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75 Characters Maximum
Kannada Script LGR Proposal Introduction, Current Analysis and Next Steps Dr. U.B. Pavanaja NBGP F2F Meeting, Colombo 14 December 2017 | 1 Agenda 1 2 3 Introduction to Repertoire Analysis Within Script Kannada Script Variants 4 5 6 Cross-Script WLE Rules Current Status and Variants Next Steps for Completion | 2 Introduction to Kannada Script Population – there are about 60 million speakers of Kannada language which uses Kannada script. Geographical area - Kannada is spoken predominantly by the people of Karnataka State of India. It is also spoken by significant linguistic minorities in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Kerala, Goa and abroad Languages written in Kannada script – Kannada, Tulu, Kodava (Coorgi), Konkani, Havyaka, Sanketi, Beary (byaari), Arebaase, Koraga | 3 Classification of Characters Swaras (vowels) Letter ಅ ಆ ಇ ಈ ಉ ಊ ಋ ಎ ಏ ಐ ಒ ಓ ಔ Vowel sign/ N/Aಾ ಾ ಾ ಾ ಾ ಾ ಾ ಾ ಾ ಾ ಾ ಾ matra Yogavahas In Kannada, all consonants Anusvara ಅಂ (vyanjanas) when written as ಕ (ka), ಖ (kha), ಗ (ga), etc. actually have a built-in vowel sign (matra) Visarga ಅಃ of vowel ಅ (a) in them. | 4 Classification of Characters Vargeeya vyanjana (structured consonants) voiceless voiceless aspirate voiced voiced aspirate nasal Velars ಕ ಖ ಗ ಘ ಙ Palatals ಚ ಛ ಜ ಝ ಞ Retroflex ಟ ಠ ಡ ಢ ಣ Dentals ತ ಥ ದ ಧ ನ Labials ಪ ಫ ಬ ಭ ಮ Avargeeya vyanjana (unstructured consonants) ಯ ರ ಱ (obsolete) ಲ ವ ಶ ಷ ಸ ಹ ಳ ೞ (obsolete) | 5 Repertoire Included-1 Sr. Unicode Glyph Character Name Unicode Indic Ref Widespread No. Code General Syllabic use ? Point Category Category [Yes/No] 1 0C82 ಂ KANNADA SIGN ANUSVARA Mc Anusvara Yes 2 0C83 ಂ KANNADA SIGN VISARGA Mc Visarga Yes 3 0C85 ಅ KANNADA LETTER A Lo Vowel Yes 4 0C86 ಆ KANNADA LETTER AA Lo Vowel Yes 5 0C87 ಇ KANNADA LETTER I Lo Vowel Yes 6 0C88 ಈ KANNADA LETTER II Lo Vowel Yes 7 0C89 ಉ KANNADA LETTER U Lo Vowel Yes 8 0C8A ಊ KANNADA LETTER UU Lo Vowel Yes KANNADA LETTER VOCALIC 9 0C8B ಋ R Lo Vowel Yes 10 0C8E ಎ KANNADA LETTER E Lo Vowel Yes | 6 Repertoire Included-2 Sr. -
Grammatical Analysis of Nastalique Writing Style of Urdu
Grammatical Analysis of Nastalique Writing Style of Urdu 1 Historical Note Nastalique is one of the most intricate styles used for Arabic script, which makes it both beautiful and complex to model. This analysis has been conducted as part of the development process of Nafees Nastalique Font. The work has been conducted in 2002 and is being released for the general development of Nastalique writing style. The work has been supported by APDIP UNDP and IDRC. Authors Sarmad Hussain Shafiq ur Rahman Aamir Wali Atif Gulzar Syed Jamil ur Rahman December, 2002 2 Table of Contents HISTORICAL NOTE ............................................................................................................................................. 2 1. THE NASTALIQUE STYLE: AN INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 5 2. URDU SCRIPT .................................................................................................................................................... 5 2.1. THE URDU ALPHABET .................................................................................................................................... 5 2.2. MAPPING BETWEEN NASTALIQUE AND URDU CHARACTERS ........................................................................... 6 2.3. BUILDING BLOCKS FOR AN URDU FONT ......................................................................................................... 7 2.3.1 Urdu Characters .................................................................................................................................... -
Nastaleeq: a Challenge Accepted by Omega
