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Sorani Vocabulary

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Sorani Kurdish Vocabulary Circumflexed vowels follow uncircumflexed vowels in alphabetization. The furtive i is indicated by italicization, e.g. bâwik ‘father’ but bâwkî ‘his father.’ Abbreviations: adj. = adjective; cond. = conditional; demon. = demonstrative; imprs. = impersonal (verb is always in the 3rd person singular); impt. = imperative; pl. = plural; pron. = pronoun; sing. = singular; subj. = subjunctive; pres. = present; v.i. = verb intransitive; v.p. = verb passive; v.t. = verb transitive (transitive implies that the past tense is formed on the ergative model, not that the verb necessarily takes a direct object either in Kurdish or in English). Generally, compound verbs are listed under the nonverbal element of the com- pound; compounds with frequently-occurring elements like dâ-, hał-, and pe- are listed under the verb. * :habitual verbal prefix (Sulaymani the city; ~ i engaged in, practicing ﺋــــــﻪ -a dialect); see da- ahl i îmân religious, ahl i kher chari- directional suffix on verbs: chûmà table, ahl i kayf hedonistic; ~ la…dâ ـﻪ à- shâr I went to town worthy of: fiłân la rafâqat’dâ zor ahl -a So-and-So is quite worthy of friend ﺋــــﻪدﻩﰉ literature, culture; ~î ﺋــــﻪدﻩب adab literature; ~par- ship ﺋـﻪدﻩﺑـﻴـﺎت literary; ~iyât Ahmad, masc. proper ﺋــــــﻪﲪــــــﻪد patron of literature; be~ Aḥmad ﺋـﻪدﻩﺑـﭙـﻪروﻩر war impo- name /ﺋــــﻪدﻩﰉ impolite; be~î /ﺋــــﻪدﻩب liberals ﺋﻪﺣﺮار liteness aḥrâr pharmacy ﺋﻪﺟﺰاﺎﻧﻪ litérateur, literary person, ajzâkhâna ﺋـــــﻪدﯾـــــﺐ adîb sing. definite suffix: pyâwaká ـﻪﮐـــــﻪ man of letters -aká gentleman, anyone who the man ﺋــﻪﻓــﻪﻧــﺪی afandî pl. definite suffix: pyâwakân ـﻪﰷن wears western clothes -akân Afrasiab, legendary the men ﺋـﻪﻓـﺮاﺳـ8ـﻴـﺎب Afrâsiyâb ﺋــﻪLــﻼﰵ morals, ethics; ~î ﺋــﻪLــﻼق king of Turan akhlâq Africa moral, ethical ﺋﻪﻓﺮﯾﻘ;ﺎ Afrîqyâ ,ﺋﻪﻓﺮﯾﻘﺎ Afrîqâ German ﺋﻪﻪﻣﺎﱏ officer Ałamânî ﺋﻪﻓﺴﻪر afsar now ﺋﻪﻵن al’ân ﺋــﻪﻓــﺴــﺎﻧــﻪﰃ tale, legend; ~î ﺋــﻪﻓــﺴــﺎﻧــﻪ afsâna electronic ﺋﻪﻟﻴﮑﱰۆﱏ legendary alîktronî (.this (demon. adj ﺋﻪم...ـﻪ alas, alack am …á ﺋﻪﻓﺴﯚس afsos (.this (demon. pron ﺋﻪﻣﻪ v.t. to charm: ama ﺋـﻪﻓـﺴـﻮون Bـﺮدن afsûn-kirdin -faith ﺑـﻪﺋـﻪﻣـﻪگ ~goodness; ba ﺋـﻪﻣـﻪگ mâr afsûn dakât he charms snakes amag /ﺋـﻪﻣـﻪگ ~fidelity; be ﺑـﻪﺋـﻪﻣـﻪﮔـﯽ even though, ful; ba~î ﺋـﻪﮔـﻪرﭼـﯽ if; ~chî ﺋـﻪﮔـﻪر agar even if unfaithful, faithless amag = ﺋﻪﻣﻪک if not, otherwise amak ﺋﻪﮔﻴﻨﺎ agînâ -~ ;operation (`ـــﻪﻣـــﻪل also) ﺋـــﻪﻣـــﻪل inhabitants, civilian popula- amal ﺋــﻪﻫــﺎﱃ ahâlî tion kirdin v.t. to have an operation ﺋــﻪﻣــﻪرaــﮑــﯽ America; ~î ﺋــﻪﻣــﻪرaــﲀ inhabitant, resident: kâwrâ ahl i amarîk|â ﺋـﻪﻫـﻞ ahl shâr a the gentleman is a resident of American 163 SORANI KURDISH :here is, voici