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The South Historic Environment Record David R. Evans

The Sites and Monuments Record (SMR) provides a dynamic digest of archaeological and historical sites, structures and find spots which are recorded in the area. It should be regarded as one component of an Historic Environment Record (HER), which includes other, appropriate, data relating to Conservation Areas, Historic Landscape, Listed (and unlisted) structures and related environmental features such as semi-natural woodland. The function of the HER is to provide educationaL general and planning advice and information to the people of South Gloucestershire. The South Gloucestershire Council Historic Environment Record originated in the records maintained by County Council. Its development was quite complicated, but a rough summary is as follows. The initial record was based on a series of record cards and maps which in themselves were based to some degree on the Ordnance Survey Archaeological Service records, supplemented by limited survey records. Compilation of the computerised SMR using a Database Manager called SuperFile was begun in 1983 and Manpower Services staff completed much of the initial input of data by 1985/6. A major survey of Marshfield parish was carried out during this period and should have established a standard by which the record could be measured but the opportunity was missed. This said, however, the SMR data for Marshfield was the most comprehensive in the database. Between 1988 and 1993 further records were added mainly, but not entirely, based on projects such as the Survey, preliminary work for the Second and early developments at . A full time SMR officer partly funded by what is now English Heritage was appointed in 1993. A considerable backlog, especially of archaeological assessment reports (archaeological grey literature), had accumulated by that time. A major task was therefore to eliminate as much of this backlog as was possible. Local and national journals had also to be examined. Local government reorganisation quickly became an issue when it became apparent that a joint provision for the four successor unitary councils would not be feasible. It was quickly realised that although the database manager was fit for purpose, due to the haphazard construction of the database much data cleaning would be required. It was also accepted that a relational database, which better fitted the event/monument structure becoming the standard for SMRs, should be introduced. The database was transferred to MS FoxPro and considerable data cleaning was undertaken. Upon local government reorganisation in 1996 the paper background material of the SMR was divided between the four successor unitary authorities. Each gained a full database for the former county of Avon with the intention that this would facilitate data exchange. In 1996/7 data were migrated from Super File (via MS FoxPro) to Microsoft Access. At this time a crude link to a Geographical Information System (GIS) was developed. Such a link allowed basic data to be displayed on a computer map base. Two projects initiated under Avon County CounciL the Extensive Urban Survey and the Historic Landscape Character Assessment, continued under the successor authorities. Looking back it was the progress of these two projects, which saw the first stage of the transformation of the SMR into a Historic Environment Record (HER). Both began as a paper map-based exercise but it soon became clear that only a computer map-based system would be able to handle and manipulate the data so that they could be presented in a usable format. At this stage it was realised that although most of the major inconsistencies in the data had been eliminated, a major rethink about how the SMR was structured and how it was developed

237 D AVID R . EVA N S was required. Therefore, in 1998 a data audit of the existing record was undertaken which resulted in the formulation of a five-year plan for a major overhaul of the database. Although some of these aspirations were overtaken by events and others are still a hope for the future, the main themes of the audit - improving the quality of the data and a full parish-by-parish review of the information - were successfully completed in 2004. All of the main features which appear on First Edition Ordnance Survey maps (c.1880) are now recorded. One aspiration was to have the HER available on the Web. Although a South Gloucestershire based website has not, yet, been established a version of the data can be viewed via the Data Service (http:/ fads.ahds.ac.uk). Although not directly connected with the development of the HER the appointment of an archaeology promotions officer in 2000 funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund made it possible for a greater involvement for the community in the recording and enhancement of the local heritage. Amongst projects generated by this initiative the construction of a list of buildings of local distinctiveness and a survey of pumps, wells and springs can be highlighted as directly benefiting the HER. A twice-yearly archaeological newsletter was also published, and this continues after the end of the project. A limited amount of fieldwork was also possible within the remit of the project. Three major villas have been sampled and a Saxon burial recorded. Despite reduced staff, limited projects are still being undertaken. Work to improve the presentation of the important coal-mining site at , , is being carried out with considerable local involvement. What does the HER comprise? All historic and archaeological data contain some element of geographical information and a major change has been the move from a data-centred system to a map-based system. HER data can now be viewed via a series of map layers covering SMR sites (archaeological core data); Scheduled Ancient Monuments; Listed Buildings; Locally Listed Buildings; Registered Parks, Gardens and Battlefields; and settlement cores and excavation sites. But this is not all. A series of digital Ordnance Survey maps, dating approximately to 1880, 1905, 1915 and 1936, together with later Ordnance Survey maps and aerial photographs, forms part of the resource. A separate HER study room which contains considerable amounts of background material, which is not readily available on either the maps or the database, has been established. Where are we now and where are we going? Although development as outlined above appears to be akin to linear growth, it is in fact much closer to an exponential explosion of data. Although numbers do not tell the whole story, the database has three times the numbers of entries that it had on the establishment of South Gloucestershire in 1996. In many ways the HER appears complete but there is much to do with new data sources to be tapped and new opportunities for exploiting the educational potential of the resource to be explored.

238 Archaeology in Gloucestershire: Looking Backwards but Mostly Forwards Alan Saville

It was a very considerable privilege to be invited by Neil Holbrook to participate in the 2004 celebration of Gloucestershire archaeology, 25 years after the conference on the same theme which I organized as part of the Prehistoric Society's summer excursion to the in 1979. Acting as Chairman for the morning session and delivering a summing-up at the end of the day was extremely enjoyable and gratifying, as was the opportunity to hear at first hand the up-to-date accounts of what archaeological work had been taking place in the county over the last two and a half decades. The day brought back pleasant memories of the previous occasion, as indeed did meeting up again with some veterans of that 1979 conference who were still involved in, or at least still interested in, archaeology in Gloucestershire. The conference in 1979 also took place in The Park in , in what was then the College of St Paul and St Mary but which by 2004 had become part of the University of Gloucestershire - an auspicious sign of change. Just as the 1979 meeting generated a publication - Archaeology in Gloucestershire (Saville 1984a) - so has the 2004 conference for which I am penning this minor and confessedly self­ indulgent contribution. As I said on the day at the conference, to review the whole wealth of new information presented by the speakers would be unrealistic, and it is now unnecessary since their contributions will be found in the present volume. Instead I will focus on a few themes which struck me at the meeting, or have occurred to me since, that are worthy of further exploration and comment in the context of this volume and its predecessor. In doing so as a non-Gloucestershire resident since 1989 I realize I risk the criticism of being out of touch with local detail, but equally as an interested external observer I have the luxury of expressing my opinions without the constraints of being directly involved. Whilst in his talk Tim Darvill was able to report a few isolated discoveries from the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods, it seemed to me that these earliest phases of prehistory are still very much the 'Cinderella' periods for archaeology in the county and it is perhaps the single category in which we are little further forward than in 1984. Admittedly there have recently been some encouraging national and local prospects for progress in terms of the Lower Palaeolithic. In the far north of the county, the work of the new National Ice Age Network (www.iceage.org.uk), which has grown from the Shotton Project/Midlands Palaeolithic Network based at the University of Birmingham (Buteux and Lang 2002), could lead to new discoveries from the Avon and Severn gravels to expand on previous exciting discoveries from the Twyning area (Whitehead 1988). And in the far south of the county we heard in Bob Jones's talk of new work taking place on the gravels of the Avon, which have been so productive of early Palaeolithic finds in the past (Lacaille 1954; Roe 1974), but have received little modem attention. The new initiative there may result in the Shirehampton finds being placed in their proper Quaternary context (Bates 2003; www.bristol-city.gov.uk). It is surprising, however, that hardly any discoveries dating from the Upper Palaeolithic period have been made in Gloucestershire since 1979. The work of Nick Barton and his team at King Arthur's Cave and other adjacent locations in the Wye Valley, mainly just over on the side of the county boundary but including Symonds Yat East rock-shelter in Gloucestershire (Barton 1994; 2005), have made it abundantly clear there was human presence in

239 ALAN SAV IL LE western Gloucestershire at this period. Just to the south-west in Gwent some surface finds of Upper Palaeolithic artefacts are appearing (Aldhouse-Green 2004, 24 ), as they are elsewhere in the English Midlands (Cooper and Jacobi 2001; Jacobi et al. 2001 ), and the apparent scanty evidence for this period in Gloucestershire is becoming harder to sustain as a credible reflection of the prehistoric reality. Similarly I would have expected at least one of the myriad evaluation trenches now being dug throughout the county to have revealed a Mesolithic site of some consequence, but apparently not. One recent summary overview puts the number of known Mesolithic sites in the county as 'over 40' (Mudd et al. 1999, 6), very similar to the number I previously listed (Saville 1984b, 75 - 6). Expert re-examination of museum and private collections and recently excavated assemblages would no doubt produce many further findspots where a few diagnostically Mesolithic artefacts have been found, but more extensive evidence of Mesolithic presence of the type found in truncated form beneath the Hazleton long cairn (Saville 1990, 153-75) or in the estuarine days of the Severn margins in (Bell et al. 2000) must surely be awaiting discovery in Gloucestershire. In terms of research frameworks an emphasis on these earlier periods would be easy to justify. This brings me to the topic of the distribution within the county of archaeological knowledge for any period. Traditionally the Cotswolds have tended to dominate accounts of much of the county's archaeology, especially in the earlier periods, with the addition of the obvious 'archaeological honeypot' in the Vale provided by from the Roman period onwards. As many speakers at the 2004 conference emphasized, this is far from the case today, both because archaeological activity has followed modem development - which is mostly off the Cotswolds proper - and because of fluctuating research interests and opportunities. Thus the new evidence used by speakers was drawn primarily from the Vale and the Upper Thames. In the former there has been a minor revolution in our appreciation and understanding of Sevemside activity through time (e.g. Rippon 2001 ). Whilst most of the spectacular discoveries have been made just outside the county on the Welsh side of the estuary (Bell et al. 2000), the remarkable work of John Alien in particular has shown there is a great deal worthy of interest in Gloucestershire on both banks of the Severn (e.g. Alien 2001). In the Upper Thames it is more a question of having expanded our knowledge through a wider dataset since 1979, both through post-excavation projects coming to final publication (e.g. Alien et al. 1993) and from new discoveries from continuing survey and excavation (e.g. British Archaeology 71 (2003), 6). It is interesting to reflect that at the 1979 conference archaeologists were still coming to terms with the implications of discoveries from the MS motorway construction through the Vale (Fowler 1977), and in 2004 it was the same with the results from work along the A419/, particularly in the Upper Thames area (Mudd et al. 1999). However, the concern I expressed in 1984 over the 'paucity of archaeological research which has taken place in Gloucestershire west of the ' (Saville 1984a, 10) is still relevant. It would be very wrong to suggest nothing has changed; Bryan Waiters's book (1992) and the energetic efforts of members of the Dean Archaeological Group (DAG) since its inception in the late 1980s have made a huge difference, and the Gloucestershire Archaeology Service's current Archaeological Survey promises well. Nevertheless, it still cannot be said that west of the Severn in general is fully on the map as far as Gloucestershire archaeology is concerned. One cannot help feeling that it will eventually be this area which will produce some of the most outstanding sites and finds from the whole county, but perhaps this will take a further 25 years to achieve. In 1979 and 1984 the county of Avon was in existence, and not realizing how historically short-lived it was to be, little attention was given to south Gloucestershire and particularly Bristol

