Foreign Languages for the Use of Printers and Translators
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u. Gmm^-mi'mr printing office k. K GIEGJij^^a^GlI, Public Pbinter FOREIGN LANG-UAGI SUPPLEMENT TO STYLE MANUAL JIICVISED EDITION FOREIGN LANGUAGES For the Use of Printers and Translators SUPPLEMENT TO STYLE MANUAL of the UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE SECOND EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED APRIL 1935 By GEORGE F. von OSTERMANN Foreign Reader A. E. GIEGENGACK Public Printer WASHINGTON, D. C. 1935 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Price $1.00 (Buckram) PREFACE This manual relating to foreign languages is purposely condensed for ready reference and is intended merely as a guide, not a textbook. Only elementary rules and examples are given, and no effort is made to deal exhaustively with any one subject. Minor exceptions exist to some of the rules given, but a close adherence to the usage indicated will be sufficient for most foreign-language work. In the Romance languages, especially, there are other good forms and styles not shovm in the following pages. It is desired to acknowledge the assistance and cooperation of officials and members of the staff of the Library of Congress in the preparation of these pages and, in particular. Dr. Herbert Putnam, Librarian of Congress; Mr. Martin A. Roberts, Superintendent of the Reading Room; Mr. Charles Martel, Consultant in Cataloging, Classification, and Bibliography; Mr. Julian Leavitt, Chief of Catalog Division; Mr. James B. Childs, Chief of Document Division; Dr. Israel Schapiro, Chief of the Semitic Division; Mr. George B. Sanderlin; Mr. S. N. Cerick; Mr. Jens Nyholm; Mr. N. H. Randers-Pehrson; Mr. Oscar E. MoUari; Dr. W. Kloss; Mr. T. W. L. Scheltema; and Mr. D. Tuneeff; John H. Williams, Foreman, Library Printing Branch; also the Rev. James A. Geary, instructor in Celtic languages and comparative philology, Catholic University of America. Special acknowledgment is also due Prof. Romain F. Butin, of the Catholic University of America and a member of the Harvard-Catholic University Joint Expedition to Serabit in the Peninsula of Sinai in 1930, for his criticisms and suggestions on the origin of the alphabets. Acknowledgment is also made of the helpful interest and suggestions made by the heads of the publication departments of the University of California, the Uni- versity of Chicago, and of Columbia, Stanford, and Yale Universities. In the work on the languages of the American Indians, the officials and scien- tific staff of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, extended generous cooperation. PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION It has been a source of gratification to note the enthusiastic reception accorded the initial edition of the Foreign Language Style Manual by bibliographers and editors, as well as scientists, in practically all countries of the civilized world. The present edition has been revised and considerably augmented. The editor takes this opportunity of acknowledging the valuable assistance of Dr. Shio Sakanishi and Mr. B. A. Claytor, of the Division of Orientalia, Library of Congress, for their valuable assistance, the former in the Japanese and the latter in the Chinese. Ill CONTENTS Page Afrikaans 11 Albanian 13 Alphabet (The) 1 Alphabets of Cyrillic Origin 6 American Indian Languages 195 Anglo-Saxon 15 Arabic 17 Arabic ligatures 19 Armenian 20 Bohemian 23 Bulgarian 25 Burmese 27 Caddoan 199 Catalonian 29 Cherokee 200 Cherokee S3'Uabary 202 Chinese 32 Chinook 203 Chippewa (Ojibway) 204 Chippewa (Otchipwe) 206 Choctaw 208 Chuzuri, see Georgic. Coptic 40 Cree 209 Creek, see Muskokee. Dakota (Sioux) 211 Danish 41 Devanagari 44 Diacritical marks 7 Dutch 47 Eskimo 213 Eskimo (no. 2) 214 Esperanto 49 Ethiopic 51 Ethiopic-Amharic 52 Finnish 53 Fox 215 French 55 Gaehc 59 Georgic 61 German 63 Glagolifsa 67 Greek (classical) 69 Greek (modern) 72 Hawaiian 75 V VI CONTENTS Page Hebrew 77 Hungarian 79 Hupa 216 Icelandic (modern) 81 Introduction 197 Iroquoian 217 Italian 83 Japanese 85 Javanese 89 Kalispel 218 Kanarese (Kannada) 92 Korean 94 Kwakiutl 219 Ladino (Judaeo-Spanish) 97 Latin 98 Latin abbreviations 101 Latin incunabula 100 Latvian 106 Library and bibliographical terms 4 Lithuanian 108 Maidu 220 Maghreb 110 Malay 112 Manchu 114 Mchedruli, see Georgic. Mongolian 116 Muskokee (Muskogi) (Creek) 221 Navaho 223 Norwegian 118 Osage 225 Ossette 120 Pima 227 Persian (Nestalic) 122 Polish 126 Portuguese 128 Reformed Portuguese orthography 130 Rumanian 142 Runes 144 Russian 146 Samaritan 150 Samoan 151 Sanscrit 153 Serbo-Croatian 155 Siamese 157 Sioux, see Dakota. Slovak 159 Slovenian 161 Spanish 163 Swedish 167 Tagalog 170 Takehna 