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Settlement Hierarchy and Social Change in Southern Britain in the Iron Age
SETTLEMENT HIERARCHY AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN SOUTHERN BRITAIN IN THE IRON AGE BARRY CUNLIFFE The paper explores aspects of the social and economie development of southern Britain in the pre-Roman Iron Age. A distinct territoriality can be recognized in some areas extending over many centuries. A major distinction can be made between the Central Southern area, dominated by strongly defended hillforts, and the Eastern area where hillforts are rare. It is argued that these contrasts, which reflect differences in socio-economic structure, may have been caused by population pressures in the centre south. Contrasts with north western Europe are noted and reference is made to further changes caused by the advance of Rome. Introduction North western zone The last two decades has seen an intensification Northern zone in the study of the Iron Age in southern Britain. South western zone Until the early 1960s most excavation effort had been focussed on the chaiklands of Wessex, but Central southern zone recent programmes of fieid-wori< and excava Eastern zone tion in the South Midlands (in particuiar Oxfordshire and Northamptonshire) and in East Angiia (the Fen margin and Essex) have begun to redress the Wessex-centred balance of our discussions while at the same time emphasizing the social and economie difference between eastern England (broadly the tcrritory depen- dent upon the rivers tlowing into the southern part of the North Sea) and the central southern are which surrounds it (i.e. Wessex, the Cots- wolds and the Welsh Borderland. It is upon these two broad regions that our discussions below wil! be centred. -
Changing Identities in a Changing Land: the Romanization of the British Landscape
City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 2-2015 Changing Identities in a Changing Land: The Romanization of the British Landscape Thomas Ryan Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/617 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] Changing Identities in a Changing Land: The Romanization of the British Landscape By Thomas J. Ryan Jr. A master’s thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Liberal Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, The City University of New York 2015 Thomas J. Ryan Jr. All Rights Reserved. 2015 ii This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Liberal Studies in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Master of Arts. Elizabeth Macaulay-Lewis _______________ ______________________________ Date Thesis Advisor Matthew K. Gold _______________ _______________________________ Date Executive Officer THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii Abstract CHANGING IDENTITIES IN A CHANGING LAND: THE ROMANIZATION OF THE BRITISH LANDSCAPE By Thomas J. Ryan Jr. Advisor: Professor Elizabeth Macaulay-Lewis This thesis will examine the changes in the landscape of Britain resulting from the Roman invasion in 43 CE and their effect on the identities of the native Britons. Romanization, as the process is commonly called, and evidence of these altered identities as seen in material culture have been well studied. -
2. a History of Dorset Hillfort Investigation
2. A HISTORY OF DORSET HILLFORT INVESTIGATION John Gale Most of Dorset’s hillforts are to be found on the chalk downlands of the county but others are found on the limestone of Purbeck and in the clay vales to the extreme west of Dorset as well as those on the gravels of Poole basin. Of the 34 sites identified, more than a third have been the subject of some form of excavation but only four of these (Chalbury, Hod Hill, Maiden Castle and Pilsden Pen) could claim to have been significantly sampled. The problem is not that the sites are especially difficult to excavate but rather it is a question of scale. To understand such complex earthworks it would be preferable to excavate them completely but, generally speaking, large scale sampling should be sufficient. With hillforts, of course, the question is how large is large? This is a matter that can only be defined on a case by case basis, but certainly it is likely to be greater than 25% of the whole. Unfortunately, only two hillforts in England and Wales have achieved such attention: Crickley Hill in Gloucestershire (Dixon 1996) and Danebury in Hampshire (Cunliffe 1984), each with more than 50% of their interiors excavated. The most closely and extensively studied of the Dorset hillforts is Maiden Castle, which has been the subject of two major excavation campaigns, Tessa and Mortimer Wheeler in the 1930s (Wheeler 1943) and Niall Shaples in the mid-1980s (Sharples 1991). Neither of these excavations sampled more than a fraction of the enclosed area, in both cases no more than 1%, but the recovered evidence presents a detailed picture of life within the hillfort spanning almost the whole of the Iron Age. -