240 ARCHAEOLOGY IN GLOU CE ST ERSHIR E in either the conference or the book apart from brief references to medieval pottery and the medieval town. The 2004 conference attempted to remedy this by including a talk on archaeology in Bristol, but there remains a feeling that the potential contribution of Bristol's past to an understanding of the regional picture has still not been fulfilled and that Bristol has not set an example for the region in terms of the way it has managed its own archaeology. With no intention whatever of belittling the work of Bob Jones and many other archaeologists who have wrestled through trying circumstances to recover much archaeological information from the city, I cannot avoid making some critical comment, though on the credit side the support of Bristol City Council for the Levels Research Committee must be acknowledged. But Bristol is, after all, a major European city with understandable and laudable civic and regional aspirations in many fields, and any dispassionate overview of its achievements in terms of heritage provision - archaeological, historical, and museological - would be forced to conclude that all is not well and has not been so for too long a time. The absence of the heritage, archaeology, and museums in the recently issued City life: a cultural strategy for Bristol (www.bristol-city.gov.uk) reinforces this conclusion. When will the city councillors, officials, and politicians wake up to what is going on in heritage terms in comparable cities elsewhere in Europe and when will they show a proper appreciation of the contemporary social and cultural value of Bristol's past for both citizens and visitors alike? My advice to the City Fathers (and Mothers), ifl can as an outsider presume to give any, is to commission a comprehensive review, start setting aside a truly meaningful heritage budget, establish the necessary partnerships with English Heritage and others, and begin taking the past more seriously. Creating a Bristol archive centre akin to the Archaeological Archive and Research Centre (LAARC) would be a good first initiative (www.museumoflondon.org.uk/ laarc). Lack of synthesis in archaeology has become an increasingly critical issue over the last decade or so with the realization that ever more client reports, interims, websites, videos, CDs, and leaflets on archaeological fieldwork are being produced in isolation with no means to integrate findings into coherent overviews. In part of course this is precisely what the present volume is - as was the 1984 volume - designed to address, but there is an obvious limit to the ability of authors in this kind of endeavour to go beyond fully published sources in their research. To delve into the world of 'grey literature', let alone into the storerooms of units and museums (and in so doing to stray beyond one's own specific areas of expertise), is virtually impossible on the basis of academic curiosity alone given the time constraints and work pressures we are all under. What is required is adequate resourcing to allow the accumulated information to be sifted and to come appropriately into the public domain. This might take various forms, such as increased staffing of the county Sites and Monuments Record with the specific aim of period syntheses, the encouragement and financing of postgraduate research (at the University of Gloucestershire?) on relevant topics in conjunction with units and museums, the provision of sabbaticals and post-retirement grants for field archaeologists, and greater access to archives in all forms. On the question of archives, I was reminded recently, when looking at Peter Leach's (1998) otherwise admirable publication of Emest Greenfield's work at Great Witcombe Roman villa, of the need to make clear exactly where excavation archives can be accessed. In this case we are told simply that the 'finds . . . are in the care of English Heritage' (Leach 1998, ix) and there are many excavation reports still being published which are even less helpful about the whereabouts of the finds. An exemplary recent exception would be Jennings et al. (2004, 14 ), which makes it clear the Thomhill Farm archive is in the Corinium Museum.

241 ALAN SAVILLE

Tim Darvill, in the first part of his talk at the 2004 conference, alluded to some of the wider changes taking place in British archaeology which have impacted on what and how archaeology is now undertaken in Gloucestershire. These changes include the introduction of planning guidance (PPG 16) in the early 1990s which has fundamentally altered rescue archaeology by providing a framework for the material consideration of archaeology at all stages of the planning process and for the funding from developers which allows commercial archaeology to flourish. Allied to this, and crucial to the implementation of PPG 16, are the growth of development control archaeology within the County Council and the importance of the local Sites and Monuments Record in this process. This is all a very changed world from 1979, when the existing, constitutionally non-commercial 'regional' archaeological units were almost wholly dependent upon unreliable annual grant-aid from central government and excavation opportunities arose as often as not from 'grape-vine tip-offs'. Nevertheless, what has accompanied this change is the shift from the kind of large-scale, long­ term, research-focused rescue excavation which has done so much to illuminate Gloucestershire's past, such as the work at Uley (Woodward and Leach 1993) and at St Oswald's Priory in Gloucester (Heighway and Bryant 1999) to cite just two examples. (In a non-rescue context one must immediately pay tribute to the enviable tenacity of Eddie Price, not just for continuing his work at Court, but in recently producing his impressive two-volume report (Price 2000)). Large­ scale projects of this kind, however, are of course notoriously difficult and expensive to bring to fruition in terms of final publication, something emphasized most negatively in the county by the Crickley Hill Project, for which the volume on the defences (Docon 1994), an exceptionally valuable and innovative report though it was, is the only one to have appeared. By contrast the two-volume publication of work on the A419 / A417 ( Mudd et al. 1999) appeared extremely rapidly after the completion of fieldwork and all concerned deserve congratulation. Clearly what is required for the future is some way of marrying the technical post-excavation project management skills of modern commercial archaeology to the academic skills formerly deployed on the research­ driven rescue excavations. Another general change in archaeology since 1979, and one which is only just making itself felt in the county, is the introduction of the Portable Antiquities Scheme following on from the Treasure Act 1996, which replaced the previous common law of treasure trove in . The five annual reports on Treasure which have appeared since the implementation of the Treasure Act in 1997 allow documentation of the Treasure finds from Gloucestershire (Table 1) . In 12 of the 18 cases these Treasure finds were the fruit of metal-detecting, and it is the growth of this hobby, and the realization that the finds being made by it represented a field of archaeological data which was previously largely unknown and/ or ignored (even in terms of coin finds) , that fuelled the development of the Portable Antiquities Scheme. Gloucestershire has been one of the last counties to acquire coverage under the scheme, and there has only been a Finds Liaison Officer in post since the beginning of 2004. This means that the most recently published report of the Scheme (DCMS 2004b) only includes data from three months of recording, during which 26 finds were reported. Over the coming years it will be interesting to see if the level of finds discovery and reporting starts to match levels in those counties where the scheme is already well established, after making allowances for such factors as the lesser proportion of arable land available for searching in Gloucestershire. Certainly there is no sign as yet of a decline in the popularity of metal-detecting as a pastime and the fact that detectorists in Gloucestershire now have a well-publicized channel for reporting their discoveries under the Scheme must be a major advance. It is not just finds from metal-detecting of course; as Table 1 shows in the case of Treasure,

242 ARCHAEOLOGY IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE

Table 1: Gloucestershire Treasure finds since 1997. Method of Findspot Object Period discovery Allocation Reference Bourton-on- gold 'bead' Early-Middle excavation Corinium DCMS 2002, the-Water Museum 12 gold Late Bronze metal- Corinium DCMS 2002, penannular Age detecting Museum 12 ring Bourton-on- 132 coins Roman metal- Corinium DCMS 2001, the-Water detecting Museum 126-7 silver finger- Roman gardening returned to DCMS 2000, ring finder 12; 2001, 20 Over 14 coins Roman metal- returned to DCMS 2001, detecting finder 126 Rod borough 25 silver Roman hedge- DCMS 2004a, coins clearing Museum 131 Taynton 50 coins Roman metal- returned to DCMS 2001, detecting finder 123 Taynton silver finger- Roman metal- returned to DCMS 2002, ring and 98 detecting finder 22 coins silver 5th c metal- Corinium DCMS 2001, decorated detecting Museum 22-3 belt buckle Sandhurst silver ingot Viking metal- Gloucester DCMS 2003, detecting Museum 48 Stand ish gold Medieval metal- Gloucester DCMS 2004a, finger-ring detecting Museum 85 silver-gilt Medieval metal- returned to DCMS 2003, brooch detecting finder 53 Wanswell 3 silver 16th c metal- returned to DCMS 2000, coins detecting finder 44 Berkeley silver -gilt 16th c metal- Stroud DCMS 2001, dress-pin detecting Museum 88-9 118 coins 17th c metal- DCMS 2001, detecting Museum 140-1 2 silver 17th c not recorded returned to DCMS 2000, coins finder 44 Winchcombe coin hoard 17th c construction Cheltenham DCMS 2000, work Museum 45-6 Breadstone gold posy 18th c not recorded returned to DCMS 2000, ring finder 20

