in Campos Campos the the of of problem problem
entre entre es es frontier des des sement sement tablis ' e ' l our our p
The The : : morning morning a a ed ed devot Congress Congress
rate rate gene atmospherique atmospherique lation lation ircu c la la
the the
which which
to to
symposium symposium general general a a
de de analyse analyse d' d' e e Rol : : ky ky eevs Dzerdz B. B. L. L.
into into significantly significantly d d e r ente Climatology Climatology
aridite; aridite; d' d' climatiques climatiques ndices ndices I : : dyko dyko
Bou M. M. ; ; I. I. limitrophes limitrophes contrees contrees es es l et et
a. a. t a d
climatic climatic standard standard of of distributions distributions
tropicaux tropicaux pays pays es es l dans dans atmosphiriques atmosphiriques
y y b e e lainabl exp not not was was and and es, es, mass
precipitations precipitations des des repartition repartition la la de de
ir ir
a
antarctic antarctic polar polar by by hed hed eac r regions regions
ritis ritis icula t ar p s s Quelque : : vanov vanov I I N. N. N. N.
to to ed ed limit was was anophelines anophelines szia szia Kerte
climats; climats; des des classification classification de de bteme bteme
of of distribution distribution the the that that found found problem problem
pro et et dynamique dynamique Climatologie Climatologie mov: mov:
-Malaria -Malaria elia Brom the the of of aspects aspects Climatic Climatic
Khro P. P. S. S. s: s: follow as as climatology, climatology, on on
in in (Brazil) (Brazil) Aragao Aragao B. B. Mario Mario ance. ance.
papers papers ditional ditional ad seven seven and and , , n egatio l e d
bal tter tter e b into into network network Mexican Mexican the the
the the of of mbers mbers e m y y b d e t esen pr rs rs e pap
bring bring to to proposals proposals e e mad stations stations ical ical
the the all all of of text text full full the the included included this this
meteorolog of of rk rk netwo a a up up setting setting for for
; ; 1956) 1956) ad, ad, eningr u-L sco Mo ., ., .S l'U.R.S
erion erion crit Geographical Geographical in in ico) ico) ex (M lay lay e C
de de es es Scienc es es d Academie Academie de de 1' 1' (Editions (Editions
Lebrija Lebrija Manuel Manuel nd nd a Batalla Batalla Bassols Bassols
geographie geographie de de Essais Essais Congress, Congress, the the for for
Angel Angel utilization. utilization. nd nd a l effective effective more more
specially specially French French in in published published book book a a
ate ate facilit to to microclimates microclimates ameliorate ameliorate to to
contributed contributed delegation delegation S.S.R. S.S.R. . U The The
U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. e e th in in used used ns ns ea m various various the the
d d e discuss anthropogenes anthropogenes facteurs facteurs s s le par par
fires. fires. man-made man-made repeated repeated of of ult ult es r climat climat the the du du changement changement Le Le in in R.) R.) .S. (U.S
probably probably is is phase phase grassy grassy the the that that and and Davitaia Davitaia F. F. F. F. temperatures. temperatures. daily daily
1957 1957 April April Bulletin Bulletin WMO WMO
84 84
720, 720, ro8o, ro8o, r8oo. r8oo. The The three three kinds kinds of of spheric spheric processes processes (Professor (Professor F. F. M6LLER) M6LLER)
Radiation, Radiation, as as 3, 3, 5, 5, an an energy energy IO, IO, J, J, I5, I5, source source 30, 30, 60, 60, in in go, go, atmo 180, 180, 360, 360, 540, 540,
Mesometeorology Mesometeorology
(Professor (Professor H. H. BYERs) BYERs)
the the I2 I2 months months of of the the year year ; k k ; r, r, = = 2, 2,
CHARNEY) CHARNEY)
periods periods of of k k consecutive consecutive days days
through through
ical ical weather weather prediction prediction
(Professor (Professor J. J.