only: arzim kird I said); to petition ﺋﻪﻣﻪamatâ c these (demon. pron.) arzî ba pâshâ kird la shitèk he ﺋﻪﻣﺎﻧﻪ amâna emirate, principality; ~ a petitioned the king for something ﺋـﻪﻣـﺎرﻩت amârat earth, land ﺋﻪرز darabagakân feudal principalities arz2 Erzerum ﺋﻪرزﻩڕۆم now, at this time Arzařom ﺋﻪﳎﺎ amjâ chin, dimple in the chin ﺋﻪرزﯾﻨﮓ pertaining to arzîng ﺋــﻪﻣــﲎ security; ~î ﺋــﻪﻣــﻦ amn tribe ﺋﻪﺷﲑﻩت security ashîrat torture; ~-dân v.t. to ﺋــﻪﺷــﮑــﻪﳒــﻪ today ashkanja ﺋﻪﻣۆ amřo tonight torture; ~-dirân v.p. to be tortured ﺋﻪﻣﺸﻪو amshaw shikaft = ﺋﻪﺷﮑﻪوت ashkawt ﺋـﻪﻣـﻮﺳـ8ـﺘـﻪوlـkـﻪ finger; ~aweła ﺋـﻪﻣـﻮﺳـﺖ amust love ﺋﻪﺷﻖ fooled, ashq ﺋـــﻪﻣـــﻮﺳـــnـــmـــﻪﺳـــ8ـــﺘـــﻪ ring; ~basta -dignitaries, eminent per ﺋـــــﻪﴍاف tricked ashrâf member- sons ﺋـﻪﻧـﺪاﻣـﯽ member; ~î ﺋـﻪﻧـﺪام andâm wage ﺋﻪﺷﺖ ship asht prisoner ﺋﻪﺳﲑ asîr /ﺋـﻪﻧـﺪازﻩ ~measurement; be ﺋـﻪﻧـﺪازﻩ andâza -weapons, arms: ba asla ﺋــﻪﺳــــﻪ untold, limitless aslaḥa engineer ḥawa armed ﺋﻪﻧﺪازر andâzyâr horse ﺋﻪﺳﭗ the Iraqi campaign against asp ﺋـــﻪﻧـــﻔـــﺎل anfâl spinach ﺋﻪ89ﭙﻪغ the Kurds in 1988 aspanâgh spârdin = ﺋﻪ89ﭙﺎردن you aspârdin ﺋﻪﮕﯚ ango stealth; ba ~ stealthily ﺋﻪ89ﭙﺎﱙ amust aspâyî = ﺋﻪﮕﻮﺳﺖ، ﺋﻪﮕﻮس(angus(t louse, mite ﺋﻪ89ﭙ amust aspe = ﺋﻪﮕﻮوس angûs tear ﺋﻪﴎﻦ asrîn ﺋــﻪﳒــﺎم دان end, result; ~-dân ﺋــﻪﳒــﺎم anjâm Istanbul ﺋﻪ89ﺘﻪﻣﻮول v.t. to accomplish, to do; la ~’dâ v Astamûl pool ﺋﻪ89ﺘﺮ in the end; la ~ i … awa as a aster ﺋـــﻪﳒـــﺎﻣـــﺪا star ﺋﻪ89ﺘﺮﻩ ineffective, in- astera /ﺋــــﻪﳒــــﺎم ~result of; be firefly ﺋﻪ89ﺘﺮۆک consequential asterok ;neck, thick part of the neck ﺋــﻪﺳــ8ــﺘــﯚ council, board asto ﺋﻪﳒﻮﻣﻪن anjuman monkey; wak ‘antar i Lotî girtinà ~ v.t. to assume the burden of `ــﻪﻧــﺘــﻪر antar‘ thick ﺋﻪ89ﺘﻮور Sâlih like Loti Salih’s monkey, “like astûr atom: hez i ~ power of the ﺋـــــﻪﺗـــــﯚم an organ grinder’s monkey,” an ob- atom ject of pity and ridicule atom; ~î atomic gall: atrashyân chûbû ﺋــــــﻪــــــﺮﻩش mind, intelligence atrash ﻪﻗﻞ aql‘ arz2 they had lost their gall = ﻪرد ard‘ lover ﺋﻪﭬ;ﻨﺪار yes avîndâr ﺋﻪرێ are -he, she, it (3rd-person sing. pro ﺋـــــﻪو duty, responsibility: ark i aw ﺋــــــﻪرک (ark (1 sar shânima khizmat bikam it’s my noun); that (sing. demon. pron.); ~ duty to serve; (2) trouble, labor: hen- …á that, those (demon. adj.): aw dim ark dâwa nabetawa I’ve caused shitá that thing, aw shitâná those unprecedented trouble things that (demon. pron.); bo ~î in ﺋــــــــﻪوﻩ throne awá ﻪرش arsh‘ archiv- order that; ~ khwâya God willing ﺋـﻪرﺷـ8ـﻴـﭭـﯽ archive; ~î ﺋـﻪرﺷـ8ـﻴـﭫ arshîv with present verb indicates) ﺋــــــــــﻪوﻩ al awa -petition; ~-kirdin v.t. to say progressive): min awa la birsâ da ﺋـــــــــﻪرز arz1 (self-deprecating, of the 1st person mirim I’m dying of hunger 164 SORANI–ENGLISH VOCABULARY g+! indignityووﭼﻮون postposition, with preposition ~chûn) ـﻪوﻩ awa- climate