Section 6. Linguistics Matbek Nursulu Kurmanbekkyzy, Al-Farabi KazNU, Almaty, , Senior Teacher, Candidate of Philological Science Umіrbekova Roza Kaldybekovna, Docent, Candidate of Philological Science Kasymova Zhanat Perdebekovna, Teacher E‑mail: [email protected] The is a cognate of the Abstract: The article considers the history and development of the literary language of the , one of the indig- enous Turkic nations who inhabit the Russian Federation, some areas of CIS and foreign countries and its status during historical stages. The article analyzes the usage areas and social and community function of the modern Nogai literary language. It reveals the fact that the Nogai language is related to the Kazakh and Karakalpak languages and moreover these nations’ literatures have the same roots, and ancient akyns’ (poets) poetry is common to the three nations. Keywords: Nogai, Turkic language, alphabet, lexis, , state, literary language, research. The Nogai language is the mother tongue of the During the the Nogais weren’t permitted to Nogais — the indigenous Eurasian nation who inhabit have their own country and the status of autonomy. district, Republic of , Republic of A significant part of Nogai people inhabit the Nogai Karachay-Cherkessia, Territory, Tumensk steppe which was administratively divided into three areas district, Chechen Republic of the Russian Federation. such as Dagestan, Chechen-Ingush and Stavropol in 1957. In the countries of CIS, to be exactly, in Kazakhstan, Researchers divide Russian Nogais into several the (Crimean Autonomy Republic) there live groups: black Nogai, Aksai-Sulak, Ashykulak, , a few thousand Nogais. Except RF and CIS Nogai peo- Kum and Astrakhan Nogais [1, 4]. ple live in foreign countries such as (, The Nogai language is in the system of Turkic lan- about 30 thousand people), (about 5 thousand guages. The Nogai language is connected with ancient people), also (about 2 million people). More- Turkic, Uygur-Nayman scripts. From the XVIII century over, many Nogais live in Poland, Lithuania and several to 1928 the Nogai alphabet was based on graph- other European countries. In Turkey and Romania there ics, from 1928 — Latin, and from the year of 1938 — live descendants of the Nogais who moved and settled Russian graphics. there in the XVIII–XIX centuries. Although they mainly In 1928 a Latin-based Nogai alphabet was created accepted the ethnical similarity of surrounding Turkic within the project of All-Soviet Union latinization. Its related population that is Turks and Romanian Tartars, author was a teacher of the Ashybulak secondary school nevertheless they didn’t forget their ancestry. Descen- Abdulhamid Shershenbievich Zhanibekov. In 1929 the dants of the Nogais have mixed with Kazakh, Karakal- first ABC book was published with that alphabet. At end pak, Uzbek, Kyrgyz, Tartar people, especially Bashkor of the 1930s in the USSR there started a tendency of and Crimean Tartar people. changing writing into the Cyrillic system. In the last decade large Nogai communities have The contemporary Nogai alphabet consists of 33 let- been founded in some areas of — in Moscow, in ters from the and 4 special letters. Ever St. Petersburg, in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Ok- since the Nogai alphabet is used in the variant given be- rug, in the -Mansi Autonomous Okrug. low: А а, Аь аь, Б б, В в, Г г, Д д, Е е, Ё ё, Ж ж, З з, И и, According to historical documents, in Й й, К к, Л л, М м, Н н, Нъ нъ, О о, Оь оь, П п, Р р, С с, (XIV–XVIII centuries) the Nogai language had the sta- Т т, У у, Уь уь, Ф ф, Х х, Ц ц, Ч ч, Ш ш, Щ щ, Ъ ъ, Ы ы, tus of the official language for diplomatic negotiations. Ь ь, Э э, Ю ю, Я я. By the 80s of the ХІХ century the Nogai language had A writer Issa Kapaev says in his historical essay “Bess- been the language of international communication in mertnaya step” (“Deathless steppe”): “The Cyrillic alpha- North Caucasia. bet is not a convenient alphabet for the Nogai language. At the end of the ХVІІІ century as a result of the Rus- Everybody is revealing advantages of the Latin alpha- sia’s active policy in the area the Nogai State disintegrated. bet. …In learning the mother tongue at schools chil- A population area of the Nogai ethnos was decreasing. dren are encountering some difficulties in pronouncing