G. G.
tion tion of of the the total total rainfall rainfall amounts amounts in in Numerical Numerical and and graphical graphical methods methods of of dynam
H. H. FLOHN) FLOHN) with with three three kinds kinds of of frequency frequency distribu
Fronts, Fronts,
jet jet streams streams
and and air air masses masses (Professor (Professor
the the Netherlands. Netherlands. Each Each book book deals deals
SENs) SENs)
rainfall rainfall data data 24 24 of of selected selected stations stations
in in
Physics Physics and and dynamics dynamics
of of clouds clouds
(Dr. (Dr. H. H.
DEs
of of valuable valuable information information about about the the PRIESTLEY) PRIESTLEY)
Diffusion Diffusion and and convection convection will will provide, provide, (Dr. (Dr. C. C. when when H. H. B. B. completed, completed, 24 24 books books
pollution pollution
(Professor (Professor C. C. G. G. RossBY) RossBY)
set set in in motion motion a a unique unique project, project,
which which
Atmospheric Atmospheric T chemistry, chemistry, radioactivity radioactivity and and
logical logical Institute Institute at at De De Bilt Bilt has has
HE HE Royal Royal Netherlands Netherlands Meteoro assembly: assembly:
which which will will take take place place during during the the
PERIOD PERIOD
RAINFALLS RAINFALLS
scientific scientific meetings meetings of of the the association association
FREQUENCY FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION
OF OF K-DAY K-DAY
ed ed the the following following programme programme for for the the
logy, logy, Dr. Dr. C. C. R. R. Sutcliffe, Sutcliffe, has has announc
International International Association Association of of Meteoro
Territories. Territories.
tember tember I957· I957· The The Secretary Secretary of of the the
work work
of of
the the
British British
West West African African
Toronto, Toronto, Canada, Canada, from from 3 3 to to I4 I4 Sep
participated participated
in in
WMO WMO
within within
the the
frame
desy desy and and
Geophysics Geophysics will will be be held held in in
of of
the the Convention. Convention.
Up Up
to to
now now it it has has T
the the International International Union Union of of
Geo
tion tion
under under
the the provisions provisions
of of Article Article
3(b) 3(b)
HE HE eleventh eleventh General General Assembly Assembly of of
to to the the World World Meteorological Meteorological Conven
deposition deposition
of of an an instrument instrument of of accession accession
IUGG IUGG GENERAL GENERAL AssEMBLY AssEMBLY
become become a a Member Member of of WMO WMO on on the the
the the United United Nations Nations and and can can therefore therefore
Ghana Ghana has has just just become become a a Member Member of of
1953). 1953).
Africa. Africa.
(r88o-r953) (r88o-r953)
and and of of Hoofddorp Hoofddorp (r867-
is: is: P.O. P.O. Box Box 744, 744, Accra, Accra, Ghana, Ghana, West West
been been issued, issued, those those of of Winterswijk Winterswijk
vice. vice. The The address address of of the the new new service service
Two Two books books of of the the series series have have already already
services, services, became became an an independent independent ser
British British West West African African meteorological meteorological
kind. kind. service service of of Ghana, Ghana, formerly formerly one one of of the the
all all 214 214 frequency frequency distributions distributions of of each each on on this this same same date date the the meteorological meteorological
frequencies. frequencies. Each Each book book contains contains in in name name of of Ghana, Ghana, on on 6 6 March March 1957, 1957, and and
frequency frequency distribution distribution with with exceedance exceedance of of
the the British British Commonwealth, Commonwealth, with with the the
T
tribution tribution and and a a cumulative cumulative percentage percentage became became an an independent independent member member
distributive distributive percentage percentage frequency frequency dis HE HE territory territory of of the the Gold Gold Coast Coast
k-day k-day period period rainfalls rainfalls per per interval, interval, a a
SERVICE SERVICE quency quency distribution distribution of of the the numbers numbers of of
A A NEW NEW INDEPENDENT INDEPENDENT METEOROLOGICAL METEOROLOGICAL distribution distribution are are a a distributive distributive fre
WMO WMO Bulletin Bulletin April April 1957 1957
85 85
bodies. bodies. constituent constituent its its of of and and WMO WMO the the eteorologische eteorologische M M example example for for as as nals, nals,
of of composition composition the the concerns concerns z z Part Part jour meteorological meteorological of of series series valuable valuable
some some and and reprints reprints of of collection collection large large
organizations. organizations. international international
a a
books, books, meteorological meteorological classical classical tant tant
and and agencies agencies specialized specialized other other tions, tions,
impor
many many contains contains library library This This
Na United United the the and and WMO WMO between between
projects projects co-operative· co-operative· and and relations relations WMO. WMO. the the to to
the the of of account account an an by by followed followed year, year, the the library library meteorological meteorological husband's husband's late late
during during activities activities Organization's Organization's the the
of of summary summary general general a a contains contains Part Part I I
library library Swoboda's Swoboda's Dr. Dr. late late the the from from
books books examining examining
(Secretary-General) (Secretary-General)
Council. Council. Social Social and and
Davies Davies A. A. D. D. Mr. Mr.