ﺋﺎﺑﻮﻫﻪوا la; contracts to -wa after vowels) âbuhawâ subscription ﺋﺎﺑﻮﳕﺎن from âbunmân economy, economic ﺋﺎﺑﯚری first âborî ﺋﻪوﻩل awal -human being; ~zâ(d) hu ﺋــــﺎدﻩﻣــــﯽ so much, thus; ~ i tir so âdamî ﺋـــﻪوﻩﻧـــﺪﻩ awanda much the more; dû ~ twice as much: man being now then ﺋﺎدﻩی min dû awanda’t dadamè I’ll give âday bravo; ~-kirdin la v.t. to ﺋـــﺎﻓـــﻪرaـــﻦ you twice as much âfarîn there is, voilà applaud ﺋﻪوﻩawatâ c horizons ﺋﺎﻓﺎق suppose: âfâq ﺋـﻪوا ﻫـﺎت و then; ~ hât u ﺋـﻪوا awâ woman ﺋﺎﻓﺮﻩت awâ hât u kurdèk habû suppose there âfrat aware: ~t l’ aw kârá haya? are ﺋــــﮔــــﺎ was a Kurd who … âgâ -those you aware of that?; (2) awake: khaw ﺋﻪواﻧﻪ they; ~a ﺋﻪوان awân ;?wandering tûa yân ~ya? is he asleep or awake ﻪودال awdâl‘ v there, in that ~-bûn la v.i. to be aware of; ~-kirdinوێ ~ ’there; l ﺋــــــــﻪوێ awe ,la aware of ﺋـﮔـﺎدار v from there, from v.t. to inform; ~dârوlــــــﻮﻩ place; l’ ~wa ,awareness ﺋـــﮔـــﺎداری that place careful of; ~dârî lover, in care, attention, information ﺋــﻪوﯾــﻨــﺪار love; ~dâr ﺋــﻪوaــﻦ awîn fireplace ﺋﮔﺮدان fire; ~dân ﺋﮔﺮ love âgir agha, title of feudal lord ﺋﺎﺎ then, subsequently âghâ ﺋﻪوﺎ awjâ -~ ;entertainment, party ﺋـــﺎﻫـــﻪsـــﮓ Euro- âhang ﺋـﻪوروﭘـﺎﱙ Europe; ~î ﺋـﻪوروﭘـﺎ Awrupâ pean geřân to hold a party, give an enter- then, at that time tainment ﺋﻪوﺳﺎ awsâ religious ﺋﺎﺋﲎ religion; ~î ﺋﺎﺋﲔ so much, such a âîn ﺋﻪوﺗﯚ awto end, result: la ~’(d)â in the ﺋــــــــﰷم O (vocative particle); oh; now: ay âkâm ﺋـﻪی ay kay det? who’s coming now? end, finally conduct, morals ﺋﰷر May âkâr ﺋﻪر ayâr earth, grave; exclamation of ﺋـــــــــــﺎخ fear, terror âkh ﻪﯾﺒﻪت aybat‘ September pleasure ﺋﻪﯾﻠﻮول aylûl -conversational, collo ﺋــﺎLــﺎوــﻦ eyeglasses âkhâwtin ﻪﯾﻨﻪک aynak‘ dragon, serpent quial ﺋﻪژدﳞﺎ azhdîhâ ,!end; (exclamation) well now ﺋـﺎﺧـﺮ azhdîha âkhir = ﺋﻪژﳞﺎ azhîhâ latter ﺋـــﺎﺧـــﺮوﺋـــﻮﺧـــﺮ after all!; ~ u okhir دﻩﺳـ8ـﺘـﻪو ﺋـﻪ ﻧژـﯚ ~-knee; dastaw ﺋـﻪ ﻧژـﯚ azhno grieving, mourning part, near the end: la ~ i pâyiz dâ dear; ~-kirdin v.t. to pamper; toward the end of autumn; ~amîn `ــﻪزaــﺰ azîz last: awa ~ jâr be pet biłem let ﺋـﺎﺧـﺮﻩﻣـﲔ kiran v.p. to be spoiled; ~kirâw-~ pampered, spoiled this be the last time I tell you; ~î ﻪزﺰﺮاو final, last ﺋﺎﺧﺮی contracted form of the postposition) ا â- v.t. to stuff; hał-~ to stuff ﺋــﺎﺧــــﲔ dâ, q.v.) âkhnîn’ August full, cram full ﺋﺎب âb ah, exclamation of pleasure ﺋﺎﺧﯚ siege; ~-dân v.t. to besiege âkho ﺋﺎﺑkﯚﻗﻪ âbłoqa red, flushed ﺋﺎل honor, modesty, shame; ~- âl ﺋــــﺎ–ــــgوو âbřû pen; flag, banner ﺋﺎ birdin v.t. to dishonor, shame; ~- âłâ ,v.i. to be twisted ﺋـــــﺎTـــــ -âłe ﺋـــــﺎن tikândin v.t. to dishonor; ~bar âłân shameful, dishonorable; wrapped ﺋـــــﺎ–ـــــgووﺑـــــﻪر 165 SORANI KURDISH winter quarters ﺋﺎران v.t. to twist ârân ﺋـــﺎTــــــﻦ -âłên ﺋـــﺎﻧـــﺪن âłândin direction; ~-kirdin