Conlangs, Línguas Construídas Em Tempos De Internet Conlangs
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A History of English
A History of the English Language PAGE Proofs © John bEnjamins PublishinG company 2nd proofs PAGE Proofs © John bEnjamins PublishinG company 2nd proofs A History of the English Language Revised edition Elly van Gelderen Arizona State University John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam PAGE/ Philadelphia Proofs © John bEnjamins PublishinG company 2nd proofs TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of 8 the American National Standard for Information Sciences – Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gelderen, Elly van. A History of the English Language / Elly van Gelderen. -- Revised edition. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. English language--History. 2. English language--History--Problems, exercises, etc. I. Title. PE1075.G453 2014 420.9--dc23 2014000308 isbn 978 90 272 1208 5 (Hb ; alk. paper) isbn 978 90 272 1209 2 (Pb ; alk. paper) isbn 978 90 272 7043 6 (Eb) © 2014 – John Benjamins B.V. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. John Benjamins Publishing Co. · P.O. Box 36224 · 1020 me Amsterdam · The Netherlandspany John Benjamins North America · PP.O. Boxroofs 27519 · Philadelphia pa 19118-0519G com · usa PAGE Publishin Enjamins © John b 2nd proofs Table of contents Preface to the first edition (2006) ix Preface to the revised edition xii Notes to the user and abbreviations xiv List of tables xvi List of figures xix 1 The English language 1 1. The origins and history of English 1 2. -
LCSH Section L
L (The sound) Formal languages La Boderie family (Not Subd Geog) [P235.5] Machine theory UF Boderie family BT Consonants L1 algebras La Bonte Creek (Wyo.) Phonetics UF Algebras, L1 UF LaBonte Creek (Wyo.) L.17 (Transport plane) BT Harmonic analysis BT Rivers—Wyoming USE Scylla (Transport plane) Locally compact groups La Bonte Station (Wyo.) L-29 (Training plane) L2TP (Computer network protocol) UF Camp Marshall (Wyo.) USE Delfin (Training plane) [TK5105.572] Labonte Station (Wyo.) L-98 (Whale) UF Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (Computer network BT Pony express stations—Wyoming USE Luna (Whale) protocol) Stagecoach stations—Wyoming L. A. Franco (Fictitious character) BT Computer network protocols La Borde Site (France) USE Franco, L. A. (Fictitious character) L98 (Whale) USE Borde Site (France) L.A.K. Reservoir (Wyo.) USE Luna (Whale) La Bourdonnaye family (Not Subd Geog) USE LAK Reservoir (Wyo.) LA 1 (La.) La Braña Region (Spain) L.A. Noire (Game) USE Louisiana Highway 1 (La.) USE Braña Region (Spain) UF Los Angeles Noire (Game) La-5 (Fighter plane) La Branche, Bayou (La.) BT Video games USE Lavochkin La-5 (Fighter plane) UF Bayou La Branche (La.) L.C.C. (Life cycle costing) La-7 (Fighter plane) Bayou Labranche (La.) USE Life cycle costing USE Lavochkin La-7 (Fighter plane) Labranche, Bayou (La.) L.C. Smith shotgun (Not Subd Geog) La Albarrada, Battle of, Chile, 1631 BT Bayous—Louisiana UF Smith shotgun USE Albarrada, Battle of, Chile, 1631 La Brea Avenue (Los Angeles, Calif.) BT Shotguns La Albufereta de Alicante Site (Spain) This heading is not valid for use as a geographic L Class (Destroyers : 1939-1948) (Not Subd Geog) USE Albufereta de Alicante Site (Spain) subdivision. -
Sambahsa Mundialect Complete Grammar
Sambahsa Mundialect Complete Grammar Henrique Matheus da Silva Lima Revision: Dr. Olivier Simon Version: !.!9.! IMPORTANT NOTES ABOUT LEGAL ISSUES This grammar is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 license. You are free to: Share – copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format Adapt – remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially. You must give appropriate credit, provide a lin to the license, and indicate if changes !ere made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any !ay that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits. "ere is the lin for more information# https#$$creativecommons.org$licenses$by$4.0$deed.en %or the elaboration of this grammar, The Grammar Of Sambahsa-Mundialect In English by &r. 