and and
Swoboda Swoboda
MmeM. MmeM.
Economic Economic the the by by study study particular particular
for for Nations Nations United United the the to to submit submit to to
required required is is he he which which Nations, Nations, United United
the the of of agency agency specialized specialized a a as as WMO WMO
of of work work the the on on report report annual annual the the
with with Organization Organization the the of of Members Members to to
submit submit to to required required is is Secretary-General Secretary-General
the the which which report report annual annual the the combines combines
publication publication this this years, years, previous previous in in As As
X+I39· X+I39· Pp. Pp. RP.zz. RP.zz.
57· 57· No. No. WMO- r956. r956. : : Report Report Annual Annual
PUBLICATIONS PUBLICATIONS WMO WMO RECENT RECENT
Organization. Organization.
the the of of behalf behalf on on Secretary-General Secretary-General the the
her her presented presented recently recently Swoboda, Swoboda, G. G. by by Dr. Dr. accepted accepted gratefully gratefully was was gift gift This This
WMO, WMO, of of Secretary-General Secretary-General
former former
I934· I934· Igi8-
eteorologie, eteorologie, M M men men
the the of of widow widow Swoboda, Swoboda, M. M. Mme Mme
mariti und und Hydrographie Hydrographie der der Annalen Annalen
and and I937, I937, I878- eteorologie, eteorologie,
M M fur fur schrijt schrijt LIBRARY LIBRARY
Zeit
Osterreichische Osterreichische
formerly formerly
Zeitschrijt Zeitschrijt
SWOBODA'S SWOBODA'S Dr. Dr. OF OF WMO WMO TO TO GIFT GIFT
VASSY) VASSY)
earth. earth. the the of of balance balance water water E. E. (Professor (Professor thunderstorms thunderstorms of of tricity tricity
elec the the
especially especially electricity, electricity, Atmospheric Atmospheric the the be be will will subject subject the the which which at at graphy graphy
MIEGHEM) MIEGHEM)
Oceano Physical Physical of of
Association Association tional tional
J. J. Van Van (Professor (Professor problems problems circulation circulation
Interna the the and and Hydrology Hydrology general general Scientific Scientific and and synoptic synoptic : : meteorology meteorology Polar Polar
R. R.
K. K. RAMANATHAN) RAMANATHAN) of of Association Association
International International the the
with with
(Professor (Professor stratosphere stratosphere the the of of stituents stituents
meeting meeting
joint joint a a
be be
will also also will
There There
con trace trace other other and and vapour vapour water water Ozone, Ozone,
1957 1957 April April Bulletin Bulletin WMO WMO
86 86
French, French, English English and and Spanish Spanish Numerous Numerous for for use use other other projects projects undertaken undertaken
views views and and talks talks were were recorded recorded assembled assembled in in and and issued issued on on microcards . .