243 ALAN S AVIL LE chance finds have been made during gardening, hedge-removaL and construction work, and important archaeological discoveries can be made during any type of ground disturbance. I anticipate that having a designated Liaison Officer to whom these can be reported will profoundly change our understanding of Gloucestershire's past from the perspective of material culture before the next 25 years are over. From Table 1 it can be seen that museums throughout the county are acquiring Treasure items, but museums are currently in a somewhat contradictory position. Whilst the Portable Antiquities Scheme is responding to, and is itself stimulating, an increased (and increasingly informed) interest in archaeological finds amongst the general public, this is not matched by any increase in any specifically archaeological resourcing for local museums in England, and Gloucestershire has certainly fared no better than most counties in this respect. I wish to avoid specific comment about individual museums in the county, but looked at in general in terms of their archaeological provision the position is arguably well short of satisfactory, even taking into account the impressive new Romano-British displays at the Corinium Museum. One is bound to ask the question as to whether museum archaeology in Gloucestershire would be better served by having fewer museums doing archaeology, or even, heresy though it may seem, a single county museum for archaeology? I fully appreciate this question raises various political issues in terms of local authority organization and funding, and touches on entrenched antipathies, but rationalization of some kind in this area will in the end be unavoidable because of the need to focus resources. Perhaps the answer would be a single archive or heritage study centre for storing all of Gloucestershire's archaeological assemblages and chance finds, and where all archaeological staff would be based, from which representative samples of suitable objects could be drawn for permanent display in the actual museums? Museums have not been much involved in archaeological publication (the Archaeology in Gloucestershire volume of 1984 being unusual in this respect), which has primarily been the preserve within Gloucestershire of the county society - the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society - and of local groups, such as the Gloucester and District Archaeological Research Group (GADARG) and DAG, and local archaeological units and companies, and externally of national organizations such as English Heritage and the Council for British Archaeology. It is interesting that the county society has, since 1988, put much of its publishing energy into the very successful Gloucestershire Record Series, of which 18 volumes have now appeared, bucking a trend for publishing such historical studies and very much a personal testimony to the vision and enthusiasm of David Smith, the long-serving Honorary Secretary of the Society. On the archaeological side, however, apart from the introduction of the supplementary reports (with the blue covers) now being issued alongside the Transactions on the initiative of Cotswold Archaeology, and the welcome appearance of back numbers of the Transactions on open access on the internet, little seems to have changed since 1979. In fact even the single concessionary innovation which Steve Blake and I as editors managed to squeeze agreement for from the remarkably conservative publications committee - the use of an illustration on the front cover from volume 105 onwards- has recently been rescinded, with a blank cover since volume 120 (and I fully expect before long to see the return of the list of contents to the front cover as was 1 the norm up to volume 104 ). Seasoned Transactions watchers may even have noticed that volumes 111 to 115 saw an aberrant and thankfully temporary return to the use of Roman numerals on the cover, not previously seen since volume 55 for 1933. While I have a sneaking respect for the reactionary purity applied to the Transactions by the dominant historical wing of the Society, I cannot help but think that the hard line taken on the appearance of the Transactions is a reflection

244 A RC H AEO L OGY I N GLO U CES T E RSHIR E of the tension within the Society between the historical and archaeological factions which led, for example, to the 'breakaway' formation of GADARG and necessitated the establishment of the Committee for Archaeology in Gloucestershire. Twenty-five years is a short time in the life of what is one of England's oldest-established county societies, but I would hope that before the next 25 years are over we will have seen some changes in the appearance, method of production, and archaeological content of the Transactions. The Society's Transactions sit rather uncomfortably these days as the 'dowdy relative' alongside their peer publications, for example the county society journals from adjacent , , and . The 1984 Archaeology in Gloucestershire volume was dedicated to Elsie Clifford and Helen O'Neil, two 'amateur' stalwarts who each made a distinctive contribution to the archaeology of Gloucestershire in the 20th century and who in their heydays dominated the scene in an almost 19th-century fashion, which today's practitioners of archaeology would probably find it impossible to imagine. Of the roster of contributors to the 1984 book, only John Drinkwater (happily also present at the 2004 conference) was an amateur archaeologist. This reflects another national change visible in the county, which is the rise of the professional and the concomitant decline of amateur input in field archaeology. Nevertheless, Neil Holbrook in his introduction to the 2004 conference rightly paid tribute to Bernard Rawes, who died in 1995 and who did in a way continue the tradition, though he had to contend (as he often complained) with a much more professional (and hence for him more bureaucratic) system than did Clifford or O'Neil. Bernard's excavation reports are instantly identifiable because of his idiosyncratic style of site illustration (e.g. Rawes 1986; 1991) and I regret the near disappearance of this type of personalized draughtsmanship. The use of 'Autocad' and other technical developments in the archaeological drawing office have led to a kind of homogenization in illustration which Bernard would have found dispiriting. On the other hand archaeological reconstruction drawing seems to be thriving. Several speakers at the 2004 conference commented on the way in which Phil Moss's reconstructions (Phil is another amateur), particularly those using the evidence from the Frocester dig (Price 2000), were an excellent means of bringing the past alive, especially for the general public. Although it is understandable that individual amateur archaeologists should no longer have such a key role in archaeological fieldwork (Eddie Price being a redoubtable exception), amateur and general public involvement in archaeology in various other ways is probably at an all-time high, and I do not just mean as passive viewers of 1V programmes. The Forest of Dean Archaeological Survey is one project involving local groups and individuals, the Portable Antiquities Scheme exists to service the interest in the past acquired by finders of archaeological objects, and local residents attend excavation open-days and other outreach events put on wherever possible by professional field archaeologists and curators. Indeed it was clear from the packed lecture theatre and enthusiastic audience for the 2004 conference that there is a very considerable public interest in the county's past, which bodes well for the next 25 years of archaeology in Gloucestershire. I shall look forward to reading this conference volume when it is published and I hope it enjoys a wide circulation amongst all those sectors of the community in which people value an increased understanding of and respect for the past.

NOTES 1. The present editor of the Transactions (JJ) is happy to reassure the author that he has no plans to use the front cover as a contents page.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY Aldhouse-Green, S.H.R., 2004, The Palaeolithic', in M. Aldhouse-Green and R. Howell (eds.), The Gwent County History, volume 1: Gwent in prehistory and early history (Cardiff, University of Wales Press), 1-28. Alien, J.R.L., 2001. The landscape archaeology of the Level. Gloucestershire: natural and human transformations over the last two millennia', Trans . BGAS 119, 27-57. Alien, T.G., Darvill, T.C., Green, L.S., and Jones, M.U., 1993. Excavations at Roughground Farm, , Gloucestershire: a prehistoric and Roman landscape ( Archaeol. Unit Thames Valley Landscapes: the 1). Barton, N., 1994. 'Second interim report on the survey and excavations in the Wye Valley, 1994', Proc. University Bristol Spelaeological Soc. 20.1, 63- 73. Barton, N., 2005. Ice Age Britain (London, Batsford/English Heritage). Bates, M.R., 2003. A brief review of deposits containing Palaeolithic artefacts in the Shirehampton area of Bristol and their regional context (Llwnfedwen, Terra Nova Ltd). Bell, M., Caseldine, A. , and Neumann, H., 2000. Prehistoric intertidal archaeology in the Welsh Severn Estuary (CBA Research Rep. 120, York). Buteux, S.T.E., and Lang. A.T.O ., 2002. The Shotton Project: the Midlands Palaeolithic Network', Archaeol. 45, 15-19. Cooper, L., and Jacobi, R., 2001. Two Late Glacial finds from north-west Leicestershire' Trans. Leicestershire Archaeol. Hist. Soc. 75, 118-21. DCMS 2000. Report on the operation of the Treasure Act 24 September 1997-23 September 1998 (London, Department of Culture, Media and Sport). DCMS 2001. Treasure Annual report 1998-1999 (London, Department of Culture, Media and Sport). DCMS 2002. Treasure Annual report 2000 (London, Department of Culture, Media and Sport). DCMS 2003. Treasure Annual report 2001 (London, Department of Culture, Media and Sport). DCMS 2004a. Treasure Annual report 2002 (London, Department of Culture, Media and Sport). DCMS 2004b. Portable Antiquities Scheme annual report 2003/04 (London, Department of Culture, Media and Sport). Dixon, P., 1994. Crickley Hill Volume 1: the hillfort defences (Crickley Hill Trust and the Department of Archaeol., University of Nottingham). Fowler, P.J. , 1977. 'Archaeology and the MS motorway, Gloucestershire, 1969-1975: a summary and assessment', Trans. BGAS 95, 40-6. Heighway, C., and Bryant, R. , 1999. The Golden Minster: the Anglo-Saxon minster and later medieval priory of St Oswald at Gloucester (CBA Research Rep. 117, York). Jacobi, R. , Carton, D., and Brown, J.. 2001. 'Field-walking and the Late Upper Palaeolithic in ', Trans. Thoroton Soc. 105, 17-22. Jennings, D., Muir, J.. Palmer, S., and Smith, A. , 2004. Thomhill Farm, , Gloucestershire: an and Roman pastoral site in the Upper Thames Valley (Oxford Archaeol. Thames Valley Landscapes Monograph 23). Lacaille, A.D., 1954. 'Palaeoliths from the lower reaches of the Bristol Avon', Antiq. J. 34, 1-27. Leach, P., 1998. Great Witcombe Roman villa, Gloucestershire: a report on excavations by Emest Greenfield 1960- 1973 (BAR Brit. Series 266, Oxford). Mudd, A., Williams, R.J.. and Lupton, A., 1999. Excavations alongside Roman Ermin Street, Gloucestershire and Wiltshire: The Archaeology of the A419/A417 to Gloucester Road Scheme (Oxford Archaeol. Unit: 2 volumes). Price, E.G., 2000. Frocester. A Romano-British settlement, its antecedents and successors (Stonehouse, Gloucester and District Archaeol. Research Group: 2 volumes). Rawes, B., 1986. The Romano-British settlement at Haymes, Cleeve Hill, near Cheltenham', Trans . BGAS 104, 61-93. Rawes, B., 1991. 'A prehistoric and Romano-British settlement at Vineyards Farm, , Gloucestershire', Trans . BGAS 109, 25-89.

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Rippon, S. (ed.), 2001. Estuarine Archaeology: the Severn and beyond (Exeter, Severn Estuary Levels Research Committee: = Archaeol. in the Severn Estuary 11). Roe, D.A., 1974. 'Palaeolithic artefacts from the River Avon terraces near Bristol', Proc. University Bristol Spelaeological Soc. 13.3, 319- 26. Saville, A. (ed.), 1984a. Archaeology in Gloucestershire: from the earliest hunters to the industrial age. Essays dedicated to Helen O'Neil and the late Elsie Clifford (Cheltenham Art Gallery and Museums and the BGAS) . Saville, A., 1984b. 'Palaeolithic and Mesolithic evidence from Gloucestershire', in A. Saville ( ed.) 1984, 59- 79 . Saville, A., 1990. Hazleton North, Gloucestershire, 1979-82: the excavation of a long cairn of the Cotswold­ Severn group (HBMCE Archaeological Rep. 13, London, English Heritage). Waiters, B., 1992. The archaeology and history of ancient Dean and the Wye Valley (Cheltenham, Thornhill Press). Whitehead, P.F., 1988. 'Lower Palaeolithic artefacts from the lower valley of the Avon', in R.J. MacRae and N. Moloney (eds.), Non-flint stone tools and the Palaeolithic occupation of Britain (BAR Brit. Series 189, Oxford), 103-21. Woodward, A., and Leach, P., 1993. The Uley shrines. Excavation of a ritual complex on West Hill, Uley, Gloucestershire: 1977- 9 (English Heritage Archaeol. Rep. 17, London).

