Index
Page numbers in bold refer to entrances 98, 99, 136, 158 brooches 124 Cheviot Hills 8 illustrations. field system 99 Buckland Rings, Hampshire Childe, Gordon 4 magnetometer survey 86, 99, 21, 27–8 Chiselbury, Wiltshire 99, 112, 100, 101, 102–3, 144 Bury Hill, Hampshire 134, 136, 137, 139 A morphology and setting 98, comparison with Danebury Chiseldon 133 ABC chronological system 4–5 98–9, 133 145 Chisenbury Trendle, Wiltshire aerial photographic record 33 occupation 103, 118, 143, ditches 56 138 aerial photography 18, 38, 147, 159, 161 earthworks 55 Cissbury, Sussex 7, 13, 16, 44, 131, 133, 139–40, 153 previous finds 98, 99 entrances 54–5, 55 53 Alcock, Leslie 151 quarry scoops 103 excavation 32, 152 Cley Hill, Hampshire 134 Alfred’s Castle, Oxfordshire ramparts 98, 98–9, 103, 118, external enclosure 56 Codford Circle, Wiltshire 137 background 82–3 136, 138, 161 horse rearing 56 Conderton (or Dane’s) Camp, digital terrain modelling 85, topographical recording 37 magnetometer survey Worcestershire 16–17, 85, 89 trackway 102 27, 34, 35, 46, 56–8, 18, 34, 35, 127, 136, entrances 81, 87 barrows 120, 162 144, 147, 150 excavations 83–4, 86–8 Alfred’s Castle 82 morphology and setting 55, Coombe Down, Wiltshire 113 linear anomalies 86 Barbury Castle 103 55–6, 135 Credenhill, Welsh Marches 5 magnetometer survey 62, 83, bowl 127 occupation 13, 14, 56, 140, Crickley Hill, Gloucestershire 83–6, 84, 144, 155 disc 64, 99 143, 159, 162 5, 16, 44 morphology and setting 81, the Lambourne Seven 97 previous finds 55 Croft Ambrey, Welsh Marches 81–2 long 46 ramparts 54, 55, 118, 138, 5 occupation 141, 144, 146, Stockbridge Down 78 157, 158, 162 Cunnington, Maud 4, 131, 151 155, 156 Bathampton Down, Somerset role 160 Curwen, E Cecil 4 previous finds 81 2, 138, 155 ramparts 81, 82, 86–7, 118, Battlesbury, Wiltshire 58, 134, 136, 138 135, 139, 140 C D sequence of development 88 Beacon Hill Camp, Hampshire Caburn, the, Sussex 16, 72 Danebury, Hampshire size 135 digital terrain modelling 52, Cadbury Congresbury, abandoned 13, 162 structures 87–8 54, 54 Somerset 124, 127, comparison with Wessex topographical survey 37, 88–9 ditches 53 142, 144 hillforts 145–6 Ancient Monuments Laboratory earthworks 49, 50–1 Caesar’s Camp, Berkshire the Danebury Linear 58 (AML) 18, 21, 24, 26, entrances 47, 49, 105, 111, 21, 27, 28 development 11, 14 27, 28, 92 136, 138, 145, 154, 158 Casterley Camp, Wiltshire 138 enclosure 12, 135 antiquarianism 151 external enclosure 56, 58 Castle Ditches Camp, Wiltshire entrances 45, 49, 58–9, Arethusa’s Clump, Hampshire field system 49–50 activity phases 106, 107 105, 111, 136, 138, 154, 73 magnetometer survey 50, circular anomalies 106 158, 159 Ashley’s Cross, Wiltshire- 50–4, 51, 54, 56, 144 enclosures 105–6, 106, excavation 5, 7, 9–10, 156 Hampshire border 142 morphology and setting 48, 140, 161 geophysical survey 31 Atrebates, the 162 48–50, 134 entrances 104, 104–5, 111, magnetometer survey 59, 60, Avebury Environs grouping occupation 53, 57, 58, 143, 136, 139, 143–4, 158 61, 62, 152 135–6 147, 161 magnetic susceptibility survey morphology and setting 10, Avon, River 134 pits 80 35, 36, 70, 107 17, 59 previous finds 47 magnetometer survey 106, occupation 13, 44, 159, 160, ramparts 47, 49 106–7, 148, 149, 152 161, 162 B real-time kinematic survey 38 morphology and setting the Outer Enclosure 58 Badbury, Dorset 137, 140, 162 ring gullies 93 104–6, 134 pits 93 Balksbury Camp, Hampshire roadway 57 occupation 142, 146, 147, ramparts 2, 10, 58, 137, 155, colluvium 156 structures 52 161 157, 158, 159, 161 construction 13 topographical recording 37, previous finds 104 role 18 excavations 6, 10, 152 38, 153 quarry hollows 106–7 small archaeological features occupation 5, 11, 55, 