nale nale in in rg58 rg58 were were d eve lop e d . . Inter data data collected collected during during the the IGY IGY will will be be
Exposition Exposition U U niverselle niverselle et et I I nternatio Meteorological Meteorological Data Data Centre Centre at at which which
for for th e e WMO WMO di sp lay lay at at th e e Brusse li l shment shment s s a t t th e e Secretariat Secretariat of of the the
work work of of WMO WMO was was prepared prepared a nd nd plans plans G eop hy s i ca Y l ea r r includ e d d th e e estab
of of photo graphic graphic panels panels illu stra tin g g the the tion s s for for the the forthcoming forthcoming Int e rnational rnational
governmental governmental organizations . . A A se ri es es th e e staff staff of of the the Secretariat. Secretariat. Prepara
national national p e riodicals riodicals and and through through non of of a a t e l eco mmunications mmunications specialist specialist to to
continued continued to to b e e disseminated disseminated through through been been possible possible through through the the appointment appointment
and and inform a tion tion concern in g g the the WMO WMO meteorological meteorological telecommunications telecommunications has has
for for th e e scientific scientific press press was was in a ugurated ugurated Gr ea t e r r attention attention to to the the questions questions of of
Atlas. Atlas. A A special special informati on on service service missions missions an d d the the Executive Executive Committee. Committee.
such such projects projects as as the the World World Climatic Climatic of of those those set set up up by by the the te ch nical nical com
national national Geophysical Geophysical Year Year and and activities activities in in of of th ese ese working working gro up s, s, and and
meteorological meteorological programm e e of of the the Int e r of of the the report report summarizes summarizes th e e major major
countries countries are are also also taking taking part part in in the the at l ases ases etc . , , on on a a regional regional b as is . . Part Part 6 6
of of constitu e nt nt bodies bodies of of WMO WMO ; ; th ese ese to to st udy udy t e lecommunication s , , climatic climatic
were were invit e d d to to participate participate in in meetings meetings which which hav e e established established working working groups groups
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active active effect effect from from zo zo D ecembe r r rgsr. rgsr. tend e ncy ncy towards towards furth e t r ec hnical hnical
rg56 rg56 and and came came into into force force with with r etro nical nical bodies bodies of of the the Organi za tion tion and and a a
the the Swiss Swiss Federal Federal Council Council on on ro ro June June incr ease ease in in th e e activities activities of of the the tech
WMO WMO in in Switzerland, Switzerland, was was ratified ratified by by Th e e past past year year showed showed a a noti cea ble ble
WMO, WMO, governing governing the the l ega l l status status of of
agreement agreement between between
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at at its its eighth eighth session session ; ; pr es idents idents of of
cedure cedure should should b e e applied. applied. drawn drawn up up by by the the Ex ec utive utive Committee Committee
the the
conditions conditions under under which which this this pro technical technical assistance assistance activities activities was was
tions tions adopted adopted by by Congress Congress establishing establishing by by the the Secretariat Secretariat when when planning planning
vote, vote, in in accordance accordance with with n ew ew r egu planned. planned. la The The procedure procedure to to be be followed followed
matters matters have have be e n n dealt dealt with with by by postal postal - further further regional regional projects projects are are being being
are are r ev i ewe d d in in Part Part 3· 3· Several Several urg e nt nt by by 56 56 participants participants from from r8 r8 countries countries
and and th e e regulations regulations of of the the Organization Organization nican nican Republic, Republic, which which was was attended attended
Questions Questions
concerning concerning the the Convention Convention bean bean Hurricane Hurricane Seminar Seminar in in the the Domi
the the first first r egi onal onal project project - the the Carib
Following Following the the
successfu
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commissions. commissions.
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Details Details are are given given
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category category of of Territory Territory
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carried carried out out within within
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UN UN
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membership membership at at the the end end of of the the year year
ization ization during during 1956, 1956, bringing bringing the the total total Geneva Geneva and and Paris. Paris.