247

Index Compiled by Susan Vaughan

Illustrations are denoted by page numbers in italics. The letter n following a page number indicates that the reference will be found in a note. The following abbreviations have been used in this index: B. & N.E.S. - Bath and North East Somerset; Berks. - Berkshire; Bucks. - Buckinghamshire; Cambs. - Cambridgeshire; Clam. - Glamorgan; Herefs. - Herefordshire; Mon. - ; N. Som - ; Oxon. - Oxfordshire; S. Glos. - South Gloucestershire; Som. - Somerset; Warks. - Warwickshire; Wilts. - Wiltshire; Wares. - .

A419/417 improvements, 2, 8, 9, 11, 233, 240, 242 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 138, 141- 2, 143, 149, 150, abbeys/religious houses, study of. 178- 80; see also 154 Bath; Brimpsfield; Bristol; Gloucester; Hailes; Anglo-Saxon period Winchcombe; Withington Bristol. 193- 4 Abbots Leigh (N. Som.), Stokeleigh hillfort, 73 Gloucester, 219- 24 Acton Court, see under Gloucestershire, chronological discussion (S. Glos.), ring-ditches, 37 Germanic influence, 141-7 JElfhere, 152 , emergence of. 148- 50 JEthelflaed, 149, 219 middle- late, 150-7 JEthelred II. 149, 151 Gloucestershire's place in, 161 - 4 JEthelweard, 149 Anglo-Scandinavian period, 149, 243 aggregates extraction, 2, 8, 62, 101, 234 animal bone studies agriculture Palaeolithic, 14 Neolithic, 18, 19 Mesolithic, 16 Bronze-Age, 44, 4 7 Neolithic, 19, 23, 29, 33 Iron-Age, 76, 77, 83-4 Bronze-Age, 40, 44, 47, 48 Roman, 101- 3, 108, 110, 117- 18 Iron-Age, 84 Anglo-Saxon, 155-7 Roman, 102- 3, 108, 118 medieval, 170-2 Anglo-Saxon, 155 threat from, 2, 234 Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, 2 see also animal bone studies; field systems; plant Ariconium (Herefs. ), 114- 15, 124n remains; ridge-and-furrow Akeman Street, 97, 98, 100 ferry, 99 Aldhelm, St, bishop of Sherborne, 143 flint scatter, 26 Aldworth, Robert, 205 Ashingdon (), battle of, 149 Alfred, King. 143, 149 Ash ton Keynes (Wilts.) Alkington, kiln, 125n banjo enclosure, 77 (S. Glos.) Cleveland Farm, 69, 102 Court Farm, 173- 4, 176 Cotswold Community site, 65 Cribb's Causeway, enclosure, 73, 87 gravel extraction, 101 , 19 Asser, 143 (S. Glos.), human remains, 86 Aston, M., & Iles, R. , The Archaeology of Avon, 1 amateur archaeology, 3, 13, 235, 245 Aston Blank see Cold Aston Ampney Crucis Aston Mill (Worcs.), Iron-Age settlement, 75 church, 161 Aston Somerville (Wares.), Iron-Age settlement, 69 St Augustine's Lane, excavations, 25 Athelstan, King, 149 Ampney St Mary, church, 161 Atkin, Malcolm, 211, 214, 225, 226 Ampney St Peter, church, 161 Atkinson, Richard, 12 amulets, Anglo-Saxon, 146 Augustine, St, 144 Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act (S. Glos.), figurine, 82 1979, 2, 6, 232 Avon County Council, 1, 237, 240-1

249 IND EX

Avonmouth, see under Bristol Romano-British, 121-2 see also cremations; excamation; inhumations; ritual Blakeney, Roman settlement, 124n deposition; shrines; temples Blakeney Hill Woods, cup-marked stone, 28 Bell, Martin, 18 Viney Hill, axe, 34 Berkeley axes castle, 172 copper-alloy, 34, 40, 45 dress pin, 243 stone, 20, 23, 27, 34 Beverstone, Babdown Farm, 29; see also Chavenage see also handaxes Bibury, church, 161; see also Winson , see under Cowley Bishop's Cleeve Badgeworth, Hunt Court Farm, 39, 45; see also cemetery, Anglo-Saxon, 144-6 Crickley Hill Gilder's Paddock, 72, 80 Badminton (S. Glos.), Roman villa, 103, 106, 107 Lower Farm, 44 Bagendon Oakfield Road, axe hoard, 27 banjo enclosure, 78 Roman villa, 109, 125n oppida, 76, 77, 78, 88, 97 Stoke Road, 2, 8, 152, 170 burials, 85, 86 Bisley-with-Lypiatt coin minting. 78 Bisley parish boundary, 150 production, exchange and identity, 81 Daneway House, 17 4 social organisation, 79 -80 Lypiatt Cross, 150 banjo enclosures, Iron-Age, 77-8, 88 (S. Glos.) Barker, W.R., 189 river crossing. 99 Barnsley Roman settlement, 100-1 banjo enclosure, 78 Blaisdon, see Welshbury hillfort Barnsley Park Roman villa, 103, 104, 108 Blakeney, see under Awre Barnwood, see under Gloucester , Upton, 173 Barrett, William, 189 bone, see animal bone studies; human bone studies barrows, see long barrows; round barrows; see also Boon, George, 192 ring-ditches Boughspring. see under Tidenham Bath (B. & N.E.S .) Bourton-on-the-Water abbey, 140 bead, gold, 243 hundredal grouping based on, 150 burials, Iron-Age, 84 Lansdown, spearhead, 45 coin hoard, 243 sub-Rotnan period, 138, 141-2, 143 Cotswold School, 42 temple, 79 Primary School, 29, 42 Bathampton (B. & N.E.S.), enclosure, 67 Salmonsbury Camp Batsford , 23, 24 Dorn, Roman settlement, 100 oppida, 75-7, 84, 85, 86 gold ring. Bronze-Age, 243 survey, 12 battle-axe, 34 settlement, Iron-Age, 68, 72 Baunton settlement, Roman, 100 Lynches, Iron-Age inhumation, 84, 85 sunken featured building. 151 Trinity Farm, Beaker pottery, 30 bracelets beads, Anglo-Saxon, 146 Beaker, 32 Beckbury, see under Temple Guiting Bronze-Age, 46 Beckford (Worcs.) Roman, 125n ditches, Bronze-Age, 67 Bradley Stoke (S. Glos.) settlement, Iron-Age-Roman, 75, 86, 88, 125n Bailey's Court Farm/Webbs Farm Roman settle­ , 144 ment, 110 belief systems Bradley Stoke Way, flints, 17 Iron-Age, 85-7 evaluations, 23 7

250 I NDEX

Savages Wood, 43-4, 110 clay pipe industry, 202 urban development, 2 Clifton Braikenridge, George Weare, 189 Clifton Antiquarian Club, 189 brass industry, 202 Clifton Camp, 190 Braydon, Forest of (Wilts.), 143 defences, 193, 194, 195 Breadstone, see under Hamfallow Dolphin Street, 194 Bream, see under West Dean Druid Stoke , 11, 20 Bredon (Wares.) Dundas Wharf, 199, 201 , 69, 72, 73, 74, 86 , urban development, 2 Harwick Bank, handaxe, 14 Park, 192 Brictric Meaw, 155 friary, see Lewin's Mead Bridgwater (Som.), Danish raid, 149 Fry's chocolate factory, 200 Brimpsfield glass industry, 202-3, 204, 205 castle, 17 8, 179 Grammar School, 196 Manless Town, 167 Hallen, 72-3, 80, 84, 88, 191-2 manor, 179 , Roman settlement, 100, 112, 113, 114, priory, 179 193 briquetage, Iron-Age, 80, 83 Hen bury Bristol cemetery, Iron-Age- Roman, 85, 88, 121, 122 abbey of St Augustine, 194, 197-8, 205 School, 192 archaeological research, 189-90, 240-1 , Merchants Dock, 206 prehistoric period, 87- 8, 190-2 housing, 202, 206 Roman period, 192-3 Inns Court, 73, 192 Anglo-Saxon period, 193-4 King's Weston Hill, 67, 190, 192 medieval period, 194-202 post-medieval period, 202- 6 hoard, 45-6 'Arthur's Acre', 194 pottery, Bronze-Age, 39 Roman villa, 110, 192 Avonmouth Levels, 2, 17, 19, 47, 117, 190-1, 192 Lawrence Weston Cabot Park, 34- 5, 47, 190, 192 Long Cross, axe, 27 Crook's Marsh, 117 pottery, Iron-Age, 73 Katherine Farm, 17, 4 7 Lewin's Mead, friary, 196 Kites Corner, 4 7 , Rodway Hill, 112, 114, 125n Rockingham Farm, 4 7 Marsh Wall, 195 Stup Pill, 35 Mary-le-Port Street, 193 see also Hallen Minster House, 198 Bedminster, 206 Newmarket Avenue, 194 Billeswick manor, 194 port, 194, 199-200, 201 , 202, 205-6 Blaise Castle, hillfort, 73, 123, 190 Portwall, 195 brass industry, 202 pottery production, 202, 206 Bristol Bridge, 199, 200 priory of St James, 196-7 burh, 194 Queen Elizabeth's Hospital School, 196 Canon's Marsh, 17, 192, 205, 206 Redcliffe, 195, 199- 200, 201, 205 Canynges House, 199 St Bartholomew's Hospital, 194, 196 Carfax, 194 St George, Roman burials, 192 castle, 194, 195-6 St Michael's Hill, 202 Cheese Lane, glassworks, 202, 204 Sea Mills, 99, 192, 206 churches, 196-8 shipbuilding, 205- 6 St Augustine-the-Less, 194, 198 Shirehampton St James, 196- 7, 198 Barrow Hill Crescent, 4 7 St John, 198 Grumwell Close, flint, 15 City Museum, 190 sediment analysis, 190, 239