Nastaleeq: A challenge accepted by Omega Atif Gulzar, Shafiq ur Rahman Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan atif dot gulzar (at) gmail dot com, shafiq dot rahman (at) nu dot edu dot pk Abstract Urdu is the lingua franca as well as the national language of Pakistan. It is based on Arabic script, and Nastaleeq is its default writing style. The complexity of Nastaleeq makes it one of the world's most challenging writing styles. Nastaleeq has a strong contextual dependency. It is a cursive writing style and is written diagonally from right to left. The overlapping shapes make the nuqta (dots) and kerning problem even harder. With the advent of multilingual support in computer systems, different solu- tions have been proposed and implemented. But most of these are immature or platform-specific. This paper discuses the complexity of Nastaleeq and a solution that uses Omega as the typesetting engine for rendering Nastaleeq. 1 Introduction 1.1 Complexity of the Nastaleeq writing Urdu is the lingua franca as well as the national style language of Pakistan. It has more than 60 mil- The Nastaleeq writing style is far more complex lion speakers in over 20 countries [1]. Urdu writing than other writing styles of Arabic script{based lan- style is derived from Arabic script. Arabic script has guages. The salient features`r of Nastaleeq that many writing styles including Naskh, Sulus, Riqah make it more complex are these: and Deevani, as shown in figure 1. Urdu may be • Nastaleeq is a cursive writing style, like other written in any of these styles, however, Nastaleeq Arabic styles, but it is written diagonally from is the default writing style of Urdu. -
Know Your Keyboard Description Key 1,4 Join/Virama/Halant 2
Know Your Keyboard 1 2 3 4 5 6 Description Key 1,4 Join/Virama/Halant 2 Combination/Shift 3 Function/Fn 5 Num Lock* Fn + F11 6 Language Switch** Fn + F12 *Toggle Num Lock to switch between native numbers and English numbers. 1 ** Language Switch works on Windows, Linux and Android. For macOS, a configuration in settings is required. Note: If numbers are appearing in English, turn off Num Lock. Connecting Your Keyboard To Computer – Plug-in the cable to USB port on your computer. To Android Phone/Tablet 3 2 1 Use USB-to-OTG connector to plug-in keyboard. 2 Language and Layout You can use one keyboard to type multiple languages. You need to install at least one language to type. Language Layout Bengali Ka-Naada Bengali Keyboard Assamese Devanagari Sanskrit Hindi Ka-Naada Hindi Keyboard Marathi Neapli English Ka-Naada English Keyboard Guajarati Ka-Naada Guajarati Keyboard Kannada Ka-Naada Kannada Keyboard Malayalam Ka-Naada Malayalam Keyboard Tulu Odiya Ka-Naada Odiya Keyboard Panjabi Ka-Naada Gurmukhi Keyboard Telugu Ka-Naada Telugu Keyboard 3 Note: You need to switch to Ka-Naada input language before typing. Note: To switch between the languages you’re using, repeatedly press Language Switch key to cycle through all your installed languages. Language Pack Installation Go to https://ka-naada.com/downloads/ and click on the “Download” button in front of your operating system. Installation – Windows 1. Open your “Downloads” folder and locate “kanaada_keyboards.zip”. 2. Right click on zip file and choose “Extract Here” from the option menu. 3. -
Analysis of Comments for Telugu Script LGR Proposal for the Root Zone Revision: June 30, 2019
Neo-Brahmi Generation Panel: Analysis of comments for Telugu script LGR Proposal for the Root Zone Revision: June 30, 2019 Neo-Brahmi Generation Panel (NBGP) published the Telugu script LGR Propsoal for the Root Zone for public comment on 8 August 2018. This document is an additional document of the public comment report, collecting NBGP analyses as well as the concluded responses. There is 1 (one) comment submission. The analysis is as follow: No. 1 From Liang Hai Subject A Quick review of the Telugu proposal Comment 2, “telɯgɯ”: This is probably a phonetic transcription, not an accurate transliteration that should be used in this document. NBGP The NBGP acknowledges the comment. Analysis NBGP Updated the proposal in section 2 to use ‘Telugu’ Response Comment 3.5, “… and 16 dependent signs”: 15. NBGP There are 16 Matras: 14 Matras are in the repertoire, 2 Matras are Analysis excluded from the repertoire. NBGP No action required. Response Comment 3.5.1: Vocalic l should be categorized with vocalic rr and vocalic ll. Transliteration of vocalic ll is wrong. NBGP Agree. Analysis NBGP Update as suggested. Response 1 Comment 3.5.1, R1, “ca= a consonant with an inherent ‘a’”: When discussing text encoding, Indic consonants naturally are with an inherent vowel. Try to distinguish phonetic seQuence and written forms and encoded character sequence. The 3 lines under R1 are not helpful. NBGP The comment does not affect the normative part of the LGR. Analysis NBGP No action required. Response Comment 3.5.3: The introduction of arasunna usage is unclear. Is it commonly used today or not? NBGP The arsunna is not used frequently and it is not in the MSR. -