Three Three new new Members Members joined joined the the Organ by by the the UN UN radio radio services services in in New New York, York,
WMO WMO Bulletin Bulletin
April April 1957 1957
87 87
a a sing sing u ro7 ro7 : : r r of of scale scale a a on on drawn drawn which which t t a stations stations of of d d an stations), stations),
are are which which (Europe), (Europe), VI VI ion ion eg R for for radiowind radiowind and and radiosonde radiosonde (i.e. (i.e. stations stations
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working working of of s s list ; ; associations associations regional regional
con will will additions additions and and Amendments Amendments
e e th of of rs rs e Memb of of and and countries, countries,
Member Member of of lists lists represented; represented; was was WMO WMO
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which which at at 956 956 1 during during ld ld e h
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Annexes Annexes
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for for transmissions transmissions the the on on sections sections these these Members. Members. to to distributed distributed
in in given given is is information information ; ; te e l comp been been have have g g buildin Secretariat Secretariat ew ew n the the
now now is is C C Volume Volume : : s s t epor r Weather Weather of of for for Proposals Proposals Centre. Centre. a a Dat logical logical
II II Chapter Chapter 1957), 1957), ary ary Janu Ill, Ill, ion ion eg R Meteoro IGY IGY the the and and Unit Unit Assistance Assistance
1956; 1956; e e Jun V, V, (Region (Region sections sections nal nal egio r hnical hnical ec T e e th of of use use the the for for rented rented were were
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the the by by occupied occupied nt nt ese pr at at modation modation
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- Ill Ill n n egio R : : Price Price f. f. ea Loose-l ised ised ev r completely completely been been ave ave h which which
TP-4. TP-4. 9· 9· No. No. - WMO WMO . . ) schedules , , rules staff staff UN UN e e th ith ith e w e lin into into m m e th
Transmissions Transmissions If- (Chapter (Chapter missions missions bringing bringing to to view view a a with with begun begun was was
Trans Volume Volume - : : C C reports reports Weather Weather es es rul staff staff rnal rnal e int the the of of ion ion s revi The The
Congress. Congress. by by proved proved ap t t en hm s tabli es
e e th in in changes changes with with accordance accordance in in d d e fill
d. d. e us posts posts additional additional and and ssified ssified cla - re were were
instruments instruments the the of of and and observations observations posts posts Secretariat Secretariat Certain Certain activities. activities.
of of es es typ the the of of details details and and tions tions financial financial and and e e dministrativ a of of 7 7 Part Part in in
observa the the ing ing ak m for for ponsible ponsible es r y y urve s a a with with concludes concludes report report The The
country country participating participating the the of of name name the the
Atlas. Atlas.
Cloud Cloud
station, station, e e th of of ordinates ordinates - co graphical graphical
International International e e th of of
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the the . . re re e w Year 1956 1956 during during publications publications
Geophysical Geophysical International International the the Major Major . . rt during during epo r the the of of section section this this in in d d e
out out carried carried be be will will ly ly e tiv ec resp s s c ri e sf rib esc d also also are are tions tions a niz ga r o national national
and and ozone ozone radiation, radiation, of of r e int observations observations other other with with collaboration collaboration in in
1957 1957 April April tin tin e ll u B WMO WMO
88 88
ened ened the the task task of of reading reading the the 1916 1916 edition, edition, climatic climatic areas- especially especially in in South South America. America.
speare speare and and other other great great writers writers which which light research research flights flights in in powered powered aircraft aircraft in in other other
that that the the occasional occasional quotations quotations from from Shake acquire acquire further further experience experience during during numerous numerous
It It may may be be perhaps perhaps a a sign sign of of our our times times plenty plenty of of opportunity opportunity in in recent recent years years to to
Research Research Institute. Institute. Moreover, Moreover, he he has has had had
worthy worthy successor successor to to its its predecessors. predecessors. scientific scientific head head of of the the German German Gliding Gliding
There There can can be be no no doubt doubt that that this this book book several several is is a a decades, decades, and and for for many many years years was was
ments ments
in in the the text text and and in in the the illustrations. illustrations. been been closely closely associated associated with with gliding gliding for for
Throughout Throughout the the book book there there are are improve effects effects on on the the aircraft. aircraft. The The author author has has
sub-headings sub-headings will will be be generally generally welcomed. welcomed. ena ena encountered encountered during during flight flight and and their their
while while the the addition addition of of an an index index and and of of more more explain explain to to them them the the meteorological meteorological phenom
mary mary of of how how weather weather maps maps are are prepared, prepared, both both powered powered aircraft aircraft and and gliders gliders ; ; it it will will
Another Another new new chapter chapter provides provides a a useful useful sum The The book book is is addressed addressed to to the the pilots pilots of of
British British weather weather forecasts forecasts on on television. television.