'livier (imon !as used. (ome subchapters of this grammar are practically a transcription of 'livier)s book. &r. (imon has given me permission to do so, even considering the license of this book. *)ve also utilized many examples from The Grammar Of Sambahsa-Mundialect In English and others that Dr. Simon made for me. *t)s very important to inform the reader that the language it!elf ! not under a "reat #e "o$$on! l %en!e or anyth ng l ke that, the language is under the traditional Copyright license in !hich &r. 'livier (imon has all property rights. But the language ! free, you can translate your !orks or produce original !orks !ithout the need of &r. -
Real Character’: a New Focus
Ian Maun 105 Journal of Universal Language 18-2. September 2017, 105-147 DOI 10.22425/jul.2017.18.2.105 eISSN 2508-5344 / pISSN 1598-6381 ‘Real Character’: A New Focus Ian Maun University of Exeter, United Kingdom Abstract This paper gives a brief résumé of the papers thus far published in this series (Maun 2013, 2015, 2016) and goes on to examine a number of questions which will influence the development of a modern-day digital ‘Real Character’. These include translation, lacunae, and idioms. Historical attempts at devising classifications of the world, or ‘ontologies’, are examined. In the light of differences between these attempts, together with the problems posed by translations, lacunae, and idioms, the idea of a universal Real Character is rejected in favour of a focused or tuned version, in which the language and culture of the recipient of a message are taken into account. The system of character composition is retained, but icons containing single characters may be replaced by others with supplementary elements which are necessary for Ian Maun University of Exeter, St. Luke’s Campus, EXETER EX1 2LU, United Kingdom Email: [email protected] Received 8 August, 2017; Revised 25 August, 2017; Accepted August 30, 2017 Copyright © 2017 Language Research Institute, Sejong University Journal of Universal Language is an Open Access Journal. All articles are distributed online under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. -
Inventors and Devotees of Artificial Languages
From SIAM News, Volume 43, Number 5, June 2010 Inventors and Devotees of Artificial Languages In the Land of Invented Languages: Esperanto Rock Stars, Klingon Poets, Loglan Lovers, and The Mad Dreamers Who Tried to Build a Perfect Language. By Arika Okrent, Spiegel and Grau, New York, 2009, 352 pages, $26.00. In the Land of Invented Languages is a remarkably entertaining historical survey of artificial languages and their inventors, from the Lingua Ignota of Hildegard von Bingen in the 12th century through Esperanto and, more recently, Klingon. The depth of the research is impressive. The author, Arika Okrent, attended conferences in Esperanto, Loglan, and Klingon, among others; hunted up obscure self-published tomes available only in a few rare book rooms; worked through scores of these languages in enough depth to translate BOOK REVIEW passages into them; and interviewed hundreds of people, both language inventors and enthusiasts, getting to know many By Ernest Davis of them well. One of the book’s two appendices lists 500 artificial languages; the other offers translations of the Lord’s Prayer into 17 languages and of the Story of Babel into another 11. The text contains samples from many more languages, carefully explained and analyzed. Nonetheless, the book wears its learning very lightly; it is delightfully personal, and as readable as a novel. It is in fact as much about the histories of the inventors and devotees of the languages as about the languages themselves; these histories are mostly strange and often sad. Invented languages can be categorized by the purposes of their inventors. -
13, Februar 2012