251 INDEX

Small Street, 194 bullae, Bronze-Age, 46 Society of Merchant Venturers, 206 burials, see cemeteries; cremations; inhumations; Spicer's Hall, 200 mausoleum; ritual deposition Temple (suburb), 195 burnt mounds, 47, 48, 49, 67 Tower Harratz, 195 Buscot (Oxon.) Tower Lane, 194 cursus, 33 Union Street, 200-2 henge, 32-3 Upper Maudlin Street, 193 Bushley Green (Worcs.), enclosure, 75 Urban Archaeological Database, 190 Bytham River, 13 urban origins, 193-4 Viell's Tower, 195 Cainscross, Ebley Wapping, 206 medieval settlement, 170 Welsh Back, 200, 205 Westward Road, 17 Bristol and Avon Archaeological Society, 3 Calmsden, see under North Cerney Bristol and Avon Archaeology, 3 Candidan, 138 Bristol City Council, 241 Canningas, 143-4 Bristol and Clifton Oil Gas Company, 205 Canynges, William, 199 Bristol coalfield, see castles, 178, 179-80, 181; see also Berkeley; Bristol; Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society, 1, Gloucester 3, 189, 244-5; see also Transactions of the Bristol causewayed enclosures, 22-3, 24-5, 29, 49 and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society Caversham (Oxon.), pit, 34 Bristol Industrial Archaeology Society, 1 Ceawlin, 138, 142 Bristol and Region Archaeological Services, 190 cemeteries Britannia Prima, 120 Bronze-Age, 36, 37, 38, 39, 49 Broadway (Worcs.), enclosures, 69 Iron-Age, 85 Broadwell, axe, 27 Roman, ll7-18, 121, 192, 217,218-19 Brockweir, see under Hewelsfield sub-Roman, 138, 139, 140 Brockworth Anglo-Saxon, 141, 142, 144-6, 147, 151, round barrow, 39 161 settlement, Roman, 109, 111 medieval-post-medieval, 197, 198 Bronze-Age period, 34-48, 190-1, 192 Champion, William, 206 bronze working Charlton Abbots, see under Sudeley Bronze-Age, 34, 40, 44, 45, 48 Charlton Kings, see under Cheltenham Iron-Age, 78, 81-2 charters, Anglo-Saxon, 163-4 Roman, llO, ll7 Chavenage, Anglo-Saxon inhumations, 144 brooches Cheddar (Som.), palace, 154 Iron-Age, 86 Anglo-Saxon, 145, 146 Pinkwell long barrow, 21 medieval, 243 Roman villa, ll9, 125n Broom Hill, see under Huntley Wickwell, axe, 2 7 Buckland, Burhill hillfort, 68 Cheltenham buckles, Roman-sub-Roman, 120, 138, 139, 140, 243 Alstone, Iron-Age site, 69 buildings/structures, domestic Charlton Kings Neolithic, 19, 23 Sandy Lane, 12, 48, 67 Bronze-Age, 48 Vineyards Farm, 25, 42, 105 Roman, ll2, 113 Roman villa, 109 sub-Roman, 123, 135-6, 137 West Drive, pottery, 125n Anglo-Saxon, 151-2, 153-4, 155, 156 Chepstow (Mon.) medieval-post-medieval, 173-6, 180, 199, 202, bridge, 99 206, 213 Thornwell Farm, 62, 67, 115 see also moated sites; roundhouses; sunken fea­ Cherington, Troublehouse Covert, flints, 16 tured buildings; villas Chesters, see under Woolaston

252 INDEX

Childswickham (Worcs.), Roman villa, 124n Cold Aston (Aston Blank), Little Aston, 172 Coleford, High Nash, 86, 87, 125n axe, 27 Coin St Aldwyns, Roman settlement, 100 survey, 167, 169, 181 Coin St Dennis, church, 161 Churchdown, Iron-Age settlement, 78 Col wall (Herefs. ), handaxes, 14 churches, 176 Committee for Archaeology in Gloucestershire, 231, sub-Roman, 123 245 Anglo-Saxon, 150, 152, 157, 161, 162, 219-20 Committee for Rescue Archaeology in Avon, Glouces- see also under individual places tershire and Somerset, 2, 13, 231 , Hawkwell, palstave, 45 Compton Abdale, sheepcote, 171 Cirencester Conderton Camp (Worcs.), hillfort, 62, 73, 74, 75 Abbey Grounds, 99 Condicote amphitheatre, 138 henge, 12, 33, 49, 232 buckle, silver, 243 round barrows/ring-ditches, 36, 37 Cherry Tree Lane, microlith, 16 Congresbury (N. Som.), Cadbury Hill, 140 Danes at, 149 Conservation Areas, 2, 237 fort, 97 corn drier, 110 Hare Bushes North, flint scatter, 26 Cotswold Archaeological Research Group, 9, 21 hoard, Bronze-Age, 6, 46 Cotswold Archaeological Trust/Cotswold Archaeo- hundredal grouping based on, 150 logy, 1, 2, 13, 244 metalwork Roman, 120 Cotswold Severn Invisible Culture, 163 post-Roman period, 123, 138, 141, 142 Cotswold Water Park mammoth bones, 14 pottery supply, Roman, 120, 125n Cotswolds Querns Lane, 99 archaeological knowledge, 2, 240 rescue excavations, 99, 173 Mesolithic period, 17, 18 road system, Roman, 97, 98 Neolithic period, 19-24, 25-6, 27 Rugby Ground, 30 Bronze-Age period, 35-7, 42-3, 45 St Michael's Field, 99 Iron-Age period, 67-8, 69, 74, 78 Stratton, Iron-Age pottery, 76 Roman period, 103- 8 Tar Barrows, 97 survey, 12, 181 Victoria Road County School, 99 Coughton (Warks.), macehead, 34 Cirencester Excavation Committee, 2 Council for British Archaeology, 244 cist burials, 85 Countryside Stewardship, 234 Classis Britannica, 122, 124n Cowley clay pipe industry, 202 Birdlip , see under Newland axes, Neolithic, 27 Cleeve Hill, see under Southam barrows, 35, 36 Clifford, Elsie, 3, 245 burial, Iron-Age, 86, 121 Clifton Antiquarian Club, 189 flints, Mesolithic, 17 cloth industry, medieval-post-medieval, 172, settlement, Iron-Age, 69, 75, 80, 83, 84 180 survey, 12 Cnut, King, 149, 151 Birdlip Quarry, Roman settlement, 100, 101, 103, coal, 112, 114, 119 108, 110, 120, 125n Coalpit Heath, 119 Peak Camp, excavations, 11, 23-4, 25 Coates, Hullasey, deserted medieval , 172 cremations , see Crickley Hill Bronze-Age, 35-6, 37-9 Coinmagil, 138 Iron-Age, 86 coins Roman, 121, 219 Iron-Age, 76, 78- 9, 82-3, 87, 218 Anglo-Saxon, 144, 146, 161 Roman, 125n, 161, 243 Crickley Hill (BadgeworthfCoberley), excavations, early medieval, 140, 151 11, 12, 242 post-medieval, 243 Neolithic period, 20, 23, 33

253 IND EX

Iron-Age period, 62, 66, 67, 68, 73, 75 Middle Duntisbourne sub-Roman period, 123, 138 flint scatter, 26 crime, medieval, 172-3 settlement, Iron-Age, 76, 77, 79 (S. Glos.) ring-ditch, 37 pottery, 167 Roman villa, 110 town plan, 173 cross dykes, 67 dyeing industry, 199, 200 crosses, medieval, 183 Dyer, Christopher, 170, 171, 172 Cunliffe, Barry, 61 Dyke Hills (Oxon.), settlement, 76 cup-marked stones, 28 Dymock, Roman settlement, 100, 114 currency bars, 78, 80-1, 86 and Hinton (S. Glos.) curses, 122 Dyrham, battle of, 138 cursus monuments, 11, 12, 33 , survey, 167, 181 Cuthwine, 138, 142 Cwichelm, 142 Eadric Streona, 149 Cynegils, king of the West , 142 earthwork surveys, 182-3 Eastleach Turville Daglingworth banjo enclosure, 77 axe, 27 coin, 151 church, 161 Easton Grey (Wilts.), , 99 Duntisbourne Grove, 26, 29, 81 Ebley, see under Cainscross Darvill, Tim, 61 Ebrington, Home Farm, 42 Dean Archaeology, 3 Edgeworth, church, 161 Dean Archaeology Group, 3, 9, 115, 181, 240, 244 Edmund, King, 149 Dean Road, 99 Edward the Elder, 149, 151 Department of the Environment, 231 , 151 deserted medieval , 170, 172-3 Edward 11, 172 designations, 6, 8, 234, 238 Elizabeth I, 179 Dinas Powys (Vale of Clam.), 140, 141 , Iron-Age enclosure, 69 ditch systems, Iron-Age, 65-7 Elmore, land reclamation, 117, 118, 119 Ditches, see under North Cemey Elton, Sir Abraham, 204 ditches, segmented, 69 Elton Road, see under Newnham , 76, 78-80, 97 enclosures Domesday Survey, 148, 150, 157, 164 Bronze-Age, 32, 37, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 49, 67-8 Dorchester-on-Thames (Oxon.), post-Roman period, Iron-Age, 67-8, 69-70, 71-2, 73, 74, 75, 79, 86, 141 87 Dorn, see under Batsford late Iron-Age-Roman, 106-7, 109-10, 111 , 115 , Kilkenny, 34 Anglo-Saxon, 151, 152-4, 170-1, 174, 176 Driffield, axe, 27 see also banjo enclosures; ; oppida Drinkwater, John, 245 English Bicknor Droitwich (Worcs.), briquetage, 80 Barnfield, flints, 17-18 Dumbleton Huntsham Hill, 27 axe, 27 see also Symonds Yat garden survey, 181 English Heritage Iron-Age settlement, 65, 69, 75 Archaeological Investigations Project, 8- 9 Dunst.ete, 148 Bristol Urban Strategy, 190 Duntisboume Abbots funding from, 234, 237 church, 161 survey, 9 settlement, Iron-Age, 76, 77, 79 National Mapping Programme, 170, 173, 177, 180, Duntisboume Grove, see under Daglingworth 181 Duntisbourne Rouse publications, 244 church, 161 surveys, 167, 213

