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Dogri and Its Dialects: a Comparative Study of Kandi and Pahari Dogri Kamaldeep Kaur and Amitabh Vikram Dwivedi (2019)

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Dogri and Its Dialects: a Comparative Study of Kandi and Pahari Dogri Kamaldeep Kaur and Amitabh Vikram Dwivedi (2019) Sociolinguistic ISSN: 1750-8649 (print) Studies ISSN: 1750-8657 (online) Review Dogri and its Dialects: A Comparative Study of Kandi and Pahari Dogri Kamaldeep Kaur and Amitabh Vikram Dwivedi (2019) Munich: Lincom Europa. Pp. 216 ISBN: 9783862888672 Reviewed by Ayushi Ayushi 1. Introduction The volume under review, Dogri and its Dialects: A Comparative Study of Kandi and Pahari Dogri, is a comparative study of two Dogri dialects: Kandi and Pahari.1 Dogri is an Indo-Aryan language (p. 1) spoken in the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir2 in the Republic of India. Unlike the sketchy description of Grierson (1967) where he compares Dogri as a dialect of Punjabi, and the philological study of Dogri by Varma (1978), this work falls under the descriptive linguistic tradition and provides an extensive analysis of two Dogri dialects. While Gupta (2004) traces the origin and development of the Dogri language along with a brief description of its grammatical structures, her work is not informed by modern linguistics, and rather follows the model of the Hindi grammar written by Kamta Prasad Guru (2014). Though the previous works throw some light on different aspects of Dogri, no substantial work has been published that highlights the area of linguistic and sociolinguistic study with respect to Dogri and its dialects. Kaur and Dwivedi provide a detailed analysis of linguistic and sociolinguistic variations of Dogri dialects. While ostensibly the text focuses upon dialects, significantly the study provides a linguistic description of the Dogri language, covering areas such as phonology, morphology and syntax of Kandi and Pahari Dogri, along with their sociolinguistic variations and Affiliation Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, India email: [email protected] SOLS VOL 13.2-4 2019 417–425 https://doi.org/10.1558/sols.38775 © 2020, EQUINOX PUBLISHING 418 SOCIOLINGUISTIC STUDIES implications. The reference book consists of seven chapters of varied lengths written in the linguistic grammar tradition, aided by plenty of fitting examples along with their proper gloss. Chapter 1, ‘Introduction’ (pp. 1–21), provides a brief introduction of the Dogri language, its status and speakers, and outlines the organization of the work at hand. Dogri language, identified as [dgo] (p. 2), is placed under the Western Pahari3 language group (p. 1) and is written in the Devanagari script. The authors aim to trace the development of the two Dogri dialects (p. 8) and study the lexical simi- larity between them. The chapter explores research questions that the study aims to answer and also formulates the research hypothesis for the study, along with its scope and limitations. Following that is a comprehensive literature survey which discusses the research work previously conducted, demarcating it from the study at hand in terms of scope and objectives and thus making this study an original research. The study describes the grammatical framework of the Dogri language which can also form the basis for the lexicographical study of the two dialects. Chapter 2, ‘Research Methodology’ (pp. 22–36), presents the methodology the researchers employ in conducting the study. The researchers generate an index of the general linguistic similarity and study their lexical use synchronically (p. 22) to ascertain dialect intelligibility patterns. The research is backed up with ample data collected from the native speakers of varying age groups in the form of wordlists comprising of over 2000 words, which have also been accurately transcribed in IPA script. The Recorded Text Test methodology is employed to probe the degree of comprehension amongst the speakers of the two dialectal varieties (p. 33). Further, sociolinguistic questionnaires4 encircling concepts such as language vitality, language attitudes and language use patterns have been incorporated to determine the need for language development (p. 30) among the native speakers. 2. Phonology Chapter 3, ‘Dogras, the Dogri Language and its Dialects’ (pp. 37–93), provides pertinent background information on the Dogri language and its history and gives an overview of its speakers. The two linguists argue that Dogri is a structurally independent language, despite Grierson and many Punjabi writers classifying it as a dialect of Punjabi (p. 37). Further, the etymology of the word ‘Duggar’ (p. 38) and its derivation is discussed in detail. An entire section is devoted to the analysis of the linguistic features of the Dogri language. The phonemic inventory consists of 31 consonants, whose phonemic status is established by identifying the minimal pairs in Dogri, and 10 vowels, whose articulatory description has been REVIEW: AYUSHI 419 given along with the distribution of these vowels. The authors claims that [h] does not occur very frequently in the Dogri language except in word initial positions when