v.t. to ﺋــﺎراﺳــ8ــﺘــﻪ trs.) ârâsta) -tools, implements direct: bînarân datwânin pirsyâra ﺋﺎﻻت âlât forage, fodder kânyân ârâsta i mewân i barnâmaká ﺋﺎﻟﻴﮏ âlîk ,ﺋﺎﮏ âlik -Germany bikan viewers can direct their ques ﺋﺎﳌﺎن Âlmân ;itch tions at the guest of the program ﺋﺎﯚش âłosh steering, guiding ﺋﺎراﺳﺘﻪﮐﻪر ditto; ~kar ﺋـﺎTـﻘـﻪر¤ـﺰ ring, knocker; ~rez ﺋـﺎTـﻘـﻪ âłqa sawdust ﺋﺎردﻩﻣﺸﺎر flour; ~amshâr ﺋﺎرد rez i dargâ kutân v.t. to knock at a ârd~ archaeology ﺋﺎرﮐﯚﻟﯚdoor ârkolozhiyâ p cucumber ﺋﺎروو gold ârû ﺋﺎﺘﻮون âłtûn (ace (cards ﺋﺎس change; ~-kirdin v.t. to âs ﺋـــﺎTـــﻮﮔـــﯚڕ âługoř remains ﺋﺎﺳﻪوار change, to alter âsawâr postposition) like: min’îsh khot) ﺋــﺎﺳــﺎ tonsils âsâ ﺋﺎﻮو âłû ready; ~-kirdin v.t. to make âsâ am kârá’m kird I, like you, did ﺋـﺎﻣـﺎدﻩ âmâda ready, prepare this; ~î normal, usual -easy; ~-kirdin v.t. to simpli ﺋــﺎﺳــﺎن trust, safekeeping; ba ~ âsân ﺋــﺎﻣــﺎﻧــﻪت âmânat dânà dast i … v.t. to give into the fy; ~î ease: ba âsânî with ease, easily peace, security ﺋﺎﺳﺎﺶ safekeeping of; ba ~ spârdin ba … âsâyish miller; ~geř ﺋـﺎﺷـﻪوان mill; ~awân ﺋـﺎش v.t. to entrust to âsh water that turns a mill ﺋﺎﺷﮕtarget, goal g ﺋﺎﻣﺎﱋ âmânj cease-fire ﺋﺎﺷﺒﻪﺗﺘﺎڵ cousin âshbattâł ﺋﺎﻣﯚزا paternal uncle; ~zâ ﺋﺎﻣﯚ âmo -~ ;clear,
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    | I LIVELIHOODS, INTEGRATION & TRANSNATIONALISM IN A PROTRACTED REFUGEE SITUATION CASE STUDY: BURMESE REFUGEES IN THAILAND Dissertation presented in fulfilment of the requirements for a Ph.D. degree in Political and Social Sciences, option Political Sciences. INGE BREES Ghent University August 2009 Thesis director: Prof. Dr. Koen Vlassenroot | II | III LIVELIHOODS, INTEGRATION & TRANSNATIONALISM IN A PROTRACTED REFUGEE SITUATION CASE STUDY: BURMESE REFUGEES IN THAILAND Dissertation presented in fulfilment of the requirements for a Ph.D. degree in Political and Social Sciences, option Political Sciences. INGE BREES Ghent University August 2009 Thesis director: Prof. Dr. Koen Vlassenroot | I CONTENT LIST OF TABLES, MAPS AND FIGURES .......................................................................... IV ACRONYMS ................................................................................................................. V ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................. IX INTRODUCTION: HOW THIS RESEARCH FITS INTO THE DEBATES IN REFUGEE STUDIES AND POLICY ................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Two settlement options: Refugee camps or self-settlement ............................... 3 1.2 The livelihoods approach ................................................................................... 7 1.3 Transnationalism and its impact .......................................................................
  • In Collaboration with CSTM/SCTM