254 I N DE X

English Nature, 234 Neolithic, 19, 20, 23, 24, 26-7, 29 environmental evidence late Neolithic-Bronze-Age, 30, 3 1, 32, 33-4, 41 Palaeolithic, 13-15, 16 footprints, Mesolithic, 18, 19 Mesolithic, 16- 17, 18, 19 Forest of Dean Neolithic, 18- 19, 21, 33 archaeological knowledge, 240 Late Neolithic- Early Bronze-Age, 34-5 Mesolithic period, 17- 18 Bronze-Age, 4 7- 8 Neolithic period, 26- 7, 28 Roman, 117 Bronze-Age period, 45 medieval, 182, 199-202 Iron-Age period, 67, 73, 81 , 87 Environmental Stewardship, 234 Roman period, l14- 16, l19-20 Environmentally Sensitive Area, 234 medieval- post-medieval period, 172, 177-8, Ermin Street, 97, 98, 100, 103 180 Esso Midline excavations, 11 Blakeney Hill Woods, see under Awre Ewen, see under Kemble survey, 2, 173, 181, 234, 235, 240, 245 excarnation, 32, 84 Viney Hill, see under Awre Extensive Urban Survey, 173, 237 see also Cinderford; Lydbrook; Ruspidge; West Dean Fairford Fosse Way, 97, 98, 99, 120 burial, Anglo-Saxon, 141 foundation deposits, 110, 136, 137 Claydon Pike, 69, 72, 74, 84, 101, 102 four-post structures, 40, 42 Dudgrove Farm, spearhead, 46 Foxcote, see under Withington gravel extraction, 101 Frampton Mansell, see under Sapperton Horcott Pit, 12, 25, 29, 30, 40, 102-3 London Street, axe, 27 land reclamation, 178 Thornhill Farm, 8, 69, 72, 84, 101-2, 103, 241 Netherhills ring-ditches, 12 Farinmagil, 138 Franklyn, Joshua, 206 Farmington with Saul, land reclamation, 178 Lodge Park long barrow, 21 Frocester Roman villa, 108 area survey, 12 Fengate (Cambs.), inhumations, 22 Big Nutfield, flints, 17 field systems Big Stanborough, 17, 19-20 Bronze-Age, 42, 67 The Buckles, 11 , 17, 30, 45, 47-8 Bronze-Age- Iron-Age, 65 Frocester Court, excavations, 3, 11, 242, 245 Iron-Age, 70, 73, 74, 75, 77 Bronze-Age period, 44- 5, 67 Roman, 102, llO, 114, l17 Iron-Age period, 65, 69, 70-2, 74, 75, 81, 84, medieval, 176, 177, 178 85, 86 see also ridge-and-furrow Roman villa, 108, 109, 119, 121 , 123, 125n fieldwalking surveys, 9 5th century-post-Roman period, 134, 135- 6, figurine, Iron-Age, 82 137, 150, 151 - 2, 155-7, 162 finger-rings road, Roman, 99 Bronze-Age, 46, 243 Roman, 243 gardens, see parks and gardens Anglo-Saxon, 146 Garrod, Patrick, 212, 226 Anglo-Scandinavian, 149 Gatcombe (N. Som.), Roman settlement, 193 medieval, 243 Geographical Information Systems, 231, 237 fish traps, 84, 178 geophysical surveys, 9, 21 , 23, 24, 26, 99 , 173, 198 Giffard family, 178, 179 Fitzharding, Robert, 194, 197 glass industry, 202-3, 204, 205 Flaxley, Welsh bury, see Welshbury hillfort (Som.) flints lake village, 73 Palaeolithic, 14, 15, 190 pottery, 80, 81 Mesolithic, 16-18 Glevensis, 3, 99, 212

255 IND EX

Gloucester Scriven's Conduit, 213 abbey of St Peter/cathedral, 155, 213, 221 temple, 221 Abbeymead, enclosures, 72, 73, 78, 80 topographical development, 214, 215-16, 217 archaeology, organisation of, 99, 211-14 Roman, 217, 218-19 Barnwood 5th-9th centuries, 219-21, 222, 224 cremations, Iron-Age, 86 medieval, 224-5 Forty Acre Field, 15 post-medieval, 225, 227 handaxes, 14 Urban Archaeological Database, 211 , 212, 213, settlement, Iron-Age, 78 225 Berkeley Street, 214 Westgate bridge, 216 Blackfriars development, 213, 225, 226 Westgate Street, 220-4, 225, 226 burh, 219-20, 221-4 No. 26, 213 castle, 224-5 No. 33, 213, 214 cemeteries, Roman, 121 Nos. 47-9, 213 churches No. 66, 226 All Saints, 224 sewer trench, 221, 223 St Mary de Lode, 219 see also ; St Michael, 224 Gloucester, earls of, 155 St Oswald, see St Oswald's Priory Gloucester Civic Trust Survey Group, 213 see also minster Gloucester and District Archaeological Research colonia, 99, 100, 118, 217 Group, 3, 181, 211, 231, 244, 245 Crypt Grammar School, Iron-Age pottery, 65 Gloucester Excavation Unit, 211 , 213, 231 Danes at, 149 Gloucester Roman Research Committee, 211 defences, 213, 219-24, 226 Gloucestershire docks, 181 Archaeology Service, 173, 181, 231-2 Eastgate Street, 220, 221, 224 advice in the planning system, 232-3 fortress, 99-100, 217-18 future of, 235 Gambier Parry Lodge, 214, 217 outreach and education, 235 Hare Lane, 224 research and survey, 234 Heritage and Museums Service Historic Environ- rural landscape at risk, 233-4 ment Team, 211-12 Countryside Archaeological Advisor, 234 housing developments, 2 County Archaeologist, 232 hundredal grouping based on, 150 origins of, 149-50, 157 King's Board, 213 see also South Gloucestershire Kingsholm, 213 Gloucestershire Environmental Trust, 234 Iron-Age period, 78 Gloucestershire Record Series, 244 Roman period, 217-18 Gloucestershire Society for Industrial Archaeology, 1, sub-Roman period, 138, 139, 140, 154, 219 181 Anglo-Saxon period, 154, 155, 219, 224 Goldcliff (Mon.), excavations, 18, 19, 47 Llanthony Priory (Secunda), 213, 225, 226 Gotherington, see Nottingham Hill London Road, 219 S.S. Great Britain, 206 Lower Quay Street, 214 Great Howle Farm (Herefs.), flints, 18 Maverdine Lane, 213 Great Rissington, palaeochannels, 16-17 minster, 224 Great Witcombe, Roman villa, 106, 241 Museum, 211, 226 The Great Woulding (Herefs.), 115, 124n Northgate Street, 212 Greatorix, Phi!, 212 pottery supply, Roman, 120, 125n Grinsell, Leslie, 20, 45 Robinswood Hill, 217 Grumbald's Ash hundred, 150 St Mary Magdalen's Hospital, 213 Guiting Power St Oswald's Priory, 157, 213, 219-20, 221, 225, The Bowsings, 69, 75 226, 242; see also minster enclosure, Iron-Age, 69 Saintbridge, excavations, 11, 29, 65, 78 Kennel Leasow, 39

256 I N D EX

The Park, 68, 78 Hingley, Richard, 61, 74 ring-ditches, 11, 35 Historic Landscape Character Assessment, 234, 237 round barrow G1 , 12, 25, 35 hoards round barrow G3, 11, 35- 6, 39 axes, 27 Wood House, burial, 84 coin Iron-Age, 76 Hailes, see under Stanway Roman, 161 , 243 Hailey Wood, see under Sapperton post-medieval, 243 Hallen, see under Bristol metalwork (), 24 Bronze-Age, 6, 34, 45-6 Ham fallow Roman, 161 Breadstone, posy ring, 243 (Dorset), metalwork, 141 Wanswell, coins, 243 Holgate, Robin, 27 Hampnett horse rearing, 76, 84, 102- 3, 108 Burn Ground, burials, 141, 144 Horton (S. Glos.), Springfield Farm Roman villa, 110 Middle Down, axe, 27 Hucclecote handaxes, 14, 15 burial, Iron-Age, 85 Haresfield, pottery, 167, 169 cemeteries Harold Harefoot, 151 Bronze-Age, 39 Hawkesbury (S. Glos.) Roman, 121 Hillesley, castle, 178, 183 link road excavations, 8 Lower Woods Roman settlement, 110, 112, 125n microlith, 17 Tresham, axe, 27 pottery, Beaker, 29 Hawkwell, see under Cinderford round barrow excavations, 12 Haw ling settlement, Iron-Age, 65, 66, 68, 78 axe, 34 Hullasey, see under Coates Roe!, 170- 1, 174 human bone studies Roelside, 170-1 Neolithic, 21, 22 round barrow, 36 medieval, 197 Haymes, see under Southam hundreds, 148, 149, 150, 157 Hazleton Huntley, Broom Hill, cup-marked stone, 28 Barrow Ground, settlement evidence, 16, 19, 240 Huntsham (Herefs.) long barrow excavations, 11, 20-1, 29, 234 flints, 18 round barrow, 37 Roman villa, 115 head cult, 85-6 Hurst, Henry, 211, 213, 214, 218, 220, 221 henge monuments, 12, 32-3 Hwicce, 133, 140, 144, 148-50, 157 hengi-form monuments, 32, 37, 38, 39 hypocaust, 107 Heritage Lottery Fund, 234, 235, 238 Heritage Open Days, 235 industrial archaeology, 1, 180-1, 202- 5, 206 Heritage Protection Review, 235 Ine, King, 138 Hewelsfield, Brockweir, cup-marked stone, 28 ingot, silver, 243 High Nash, see under Coleford inhumations Highnam, Over, coin hoard, 243 Neolithic, 20-1, 22, 34, 49 Hill (S. Glos.), Hills Flats, Neolithic evidence, 26, 27 Beaker, 30, 3 1, 32 Hillesley, see under Hawkesbury Bronze-Age, 35, 39 hillforts Iron-Age, 84, 85, 86-7, 121 appearance of, 67, 68- 9, 73 Roman, 110, 114, 117-18, 121, 122, 192, 219 entrances, 86 sub-Roman, 137, 138, 139, 140, 219 reuse of, 123, 138, 140 Anglo-Saxon, 142, 144- 6, 161, 163, 194, 219 role of, 61, 63, 73-4, 75, 87, 88 medieval-post-medievaL 197, 198 study of, 62, 190 inscriptions, Roman, 100, 110, 122, 124n see also oppida Ireson, Nathaniel, 206

