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Romano-Arabica XIV, 2014 UNIVERSITY OF BUCHAREST CENTER FOR ARAB STUDIES ROMANO-ARABICA XIV ‘Āmmiyya and Fuṣḥā in Linguistics and Literature editura universităţii din bucureşti ® – 2014 – Editors: George Grigore (University of Bucharest, e-mail: [email protected]) Laura Sitaru (University of Bucharest, e-mail: [email protected]) Assistant Editors: Gabriel Biţună (University of Bucharest, e-mail: [email protected]) Georgiana Nicoarea (University of Bucharest, e-mail: [email protected]) Ovidiu Pietrăreanu (University of Bucharest, e-mail: [email protected]) Editorial and Advisory Board: Ramzi Baalbaki (American University of Beirut, Lebanon) Ioana Feodorov (Institute for South-East European Studies, Bucharest, Romania) Sabry Hafez (Qatar University, Qatar / University of London, United Kingdom) Marcia Hermansen (Loyola University, Chicago, USA) Pierre Larcher (Aix-Marseille University, France) Jérôme Lentin (INALCO, Paris, France) Giuliano Mion (“Gabriele d’Annunzio” University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy) Luminiţa Munteanu (University of Bucharest, Romania) Stephan Procházka (University of Vienna, Austria) Valeriy Rybalkin (“Taras Shevchenko” National University of Kyiv, Ukraine) Shabo Talay (University of Bergen, Norway) Irina Vainovski-Mihai (“Dimitrie Cantemir” Christian University, Bucharest, Romania) Ángeles Vicente (University of Zaragoza, Spain) John O. Voll (Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., USA) Cover: Wi’ām (Harmony), by G. Bițună Published by: © Center for Arab Studies Pitar Moş Street no 7-13, Sector 1, 010451, Bucharest, Romania http://araba.lls.unibuc.ro/ Phone : 0040-21-305.19.50 © Editura Universităţii din Bucureşti Şos. Panduri, 90-92, Bucureşti – 050663; Telefon/Fax: 0040-21-410.23.84 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Internet: www.editura.unibuc.ro ISSN 1582-6953 Contents ,(يشار آجات؛ تيسير محمد الزيادات) Yaşar Acat; Tayseer Mohammad al-Zyadat Moral Values in Mḥallami Proverbs)............................................ 7) القيم اﻷخﻻقية في اﻷمثال المحلمية Andrei A. Avram, The Fate of the Interdental Fricatives in Maltese........................................ 19 Carmen Berlinches Ramos, Textos dialectales sobre la ciudad de Damasco........................... 33 Lidia Bettini, Le verbe arabe ʾāṯara, yuʾṯiru : pour une fiche lexicographique......................... 59 Gabriel Bițună, On Loaned Consonants in the Spoken Arabic of Siirt...................................... 77 Aziza Boucherit, Le jeu de la bûqâla: de l’espace domestique à l’espace public de Facebook..... 89 Andreea Dumitrescu, Samples of Written Fuṣḥā and Moroccan Dāriža in Vasile Alecsandri’s Novel O călătorie în Africa (A Journey to Africa)................................................. 109 Bābak Farzāneh, A Historical Study of the Strategies in Arabic Teaching Methodology........ 127 George Grigore, The Verb of Perception šāf “to see” in Baghdadi Arabic.............................. 139 Samir F. Hajj, Christian Symbols: The Rock and the Sea in the Works of Jabra Ibrahim Jabra... 149 Marco Hamam, Bimodalism: Arabic Diglossia as a Double Modality of Communication....... 