    In Collaboration with CSTM/SCTM

    FEREN CON CE PROGRAM laboration with CSTM/ In col SCTM IC TM 2011 WE’RE PROUD TO WELCOME THE 41ST WORLD CONFERENCE OF ICTM to Memorial University and to St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador. This is a unique corner of Canada, the only part that was once an independent country and then the newest Canadian province (since 1949) but one of the oldest meeting points for natives and new- comers in North America. With four Aboriginal cultures (Inuit, Innu, Mi’kmaq, Métis); deep French, English, Irish, and Scottish roots; and a rapidly diversifying contemporary society, our citizens have shared a dramatic history, including a tsunami, an occupation during WWII, a fragile dependence on the sea including a cod moratorium in recent decades, a key role in the events of 9/11, and more recently, an oil boom. Its nickname – The Rock – tells a lot about its spectacular geography but also about its resilient culture. Traditional music and dance are key ingredients in life here, as we hope you will learn in the week ahead. Our meetings will take place at Memorial University, shown in the foreground of the photo below, and in the Arts & Culture Centre just to the west of the campus. To celebrate the conference themes in music itself, and to bring the public in contact with the remarkable range of scholars and musicians in our midst, we have organized the SOUNDshift Festival to run concurrently with the World Conference of ICTM. Five concerts, open to delegates and the general public, workshops by ICTM members and musicians featured on the concerts, and films are available as part of this festival.
  • Changing the World Spiritually (Karun Jagat Se Nyaar)