The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0--Online Edition
This PDF file is an excerpt from The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0, issued by the Unicode Consor- tium and published by Addison-Wesley. The material has been modified slightly for this online edi- tion, however the PDF files have not been modified to reflect the corrections found on the Updates and Errata page (http://www.unicode.org/errata/). For information on more recent versions of the standard, see http://www.unicode.org/standard/versions/enumeratedversions.html. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and Addison-Wesley was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial capital letters. However, not all words in initial capital letters are trademark designations. The Unicode® Consortium is a registered trademark, and Unicode™ is a trademark of Unicode, Inc. The Unicode logo is a trademark of Unicode, Inc., and may be registered in some jurisdictions. The authors and publisher have taken care in preparation of this book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. The Unicode Character Database and other files are provided as-is by Unicode®, Inc. No claims are made as to fitness for any particular purpose. No warranties of any kind are expressed or implied. The recipient agrees to determine applicability of information provided. Dai Kan-Wa Jiten used as the source of reference Kanji codes was written by Tetsuji Morohashi and published by Taishukan Shoten. -
An Introduction to Indic Scripts
An Introduction to Indic Scripts Richard Ishida W3C [email protected] HTML version: http://www.w3.org/2002/Talks/09-ri-indic/indic-paper.html PDF version: http://www.w3.org/2002/Talks/09-ri-indic/indic-paper.pdf Introduction This paper provides an introduction to the major Indic scripts used on the Indian mainland. Those addressed in this paper include specifically Bengali, Devanagari, Gujarati, Gurmukhi, Kannada, Malayalam, Oriya, Tamil, and Telugu. I have used XHTML encoded in UTF-8 for the base version of this paper. Most of the XHTML file can be viewed if you are running Windows XP with all associated Indic font and rendering support, and the Arial Unicode MS font. For examples that require complex rendering in scripts not yet supported by this configuration, such as Bengali, Oriya, and Malayalam, I have used non- Unicode fonts supplied with Gamma's Unitype. To view all fonts as intended without the above you can view the PDF file whose URL is given above. Although the Indic scripts are often described as similar, there is a large amount of variation at the detailed implementation level. To provide a detailed account of how each Indic script implements particular features on a letter by letter basis would require too much time and space for the task at hand. Nevertheless, despite the detail variations, the basic mechanisms are to a large extent the same, and at the general level there is a great deal of similarity between these scripts. It is certainly possible to structure a discussion of the relevant features along the same lines for each of the scripts in the set. -
N4185 Preliminary Proposal to Encode Siddham in ISO/IEC 10646
ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N4185 L2/12-011R 2012-05-03 Preliminary Proposal to Encode Siddham in ISO/IEC 10646 Anshuman Pandey Department of History University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A. [email protected] May 3, 2012 1 Introduction This is a preliminary proposal to encode the Siddham script in the Universal Character Set (ISO/IEC 10646). It is a collaborative effort between the Script Encoding Initiative (SEI) at the University of California, Berke- ley and the Shingon Buddhist International Institute, Fresno, California. Feedback is requested from experts and users of the script. Comments may be submitted to the author at the email address given above. Siddham is a Brahmi-based writing system that originated in India, but which is used primarily in East Asia. At present it is associated with esoteric Buddhist traditions in Japan. Nevertheless, Siddham is structurally an Indic script and its proposed encoding adheres to the UCS model for Brahmi-based writing systems, such as Devanagari and similar scripts. The technical description for Siddham given here may differ from the traditional analysis and philosophical interpretations of the script and its constituent characters and glyphs. An attempt has been made to encode all distinct characters attested in Siddham records, although more characters may be uncovered through additional research. The characters that are proposed for encoding have been analyzed in accordance with the character-glyph model of the UCS. As a result, the proposed encoding may contain characters that are not part of traditional character repertoires. It may also exclude characters that are traditionally regarded as independent letters, such as conjuncts, which are to be represented in the manner specified by the UCS encoding model. -
A Barrier to Indic-Language Implementation of Unicode Is the Perception That Encoding Order in Unicode Is Equivalent to Lingui
Issues in Indic Language Collation Issues in Indic Language Collation Cathy Wissink Program Manager, Windows Globalization Microsoft Corporation I. Introduction As the software market for India1 grows, so does the interest in developing products for this market, and Unicode is part of many vendors’ solutions. However, many software vendors see a barrier to implementing Unicode on products for the Indic-language market. This barrier is the perception that deficiencies in Unicode will keep software developers from creating products that are culturally and linguistically appropriate for the Indian market. This perception manifests itself in a number of ways, but one major concern that the Indic language community has voiced is the fact that the Unicode character encoding order is not appropriate for linguistic collation (or sorting). This belief that character encoding order in Unicode must be equivalent to linguistic collation of these same scripts and their respective languages is considered by some developers a blocking point to adoption of Unicode in the Indian market, and is indicative of the greater concern within the Indic-language community about the feasibility of Unicode for their scripts. This paper will demonstrate that this perceived barrier to Unicode adoption does not exist and that it is possible to provide properly globalized software for the Indic market with the current implementation of Unicode, using the example of Indic language collation. A brief history of Indic encodings will be given to set the stage for the current mentality regarding Unicode in the Indian market. The basics of linguistic collation and its application to Indic scripts will then be discussed, compared to encoding, and demonstrated as it exists on Windows XP. -
World Braille Usage, Third Edition
World Braille Usage Third Edition Perkins International Council on English Braille National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped Library of Congress UNESCO Washington, D.C. 2013 Published by Perkins 175 North Beacon Street Watertown, MA, 02472, USA International Council on English Braille c/o CNIB 1929 Bayview Avenue Toronto, Ontario Canada M4G 3E8 and National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., USA Copyright © 1954, 1990 by UNESCO. Used by permission 2013. Printed in the United States by the National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped, Library of Congress, 2013 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data World braille usage. — Third edition. page cm Includes index. ISBN 978-0-8444-9564-4 1. Braille. 2. Blind—Printing and writing systems. I. Perkins School for the Blind. II. International Council on English Braille. III. Library of Congress. National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped. HV1669.W67 2013 411--dc23 2013013833 Contents Foreword to the Third Edition .................................................................................................. viii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... x The International Phonetic Alphabet .......................................................................................... xi References ............................................................................................................................ -