68 The nogai language is a cognate of the Kazakh language words with a letter «в» (“v”) correctly. This problem, Islam, secondly — international and soviet words, what’s however, concerns adults too. For example, it is spelled more words from the . «авыл» (avyl), but it is pronounced as «ауыл» (auyl), There are sufficient amount of international and it is spelled «саьвле» (savle), but it is pronounced as soviet words (borrowed through Russian) and Russian «сәуле» (saule). If Turks show interest in reading publi- words. In comparison with rural people these words are cation of the contemporary Nogai literature, they will be likely to be met more frequently in speeches of people surprised by reading. It is impossible to read in the Nogai of urban areas. language on your own without any explanations. The An- Contemporary researchers identify two cient Sumerian language will be more understandable of the Nogai language: black Nogai and Kuban dia- than the modern Nogai language. Contemporary turcol- lects [5, 492]. The Nogai literary language is based on ogist scientists are investigating the problem…” [2, 60]. the black Nogai dialect and Nogai parlance. Research works concerning the Nogai language The Nogai language belongs to the Kypshak-Nogai began to be published at the end of the XIX century branch of the North-West (Kypshak) group of Turkic lan- and at beginning of the XX century. They are the fol- guages. By phonetic, lexical, morphological and syntac- lowing works: Osmanov M. “Nogai and Kumyk texts” tic features the most cognate languages to Nogai are the (was published in Arabic graphics) (1883); Profes- Kazak, Karakalpak languages, the North steppe dialect of sor Falev P. A. “A Nogai fairy tale about Ak-kobek” Crimean Tartars and some dialects of the . (Proceedings of the Anthropology and Ethnography Relationship connections of the Nogai language with Museum of the Russian Academy of Science, Petro- the Kazakh and Karakalpak languages are very deep — grad, 1918); the same author’s “An Arab novella in the ancient types of folklore: proverbs and sayings, epos and Nogai epos” () and “Scripts of Nogai folk poetry are common for them. these nations’ literatures literature works in the Stavropol guberniya” (Scrits have the same roots, and ancient akyns’ (poets) are also of East Department of Russian archaeology commu- common to the three nations. An art of music and poetry nity, 1916) and “Introduction to Turkic literature and have a significant place in cultural heritage of Nogais. language investigation” (Tashkent, 1922). Heritage of Nogai folklore is very wide. There are a lot of Despite some achievements in the Nogai linguistics prominent pieces of epos such as “Koplanly batyr”, “Orak”, the Nogai language is one of the less investigated lan- “Mamay”, “Er Kosay”, “Er Shoban”, “Er Kokshe”, “Kambar”, guages. Such scientists as N. A. Baskakov, S. A. Kalmyko- “Er Sayn”, “Vozyigit”, “Kyz-Yibek”, “Kozy Korpesh-Bayan va made a significant contribution to research of the Syluv”, “Takhir-Zuhra”, “Edige”, “Shora batyr”, “Er Targyn”, language. N. A. Baskakov distinguishes three dialects of “Adil Soltan”, etc. Works of such medieval Nogai akyns the Nogai language: Nogai (Stavropol Territory), black (poets) are as Asan Kaigyly (XIV c.), Shal Kiyiz Tilenshi Nogai (Dagestan) and white Nogai (Karachay-Cherkes- uly (XV c.), Kazy-Tuvgan Suinish uly, Dosmambet Azav- sia) [3, 4]. These dialects have quite a bit differences and ly (XVII c.) are considered to be classics of national poetry, similarities too. However, in comparison with the dialect in the art of music there are renowned works of Korkut- of white Nogais there are more similarities between the Ata (VIII–IX c.), Ket-Buga Naimanly (XIII c.). dialects of Nogais and black Nogais. A inventor of a Nogai script, the author of Nogai The modern literary Nogai language differs from the alphabet and grammar is an ethnographer Abdulha- Kazakh language with its phonetics (slightly simplified mid Zhanibekov (1879–1955). Writers and poets who and with peculiarities of North Caucasian languages) and have written in Nogai are Abdulzhalilov Fazil Apasov- lexis — a big amount of borrowed from Arab, Farsi and ich (1913–1974), Zhanibekov Abdulhamid Shershen- North Caucasian and Russian languages. Moreover, it has bievich (1879–1955), Kapayev Suyun Imamalievich saved some features of Nogai-Kypshak languages which (1927–2001), Kapayev Isa Suyunovich (1949), Kum- disappeared from the Kazakh language. Comparatively it ratova Keldihan Isayevna (1944), Temirbulatova Kadria was not very long since Nogai and Kazakh entirely sepa- Orazbayevna (pen name — Kadria) (1949–1979) [6]. rated, it coincided with the period of Junggar invasion. The main part of the Nogais who live in Dagestan In the main vocabulary of the Nogai language there know their mother tongue — the Nogai language. More- are a lot of words borrowed from other foreign languages over, the is also widely spread among except native words which belong to the Turkic language them. 1136 Nogais consider the Kumyk language as their system. Firstly, there is a big proportion of words from mother tongue, because they have been living in close vi- Arab and Farsi languages which came with the religion cinity with Kumyk people during several centuries.