    Changing the World Spiritually (Karun Jagat Se Nyaar)

    || Changing The World Spiritually (Karun Jagat Se Nyaar) Par Lagan Ko Har Kooi Chahe, Bin Satguru Koi Par Na Pave. The glory of Satguru is such that he brings change. World is following a false Religion-Dharma. Satguru frees you from treachery, fraud, etc. and transforms you from the coveted Minded into a nectarine individual. Earlier it was a reign of Mind. Even after many lives, such a transformation is hard to achieve. Yeh Sab Sahib Tumhi Keena, Barna Main Tha Param Malina. After being Blessed with Satya Naam from Satguru you get the powers of Naam which fights with vices; Lust, Anger, Greed, Hate, and Pride etc. Purity restored. - Satguru Shri Madhu Paramhans Sahib SAHIB BANDGI Sant Ashram Ranjari, Post Raya, Dist-SAMBA, J&K 2 Sahib Bandgi Changing the World Spiritually Sant Satguru Madhu Paramhans Sahib SANT ASHRAM RANJADI (J&K) ALL RIGHT RESERVED FIRST EDITION - June 2014 COPIES - 10000. EDITOR& PUBLICATION OFFICER- -RAM RATAN, JAMMU. WEB SITE ADDRESS- www.Sahib-bandgi.org E-Mail Address- [email protected] Editor-Sahib Bandgi Sant Ashram Ranjadi Post –Raya Dist.Samba (J&K) Ph. (01923)242695, 242602 Mudrak: Deepawali Printers, Sodal, Road Preet Nagar, Jalandhar. Changing the world spiritually 3 CONTENT 1. Is the Guru Essential. 7 2. Difference between Guru and Satguru. 15 3. What Satguru Does? 26 4. Souls are under veil. 37 5. Before and After Receiving Naam. 50 a. What Were You before Naam Initiation? 52 b. What Transformation Happens By Naam. 71 c. Origin of True Naam 82 6. The Thing I Posses Cannot Be Found Any Where in This Universe.
  • Making Sense of Daesh in Afghanistan: a Social Movement Perspective

    Making Sense of Daesh in Afghanistan: a Social Movement Perspective

    \ WORKING PAPER 6\ 2017 Making sense of Daesh in Afghanistan: A social movement perspective Katja Mielke \ BICC Nick Miszak \ TLO Joint publication by \ WORKING PAPER 6 \ 2017 MAKING SENSE OF DAESH IN AFGHANISTAN: A SOCIAL MOVEMENT PERSPECTIVE \ K. MIELKE & N. MISZAK SUMMARY So-called Islamic State (IS or Daesh) in Iraq and Syria is widely interpreted as a terrorist phenomenon. The proclamation in late January 2015 of a Wilayat Kho- rasan, which includes Afghanistan and Pakistan, as an IS branch is commonly interpreted as a manifestation of Daesh's global ambition to erect an Islamic caliphate. Its expansion implies hierarchical order, command structures and financial flows as well as a transnational mobility of fighters, arms and recruits between Syria and Iraq, on the one hand, and Afghanistan–Pakistan, on the other. In this Working Paper, we take a (new) social movement perspective to investigate the processes and underlying dynamics of Daesh’s emergence in different parts of the country. By employing social movement concepts, such as opportunity structures, coalition-building, resource mobilization and framing, we disentangle the different types of resource mobilization and long-term conflicts that have merged into the phenomenon of Daesh in Afghanistan. In dialogue with other approaches to terrorism studies as well as peace, civil war and security studies, our analysis focuses on relations and interactions among various actors in the Afghan-Pakistan region and their translocal networks. The insight builds on a ten-month fieldwork-based research project conducted in four regions—east, west, north-east and north Afghanistan—during 2016. We find that Daesh in Afghanistan is a context-specific phenomenon that manifests differently in the various regions across the country and is embedded in a long- term transformation of the religious, cultural and political landscape in the cross-border region of Afghanistan–Pakistan.
  • Modern Hindi Grammar