123, Bell Trout, Wessex 15 ramparts 103, 104, 106, 47 141, 154–5 Bilbury Ring, Wiltshire 141 106–7, 118, 161 Danebury Environs Project ramparts 2, 10, 155–6 Black Patch, Wiltshire 120 ring gullies 143 10, 10, 10–14, 18, 22, 24, small archaeological features Blewburton Hill, Oxfordshire trackways 106 26–7, 32, 34, 77, 79, 80, 47 2, 133 Castle Hill, Oxfordshire 139, 154 Barbury Castle, Wiltshire Bokerley Dyke, Dorset 142 18, 134, 150 data processing 34 barrows 103 Bowry Walls, Hampshire 134 Castle Piece, Hampshire 134 digital terrain modelling 32, comparison with Danebury Bozedown Camp, Oxfordshire 2 Central Archaeology Service 36–8: see also individual 145 Bratton Castle, Wiltshire 134 (CAS) 36 sites digital terrain modelling 102 Bronze Age 10–11, 15, 78, Chalbury, Dorset 2, 157, 160 Ditches, The, Gloucester 141 earthwork features 102–3 155–8, 159–60 Chanctonbury, Sussex 15 Durotigian, the 162
168 HILLFORT STUDIES AND THE WESSEX PROJECT
E Gorley, Hampshire 134 period of building and use landscape GPS surveying equipment 152 context 17–18 earthworks: see ramparts 37, 37–8 post-Iron Age use 141–3 linear components 64 Earthworks of England (Allcroft) granaries 10 reassessment 151–62 relationship with 17–8, 38, 131 Great Litchfield Down, relationship with landscape 139–41 East Wansdyke, the 124 Hampshire 63, 63, 64 17–18, 38, 139–41 research 38 Eggardon Hill, Dorset 139 Grim’s Ditch, Hampshire 91 reuse 154–5 Lane Fox (Pitt Rivers), elite settlements 156 Grimsbury Castle, Berkshire 31 role 1, 3, 5, 8, 146–7, 151–2, Augustus: see Pitt Rivers entrances: see also individual sites Grovely Castle, Wiltshire 137, 153, 154–5, 160, 162 (Lane Fox), Augustus augmentation 136 139, 140 size 1 Letcombe Castle (Segsbury blocked 138–9, 153–4, 158 small 144 Camp) Oxfordshire: cosmological significance 8 Sussex 14–16, 15 see Segsbury Camp hornworks 49, 58–9, 104, 136 symbolic renewal 159 Lidbury Camp, Wiltshire regional pattern 154 H Ham Hill, Somerset 142 symbolic use of space 8, 16, 85, 146 symbolic role 159 Hambledon Hill, Dorset 2, 106, 72, 154 Liddington Castle, Wiltshire as theatre of presentation 16 135, 137, 154 Hillforts: Later Prehistoric depressions 115–16 excavation methods, pre-Second Hanging Langford Camp, Earthworks in Britain and ditches 113, 114, 118 World War 4 Wiltshire 141 Ireland (Avery) 32 earthworks 112, 118 Hardwell Camp, Oxfordshire Hod Hill, Dorset 2, 106, 135, enclosures 113, 113–14, 114 97, 133 142, 162 entrances 111, 138 F Harting Beacon, West Sussex Hollingbury, Sussex 15, 16 excavation 32 Figsbury Rings, Wiltshire 15, 15–16, 47, 123, 155, horse rearing 56 magnetometer survey 114–16, entrance 45, 49 156 Houghton Down, Hampshire 115, 116, 117, 118, 145 morphology and setting 134 Hawkes, Christopher 4, 131, 35, 140 morphology and setting occupation 13, 159 151 Hunsbury, Northampton 17 111–14, 133 ramparts 2, 112, 136, 137, 157 Hawles, C F C 4 occupation 26, 118, 142, role 160 hearths 34 143, 147, 161 Forest Hill, Wiltshire 133–4 Henley Wood, East Sussex 142 I pits 53 Fosbury, Wiltshire Highdown Hill, Sussex 16 invasionist theories 4–5, 151 previous finds 111 buried structure 110 hillforts Iron Age quarry scoops 116 enclosure 110 abandoned 5, 8, 11, 13, 162 Danebury Environs 11–13 ramparts 93, 111, 111–12, entrances 108 activity patterns 158–9 early hillforts 2 113, 118, 135, 137 field system 108, 110 categories 2, 153–4, 157–9 elites 8 ring gullies 93 linear anomaly 110 chronological frameworks invaders 4–5 roundhouse 114–15, 145 magnetometer survey 46, 109, 4–5, 9, 10, 73, 153, the Jurassic Ridge 16 livestock management 156 110 155–62 narrative 156–62 morphology and setting 108, classification 5, 10 pre-eminence of Wessex 30 108, 110 dating 5, 9, 153 significance of