jurnal inter IAL 世 POSTA MUNDI # 13, februar 2012 http://es.groups.yahoo.com/group/posta_Mundi/ CONTENAĴO posta_Mundi, frazo #13 3 Antaŭparolacho de Fantômas Lingua de Fantomas 4 PATRO NOSI Partaka Populido 6 Esce me es vera me? Thomas Schmidt Lingua Franca Nova 7 (Valodnieks) La estetiko de la etiko. Alexandro Xavero Ido 8 Kasanovo Domingo *ILA PROFETO. Khalil Jibran, Ido 11 PRI LA KOMPRADO E LA Partaka VENDADO KA FOXO? NULA PROBLEMO! Partaka Ido 12 Senior Pu Guido Crufio Lingua Franca Nova 14 la Feinoj Charles Perrault, Esperanto 16 Tradukilo de Google Noptidamus kaj Fantomas - da Partaka kaj Rosto; Noptidamus - Latino sine Flexione; Fantomas - Lingua de Fantomas; Eonka - Esperanto. posta_Mundi, frazo #13 Esperanto: Kiam vi naskighis, vi ploris kaj la mondo ghojis. Vivu tiel ke, kiam vi mortos, la mondo ploru kaj vi ghoju. Ido: Kande vu naskis, vu ploris e la mondo joyis. Vivez tale por ke kande vu mortos, la mondo ploros e vu joyos. Interlingua: Quando tu nasceva, tu plorava e le mundo gaudeva. Vive de tal maniera que quando tu morira, le mundo plorara e tu gaudera. Occidental/Interlingue: Quande vu nascet, vu plorat e li mundie esset joyosi. Viv talmen por que, quande vu va morir, li mundie va plorar e vu va esser joyosi. Novial: Kand vu naskad, vu plorad e li monde joyad. Viva talim por ke kand vu ve mori, li monde ve plora e vu ve joya. Idiom Neutral: Kuande vo naskav, vo lakrimav e mund gaudiav. Viva tale ke, kuande vo moriero, mund lakrim e vo gaudi. LFN: Cuando tu ia nase, tu ia plora e la mundo ia joya. -
The Application of Multilingualism in the European Union - Rhetoric Question? Buda, Mariana
www.ssoar.info The application of multilingualism in the European Union - rhetoric question? Buda, Mariana Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Sammelwerksbeitrag / collection article Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Buda, M. (2010). The application of multilingualism in the European Union - rhetoric question? In L. Soproni, & I. Horga (Eds.), Media and European diversity (pp. 1-15). Brüssel: Bruylant. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168- ssoar-336303 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer CC BY-SA Lizenz (Namensnennung- This document is made available under a CC BY-SA Licence Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen) zur Verfügung gestellt. (Attribution-ShareAlike). For more Information see: Nähere Auskünfte zu den CC-Lizenzen finden Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.de L’APPLICATION DU MULTILINGUISME DANS L’UE – UN PROBLEME SANS ISSUE ? L’APPLICATION DU MULTILINGUISME DANS L’UNION EUROPÉENNE – UN PROBLÈME SANS ISSUE ? Mariana BUDA [email protected] Abstract. Multilingualism, one of the major problems in the new reality, is considered to be of crucial importance for the European Union, as multilingualism can be identified as the phenomenon leading to the cultural diversity and protects the disappearance of certain languages, mostly regional and minority languages. The treaties and the decrees within the European Union aim at preservation of cultural and linguistic identities of every country. At the same time, -
OCCASION This Publication Has Been Made Available to the Public on the Occasion of the 50 Anniversary of the United Nations Indu
OCCASION This publication has been made available to the public on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the United Nations Industrial Development Organisation. DISCLAIMER This document has been produced without formal United Nations editing. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or its economic system or degree of development. Designations such as “developed”, “industrialized” and “developing” are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. Mention of firm names or commercial products does not constitute an endorsement by UNIDO. FAIR USE POLICY Any part of this publication may be quoted and referenced for educational and research purposes without additional permission from UNIDO. However, those who make use of quoting and referencing this publication are requested to follow the Fair Use Policy of giving due credit to UNIDO. CONTACT Please contact [email protected] for further information concerning UNIDO publications. For more information about UNIDO, please visit us at www.unido.org UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 300, 1400 Vienna, Austria Tel: (+43-1) 26026-0 · www.unido.org · [email protected] m¿ *« 0515/ Diatr. LIMITE]) ID/to. 165/16 23 Hovember 1973 United Nations Industrial Development Organization I ORIODIAL: ENGLISH Meeting on Industrial Development Strategita and Policies in Small Countries Vienna, 26-30 November 1973 OTJÖSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT STBAflCOY AND POLICIESt m EXPERIENCE OP MAURITIUS, 1950-1972 ^ Benoit Arouff • • Hr. -
PDF Specimen Download
Norbert PDF Specimen Norbert; if everyone likes it, it’s mediocre. 18 related, not interpolated fonts by Philipp Neumeyer www.TypeMates.com www.TypeMates.com © Philipp Neumeyer, TypeMates. 04.2021 1 / 12 Norbert Specimen PDF Specimen Revolution Appropriate response to reality to go insane Брань не дым One person’s craziness is another person’s reality Momentous Schmal Mager Ҝ Mager Schmal Normal NOW Normal ↠ Schmal Fett THEN Fett R 0123456789 & www.TypeMates.com © Philipp Neumeyer, TypeMates. 04.2021 2 / 12 Norbert Information PDF Specimen Norbert About Norbert is not as naive as interpolated weights. Its char- Philipp Neumeyer expected. acter and versatility in identity A collection of extremes, and editorial work is a result Norbert reflects on how the of its styles being individually bundled-together styles of drawn, individually considered. early hot metal type families It is what it is. Not a work- were enriched by their con- horse, but a typeface that can tradictions and looks ahead. be delicate and rough for spe- The result is an unaffected cial occasions. As required, or Grotesque and everything you not. never needed. As with all TypeMates fonts, Harmonised without Norbert comes with exten- conformity, more familiar sive language support. Philipp than family, Norbert’s three was inspired by metal letters weights are in two widths: on a building in St Peters- condensed (Schmal) and ex- burg, so Norbert comes with tended (Breit), each comple- Cyrillics proofed, scrutinised mented by Kursiv and Kon- and tested by native experts. tra— backslanted—styles. Philipp hopes you care about Intentionally, Norbert has no Norbert’s extensive range of regular width, variable font, or arrows because he does. -
In Praise of Fluffy Bunnies
In Praise of Fluffy Bunnies Copyright © 2012, Richard Forsyth. Background Reading John Lanchester's Whoops!, an entertaining account of how highly paid hotshot traders in a number of prestigious financial institutions brought the world to the brink of economic collapse, I was struck by the following sentence: "In an ideal world, one populated by vegetarians, Esperanto speakers and fluffy bunny wabbits, derivatives would be used for one thing only: reducing levels of risk." (Lanchester, 2010: 37). What struck me about this throwaway remark, apart from the obvious implication that derivatives were actually used to magnify risk rather than reducing it (doubtless by carnivores ignorant of Esperanto), was its presumption that right-thinking readers would take it for granted that Esperanto symbolizes well-meaning futility -- thus highlighting the author's status as a tough-minded realist. This is just one illustration that disdain for Esperanto in particular, and auxiliary languages in general, pervades intellectual circles in Britain today, as in many other countries. And if you dare to raise the subject of constructed international languages with a professional translator or interpreter be prepared not just for disdain but outright hostility. Of course professional interpreters are among the most linguistically gifted people on the planet, and can't see why the rest of us shouldn't become fluent in half a dozen natural languages in our spare time. (Not to mention the fact that a widespread adoption of Esperanto, or one of its competitors, would have a seriously negative impact on their opportunities for gainful employment.) Thus Esperanto has become a symbol of lost causes, to be dismissed out of hand by practical folk. -