    Modern Hindi Grammar

    Table of Contents Preface .......................................................................................... i Abbreviations ............................................................................ iii References .................................................................................. iv 1. Introduction 1.1. Area and Its Speakers ......................................................... 1 1.2. Dialects and Classification ................................................. 1 1.3. Hindi - Urdu ....................................................................... 2 1.4. Linguistic Characteristics ................................................... 4 1.5. Status .................................................................................. 4 1.6. Grammars in Hindi ............................................................ 7 2. Phonology 2.1. Phonological Units (Segmental) ...................................... 11 2.1.1. Distinctive Segments .................................................. 11 Vowels ................................................................................ 11 Consonants .......................................................................... 12 2.1.2. Description of Phonemes ............................................ 12 2.1.2.1. Vowels ................................................................... 12 2.1.2.2. Consonants ............................................................. 14 2.1.2.3. Distribution of Phonemes and Allophones ............ 19 2.2. Phonotactics ....................................................................
  • Grammatical Analysis of Nastalique Writing Style of Urdu

    Grammatical Analysis of Nastalique Writing Style of Urdu

    Grammatical Analysis of Nastalique Writing Style of Urdu 1 Historical Note Nastalique is one of the most intricate styles used for Arabic script, which makes it both beautiful and complex to model. This analysis has been conducted as part of the development process of Nafees Nastalique Font. The work has been conducted in 2002 and is being released for the general development of Nastalique writing style. The work has been supported by APDIP UNDP and IDRC. Authors Sarmad Hussain Shafiq ur Rahman Aamir Wali Atif Gulzar Syed Jamil ur Rahman December, 2002 2 Table of Contents HISTORICAL NOTE ............................................................................................................................................. 2 1. THE NASTALIQUE STYLE: AN INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 5 2. URDU SCRIPT .................................................................................................................................................... 5 2.1. THE URDU ALPHABET .................................................................................................................................... 5 2.2. MAPPING BETWEEN NASTALIQUE AND URDU CHARACTERS ........................................................................... 6 2.3. BUILDING BLOCKS FOR AN URDU FONT ......................................................................................................... 7 2.3.1 Urdu Characters ....................................................................................................................................
  • Book Reviews Mélanges D'ethnographie Et De

    Book Reviews Mélanges D'ethnographie Et De

    Iran and the Caucasus 22 (2018) 419-422 Book Reviews Mélanges d’ethnographie et de dialectologie Irano-Aryennes à la mémoire de Charles-Martin Kieffer (Studia Iranica, Cahier 61), edited by Matteo De Chiara, Adriano V. Rossi, and Daniel Septfonds, Leuven: “Peeters”, 2018.— 413 pp. + map. The volume is dedicated to the memory of Charles-Martin Kieffer, the prominent French linguist and ethnographer on matters Afghanica. Kief- fer’s fundamental contribution to the Atlas Linguistique de l’Afghanistan, the description of two critically endangered Iranian languages (Ōrmuṛi of Baraki-Barak and Parāči), as well as data on language taboos in Afghan countryside, remain crucial for the research on Afghan ethnography and socio-linguistic situation in Afghanistan. The range of the topics of sixteen articles collected in Kieffer’s homage is wide enough to include contributions on Ossetic funeral rites and Balo- chi war-ballads, influence of Pashto on Dardic languages of Afghanistan and prefixes in Ormuri, etc. L. Arys in “Les Rites Funéraires Ossètes”, highlights the archaic charac- ter of the funerary customs among the Iranian-speaking Ossetes in the Caucasus and shows how this tradition is still important for a contempo- rary Ossete family. S. Badalkhan (“A Balochi Ballad on the Brāhō-Jadgāl Wars and the formation of Brāhōī Tribes”) presents a piece from the rich Balochi oral tradition, a 17th century ballad recounting the tribal confrontation and clashes between multilingual (Balochi, Jadgali, Brahoi) units in Kalat and Khuzdar districts, which led to the formation of Brahoi tribes based on heterogenous elements. H. Borjian’s article, “The Dialect of Khur”, is a skectch of the grammar of a largely understudied dialect of Biabanak district at the southern bor- der of Dasht-e Kavir desert in Iran.
  • Cultural and Political Impact on Modern Kurdish Poetry in Erbil