Sorani Vocabulary
Sorani Kurdish Vocabulary Circumflexed vowels follow uncircumflexed vowels in alphabetization. The furtive i is indicated by italicization, e.g. bâwik ‘father’ but bâwkî ‘his father.’ Abbreviations: adj. = adjective; cond. = conditional; demon. = demonstrative; imprs. = impersonal (verb is always in the 3rd person singular); impt. = imperative; pl. = plural; pron. = pronoun; sing. = singular; subj. = subjunctive; pres. = present; v.i. = verb intransitive; v.p. = verb passive; v.t. = verb transitive (transitive implies that the past tense is formed on the ergative model, not that the verb necessarily takes a direct object either in Kurdish or in English). Generally, compound verbs are listed under the nonverbal element of the com- pound; compounds with frequently-occurring elements like dâ-, hał-, and pe- are listed under the verb. * :habitual verbal prefix (Sulaymani the city; ~ i engaged in, practicing ﺋــــــﻪ -a dialect); see da- ahl i îmân religious, ahl i kher chari- directional suffix on verbs: chûmà table, ahl i kayf hedonistic; ~ la…dâ ـﻪ à- shâr I went to town worthy of: fiłân la rafâqat’dâ zor ahl -a So-and-So is quite worthy of friend ﺋــــﻪدﻩﰉ literature, culture; ~î ﺋــــﻪدﻩب adab literature; ~par- ship ﺋـﻪدﻩﺑـﻴـﺎت literary; ~iyât Ahmad, masc. proper ﺋــــــﻪﲪــــــﻪد patron of literature; be~ Aḥmad ﺋـﻪدﻩﺑـﭙـﻪروﻩر war impo- name /ﺋــــﻪدﻩﰉ impolite; be~î /ﺋــــﻪدﻩب liberals ﺋﻪﺣﺮار liteness aḥrâr pharmacy ﺋﻪﺟﺰاﺎﻧﻪ litérateur, literary person, ajzâkhâna ﺋـــــﻪدﯾـــــﺐ adîb sing. definite suffix: pyâwaká ـﻪﮐـــــﻪ man of letters -aká gentleman, anyone who the man ﺋــﻪﻓــﻪﻧــﺪی afandî pl. definite suffix: pyâwakân ـﻪﰷن wears western clothes -akân Afrasiab, legendary the men ﺋـﻪﻓـﺮاﺳـ8ـﻴـﺎب Afrâsiyâb ﺋــﻪLــﻼﰵ morals, ethics; ~î ﺋــﻪLــﻼق king of Turan akhlâq Africa moral, ethical ﺋﻪﻓﺮﯾﻘ;ﺎ Afrîqyâ ,ﺋﻪﻓﺮﯾﻘﺎ Afrîqâ German ﺋﻪﻪﻣﺎﱏ officer Ałamânî ﺋﻪﻓﺴﻪر afsar now ﺋﻪﻵن al’ân ﺋــﻪﻓــﺴــﺎﻧــﻪﰃ tale, legend; ~î ﺋــﻪﻓــﺴــﺎﻧــﻪ afsâna electronic ﺋﻪﻟﻴﮑﱰۆﱏ legendary alîktronî (.this (demon. -
Dear Mark Davis!
Center of Excellence for Urdu Informatics National Language Authority H-8/4 Islamabad Dear Mark Davis! I hope that you will be fine. I received your letter regarding the nuqta characters in which you stated the reason for keeping these out of the standard. I would like to address my concerns regarding this. First of all, take the matter of the actual status of nuqta characters. Though they are supposed to act like combining marks but in their very essence these are characters that are needed most of the times right from publishing of primers to the archaic scripts. The nuqta characters added for Quran have a different status and a text processing client should be able to distinguish between the Quranic version of nuqta characters and the ordinary nuqta characters. The nuqta characters in the Quranic text have altogether different meanings than the proposed nuqta characters. Secondly, I would like to emphasize that standards should not be developed either in isolation or inclined to protect a fewer aspects. The Arabic script is mostly used in countries and regions which can be filed under the third world. The declining costs of microprocessors have made it possible for the people of poor countries to have a desktop PC. Moreover, the falling rates of internet connectivity have also made it possible for these people to browse and surf the internet. I would not stuff my discussion with explaining the digital divide, but I would like to make a point that it’s until recently that people have started to use the ARABIC SCRIPT on computers (Not Arabic language as it dates back earlier).