257 INDEX

Iron Acton (S. Glos.), Acton Court, pottery, 167 handaxe, 14 Iron-Age period pottery, Neolithic, 25 archaeological resource since 1984, 61-2 Lawrence Weston, see under Bristol burial and religion, 84, 85, 86-7 lead working chronology, 63 Roman, 114 late period, 7 4-80 post-medieval, 204 production, exchange and identity, 80-4 Lechlade settlement patterns axe, 27 10th-4th century BC, 64-9, 190-1 Butler's Field, 11 4th century BC-lst century AD, 69-74, 191-2 Bronze-Age period, 37, 40-1, 42 study of, future prospects, 8 7-8 Iron-Age period, 65, 66 iron ore, 110, 112, 115, 119-20, 125n Anglo-Saxon period, 141, 144, 146, 147, 151, 152 iron working cursus, 11, 12, 33, 49 Iron-Age, 76, 81-2 Gassons Road, 11, 30 Roman, 100, 110, 112-15, 117, 119, 193 gravel extraction, 101 post-medieval, 180 Hambridge Lane, 42 henge, 32-3, 49 job creation schemes, 189 Place, 151, 152 Leaze Farm, flint, 16 Kemble Lechlade Manor, burial, 39 Augustine's Oak, 144 The Loder's, 12, 29, 42, 65 burials, Iron-Age, 85 Memorial Hall, excavations, 12, 30, 31, 32, 65 cemeteries, Anglo-Saxon, 144 Roughground Farm, 12 Ewen, charter, 164 Neolithic period, 29, 30, 34 place-name, 144 Bronze-Age period, 39, 42 Station Road, 30 Iron-Age period, 65, 66, 84 West Lane medieval settlement, 170 Roman period, 101, 102, 119 Kempsford Sherborne House gravel extraction, 101 Bronze-Age period, 42 Kempsford Bowmoor, 102 Iron-Age period, 65, 85 Manor Farm, 124n Anglo-Saxon period, 151-2, 153, 154, 155 RAF Fairford, 25 Leckhampton Stubbs Farm, 69, 102 fields, 176-7 Whelford Bowmoor, 102 hillfort, 68, 73 Kilkenny, see under Dowdeswell Leofwine, 149 King's Stanley Little Aston, see under Cold Aston axe, 27 Little , see under Withington flints, 17 Little Solsbury (B. & N.E.S.) moated site, Neolithic activity, 26 enclosure, 67 Kingscote, Roman settlement, 99, 100, 120, 124n, human bone, 85 125n Littledean Kingswood (S. Glos.), iron ore, 112 axe, 27 Littledean Hall, temple, 125n Lake Harrison, 14 Llanishen (Mon.), flint, 15 Lambrick, George, 101 local archaeological and historical societies, 3, 13, Lancaut, see under Tidenham 180, 235, 244-5 land division, Iron-Age, 65-7 long barrows, 11, 20-1, 26, 29, 49 land reclamation Long Newnton, Bowldridge Farm, flints, 16 Roman, 116-19 Longbridge Deverill (Wilts.), Iron-Age site, 68 medieval, 178 Longford Latton (Wilts.) enclosure, Iron-Age, 72 gravel extraction, 101 finger-ring, Anglo-Scandinavian, 149

258 IND EX

Longhope, May Hill later medieval period flints, 18 deserted villages and rural settlements, 170, 171 , querns, 80, 82 172-3 Longney, land reclamation, 119 future research, 181-4 loomweights, Bronze-Age, 40, 44 landscape features, 176-81 Lower Slaughter moats, 173 church of St Mary, 152, 171 pottery, 167-9 settlement, Anglo-Saxon, 152-4, 170-1 standing buildings, 173-6 Ludgershall (Wilts.), market place, 175 towns, 173, 194-202, 224-5 Lydbrook, Lower Lydbrook, axe, 27 , 133, 140, 142, 148-9, 151. 219 Lydney Mercury, 122, 123 Lydney Level. 178 Mesolithic period, 16-18, 19, 49, 239, 240 Lydney Park metalwork hillfort, 73 Beaker, 32, 34 Roman period, 114, 115, 116, 122, 124n, Bronze-Age, 45, 46, 50 125n Roman, 120 Lypiatt Cross, see under Bisley-with-Lypiatt Miles, David, 97, 101. 102 Lysons, Samuel, 107 milestones, 180 Miller, Richard, 172 MS, 9, 108, 109 Millerd, Jacob, map by, 202, 203 maceheads, 34 mills, 180 McWhirr, Alan, Roman Gloucestershire, 97 Magons<£tan (Magons<£te), 148, 149 Common, survey, 167 Malmesbury (Wilts.) settlement, Iron-Age, 77 enclosure, 67 Minion (ship), 205 Roman villa, 105 minsters, 150, 157, 219-20, 224 Malvern Hills (Worcs.) mirror, Iron-Age, 86 pottery production, 79, 80, 81 Miserden, church, 161 survey, 9, 12 , Carving History at the Wilderness project, Mangotsfield (S. Glos.), Howsmoor Lane, 44 235 manors moated sites, 173, 174 Anglo-Saxon, 150, 152-3, 155, 156, 157, 164 Monmouth (Mon.), Roman settlement, 114 medieval, 170-1, 174, 175, 176, 178, 179, 181 Monument Management Scheme, 234 Manpower Services Commission, 99, 231, 237 Moreton-in-Marsh mansio, 101 Blenheim Farm Marshall, Alistair, 21, 61 excavations, 12, 41. 42, 68 Marshfield (S. Glos.) handaxe, 14, 15 Roman villa, 103, 105, 108 medieval settlement, 170 survey, 237 mosaics, 105, 107, 110, 122, 124n, 161 Martley (Worcs.), pottery production, 80 Moss, Phil, drawings by, 225, 226, 227, 245 mausoleum, sub-Roman, 138, 139, 140, 154, 219 motorway, see MS May Hill, see under Longhope mottes, 178, 179, 181. 195-6 Meare (Som.), lake village, 73 Much Marcle (Herefs.), Carnage Farm, hoard, medieval period 45 early medieval period museums, 244; see also Bristol; Gloucester post-Roman vacuum, 133-40, 219 Germanic influence, 141-7 , axes, 27 Hwicce, emergence of, 148-50 National Archaeology Day, 235 middle-late Anglo-Saxon settlement and land­ National Ice Age Network. 239 scape, 150- 5, 157 National Trust, 167 late Saxon Gloucestershire, 157 Naunton, cist burial. 85 rural economies, 155-7 Neolithic period, 18-33, 49, 192

259 INDEX

Newent Oxenton, Oxenton Hill, 73 axe, 27 Oxford Archaeology, 13, 33 The Moat, 100, 114 Newland axe, 27 church, 175 Clearwell, Stock Farm Roman villa, 115, 116 conservation group, 234 Newnham, Elton Road, flints, 18 crime, medieval, 172 Nibley Green, see under North Nibley field system, 1 77 nine-post structures, 40 hillfort, 73, 234 Nodens, 115, 122 local history society, 180 Norbury Camp, see under North leach with Eastington manor, 175 North Cemey market place, 175 Calmsden, charter, 164 parish council, 234 Ditches quarries, 180 Iron-Age settlement, 75, 76, 77, 78, 88; burials, Skinner's Mill Farm, 174 85, 85; coin minting, 78; production and town plan, 173, 175 exchange, 80, 81, 84 Palaeolithic period, 13-15, 49, 190, 239-40 Roman villa, 76, 78, 105, 106-7 palstaves, 45 finger-ring, Roman, 243 Pangboume (Berks.), inhumations, 22 North Nibley, Nibley Green, battle of, 172 parishe~ 133, 134, 150 with Eastington parks and gardens, 181, 205 banjo enclosures, 78 Peak Camp, see under Cowley flints, 17, 26 Pen Moe.l, see under Tidenham long barrows, 21, 26 Penda, King, 142 Norbury Camp, 67, 84 pendant, Neolithic, 23 Northwick, see under and Pilning and Severn Beach (S. Glos.) Nottingham Hill Northwick, 84, 191 cup-marked stone, 28 Seabank, 18, 19, 34 enclosure, 67 , Western Approach Business Park, 47 , cist burial, 85 pins Bronze-Age, 46 Oddington post-medieval, 243 axes, 34 pits inhumations, Anglo-Saxon, 144 Neolithic/Beaker, 24, 25, 26, 29, 30, 32, 34 Oldbury-on-Sevem (S . Glos.) Bronze-Age, 40, 42, 44, 45 fish traps, 84, 178 Iron-Age, 65, 70, 84, 85, 86 Hills Flats, see under Hill place-name studies, 141, 148 Oldbury Flats, deer trails, 18 Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) settlement, Bronze-Age, 4 7 Act 1990, 6 settlement, Roman, 117-18 Planning Policy Guidance Note 15, 6, 233 (S. Glos.), Park Roman villa, 110 Planning Policy Guidance Note 16, 1, 2, 6-8, 61-2, O'Neil, He.len, 3, 20, 245 232-3, 242 oppida, 75-80, 88 planning process, 1-2, 6-8, 9, 61, 232-3, 237, 242 opus signinum, 107, 138 plant remains Ordinance of the Dunstete, 148 Neolithic, 19 Ordnance Survey, 231, 237, 238 Bronze-Age, 40 Osric, 140 Iron-Age, 83 Oswald, St, relics of, 219 Roman, 108, 118 Over, see under Highnam Anglo-Saxon, 155 Oxenhall Pleistocene period, 13-15, 49 axe, 27 ponds, 173 Hay Wood, 177 Ponsford, Michael, 190

260 I N D EX

Poole Keynes, axe, 27 Quedgeley, spearhead, 141 population Quenington, Roman settlement, 100 Bronze-Age, 4 7 quems Iron-Age, 73, 74 Neolithic, 19 Anglo-Saxon, 162, 164 Iron-Age, 80, 82, 85, 86 Portable Antiquities Scheme, 6, 45, 78, 232, 242-4, Roman, 119 245 Porthcasseg (Mon.), Roman villa/temple, 125n radiocarbon dating, 48-9, 63, 65 post-medieval period, 180-1, 202-6, 225 Rams Hill (Berks.), enclosure, 42-3, 67 posy ring, gold, 243 rapier, Bronze-Age, 45 Potteme (Wilts.), Bronze-Age site, 63 Rawes, Bemard, 3, 245 pottery razor, Bronze-Age, 45 Neolithic, 19, 23, 25, 29, 33 Reading (Berks.), Reading Business Park, 68 Beaker, 29-30, 31 , 32, 33, 49 Redcliff (Mon.), roundhouses, 67 Bronze-Age, 35-6, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45, 47, 48 Redmarley D'Abitot, moat, 173 Bronze-Age-Iron-Age, 63, 65 Redwick (Mon.), excavations, 18, 19 Iron-Age, 68, 73, 74-5, 76, 78, 79 Reece, Richard, 97 trade and exchange, 80, 81 religion, see belief systems; ritual deposition; shrines; Roman, 76, 120, 125n temples post-Roman-Anglo-Saxon, 123, 135, 136, 137, 138, 152, 161-3 axe, 27 medieval-post-medieval, 167-9, 202, 206 Shawswell Farm barrow, 21 see also briquetage Southmore Grove causewayed enclosure, 17, 23, 27 Poundbury (Dorset), timber halls, 136, 152 rescue archaeology, 13, 173, 231 , 232 prehistoric period Bristol, 189-90 changing view of, 48- 50 Cirencester, 99 site discovery and excavation 1979-2004, 5-6, 7, Gloucester, 99, 211 8-9, 10, 11-13, 239-40 research archaeology, 13 survey of evidence ridge-and-furrow, 170,176, 177, 178, 181, 182 Pleistocene, 13- 15 ring-ditches, 11, 12, 32, 35, 36-7, 38, 39 early Holocene, 15-18 ringworks, 178, 179, 195 early farmers, 18-28 ritual deposition first metal working, 29-35 Neolithic, 24-5, 27 organising the landscape, 35-48 Iron-Age, 76, 85-6 see also Iron-Age period Roman, 110 Preston (near Cirencester) post-Roman, 136, 137 enclosure, Iron-Age, 69, 81 rivers, 49, 76 Ermin Farm, Iron-Age site, 69 roads, Roman, 97, 98, 99 Norcote Farm, flint scatter, 26 rock art, Neolithic, 28 St Augustine's Farm South, flint scatter, 26 Rocque, Jean, 205 St Augustine's Lane, ring-ditches, 36 Rod borough Price, Eddie, 3, 242, 245 burial, Iron-Age, 86 Pritchard, John, 189 coin hoard, 243 publication, 232, 242, 244 settlement, Iron-Age, 77 early prehistoric sites, 9-12 Rodmarton Iron-Age sites, 87, 88 banjo enclosure, 78 Roman sites, 99 long barrow, 11, 20, 21 urban sites, 189, 213-14 Roman villa, 78, 107 (S. Glos.), Roman villa, 110 Roe!, see under Hawling Roll right (Oxon.) quarrying, 180 enclosure, Iron-Age, 84 quays, medieval, 178 Rollright Stones, 33, 49