Hillforts and the Durotriges a Geophysical Survey of Iron Age Dorset
Hillforts and the Durotriges A geophysical survey of Iron Age Dorset Dave Stewart Miles Russell With contributions by Paul Cheetham and John Gale Illustrations by Justin Russell Aerial photographs by Jo and Sue Crane Archaeopress Archaeology Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Gordon House 276 Banbury Road Oxford OX2 7ED www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978 1 78491 715 9 ISBN 978 1 78491 716 6 (e-Pdf) © Archaeopress and the individual authors 2017 Cover: Flowers Barrow hillfort looking south-east to the English Channel (Jo and Sue Crane) Durotrigian silver stater: obverse and reverse (Miles Russell) All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. Printed in England by This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com Contents List of Figures ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������iii 1� Introduction: The Durotriges Project ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Miles Russell and Paul Cheetham 2� Defining Hillforts in Dorset �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 7 Dave Stewart and Miles Russell 3� A History of Dorset Hillfort Investigation ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������13 -
The Archaeology of the Cleeve to Fyfield Water Main, South Oxfordshire: Excavations in 2006–7
Oxoniensia 77 txt 2+index_Oxoniensia 08/11/2012 11:15 Page 199 CLEEVE TO FYFIELD WATER MAIN 199 The Archaeology of the Cleeve to Fyfield Water Main, South Oxfordshire: Excavations in 2006–7 JONATHAN HART, E.R. McSLOY and MARY ALEXANDER with contributions by ANGELA AGGUJARO, SARAH COBAIN, HARRIET JACKLIN, ELAINE L. MORRIS, FIONA ROE and SYLVIA WARMAN SUMMARY Excavations in advance of the Cleeve to Fyfield Water Main identified multi-period features at sites on the Berkshire Downs, the Greensand step and the Corallian Ridge. The earliest evidence was a Beaker pit at Hagbourne Hill and an early to middle Bronze-Age pit at Cleeve. The most extensive Iron-Age remains along the pipeline were at Milton Hill, where an early to middle Iron-Age settlement with roundhouses, pits and a possible enclosure was discovered. The Milton Hill site was also occupied during the Roman period. Further Iron- Age and Roman remains were identified on the Corallian Ridge near to the Marcham/ Frilford Iron-Age and Roman religious complex. Possible Anglo-Saxon sunken-featured buildings were found near Drayton. Between May 2006 and May 2007 Cotswold Archaeology undertook archaeological recording along the Cleeve to Fyfield Water Main on behalf of Thames Water Utilities (SU 6070 8165–SP 4250 0015; Fig. 1). The pipeline was constructed in two stages: Cleeve to Hagbourne Hill (17 km) and Hagbourne Hill to Fyfield (17 km). The route began in the Chilterns to the east of the Thames at Cleeve, near Goring. After descending to cross the Thames, it rose to run broadly north-westwards along the northern edge of the Berkshire Downs as far as Lollingdon Hill. -
Hambledon Hill - an Overview of Its Past
Hambledon Hill - an overview of its past By circa 3300BC, about 5300 years ago, the sprawling hilltop above the confluence of the rivers Iwerne and Stour supported a complex of monumental earthworks that included two long-barrows, two enclosures and multiple outworks - the largest complex of its kind and date in Britain. The scale of the interrupted ditches and (as they were originally) timber-faced outworks seems partly attributable to the fear of attack. Within the four previous centuries, burning ramparts were brought down at least three times; the remains of people were found under the rubble, two accompanied by the flint arrowheads that may have killed them. Yet for all its size, this complex was not a town, or even a village. The site appears, at least in its origins, to have been a great necropolis, an ancestral burial ground (except the ‘burials’ here were probably exposed to allow the body to decay and disintegrate. At the same time the site became a meeting place for seasonal celebration, ceremonial and feasting. If occupation was, thus, seasonal and light, human skulls on the bottoms of ditches, and other carefully-placed deposits, indicate that domestic existence was far from the sole interest of the people who looked out across the Dorset landscape from the top of Hambledon Hill. All this we know from the results of major excavations which began in 1974,following the realisation that ploughing was badly eroding what little seemed to remain of the earthworks. When excavation ended in 1986, many hundreds of mostly young archaeologists had been on site for a total of 102 weeks. -