165 Sandra Hammett, Irregular Verbs in Maltese and Their Counterparts in the Tunisian and Moroccan Dialects...................................................................................................................... 193 Bohdan Horvat, Egyptian Arabic Poetry and Literary History................................................. 211 Angela Daiana Langone, Caricatures et révolution en Tunisie................................................. 221 Pierre Larcher, Ibn Baṭṭūṭa et le faqīh de Kāwiya (Geyve, Anatolie) : « arabe ancien » et « arabe nouveau »....................................................................................................................... 235 Georgiana Nicoarea, Cairo’s New Colors: Rethinking Identity in the Graffiti of the Egyptian Revolution.................................................................................................................................... 247 Yulia Petrova, The Compound Tense Forms in Egyptian Arabic.............................................. 263 Ovidiu Pietrăreanu, Clause Order Flexibility and Verbal Periphrases in Conditional Sentences in Contemporary Literary Arabic............................................................................... 277 Manuel Sartori, La langue des manuscrits grammaticaux arabes médiévaux. Entre fuṣḥā et ʿāmmiyya..................................................................................................................................... 301 Laura-Andreea Sterian, Pronominal Resumption in Baghdadi Arabic: A Case for Movement 319 Ewald Wagner, Ein Lobgedicht Ibn An-Nabīhs auf al-Malik al-Ašraf...................................... 337 Igor Younes, Notes préliminaires sur le parler bédouin des ʾAbu ʿĪd (vallée de la Békaa).... 355 القيم اﻷخﻻقية في اﻷمثال المحلمية يشار آجات تيسير محمد الزيادات جامعة شرناق MORAL VALUES IN MḤALLAMI PROVERBS Yaşar Acat Tayseer Mohammad al-Zyadat Şırnak University Abstract. In this article, we bring forward the role played in society by the Mḥallami proverbs as reflections of an inherited, traditional culture. The proverbs on which we shall rely our study will take into account that the so- called Mḥallami community has a special cultural geography, which comprises various cultures, languages and races. The research will briefly offer information on this cultural geography and then dedicate two sections to discuss specific proverb types: the incentive to morality and the averting from malicious or hideous deeds. The proverbs quoted in this paper were noted down according to their pronunciation by the Mḥallamis, but in order to clearly convey their meaning and function in society, a standard Arabic version is also offered. The conclusion of the article evaluates the artistic characteristics of these proverbs and gives a general assessment on the topic. Keywords: Mḥallami; Proverb; Mardin; Midyat; Arabic; Dialect; North-Mesopotamian Arabic dialects; Folk wisdom. المحلمية ْالم َحلﱠ ِميّة أو بيت ْم َحلﱠم لفظة قديمة أطلقھا السريان على الجھة الجنوبية من طور عبدين والتي تمتد من حدود منطقة حصن كيفا إلى حدود مدينة ماردين(جنوب شرق تركيا .) كانت ھذه المنطقة مسكونة بقبائل بني شيبان، وكانت من المواضع التي امتد إليھا نفوذ اﻵراميين. واليوم تقطنھا غالبية عربية من قبائل المحلّمية