228 Tamil _ 173 CONTENTS vn Page Telugu 175 Tibetan 178 Tsimshian 229 Turkish (Ryk'a) 180 Turkish (New) 182 Uighuric 184 Ukrainian 186 Urdu (Hindustani) 188 Welsh 190 Wendish 191 Yiddish „_ 193 Zuni 230 . — FOREIGN LANGUAGES THE ALPHABET The modern alphabet is derived from the Phoenician, through the Greek and Latin. The Phoenician, in turn, probably was patterned originally from the Egyptian hieroglyphics, which were given Semitic values. The first man who desired to convey an idea other than by motions or speech drew a picture that would be understood by his fellow tribesmen. This can be illustrated by a drawing taken from an American Indian's message (fig. I, a), by which he wished to convey the information that he had gone by canoe for many sleeps to an island. This was drawn probably on the tanned hide of his tepee. There was always a tendency, under stress of time and material, after writing began to be used, to conventionalize an earlier picture. This may be illustrated by the Chinese ideogram for mountain in its earlier pictographic and its later conventionalized form (fig. I, 6). The Assyrian bull's head (fig. I, c) illustrates, in the primitive form, a greater advance from the pictographic; and, in the latter, what happened when the scribes began impressing cuneiform char- acters on wet clay with a wedge-shaped awl. ^t-T^^^ AlIJ jCS) a h c d FiGUEE I. Development of writing: a, American Indian; b, Chinese; c, Assyrian; d, Egyptian. The Egyptian writing dates from at least 4000 B.C. The cartouch (fig. I, d) contains the name of Send, a Pharaoh of the second dynasty, and is regarded as the earliest bit of writing extant. The Egyptian characters were of two kinds, the hieroglyphic that was cut on the wood or stone work of the temples, and the hieratic, written or painted on wood or papyrus, usually with a pointed reed. The hieratic forms were cursive and more rapidly written than the hieroglyphics, but their derivation from the older characters can be seen. (See fig. II, column 2.) The characters also began to lose their identity as pictures of objects and began to represent sounds, becoming true letters. For example, in the Pharaoh's name above referred to, the reading is not ''bandage, water, hand," the original significance of the characters, but S N D (the vowels omitted, as usual with early writing) The early Semites came into contact with the Egyptians on numerous occasions, one of which is narrated in the books of Genesis and Exodus in the Hebrew Bible. They learned the art of writing, and put it to use in their commercial ventures. Moses is thought to have been inducted into the Egyptian priestly class and to have learned to write, as the art of writing was confined to the priestly class at that time. A connection between the Egyptian characters and the Phoenician characters, the oldest of which date from about 1850 B.C., is found in the Sinai inscription, discovered recently, which dates from about 1500 B.C. (See fig. II, columns 3 and 4.) 1 O 2 FOREIGN LANGUAGES 4 5 AA A a ob B Bb / r Cc A. D 6 Dd Tin m ^ vN ^ Ee li r F T T F f 1 Gg Pi HI? Hh -f-O a? > 7 IV liJj V Kk Kk 6 LC L 1 / Mm « WATER. ^ /v M u DPILUOW Nn -ft- -H CC3 <a> ^ O o Oo 1 P P Aa Pp O j5 J -q> — L MOUTH rtEAOn Qq P R r ^j^^ GARDEN W 1 5 s S s X T T C T t Uu Y Y Vv V V Ww Xx X X V Y Yy I z Zz Figure II.—1, late square Hebrew; 2, Egyptian, a, hieroglyphics, b, hieratics, c, variant forms; 3, Sinaitic; 4, Phoenician (Moabite stone); 5, early Greek; 6, Latin capitals and uncials or cursives; 7, Modern reman capitals and lower-case. POEEIGN LANGUAGES 3 The Phoenicians were great traders, and carried on an extensive commerce by sea, reaching as far, in their small vessels, as the British Isles. They commu- nicated the art of writing to the Greeks, and the earliest forms of Greek writing are dated from the seventh to the fourth centuries, B.C. The earliest Latin inscriptions date from about the year 200 B.C. The modern majuscule or capital letters owe their forms to the characters that were cut in stone on monuments, etc., and that required great care and time to produce. There finally grew up a more hastily produced flowing character, written first on papyrus and later on vellum with brushes, reed pens, and feather pens. This became the minuscule, or lower-case letter. The earliest printed books were attempts to reproduce manuscripts by the use of movable type. The similarity between the Gutenberg Bible and contempo- rary manuscripts can be seen by comparing them, as may be done at the Library of Congress. These manuscripts were written with a broad-nibbed pen that made heavy down strokes. From this originated the black-letter type, in which works on theology, law, etc., were customarily written and at first printed.