Stealthy River Navigation in Jungle Combat Conditions Fabio Ayres Cardoso
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Air Force Institute of Technology AFIT Scholar Theses and Dissertations Student Graduate Works 3-10-2010 Stealthy River Navigation in Jungle Combat Conditions Fabio Ayres Cardoso Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.afit.edu/etd Part of the Operations and Supply Chain Management Commons Recommended Citation Cardoso, Fabio Ayres, "Stealthy River Navigation in Jungle Combat Conditions" (2010). Theses and Dissertations. 2082. https://scholar.afit.edu/etd/2082 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Graduate Works at AFIT Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of AFIT Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STEALTHY RIVER NAVIGATION IN JUNGLE COMBAT CONDITIONS THESIS Fabio Ayres Cardoso, Captain, Brazilian Air Force AFIT/LSCM/ENS/10-02 DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE AIR UNIVERSITY AIR FORCE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED. The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the United States Air Force, Department of Defense, the United States Government, the Brazilian Air Force, the Brazilian Ministry of Defense, or the Brazilian States Government. AFIT/LSCM/ENS/10-02 STEALTHY RIVER NAVIGATION IN JUNGLE COMBAT CONDITIONS THESIS Presented to the Faculty Department of Operational Sciences Graduate School of Engineering and Management Air Force Institute of Technology Air University Air Education and Training Command In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Logistics and Supply Chain Management Fabio Ayres Cardoso, BS Captain, Brazilian Air Force March 2010 APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED. AFIT/ LSCM/ENS/10-02 STEALTHY RIVER NAVIGATION IN JUNGLE COMBAT CONDITIONS Fabio Ayres Cardoso, BS Captain, Brazilian Air Force Approved: ____________//SIGNED//__________________ 24 MARCH 2010__ Alan W. Johnson, PhD (Advisor) date ____________//SIGNED//__________________ 24 MARCH 2010_ Daniel D. Mattioda, Maj, USAF, Ph.D (Reader) date AFIT/ LSCM/ENS/10-02 Abstract One of the biggest challenges for Brazilian military logisticians is to support effective jungle warfare for both real and training operations carried out by their combat forces in the Amazonian region. The jungle's heat, humidity, and dense vegetation put significant demands on the supply chain. Further, because of the difficulties of land or air transportation, water transport is the most reasonable transportation option to sustain these deployed forces. Planners must select from among the available watercourses those whose surroundings provide stealthy navigation to the combat force location where the requested supplies can be safely unloaded. We seek a method of determining a path through a river network that blends short transit times with maximal shade coverage from forest growth along the riverbanks. We combine an astronomical algorithm for computing shadow coverage with Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm to determine the start time and routing information necessary for a supply boat to travel from a depot to a resupply point that minimizes weighted risk, which is defined as the product of shade coverage and arc transit time. iv AFIT/ LSCM/ENS/10-02 DEDICATION To my family who sacrificed dearly this 18 months v Acknowledgments I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my advisor, Dr. Alan Johnson, for his insight and guidance during this research. I am also indebted to my reader, Major Daniel Mattioda, who endured my writing and provided valuable input from the very beginning of this work. The support you both provided is certainly appreciated. A special thanks to my classmates, mainly other International Students, who were very supportive throughout this program. I truly valued your contributions, team efforts, and friendship. I hope we can remain in touch. I am also indebted to Mrs. Annette Robb, International Military Student Officer, and Mrs. Clara Delgado, from the University of Dayton, for their encouraging, contributions in new language adaptation. Their participation was central to the success of this study. My family assumed extra heavy burdens this past year so that I could focus on my studies and research. Without their support, I would fall short every time. A heartfelt appreciation is reserved for my beloved partner in life, my wife, who did an outstanding job managing the home front so that I could complete this research and program. Fabio Ayres Cardoso vi Table of Contents Page Abstract .................................................................................................................. iv Dedication ....................................................................................................................v Acknowledgments.......................................................................................................... vii List of Figures ............................................................................................................... viii List of Tables .................................................................................................................. ix I. Introduction .............................................................................................................1 Background ..............................................................................................................1 Problem Statement .................................................................................................14 Research Focus ......................................................................................................15 Research Objectives ...............................................................................................16 Theoretical Lens.....................................................................................................17 Methodology ..........................................................................................................18 Assumptions ...........................................................................................................18 Limitations .............................................................................................................19 Implications............................................................................................................20 II. Literature Review...................................................................................................21 Introduction ............................................................................................................21 Military Perspectival Studies .................................................................................23 Civilian Perspectival Studies .................................................................................25 Synthesis ................................................................................................................34 III. Methodology ..........................................................................................................36 Introduction ............................................................................................................36 Manual Solar Position Calculation Model .............................................................39 Manual Risk and Vulnerability Calculation Model ...............................................42 Survivability Alternative Approaches..............................................................52 Graph Algorithms ..................................................................................................55 Dijkstra’s Algorithm ........................................................................................57 IV. Results and Analysis ..............................................................................................60 Introduction ............................................................................................................60 Problem Model Representation..............................................................................60 Verification Processes ............................................................................................62 vii Page Data Analysis ...................................................................................................63 Validation Process .................................................................................................67 Extreme Condition Tests..................................................................................68 Cause-Effect Graphing.....................................................................................74 Predictive Validation .......................................................................................88 Synthesis ................................................................................................................92 V. Discussion ..............................................................................................................93 Introduction ............................................................................................................93 Insights ...................................................................................................................93 Assumptions and Limitations ................................................................................95 Future Researches ..................................................................................................96