hillforts 1 M occupation 110, 146, 158–9, decline 162 Sussex 16 magnetic enhancement 34 161 definition 152–3 under-represented in magnetic susceptibility 28, 32, platforms 108, 110 developed 2, 9, 9, 14, 153, magnetometer surveys 35 33–4, 35 previous finds 108 157, 158, 161 magnetic susceptibility survey quarry hollows 108 development 11, 13–14, 146, 35–6, 36, 70, 70, 107 ramparts 108, 112, 138, 155–62 J magnetometer survey 33, 33–5: 145–6 dislocation phase 160–1 Jurassic Ridge, the 16–17 see also individual sites four-poster structures 41–2, 59, distribution 3 area coverage 34 120, 156 early 1 157, 158, 160 assessment of 150 Frankenbury, Hampshire 134 early 2 157–8, 158, 160 L contribution 28 Frome, River 134 early archaeology 3–4, 151 Ladle Hill, Hampshire definition 62 furnaces 34 early Iron Age 2 comparison with Danebury detection limits 26 future research, recommended excavations, 1900–60 151 145 economy of 28 avenues 8 excavations, 1960–70 5, digital terrain modelling effect of land use 144 151–2 65, 65 geological anomalies 46–7, 94 Group 1 136–7 ditches 63, 64 limitations 34–5, 152 G Group 2 137–8 enclosures 63–4 overview of results 143–7, 150 geological background 30, 35 interest in 1 entrances 62 value of 18 geophysical survey: see also late 158 field system 63, 63, 64 Maiden Castle, Dorset magnetometer survey layout 145–6, 147 magnetometer survey 64–5 as developed hillfort 14, 161 aid to excavation 83–4 levels of internal activity 146 morphology and setting enclosure 145 contribution 28, 153 location 1, 133–5, 139 62–4, 134 entrances 136, 157, 158 overview of results 143–7, 150 morphology 133 occupation 143 excavation 4, 131, 134, 151, 152 role 7, 18 Northumbrian 8 ramparts 62, 62–3, 63, 112, expansion 127, 144 and site management 20–2 numbers 1 137, 138 location 135 Giant’s Grave, Wiltshire 120, origins 1 topographical recording 37 magnetometer survey 19, 62, 134, 135, 140 pairing 135 Lambourne Seven Barrows 97 86, 102
169 THE WESSEX HILLFORTS PROJECT
occupation 9, 14, 18, 106, North Hampshire Escarpment occupation 44, 53, 139, 143, Ridgeway Project 83, 135 142 Group 48, 133–4 146, 147 river valley foci 134–5 preferred location 162 Northumbria 8 pits 80 Roman period 13, 141–2 ramparts 2, 58, 137 Nottingham Hill, previous finds 39, 41 Alfred’s Castle 85, 87–8, reuse 162 Gloucestershire 16 ramparts 39, 41, 44, 138, 139 141, 155 Roman period 142 Piddle, River 134 Balksbury Camp 155 surveys 7 pits 16, 26, 84–5, 139, 143, Barbury Castle 99 Maiden Castle Project 18 O 144, 147: see also Beacon Hill Camp 105 marl pits 41 off-chalk sites 27–8 individual sites Castle Ditches Camp 104 Marlborough Downs Hillforts Ogbury, Wiltshire 136, 137, Pitt Rivers (Lane Fox), Liddington Castle 113, 118 133 138 Augustus 3, 131, 151 Martinsell Hill Camp 120 Martinsell Hill Camp, Wiltshire Old Sarum, Wiltshire 140, 142 plans 131, 132 Oldbury 124, 127 entrances 119 Old Winchester Hill, Hampshire post-holes 35, 120 Oliver’s Castle 129 magnetometer survey 46, 47, 16, 20, 21, 21, 27, 53, 72, pottery St Catherine’s Hill 73 120, 121, 122, 123, 134 Alfred’s Castle 81 Tidbury Ring 155 139–40 Oldbury, Wiltshire Barbury Castle 98, 99 Uffington Castle 97 morphology and setting 119, barrows 127 Beacon Hill Camp 47 villas 67, 82, 142, 155 119–20, 134, 135 ditch 144 Castle Ditches Camp 104 Woolbury 80 occupation 120, 123, 143, ditches 124, 127, 152 Danebury Environs 11, 13 Rowbury Farm, Hampshire 71 156 entrances 123, 136, 158 dating 9–10 Royal Commission on the previous finds 119 field system 127 Liddington Castle 111, 118 Historical Monuments ramparts 2, 118–19, 119, magnetometer survey 125, Martinsell Hill Camp 119–20 of England surveys 7, 49, 138, 155 126, 127, 152 Norsebury 65, 66 99, 103, 133, 144 