The South Gloucestershire Historic Environment Record David R
The South Gloucestershire Historic Environment Record David R. Evans The South Gloucestershire Sites and Monuments Record (SMR) provides a dynamic digest of archaeological and historical sites, structures and find spots which are recorded in the area. It should be regarded as one component of an Historic Environment Record (HER), which includes other, appropriate, data relating to Conservation Areas, Historic Landscape, Listed (and unlisted) structures and related environmental features such as semi-natural woodland. The function of the HER is to provide educationaL general and planning advice and information to the people of South Gloucestershire. The South Gloucestershire Council Historic Environment Record originated in the records maintained by Avon County Council. Its development was quite complicated, but a rough summary is as follows. The initial record was based on a series of record cards and maps which in themselves were based to some degree on the Ordnance Survey Archaeological Service records, supplemented by limited parish survey records. Compilation of the computerised SMR using a Database Manager called SuperFile was begun in 1983 and Manpower Services staff completed much of the initial input of data by 1985/6. A major survey of Marshfield parish was carried out during this period and should have established a standard by which the record could be measured but the opportunity was missed. This said, however, the SMR data for Marshfield was the most comprehensive in the database. Between 1988 and 1993 further records were added mainly, but not entirely, based on projects such as the Severn Barrage Survey, preliminary work for the Second Severn Crossing and early developments at Bradley Stoke. -
Warfare and Practice at Maiden Castle
Warfare and Practice at Maiden Castle A Thesis SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Eric Allen Harkleroad IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIERMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS Peter Wells Adviser April 2020 © Copyright by Eric Allen Harkleroad 2020 Abstract I examine the changing place of war, peace, and chronic insecurity in the lives of Iron Age people at Maiden Castle in Dorset England. Using GIS software, I examine the changing location of artifacts in the daily lives of people as well as the spatial relationships between these artifacts. Using ideas from Practice Theory I demonstrate how warfare went from a communal activity which was used to promote the idea of the community over the individual to an activity connected with prestige and individuality. i Table of Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... i List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... iii List of Figures.............................................................................................................................. iv Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 1 Background .................................................................................................................................. 4 Purpose and Methods -
Later Prehistory from the Trent to the Tyne
Durham E-Theses Later prehistory from the Trent to the Tyne Challis, A. J. How to cite: Challis, A. J. (1972) Later prehistory from the Trent to the Tyne, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7941/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk A. J. CHALLIS LATER PREHISTORY FROM THE TRENT TO THE TYME Ph.D. Thesis, September 1972 ABSTRACT OF THESIS The object of the thesis is to present a study of the later Bronze Age and Iron Age periods in the area from the river Tyne southwards to the English Midlands. A large quantity of unpublished material is illustrated, and is discussed in a suggested chronological sequence devised on the basis of site association and relevant British and European context. The evidence of settlement sites, economy, and burial is also reviewed. -
The Wessex Hillforts Project