numerical numerical forecasting forecasting and and an an account account of of of of the the aviation aviation during during that that period. period.
positive positive attitude attitude to to the the potentialities potentialities 30 30 of of years, years, but but also also reflects reflects the the development development
Other Other changes changes are are the the adoption adoption of of a a in in more more aeronautical aeronautical meteorology meteorology during during the the past past
the the immense immense progress progress which which has has been been made made
the the theories theories of of Sutcli:ffe. Sutcli:ffe. parison parison of of the the two two editions editions not not only only shows shows
and and provides provides an an admirable admirable introduction introduction meteorologie, meteorologie, tQ tQ which which appeared appeared in in 1927. 1927. Com
the the modern modern forecaster forecaster of of upper-air upper-air charts charts This This is is an an entirely entirely new new edition edition of of Flug
which which explains explains very very clearly clearly the the use use made made by by
air; air; this this is is the the subject subject D.M. D.M. of of a a 35.-. 35.-. new new chapter chapter
increased increased attention attention now now given given to to schaft) schaft) the the upper upper 1956. 1956. Pp. Pp. 332 332 ; ; 217 217 figures. figures. Price Price : :
Weather Weather Map Map in in 1939 1939 is is reflected reflected in in the the am am Main Main (Akademische (Akademische Verlagsgesell
appearance appearance of of the the third third edition edition of of The The By By Professor Professor Dr. Dr. W. W. GEoRGII. GEoRGII. Frankfurt Frankfurt
ment ment of of meteorological meteorological forecasting forecasting since since Flugmeteorologie Flugmeteorologie the the (Aeronautical (Aeronautical Meteorology). Meteorology).
features features of of the the latest latest version. version. The The develop
review review must must be be to to call call attention attention to to the the new new
O.M.A. O.M.A. well well known known that that the the main main purpose purpose of of a a
instructed, instructed, general general public" public" The The J J earlier earlier editions editions of of this this book book are are so so
to to the the intelligent, intelligent, but but meteorologically meteorologically un
Pp. Pp. 105; 105; 37 37 figures. figures. Price Price : : ros. ros. 6d. 6d. which which is is now now written written "in "in a a style style appropriate appropriate
(Her (Her Majesty's Majesty's Stationery Stationery Office) Office) 1956. 1956. ices", ices", have have entirely entirely disappeared disappeared in in a a book. book.
The The Weather Weather Map. Map. Fourth Fourth edition. edition. London London written written "for "for the· the· use use of of the the military military serv
observations observations which which are are requested requested for for session session of of RA RA VI. VI.
the the symbols symbols differentiate differentiate between between those those will will be be republished republished for for each each future future
For For observations observations at at present present effected, effected, circulated circulated annually annually and and the the charts charts
are are shown shown by by distinguishing distinguishing symbols. symbols. form form of of written written corrections corrections will will be be
are are recommended, recommended, but but not not yet yet effected, effected, March March rg56 rg56 ; ; amendments amendments I I in in the the
present present made made and and those those where where they they The The data data given given were were correct correct on on
tions tions at at which which observations observations are are at at
observation. observation. On On each each chart chart the the sta association. association.