Mutual Intelligibility and Slavic Constructed Interlanguages : a Comparative Study of Ruski Jezik and Interslavic
Mutual intelligibility and Slavic constructed interlanguages : a comparative study of Ruski Jezik and Interslavic ** Jade JOANNOT M.A Thesis in Linguistics Leiden university 2020-2021 Supervisor : Tijmen Pronk TABLE OF CONTENTS Jade Joannot M.A Thesis Linguistics 24131 words 1.1. Abstract 1.2. Definitions 1.2.1. Constructed languages 1.2.2. Interlanguage 1.2.3. Mutual intelligibility 1.3. Object of study 1.3.1. History of Slavic constructed languages Pan-Slavic languages (19th century) Esperanto-inspired projects Contemporary projects 1.3.2. Ruski Jezik & Interslavic Ruski Jezik (17th century) Interslavic (21th century) 1.3.3. Shared aspects of Ruski Jezik and Interslavic 1.4. Relevance of the study 1.4.1. Constructed languages and mutual intelligibility 1.4.2. Comparative study of Ruski Jezik and Interslavic 1.4.3. Historical linguistics 1.5. Structure of the thesis 1.5.1. Research question 1.8. Description of the method 1.8.1. Part 1 : Approaches to Slavic mutual intelligibility and their conclusions 1.8.2. Part 2 : Study of Ruski Jezik and Interslavic I.1. Factors of mutual intelligibility I.1.1. Extra-linguistic factors I.1.2. Linguistic predictors of mutual intelligibility I.1.2.1. Lexical distance I.1.2.2. Phonological distance I.1.2.3. Morphosyntactic distance I.1.2.3.1. Methods of measurements I.1.2.3.2. The importance of morphosyntax I.1.3. Conclusions I.2. Mutual intelligibility in the Slavic area I.2.1. Degree of mutual intelligibility of Slavic languages I.2.2. The case of Bulgarian 2 Jade Joannot M.A Thesis Linguistics 24131 words I.2.3. -
Les Drapeaux Des Langues Construites
Les Drapeaux des Langues Construites Patrice de La Condamine Résumé Depuis toujours, les hommes oscillent entre la préservation de leurs identités particulières et leur besoin d’appartenance à des communautés globales. L’idée d’universel et de recherche de la “fusion des origines” hante leur cœur. Dans cet esprit, des langues construites ont été élaborées. Qu’elles soient à vocation auxiliaire ou internationale, destinées à de vastes aires culturelles ou à but strictement philosophique. Des noms connus comme Volapük, Espéranto, Ido, Bolak, Interlingua, Occidental. Mais aussi Glosa, Kotava, Lingua Franca Nova, Atlango. Ou encore Folskpraat, Slovio, Nordien, Afrihili, Slovianski, Hedšdël. Sans parler du langage philosophique Lojban1. Le plus intéressant est de constater que toutes ces langues ont des drapeaux qui traduisent les messages et idéaux des groupes en question! La connaissance des drapeaux des langues construites est primordiale pour plusieurs raisons: elle nous permet de comprendre que tous les drapeaux sans exception délivrent des messages d’une part; que l’existence des drapeaux n’est pas forcément liée à l’unique notion de territoire d’autre part. Le drapeau est d’abord et avant tout, à travers son dessin et ses couleurs, un “territoire mental”. Après avoir montré et expliqué ces différents drapeaux2, nous conclurons avec la présentation du drapeau des Conlang, sorte d’ONU des Langues construites! Folkspraak Proceedings of the 24th International Congress of Vexillology, Washington, D.C., USA 1–5 August 2011 © 2011 North American Vexillological Association (www.nava.org) 1 Sélection de noms parmi d’autres. 2 Une trentaine environ. 175 LES DRAPEAUX DES LANGUES CONSTRUITES introduction A nous tous qui sommes réunis ici pour ce XXIVème Congrès International de la vexillologie à Washington, personne n’a plus besoin d’expliquer la nécessité vitale qu’ont les hommes de se représenter au moyen d’emblèmes, et nous savons la place primordiale qu’occupent les drapeaux dans cette fonction.