Bibliography Ainsworth, S, Oswald, A and Pearson, T 2001 ‘Discovering Our FSA. Cambridge Hillfort Heritage’, PAST (The Newsletter of the Prehistoric Society), — 1998 Barbury ‘Castle: an Archaeological Survey by the Royal 39, November 2001, 3-4 Commission on the Historical Monuments of England’. RCHME Aitken, M J 1974 Physics and Archaeology, 2 edn. Oxford: Clarendon Survey Report, AI/3/1998 Press — (ed) 1999 Unravelling the Landscape, an Inquisitive Approach to Aitken. M J and Tite, M S 1962 ‘Proton magnetometer surveying on Archaeology. Stroud: Tempus some British hill-forts’, Archaeometry, 5, 126–34 — 2000 Liddington Castle Archaeological Earthwork Survey. English Alcock, L 1968a ‘Cadbury Castle’, 1967, Antiquity, 42, 47–51 Heritage survey report, AI/4/2001 — 1968b ‘Excavations at South Cadbury Castle, 1967, a summary Bowden, M 2005 ‘The Middle Iron Age on the Marlborough report’, Antiq J, 48, 6–17 Downs’, in Brown, G, Field, D and McOmish, D (eds) — 1969 ‘Excavations at South Cadbury Castle, 1968, a summary The Avebury Landscape – Aspects of the Field Archaeology of the report’, Antiq J, 49, 30–40 Marlborough Downs. Oxbow Books, Oxford, 156-63 — 1970 ‘South Cadbury Excavations, 1969’, Antiquity, 44, 46–9 Bowden, M, Ford, S and Gaffney, V 1993 ‘The excavation of a Late — 1971 ‘Excavations at South Cadbury Castle, 1970, summary Bronze Age artefact scatter on Weathercock Hill’, Berkshire report’, Antiq J, 51, 1–7 Archaeol J, 74, 69–83 — 1972 ‘By South Cadbury is that Camelot…’ Excavations at Cadbury Bowden, M and McOmish, D 1987 ‘The Required Barrier’, Scottish Castle 1966–1970. London Archaeol Rev, 4, 76–84 — 1980 ‘The Cadbury Castle sequence in the first millennium BC’, — 1989 ‘Little Boxes: more about hillforts’, Scottish Archaeol Rev, 6, Bull Board Celtic Stud, 28, 656–718 12–16 — 1995 Cadbury Castle, Somerset: the Early Medieval Archaeology. -
Hillforts and the Durotriges
The Prehistoric Society Book Reviews HILLFORTS AND THE DUROTRIGES. A GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY OF IRON AGE DORSET BY DAVE STEWART AND MILES RUSSELL Archaeopress Archaeology. 2017 176pp, 111 illustrations, many in colour, pb, ISBN 978-178-4917159, £30.00 This volume reports on work which forms part of the Durotriges Project established by Bournemouth University in 2009. Although the wider project includes desk-based analysis and a range of field-based surveys and excavation, here the focus is on the geophysical survey of 21 hillfort interiors. This offers a good range of sites from large well known and studied hillforts such as Maiden Castle, Hambledon Hill and Hod Hill to small relatively unknown sites such as Coney’s Castle and Lambert’s Castle. The first three chapters set the scene and outline the possible relationships between the Durotriges and Dorset hillforts. Chapter 1 acknowledges the important work of Papworth in ‘deconstructing the Durotriges’, that is moving the focus away from the historical accounts of the Durotriges and the Roman invasion that derived from the Wheelers’ work at Maiden Castle and Richmond’s at Hod Hill. The hillforts of Dorset were entangled within this account through the addition of Vespasian’s campaign and his attacking of twenty hillforts across southern England. Here the focus is shifted to the archaeological evidence for the cultural ‘footprint’ of the tribe and is outlined in terms of coins, burial practices and artefacts together with issues of dating. Clearly hillforts need to be included in any reassessment of the Durotriges and the intention of this work was to attempt an understanding of their ‘date, phasing, form, structure and possible function’ from extensive geophysical survey. -
The Iron Age in Northern Britain Britons and Romans, Natives and Settlers 2Nd Edition Pdf, Epub, Ebook
THE IRON AGE IN NORTHERN BRITAIN BRITONS AND ROMANS, NATIVES AND SETTLERS 2ND EDITION PDF, EPUB, EBOOK DW Harding | 9781138126312 | | | | | The Iron Age in Northern Britain Britons and Romans, Natives and Settlers 2nd edition PDF Book However, recent work suggests that their presence in Southeast Britain may have occurred due to a kind of political and social patronage that was paid by the northern Gaulish groups in exchange for obtaining aid from their British counterparts in their warfare with the Romans on the Continent. This page is best viewed in an up-to-date web browser with style sheets CSS enabled. In the past, the emigration of Belgic peoples to Southeast Britain has been cited as an explanation for their appearance in that region. The Corieltauvi combined groups of people living in what is today most of the East Midlands Lincolnshire. Harry Potter. They are a poorly known group which were made into their own civitas an administrative units or 'county' in the Roman Province. As well as people living in the Dales and hills, many people farmed the fertile land in Durham, Tyneside and Teeside. The Belgae and Atrebates share their names with tribes in France and Belgium, which together with Caesar's note that Diviciacus of the Suessiones had ruled territory in Britain suggest this part of the country may have been conquered and ruled from abroad. In Southeast Britain, meanwhile, extensive contact with the ' Belgic ' tribes of northern Gaul is evidenced by large numbers of imported Gallo-Belgic gold coins between the mid-2nd century BC and Caesar's conquest of Gaul in the 50s BC.