networks networks for for each each standard standard time time of of have have not not been been rejected rejected by by the the regional regional
wind wind and and radiosonde radiosonde observational observational authority authority may may be, be, in in so so far far as as they they
showing showing separately separately the the surface, surface, upper upper shown, shown, whatever whatever the the recommending recommending
6o
N. N. The The set set contains contains
14 14 charts, charts, recommended recommended but but not not yet yet effected effected are are 0
with with standard standard parallels parallels at at 30° 30° and and those those which which are are not. not. Observations Observations
Lambert Lambert conformal conformal conic conic projection projection the the basic basic network network of of the the Region Region and and
WMO WMO Bulletin Bulletin April April 1957 1957
89 89
O.M.A. O.M.A. S. S. H. H.
book. book. the the of of parts parts of of translations translations piloting. piloting. on on English English processes processes meteorological meteorological of of effects effects
provided provided having having for for author author the the the the to to grateful grateful appreciate appreciate be be to to meteorologist meteorologist the the and and
will will German German reading reading in in atmosphere atmosphere difficulty difficulty the the has has of of who who physics physics the the understand understand
reader reader to to English-speaking English-speaking flyer flyer The The the the help help will will discovered. discovered. experience, experience, flight flight and and
far far so so has has Baur Baur Dr. Dr. which which scientific scientific of of rules rules wealth wealth the the a a to to on on based based work, work, This This
be be may may reader reader the the of of attitude attitude the the whatever whatever
study study
careful careful
repay repay
will will
such such as as and and logy, logy, world. world. the the of of parts parts other other in in waves waves
meteoro on on
text-book text-book
general general a a sense sense any any in in of of use use making making by by flights flights
long-distance long-distance
not not book, book,
original original an an is is
this this up, up, Summing Summing out out carrying carrying of of possibility possibility the the concerning concerning
advice advice valuable valuable give give to to used used are are Project Project
Wave Wave Mountain Mountain American American the the of of forecasting. forecasting. results results long-range long-range
the the ; ; soaring soaring local local for for wave wave of of rules rules principles principles developing developing the the in in of of interested interested are are
given given is is who who those those by by explanation explanation full full A A welcomed welcomed be be detail. detail. also also some some will will in in tion tion
with with dealt dealt circula are are streams streams atmospheric atmospheric jet jet general general the the low-level low-level on on hand, hand, chapters chapters
other other the the on on The The time; time; in in research. research. variation variation further further their their for for and and material material of of
surface surface lot lot a a earth's earth's contain contain the the which which over over tables, tables, streams streams by by jet jet up up level level taken taken are are
high the the of of pages pages 6o 6o distribution distribution than than more more geographical geographical example, example, the the to to For For valuable. valuable.
given given is is more more space space book book the the little little of of Only Only features features soaring. soaring. other other wave wave the the of of and and some some
streams streams find find jet jet will will to to others others devoted devoted is is themselves, themselves, chapter chapter for for last last The The rules rules Baur's Baur's
testing testing enjoy enjoy will will readers readers many many Although Although
cited. cited. is is research research British British and and American American
recent recent
most most the the icing, icing, aircraft aircraft on on section section chance. chance.
comprehensive comprehensive a a In In to to possibilities. possibilities. due due gliding gliding to to being being presented presented facts facts the the of of bility bility
and and
conditions conditions flying flying to to them them proba relates relates the the and and states states also also he he cases cases other other in in and and
masses masses air air of of types types various. various. the the this this of of In In erties erties I952. I952. and and I92I I92I Igrr, Igrr, I887, I8gg, I8gg, I887,
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author author the the table, table, purposes. purposes. practical practical for for accompanying accompanying than than an an In In rather rather
science science of of interest interest the the in in out out carried carried were were
which which Argentina, Argentina, in in experiments experiments own own his his
U.S.A." U.S.A." east east
of of results results the the on on calls calls who who
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parachutes). parachutes).
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trigonometric trigonometric ; ; flight flight glider glider long-distance long-distance
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observations". observations".
by by aircraft aircraft
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the the to to
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Baur Baur
Professor Professor
example, example, For For included. included. is is advice advice practical practical
of of deal deal great great a a and and detail, detail, in in with with dealt dealt is is
atmosphere atmosphere the the of of 42.-. 42.-. thermodynamics thermodynamics D.M. D.M. The The
: : Price Price tables. tables. 76 76 ; ; figures figures 30 30 ; ; 38 38 I I
+ + viii viii
Pp. Pp.