69 Section 6. Linguistics In Dagestan the level of teaching the Nogai lan- Nowadays the Nogai language is widely used in the in- guage is very low. It is not taught in preschool education- formation space in the Republic of Dagestan. Literature in al establishments at all, so kindergartens function only in the Nogai language is being published although the quality the Russian language. Education in primary schools is doesn’t meet the modern requirements. In the Nogai lan- also organized only in the Russian language. The Nogai guage it is published a republican newspaper “Shol tavysy” language is taught at secondary schools as a discipline. (A voice of desert), children’s magazine “Lashyn” (Accipi- At the end of the 50‑s the government of the Stav- ter). A national channel functions in the republican state ropol Territory and Chechen- closed down television, radio programs are broadcasted. Nogai schools; publication of newspapers in the Nogai In Karachay-Cherkessia it is published a republican language was stopped. newspaper “Nogai davysy” (A voice of Nogais), radio At the end of 80‑s and at the beginning of the 90‑s and TV programs are broadcasted. In Cherkessia during representatives of Nogai community organizations several years a social-political and artistic-literary maga- raised a question of teaching a native language. Among zine “Poloveckays luna” is being published. them an organization “Birlik” took an active part in Intensification of the process of language assimilation is solving this problem. Thanks to this organization teach- a quite disturbing problem for Nogais. 97 438 people out ing the Nogai language in areas where it was previously of hundred thousand Nogais know their mother tongue, stopped reenacted. and 3 804 changed to the Russian language. Even in the In order to train teachers of the Nogai language com- republics where Nogai has a status of the state language ac- munity organizations managed to open a branch of Hasav- tually it is an insignificant language. The fact that Nogai isn’t iyrt pedagogical college in the village Terekli-Mekteb, the taught at primary schools influences on the process of center of the Nogai region in Dagestan. During 21 years language assimilation. Thus, the future of the Nogai lan- this branch was training teachers of the Nogai language guage is uncertain, the threat that it won’t be used even as not only for Dagestan, but for the Stavropol Territory, an everyday language in the near future is very high. Chechen Republic and Astrakhan district. What’s more, Territorially scattering of the Nogai ethnos cause dif- it prepared specialists for Karachay-Cherkessia which used ficulties in development of the Nogai culture. The prob- to train teachers on their own. Unfortunately, in 2013 the lem of Nogais is one of the most complicated ethnosocial branch closed down because of small enrollment. topics of the North . References: 1. Yarlykapov A. A. Nogaicy./Zhivopisnaya Rossia, 2007. – № 3. 2. Kapayev I. S. Istoricheskie esse. – Astana: Audarma, 2008. 3. Baskakov N. A. Nogaisky yazyk I ego dialekty: Grammatika, teksty I slovar. – Мoscow, 1940. 4. Kalmykova S. A. Alfavit nogaiskogo yazyka.//Voprosy sovershenstvovaniya alfavitov turskih yazykov SSSR/Editor N. A. Baskakov; Institute of Linguistics of AS USSR. – M: Nauka, 1972. 5. Ibragimov M.-P. A., Adzhieyev A. M., Kildasov R. B. Nogaicy.//Narody Dagestana/editor Arutiynov S. A., etc. – M., Nauka. – 2002. 6. Wikipedia.//[Electronic resource]. – Available from: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nogaisky yazyk.

Stojani Edita, Polytechnic University of Tirana, Phd Candidate in Linguistic, Faculty of Mathematics Engineering and Physics Engineering Centre of Foreign Language E‑mail: [email protected]

Reflections on basic issues of Albanian terminology in theory and practice Abstract: The separation ofterminology as an independent linguistic study field, also as a special lexicon in the languages of developed countries, is accepted since the middle of the 20th century. In Albania organized work with

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