depicting time, such as /hɑ/ ‘was.M’ and /hi/ ‘was.F’. Gemination,5 aspiration6 and nasalization7 are the characteristic features of the language, and all vowels have their corresponding nasalized counterparts, for example /tʃәnɑ/ ‘gram’ also occurs as /tʃәnɑ̃:/ ‘a river’, and /sɔ/ ‘hundred’ occurs as /sɔ:/̃ ‘oath’ (p. 44). Vowel distribution and vowel sequence have been examined in detail, demonstrating the functional load on the vowels at the word initial, medial and final positions. The vowel sequence is usually of two or three vowels such as /kiɑ/ ‘pumpkin’ and /tʊɑi/ ‘washing charges’ (p. 51) respectively. Chapter 4, ‘Comparative Dogri Phonology’, analyzes the basic phonemes of the Dogri language with reference to salient variations between the Kandi and Pahari dialects respectively by doing extensive analysis of Dogri for comparison. The researchers draw a comparison between the phonological aspects of the two dialects based on the lexical similarities in the wordlists that contain data from the informants of these dialects. The phonetic distribution of consonant and vowel sounds and consonant clusters in the two dialects are comprehensively discussed. The chapter also claims Dogri is a tonal language,8 and highlights the three basic tone systems: low-rising, high-falling and mid-tone, as shown in Table 1. Kaur and Dwivedi assert that the low-rising and high-falling tones are prominent in the Pahari Dogri, while the mid-tone is commonly registered in the Kandi Dogri. The study employs the software Praat9 to analyze various speech sounds. Table 1. Tones in Dogri (Kandi and Pahari) S.No. Word Tone Gloss 1. /ɑ̀r/ Low-Rising ‘garland’ 2. /ɑ́r/ High-Falling ‘busy-ness’ 3. /ɑ̄ r/ Mid-Tone ‘cobbler’s instrument’ 3. Morphosyntax Chapter 3 thoroughly investigates the morphological structure of the word classes in the Dogri language and the grammatical inflection that they show. Dogri exhibits masculine and feminine gender, and this gender assignment is arbitrary and partially grammatical. The masculine noun stems ending with consonants in Kandi Dogri are used in complementary distribution10 to form feminine forms with /әni/, /ɑni/, /i/ or /ɛni/ suffixes, while /eɑni/ appears in free variation with /ɛni/ only in Pahari Dogri (p. 53), for example /mɑsʈәr/‘he teacher’ has the feminine form /mɑsʈәreɑni/‘she teacher’ in Kandi Dogri and /mɑsʈәrɛni/ in Pahari Dogri, as shown in Table 2. 420 SOCIOLINGUISTIC STUDIES Table 2. Masculine to Feminine Nouns S.No. Masculine Feminine Kandi and Pahari Dogri Kandi Dogri Pahari Dogri 1. /dʒeʈh/ /dʒәʈhɑni/ ‘wife of /dʒәʈhɛni/ ‘husband’s elder brother’ husband’s elder brother 2. /mɑsʈәr/ /mɑsʈәreɑni/ /mɑsʈәrɛni/ ‘he teacher’ ‘she teacher’ The gender and the final sound of the noun determine the plural form of the Dogri nouns. There is no inflection in Dogri masculine noun plurals, apart from the ones that end with /ɑ/ as in /mʊɽɑ/‘boy’ wherein the final /ɑ/ changes to /e/ and becomes /mʊɽe/ upon pluralization (p. 54). Similarly, in the case of feminine nouns, the singular feminine stems take the /ɑ̃/ morpheme ending (p. 55) to pro- duce their plural forms, e.g. /kʊɽi/ ‘girl’ changes to /kʊɽiɑ̃/. Further, declension in Dogri nouns takes place by the addition of a bound case marker at the word final position in certain cases, while in others the case markers occur as postpositions11 in order to express the oblique forms. In case of masculine nouns ending with /ɑ/, the /ɑ/ ending changes to /e/, e.g. /mɑmɑ/ ‘maternal uncle’ changes to /mɑmẽ/ in the oblique case, and in the vocative case, it changes to /eɑ/ ending as in /mɑmeɑ/. While in oblique case, the final ending of plural masculine nouns get an additional /ẽ/ ending, e.g. /mɑme/‘maternal uncles’ modifies into /mɑmẽ/, and into /eo/ as in /mɑmeo/ in vocative case. Table 3 shows declension of the masculine noun /mɑmɑ/‘maternal uncle’. In case of masculine nouns that do not end with /ɑ/, /ɛ/ is added to the noun stem, e.g. /dʒɑɡәt/ ‘boy’ becomes /dʒɑɡәtɛ/ in oblique case, while the plural masculine noun modifies into /dʒɑɡәtẽ/ ‘boys’ (p. 56). Table 3. Declension in Dogri Masculine Noun Case Singular Plural Direct /mɑmɑ/‘maternal uncle’ /mɑme/‘maternal uncles’ Oblique /mɑme/‘maternal uncle’ /mɑmẽ/‘maternal uncles’ Vocative /mɑmeɑ/‘maternal uncle’ /mɑmeo/‘maternal uncles’ Various postpositions are employed in Dogri which work as case markers, and these postpositions are /ne/ for agentive case, /ɡe/ or /ki/ or /i/ ‘to’ for accusative case, /kәnnɛ/ /nɛ/, /kәʃɑ/, /ʃɑ/ or /kɒlɑ/ or /thәmɑ/ ‘with, from’ for instrumental case, /ɑstɛ/, /ɡitɛ/ /tɛ/ or /lei/ or /tɑĩ/ or /dʒɒɡɑ/ ‘for’ for dative case, /ʊppәrɑ/, /pәrɑ/, /rɑ/ or /bɪtʃtʃɑ/, /tʃɑ/ or /kәʃɑ/, /ʃɑ/ or /kɒlɑ/ ‘from’ for ablative case, /dɑ, di, de, diɑ̃/, /rɑ, ri, re, riɑ̃/, /ɖɑ, ɖi, ɖe, ɖiɑ̃/, /nɑ, ni, ne, niɑ̃/ ‘…’s’ for genitive case, /ʊppәr/pәr/rә/, /bitʃtʃɑ/itʃtʃɑ/tʃɑ/ ‘from within’ for locative case and /ɒ/, /e/ for vocative case (p.59). REVIEW: AYUSHI 421 Table 4. Postpositions in Dogri S.No. Postpositions Case Usage 1. /ne/ Agentive kʊtte ne rɑm-ɡi bәɖɖi ʊɽejɑ ‘The dog bit Ram’. 2. /ɡi/ or /ki/ or /i/ ‘to’ Accusative ʃilɑ-i ɑdʒdʒ dɪlli dʒɑnɑ ponɑ ‘Sheela will have to go to Delhi today’.
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