261 INDEX

Roman period , 2, 237 burial and religion, 121-2 Sed bury Cliffs, see under Tidenham late Roman period, 123 Selwood Forest (Som.), 143 roads and settlements, 97, 98, 99-101 Sermon, Richard, 211 Bristol area, 192-3 settlement sites Gloucester, 217, 218-19 Neolithic, 19-20, 23-6, 27-8, 49 rural, 101-16 Bronze-Age,39-40,41,42,43,44-5,47-8,49-50 trade and consumption, 119-20 Iron-Age, 87-8 wetland reclamation, 116-19 earlier, 64-5, 66, 67-8 Romanisation, 76, 78, 84 later, 69, 70-2, 73-8, 79 rope-making, 205 Roman round barrows, 35-7, 38, 39, 45, 49, 192 Bristol area, 192-3 Anglo-Saxon burials, 144 cities and towns, 98, 99-100 excavations, 11, 12 rural, 101-3, 104-7, 108-10, 111, 112-16 see also ring-ditches see also Gloucester, topographical development roundhouses sub-Roman, 133-4, 135-6, 137-40 Bronze-Age, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 65, 66, 67 Anglo-Saxon, 141, 145-6, 151-2, 153-4, 155, Iron-Age, 65, 66, 67, 72, 74, 76, 86 156 Roman, 103, 109, 115 medieval, 170-4, 175-6 Roundway Down (Wilts.), barrow, 144 Bristol, 194-202 Rowbotham, Fred, 215-16 Gloucester, 224-5 Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of Severn Barrage Survey, 23 7 England, 167, 181 Severn Levels Ruspidge, Drummer Boy Stone, cup-marked stone, 28 Severn Estuary Levels Research Committee, 16, Russell, James, 3 241 survey, 12 St Briavels Severn Vale, 2, 240 axe, 27 Palaeolithic period, 14 flints, 17, 18, 27 Mesolithic period, 16, 17, 18 Rodmore Farm Roman villa, 3, 115, 116 Neolithic period, 26 survey, 173, 174, 181 Bronze-Age period, 39, 43-6 Saintbridge, see under Gloucester Iron-Age period, 65-7, 68, 69-72, 74 Saintbury Roman period, 108-14,116-19,121 church, 181, 182 Seyer, Samuel, 189 cross, 183 sheepcotes, 170, 171, 172 survey, 181, 182 Shenberrow, see under Stanton (Wilts.), post-Roman period, 141 Sherborne, Lodge Park, 167, 181 Salmonsbury Camp, see under Bourton-on-the-Water shields salt trade, 80 Iron-Age, 86 salt-making, 47, 191 Anglo-Saxon, 154 Sandhurst, ingot, 243 shipbuilding, 205-6 Sapperton Shipton, Shipton Oliffe Frampton Mansell, enclosure, 78 burial, 84 Hailey Wood, shrine, 86 Celtic coins, 78 Saul, see Shirehampton, see under Bristol Saville, Alan Shorncote, see under Somerford Keynes Archaeology in Gloucestershire, 1, 61, 97, 235 Shotton Project, 13, 239 long barrow survey, 21 shrines sculpture, Roman, 122 Iron-Age, 86-7 sea defences Roman, 115 Roman, 117, 118, 119 see also temples medieval, 17 8 sickle, Bronze-Age, 46

262 IND EX

Siddington Stow-on-the-Wold pin, 46 charter, 164 ring-ditches, 3 7 enclosure, Bronze-Age-Iron-Age, 42, 43, 67 Sites and Monuments Records (Historic Environment excavations, 11 Records), 1, 231-2, 233, 235, 237-8, 241, 242 strap-ends , land reclamation, 178 Roman, 120 Sling. see under West Dean sub-Roman, 139, 140 sling-shot, Neolithic, 26 Anglo-Saxon, 152 Smith, J.T., 103 Stratton, see under Cirencester smoke vents, 176 Stroud Snashall, N., 27 Archway School, flints, 17 Somerford Keynes cloth industry, 172, 180 charter, 164 parish boundary, 150 church, 164 railway station, 181 Cotswold Community site, excavations, 11, 29, 30, Stroudwater Canal, 180-1 37,40,45 Sudbrook (Mon.), handaxes, 14 gravel extraction, 101 Sudeley Neigh Bridge, shrine, 87 castle, 179, 180 Shorncote, excavations, 8, 11 Charlton Abbots, handaxe, 14 Beaker pottery/inhumations, 29, 31, 32 flint scatter, 26 Bronze-Age period, 37, 38, 39-40, 41 , 45, 63, sunken featured buildings, 151 , 155 65, 66 surveys, Gloucestershire, 9, 12, 181, 182-3, 234 Iron-Age period, 69, 72, 85, 86 Swallowcliffe Down (Wilts.), barrow, 144 , handaxe, 14 swannery, 178 South Gloucestershire, 1, 237-8 Swell Southam Cow Common, 20 Cleeve Hill Rook Pool, rock art, 28 Cleeve Cloud, Iron-Age settlement, 68 round barrow, 13, 35 cup-marked stone, 28 Swindon (Wilts.), Groundwell West, 62, 68, 86 Haymes sword, Iron-Age, 86 flint pick, 27 Syde, church, 161 Roman settlement, 103, 110, 125n Symonds Yat spearheads flints, 18 Bronze-Age, 44, 45, 46, 48 rock-shelter, 15, 239 Anglo-Saxon, 141 settlement, Iron-Age, 75 Staelens, Yvette, 212 Standish Taplow (Bucks.), burial, 144 finger-ring. medieval, 243 Taynton razor, 45 axe, 27 Stanton castle, 178 Shenberrow, hillfort, 68 coin hoard, 243 Wormington Grange, 69 finger-ring. Roman, 243 Stanway, Hailes swannery, 178 abbey, 178 Temple Guiting cist burial, 85 Beckbury hillfort, 73 settlement, Iron-Age, 69 Bevan's Quarry, round barrow, 36 (S. Glos.) enclosures, Iron-Age, 69 Bradley Stoke Way, 44 Oak Piece long barrow, 21 Lane, 29 round barrows, 36 settlement, Roman, 110 sheep, 170 stone, 119-20 temples, Roman, 115, 120, 122, 123, 125n, 221; Stonehouse, medieval settlement, 170 see also shrines

263 I N D EX territories ', 148 prehistoric, 49, 65, 78-80 Turkdean, Roman villa, 103, 105, 108, 125n sub-Roman, 140, 141- 2, 143, 144, 150 Twyning, Palaeolithic finds, 239 Anglo-Saxon, 148- 50, 157 Tytherington , town plan, 173 Barmer's Land Farm, axe, 27 Stidcote Farm, macehead, 34 Cinema Site, 12, 34, 39, 43 Eastern Relief Road, 44, 45, 110 Uley The Gastons, 44 axe, 27 Holm Hill, 44, 155, 156 pottery, 125n housing developments, 2 , 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 80, 81 pottery, Neolithic, 29 burials, 84, 85 rescue excavations, 173 West Hill Roman sites south-east of, 109-10, 111 enclosure, 32, 75, 86, 242 Lane, 29, 44 publication, 11 settlement, Iron-Age, 75 temple, 120, 122, 123 terrace clearance, Bronze-Age, 67 Upper Slaughter, round barrow, 36-7 town plan, 173 Upper Thames Valley, 2, 240 textile working, Bronze-Age, 40; see also cloth Palaeolithic period, 14 industry Mesolithicperiod, 16-17, 18 Tidenham Neolithic period, 24- 5, 30-3 Boughspring Bronze-Age period, 37-42, 45, 46 Roman villa, 116 Iron-Age period, 65, 68, 69, 74, 78, 84 spear, 45 Roman period, 101-3 coin hoard, 243 early medieval period, 141 Lancaut church, 176 Upton St Leonards, Portway, 124n Pen Moel rock-shelter, 15 Cliffs, handaxe, 14 villages, 134, 155, 170 shrunken settlement, 172 villas, Roman Tirley to Wormington pipeline, excavations, 12 by area Tockington, see under Olveston Cotswolds, 102, 103, 104-7, 108, 161 Toddington, Beaker pottery, 30 Forest of Dean, 114, 115, 116 Todenham, ridge-and-furrow, 170 Severn Vale, 109, 110, 112, 117, 119 tombstones, Roman, 100, 219 Upper Thames Valley, 102 Tortworth, coins, 243 early, 76, 78, 102, 106-8 towns, medieval, 173, 174, 175 post-Roman period, 134, 135- 6, 137, 150 trackways study of, 10 1 Iron-Age, 70, 78 Viney Hill, see under Awre Roman, 102 Anglo-Saxon, 151 Walford (Herefs.) trade and exchange axe, 27 Neolithic, 34 maceheads, 34 Bronze-Age, 42- 3, 44, 46 wall paintings, medieval, 176 Iron-Age, 75, 76, 79, 80- 4, 87 wall plaster, painted, 107, 110 Roman, 119-20 Waiters, Bryan, 3, 45, 114 sub-Roman, 140 Walton Cardiff Anglo-Saxon, 162, 163, 164 Roman settlement, 110, 111 Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeo- The Wheatpieces, 43 logical Society, 3, 6, 99, 212, 244-5 Wansdyke, 140, 143, 157 transhumance, 172 Wanswell, see under Hamfallow Treasure Act, 6, 45, 242- 4 warren, 181 Tresham, see under Hawkesbury weavers' houses, 176, 180

264