I956. I956.
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lagsgesellschaft lagsgesellschaft covered. covered. not not are are aircrews aircrews of of
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a a
tutes tutes
Grund als als Regeln Regeln
Physikalisch-statistische Physikalisch-statistische consti work work this this meteorologists, meteorologists, to to Thus, Thus,
1957 1957 April April
Bulletin Bulletin WMO WMO
90 90
ON ON SALE SALE FROM FROM
WMO, WMO, AVENUE AVENUE DE DE LA LA PAIX, PAIX, GENEVA GENEVA
No. No. 16 16
Superadiabatic Superadiabatic
Lapse Lapse Rat e e in in th e e Upper Upper A i r W.L. W.L. . . God so n n
and and
R e l a
tion tion to to Perform a nce nce Criteri a. a. W . L. L.
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Price Price
Recent Recent additions additions to to WMO WMO the the series series of of Technical Technical Notes Notes include: include:
WMO WMO TECHNICAL TECHNICAL NOTES NOTES
(
t e n
tat
i ve) ve)
of of ICAO ICAO (SAM / SA T T RAN) RAN) (sit e e not not yet yet k n own). own).
14-30 14-30 October October
2 nd nd So u th th American - South South Atlantic Atlantic Reg i onal onal M e eting eting
to l ogy ogy a nd nd Bio m eteo r o l ogy , , Vienna, Vienna, Aust ri a a
23-27 23-27
Septemb
e r r
1st 1st Congress Congress of of the the International International Soc i ety ety of of Bioc li ma
tific tific Research, Research, Pa ri s , , France France
9-20 9-20
September September
Internationa l l Conference Conference on on R ad i o -i sotopes sotopes in in Scie n
burg, burg, Ge r many many
8-15 8-15
September September
4th 4th Int ernat i ona l l Congress Congress of of Crop Crop Protect i on, on, Ham
3-14 3-14
Septem
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nth nth Ge n era l l Assemb l y y of of IUGG, IUGG, T oron to , , C an ada ada
Principality Principality of of Monaco Monaco
7 7 May May
{for {for 2 2 weeks) weeks)
7th 7th International International H y drographic drographic Conference, Conference, Monaco, Monaco,
Other Other I nternational nternational Or g ani z ations ations
Ca ra cas, cas, Venez u e l a a
Novembe
11 11 r -
December December I I 2nd 2nd sess ion ion of of Regional Regional Assoc i at i on on Ill Ill (South (South America}. America}.
Paris, Paris, F r ance ance
(tentat
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of of the the Commission Commission for for Synopt i c c Meteorology Meteorology (CSM), (CSM),
14-
26 26
October October
rst rst sess ion ion o f f \ .Yor kin g g Group Group o n n Tel eco mmuni catio ns ns
P ubli cat ions ions (CBP), (CBP), Par is, is, Fra n ce ce
Beginning Beginning
October October
2n d d session session o f f the the Commission Commission f or or Bibliography Bibliography and and
Sw i tzerland tzerland
2 4 4 Sep
t embe r - 15 15
October October 9th 9th sess ion ion o f f th e e WMO WMO Executive Executive Committee, Committee, Geneva, Geneva,
Me th ods ods of of Observation Observation (CIMO), (CIMO), Paris, Paris, Fra nce nce
1
8 8 June
-9 -9
Jul y y
2 nd nd sess ion ion of of the the Commiss ion ion for for Instrum ents ents and and
Pa r is, is, France France
r8 r8 June-
9 9
Jul
y y
2nd 2nd session session of of the the Commission Commission for for Ae r o l ogy ogy (CAe), (CAe),
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12 - · 19 19 April April
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(,(OUr (,(OUr When When MONITORING of ATM OSPHERIC RADIOACTIVITY
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