    Cultural and Political Impact on Modern Kurdish Poetry in Erbil

    UNIWERSYTET ZIELONOGÓRSKI Przegląd Narodowościowy – Review of Nationalities • Mniejszość niemiecka nr 4/2015 Farhang Muzaffar Muhamad Juan Ibrahim Al-Banna Salahaddin University, Erbil Cultural and political impact on modern Kurdish poetry in Erbil Słowa kluczowe: literatura kurdyjska, współczesna poezja kurdyjska, kurdyjscy poeci, miasto Erbil, kurdyjska kultura i polityka Keywords: Kurdish literature, Modern Kurdish Poetry, Kurdish poets, the city of Erbil, Kurdish Culture and Politics Section One 1. The Introduction 1.1. Erbil − the past and the present (the general information about Erbil) Erbil is the most ancient city in the history, and one of the oldest towns in the world that have been continuously inhabited 1. Erbil was the capital of an ancient northern Mesopotamian province and today is a capital of the federal Kurdistan Region. It is situated approximately 350 kilometers north of Baghdad. For a long period of time, this city, which is famous for its great civilization, defended itself and its citadel from the barbarian invaders 2. Erbil has been the center of culture and education in the region. Many famous scientists, historians and leaders were born in the city of the Erbil, such as: 1. Sultan Muzaffar ad-Din Kokburi (1163-1232) "e brother-in-law of Salahaddin, made Erbil his capital from 1190 until 1232 and constructed several buildings that can still be seen at the foot of the upper town 3. 1 M. Streck, Irbil , [in:] M.". Houtsma, E. J. Brill’s First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936 , vol. 3, New York 1987, pp. 521-523. 2 Fayzi, G. Soran, Bari Adebi Kudi le Shari Hewlêr , Erbil 2006, p.
  • Nastaleeq: a Challenge Accepted by Omega

    Nastaleeq: a Challenge Accepted by Omega

    Nastaleeq: A challenge accepted by Omega Atif Gulzar, Shafiq ur Rahman Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan atif dot gulzar (at) gmail dot com, shafiq dot rahman (at) nu dot edu dot pk Abstract Urdu is the lingua franca as well as the national language of Pakistan. It is based on Arabic script, and Nastaleeq is its default writing style. The complexity of Nastaleeq makes it one of the world's most challenging writing styles. Nastaleeq has a strong contextual dependency. It is a cursive writing style and is written diagonally from right to left. The overlapping shapes make the nuqta (dots) and kerning problem even harder. With the advent of multilingual support in computer systems, different solu- tions have been proposed and implemented. But most of these are immature or platform-specific. This paper discuses the complexity of Nastaleeq and a solution that uses Omega as the typesetting engine for rendering Nastaleeq. 1 Introduction 1.1 Complexity of the Nastaleeq writing Urdu is the lingua franca as well as the national style language of Pakistan. It has more than 60 mil- The Nastaleeq writing style is far more complex lion speakers in over 20 countries [1]. Urdu writing than other writing styles of Arabic script{based lan- style is derived from Arabic script. Arabic script has guages. The salient features`r of Nastaleeq that many writing styles including Naskh, Sulus, Riqah make it more complex are these: and Deevani, as shown in figure 1. Urdu may be • Nastaleeq is a cursive writing style, like other written in any of these styles, however, Nastaleeq Arabic styles, but it is written diagonally from is the default writing style of Urdu.