methodology 1 morphology and setting Oldbury 123, 124, 127 Rybury, Wiltshire 137 Midsummer Hill, Welsh 123–4, 124, 127, 133 Perborough Castle 39, 41, 44 Marches 5 occupation 127, 142, 143, Segsbury Camp 95 Mount Bardon, battle of 113 147 St Catherine’s Hill 73 S pits 93 Poundbury, Dorchester 135 sampling strategy 32 previous finds 123, 124, 127 Project Design (Trow et al) Science in Archaeology: an agenda N ramparts 123, 127, 136 32–3 for the future (Bayley et al) narrative topographical recording 37 32 Early–Middle Iron Age Oliver’s Castle or Camp, Scotland 136 157–9, 161–2 Wiltshire Q Scratchbury, Wiltshire 134, late Bronze Age-earliest Iron comparison with Danebury Quarley Hill, Hampshire 135, 140 Age 155–6, 159–60 145 2, 13, 64, 157, 159, 160 Segsbury Camp (Letcombe National Mapping Programme entrance 128, 128–9 Castle), Oxfordshire 18 excavation 32 the Altar Stone 89 National Monuments Record magnetometer survey 85, R ditch 93 (NMR) 33 129, 130, 145 Rainsborough Camp, entrances 89, 90–1, 93–4, National Monuments Record morphology and setting 128, Northamptonshire 18 111, 136, 138–9, 158 Centre (NMRC) 140 128–30, 133 ramparts: see also individual sites excavation 21, 94–6 New Buildings, Hampshire 35 occupation 143, 144, 156 burnt 44 field system 90, 91, 91–2, 97 non-invasive archaeological previous finds 128, 129 categories 136 magnetometer survey 21–2, techniques 7, 131, 133 ramparts 128, 129 glacis 157, 157–8 23, 24, 34, 92, 92–4, Norbury Camp, Gloucestershire Orams Arbour, Winchester 4 Group 1 136–7 139, 161 2, 16, 155, 156 Ordnance Survey 131 Group 2 137–8 morphology and setting Norsebury, Hampshire Ordnance Survey grid and hillfort classification 5 22, 89–92, 90, 133 ditches 69 (OSGB36) 38 linear anomalies 116, 118 occupation 53, 96, 118, 139, enclosure 67–8, 70, 145 ovens 34 morphology 106, 136–8, 153 143, 146, 147 entrances 65, 67, 70, 71, 143, Oxford Archaeological Unit 24 remodelling 16, 137–8 previous finds 89 145 Oxford University Department Ridgeway Hillforts 135–6 ramparts 89, 89–90, 95–6, field system 67 of Continuing Education topographical recording 38 112, 136, 137, 137, 138, magnetic susceptibility survey 26 Rams Hill, Oxfordshire 93, 97, 161 35, 36, 70, 70 133 ring gullies 92–3, 94, 95 magnetometer survey 42, real-time kinematic equipment round houses 34 67–71, 68, 69, 143, 146 P 37, 38 size 135 morphology and setting 66–7, Perborough Castle, Berkshire regional pattern St Catherine’s Hill 93 135 comparison with Danebury geophysical survey results settlement pattern 14, 18 occupation 53, 143, 146, 147, 145 143–7, 150 settlements, associated 140–1 158, 161 entrances 39, 139 location 133–5 Severn-Cotswold Region previous finds 65, 66 field system 40, 40, 41 morphology 133 147, 150 ramparts 65, 65, 66, 67, geophysical survey 41–4 Ridgeway and Avebury Sidbury, Wiltshire 14, 64, 162 69–70, 70 magnetometer survey 35, 41, environs 135–6 Sinodun Hill Camp, ring gullies 93 41–4, 42, 43 Ridgeway Hillforts 18, 22, 24, Oxfordshire 72 Norsebury Hill, Hampshire 31 morphology and setting 39–41 26, 81, 82, 97, 133, 135–6 site management 20–2, 75–6
170 HILLFORT STUDIES AND THE WESSEX PROJECT
South Cadbury Castle, Thundersbarrow, Sussex 15 morphology and setting 45, Wittenham Clumps, Somerset 2, 5, 7, 9, 14, Tidbury Ring, Hampshire 45–6, 134 Oxfordshire 18 18, 34, 106, 142, 151, 162 31, 135, 141, 142, 155 occupation 143, 156 Wolstonbury, Sussex 15 South Cadbury Environs Project Torberry, Sussex 16, 127, 144, previous finds 45 Woolbury, Hampshire 18 157 ramparts 2, 44, 45–6, 80, comparison with Danebury St Catherine’s Hill, Hampshire Tower Hill, Oxfordshire 97 137, 155 145 entrances 71, 71–2, 139, 145, Trundle, The, W Sussex 2, 16 selection criteria 31 ditches 77 158 soil