والمخاشنية والراشدية ومسيحيين عرب إلى جانب القوميات اﻷخرى كالسريان واﻷكراد. وبنو محلم قبيلة عربية عدنانية كبيرة تنسب إلى محلم بن ذھل بن شيبان .. بن بكر بن وائل، وھي بطن ھام من بطون بني شيبان الذين كان لھم جبل الطور أحد كور ديار ربيعة (ماراغناطيوس 2010: 34، عبد السﻻم أفندي 2007: 121 .) .) أھم القرى والبلدات في المحلمية أھم القرى والبلدات في المحلمية ھي: أستل، كفر حوار، عين كھف، حبس ناس، الزيارة، كفر عﻻب، ْالصور، اﻷحمدي، كندة ريب، زرنوقة، تفة، حلدح، دير انديب، دير زبينة، المنيزل، ابشة، خربة الحجي، نونب، 7 Yaşar Acat and Tayseer Mohammad al-Zyadat . شورزبح، ايدو، اربل، المخاشنية والراشدية. توجد بين سكان ھذه المناطق أعداد قليلة من السريان واﻷكراد يعيشون في بلدتي حبس ناس وزرنوقة. أما في البلدات الكبيرة مثل استل والصور واﻷحمدي ومعسرتة فيعيش فيھا اليوم خليط من العرب واﻷكراد واﻷتراك والسريان. وقد تغير اليوم كثير من أسماء اﻷلقاب والقرى والبلدات في منطقة طور عابدين وغيرھا. ويتكلم سكان ھذه المناطق اللھجة المحلمية وھي لھجة عربية عريقة واصيلة .وما . زال أصحابھا متمسكين بھا حتى في خارج موطنھا ولھا خواص وقواعد مستمدة من اللغة العربية الفصحى. مفھوم المثل اﻷمثال الشعبية ھي أقوال مأثورة وموجزة تتسم بالحكمة وتفصح عن التجارب المتوارثة عبر العصور، وتقال بلغ ة بسيطة تحاكي مواقف الحياة المختلفة بالحجة والبرھان ويصبح مثﻻ يردده الناس في المواقف المشابھه. وتعد اﻷمثال الشعبية مرآة لحياة الشعوب فمن خﻻلھا تظھر أخﻻقھا وطريقة تفكيرھا وعاداتھا وتقاليدھا فھي الحافظة للقيم اﻻجتماعية واﻻخﻻقية والدينية التي يسير عليھا الشعب .. لذا فإن المثل لغة جميع الطبقات اﻻجتماعية ﻷي شعب. وقائل المثل الشعبي (في الغالب) مجھول، وكذلك الفترة الزمنية التي قيلت فيه، وكثير من الناس عندما يستخدمون المثل تراھم يقولون "علي رأي المثل.." ﻷن التركيز على قيمة المثل اﻷخﻻقية وما يحمل في طياته من الحكمة والدليل والبرھان . ھم منأ التركيز على قائل المثل ﻻن العبرة في المثل نفسه (عابدين 1956: 43 .) وقـد تختلف صيغـة المثل الشعبي أحياناً من بلد إلى آخر، وفقاً ﻻختﻻف اللھجات والبيئات العادات والتقاليد؛ بل واﻷزمنة . ولكنه يؤدي نفس الغاية التي من أجلھا قيل المثل ﻷول مرة، ويحدث نفس التأثير عند المتلقي، ﻷن قائل المثل الشعبي خاطب بعمقي تجربة، وعصارة إحساسه بالموقف، النفس اﻹنسانية أيًّا كان موقعھا أو جنسھا، أو موطنھا (عابدين 1956: 43). أنواع اﻷمثال تختلف اﻷمثال من حيث أصلھا إلى حقيقية أو خيالية؛ فالحقيقية لھا أصل من قصة أو حادثة معينة وقعت وشھدھا الناس وقيل فيھا المثل لذا فقائلھا في الغالب معروف . الفرضية: ما كان من أصلھا من الخيال نسجھا أديب على لسان طائر أو حيوان أو غير ذلك، وتوضع في الغالب للوعظ والتھذيب كما تساعد على النقد والتھكم (الحمزاوي 2002:9 .) أھمية اﻷمثال الشعبية في حياة الناس: المثل المحلمي لم يغادر ساحة المجتمع المارديني فكان جزءا من عناصره ومكوناته، اذ نجد المثل المحلمي ثقيﻻ بحمولته القيمية وثقافته واخﻻقه وجوانبه التربوية، وقد عالج الكثير من ھموم ومشاكل المجتمع المحلمي ووضع الكثير من الحلول، وكان بحق صورة انعكاسية للواقع المحلمي عبر مراحله وتطلعاته للحياة في ظل تقافات متنوعة، وقد حمل مفاھيم وقيما أسست لثقافة اﻻجيال الﻻحقة فكان جزءا مھما في تكوين الجوانب الحضارية في المجتمع المحلمي، حفظته الذاكرة وتناقلته عبر اجيالھا، منظارا تتطلع خﻻله الى رسم صورة للحياة وللجمال. 8 Moral Values in Mḥallami Proverbs لﻷمثال الشعبية أھمية بالغة في حياة الشعوب خاصة لدى المحلمي الذي يعيش في بيئة جغرافية متعددة الثقافات (التركية والكردية والسريانية) فالمثل المحلمي ي ُبرز القيم اﻻجتماعية واﻷخﻻقية (كالترابط اﻷسرى واﻻحترام
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