association 44, 46 entrance 76, 80 excavations 32, 73–4 Weald, the 16 excavation 32, 152 magnetometer survey 74, 75, U Weatherby Castle, Dorset 139 field system 77, 77 75–6 Uffington Castle, Oxfordshire Wessex magnetometer survey 78, 79, morphology and setting 71–3, entrances 111, 138, 158, pre-eminence of 30 79–80 72, 134 159 significance of hillforts 1 morphology and setting 77, occupation 44, 53, 143, 147, excavation 22, 34 Wessex Hillforts Survey 77–9 161 magnetometer survey 24, 25, aims and objectives 10, 32–3 occupation 13, 143 pits 76, 93 31, 35 conception 152 previous finds 76 previous finds 71, 73–4 morphology and setting 24, development of programme ramparts 26–7, 76, 77, 137, ramparts 16, 71, 71–2, 145 133 28, 30 157 Stanford, Stan 151 occupation 26, 41, 118, 142, issues 30 reoccupation 26 Stockbridge Down, Hampshire 143, 159, 161 methods 33–8 role 160 78 pits 53, 80 optimism 8 soil association 35, 76 Stockton, Wiltshire 138, 141 ramparts 86, 135, 136, 137 range of sites 28 Worlebury, Somerset 151 storage capacity 13 survey 96–7 selection criteria 31 storage pits 17 Uley, Gloucestershire 127, 142 sites 29, 31–2, 39 Stour, River 134 survey area 30–1 Y Sumner, Heywood 131 Wheeler, Sir Mortimer Yarnbury Castle, Wiltshire 2, 9, surface surveys 153 W 4, 131, 151 14, 64, 112, 134, 136, Sussex 14–16, 15 Walbury Camp, Berkshire White Horse Hill Project 22, 24 137, 139, 140, 158, 162 enclosure 46 Whitsbury, Hampshire 134 entrances 44, 45–6 Williams Freeman, J P 131 T field system 46, 46 Winklebury, Hampshire Test, River 134–5 magnetometer survey 46, 5, 134, 152, 157, 158, thermo-remnant magnetism 34 46–7, 120, 123 159, 160, 161
171 The
The earthwork forts that crown many hills in Southern England are among the largest and W
most dramatic of the prehistoric features that still survive in our modern rural landscape. essex Hillfor The Wessex Hillforts Survey collected wide-ranging data on hillfort interiors in a three-year The Wessex partnership between the former Ancient Monuments Laboratory of English Heritage and Oxford University. Hillforts Project These defended enclosures, occupied from the end of the Bronze Age to the last few ts Project Extensive survey of hillfort interiors centuries before the Roman conquest, have long attracted in central southern England archaeological interest and their function remains central Andrew Payne, Mark Corney and Barry Cunliffe to study of the Iron Age. The communal effort and high degree of social organisation indicated by hillforts feeds debate about whether they were strongholds of Celtic chiefs, communal centres of population or temporary gathering places occupied seasonally or in times of unrest. Yet few have been extensively examined archaeologically. Using non-invasive methods, the survey enabled more elaborate distinctions to be made between different classes of hillforts than has hitherto been possible. The new data reveals Andrew P not only the complexity of the archaeological record preserved inside hillforts, but also great variation in complexity among sites. Survey of the surrounding countryside revealed hillforts to be far from isolated features in the later prehistoric landscape. Many have other, a less visible, forms of enclosed settlement in close proximity. Others occupy significant meeting yne, points of earlier linear ditch systems and some appear to overlie, or be located adjacent to, Mark Cor blocks of earlier prehistoric field systems.
Front cover: Liddington Castle, NMR 18668/10, SU 2079/50, 9 January 2000 (© English Heritage). n ey and Back cover: Barbury Castle/Burderop Down field system, NMR 15833/26, SU 1576/40, 29 October 1997 (©English Heritage).
ISBN: 1 873592 85 X Product code: 51072 Bar r y Cunliffe