SPOTLIQHT

Sightseeing in Changzhou Changzhou is an ancient city located on the lower reaches of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River. It abounds in scenic spots and historical sites that attract tourists both from China and foreign countries.

American tourists bicycling around China arrive in Changzhou.

Photos by Chang Xin ^^^^ ^^-p^ and Chen Zonglie VOL. 29, NO. 27 JULY 7, 1986 HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK

CONTENTS New Minister on Cuitural Policy NOTES FROM THE EDITORS 4 Associations Ride Wave of Future • In an interview with Beijing Review, the new Cultural Minister Wang Meng discusses his plans for cultural EVENTS/TRENDS 5-9 development, and the implementation of the "'double hundred" policy. According to Wang, the development of culture relies Scientists Help With on the expansion of the undertakings and the contributions of Modernization talented people (p. 14). Nuclear Power: Safetv, Quality First 'Criticism Does Not Stop IViy Pen' Younger People Put on Leading Posts • Zhang Xianliang, writer of sensitive subjects, has stirred Bankruptcy Law Under Discussion much debate with his novel Half a Man Is a Woman. Though Father of two Bombs Appointed immersed in controversy, he and his novel have emerged To High Post unscathed, due largely to the reinstated "double hundred"' Malian President Visits China hterary policy, which has relaxed the writing environment in INTERNATIONAL 10-13 China. "Criticism does not stop my pen," Zhang said, "but only encourages me to create anew." (p. 18). Yugoslavia: Self-Management Aids Economy Spain: Socialists Retain Majority CPC's Relations with Other Parties in Flection ASFAJN; Viet Nam L'rged to Accept • What are the goals of Communist Parly of China in its CGDK Proposal foreign relations? What policies and principles the CPC pursues US-CANADA: Trade War Mounts in its renewed ties with other Communist Parties, and newly in North America established relations with progressive parties in the third world, Grlticism: Key to Flourish• and with Socialist, Social Democratic and Workers" parties in ing Culture 14 capitalist countries? These and other major topics arc discussed 'Criticism Does Not Stop IVIy Pen' 18 (p. 22). The CPC's Relations With Other Parties ' 22 Economic Associations Proceed

FROM THE CHINESE PRESS 26-27 • A group of inter-departmental and inter-regional economic associations have emerged in China. The decision-making BUSINESS/TRADE 28-29 powers due them, however, have often been withheld by officials with feudal ideas. To remedy this, last March the State SPORTS 30 Council provided legal guarantees against infringement of the legitimate rights and interests of such associations (p. 4). CULTURE/SCIENCE 32

BOOKS 33 Yugosiavia Wrestles With Weary Economy LETTERS 34 • Following the conclusion of its 13th Congress, the League of Communists of Yugoslavia announced its plans for COVER: Minister Wang Meng on rejuvenating Yugoslavia's anaemic economy. Those plans culture and art. include shifting from extensive to intensive management and Qiu Xiaodong emphasizing growth in the country's agricultural sector, (p 10).

Published every Mondoy by Distributed by China InHwncrtiAnal loAk Subscription prices (1 year): BEIJING REVIEW Trading Corporation (GUOJI SHUDIAN), Australia A.S 22.00 USA US$22.00 24 BaiwanzhuartQ Road, B«ljing P.O. Box 399, Beiiing, CWno New ZMkind... NZ.$3(I.OO UK.. , i\m The People's Repubfie of China Canada Can. S2t.00 l.'i.iJJJJ:!.!Aaj!HJIS FROM THE EDITOR.nM:l4S Associations Ride Wave of Future

by Geng Yuxin

n important part of tiie reform over 1981. The funds involved in resistance from the former system. A of China's economic structure material co-operation, such as One of the outstanding manifest• this year is to develop economic exchange of goods, exceeded 16 ations of this was that quite a few associations among enterprises so billion yuan, more than a 5-fold administrative companies were as to make effective use of natural increase, and 50.000 technicians founded a few years ago. Most of resources, funds, technology, were involved in exchanges them, however, were administra• equipment and labour power and between departments or regions. tive organizations, and, behind a to promote co-operation in the new facade, they sfill exercised fields of scientific research, A group of trans-departmental strict administrative control over production, commodity circul• (including those in different the enterprises. As a result, the ation and market information. trades) and trans-regional decision-making power that economic associations involving should have been delegated to the Under the former economic enterprises under different forms enterprises as stipulated by the system, China's enterprises were of ownership have also emerged in state was withheld. managed by a relationship of various places. These economic subordination, and were either associations were established The inability of some bureauc• controlled by the central economic under a contract or agreement on rats to decentralize authority departments, or by local govern• the principle of voluntary particip• stems from centuries-old feudal ments. Economic ties among ation and mutual benefit. They infiuences. In a speech made in enterprises usually were confined take diverse forms. The Dongfeng 1980, Deng Xiaoping gave a to the departments or regions to Integrated Corp., for example, detailed analysis of these remnants which they belonged. Trans- was established by a leading of feudalism. "There is excessive departmental and irans-regional factory — the Hubei No.2 State emphasis on regional and depart• economic links were impermi• Auto Works — in co-operaUon mental jurisdiction in the manage• ssible without the approval of with more than 100 other ment of economic work," he said. their superiors, because officials enterprises of the same line across "This has led to compartmentaliz- were afraid such ties would erode the country to produce five-ton ation and the tendency to profit at their authority. These restrictions trucks. The 56 enterprise groups in the expense of others. It has made it impossible for enterprises Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, sometimes created unnecessary to join hands freely to develop were set up by key factories difficulties between two socialist their respective strengths and capable of developing new high- enterprises or regions. offset their weaknesses. As a quality products. They embrace Last March, the State Council result, highly efficient specializ• more than 400 enterprises in made a specific policy-decision on ation and co-operafive production Changzhou and other parts of the the question of further promoting was underdeveloped. country. These associations imple• economic co-operation between The situation has changed in the ment a unified development plan, enterprises, prohibiting admini• past few years with progress in the work out a reasonable division of strative companies from withhold• reform of the economic structure. labour, co-operate with each ing the enterprises' decision• As a socialist commodity pro• other, pracfise separate economic making powers and from interfer• ducer and manager, an enterprise accounting and are linked by ing in the economic associations is vested with various decision• common interests. As a result of between enterprises, and provid• making powers, including the these measures, the more devel• ing legal guarantees against power to develop economic oped enterprises have made infringement on the legitimate associations. According to the further progress, the less devel• rights and interests of the State Economic Commission, oped ones have improved, while economic associations. Undoub• contracts on 350,000 economic the ailing ones have got to their tedly, this sdpulation will help and technological co-operative feet once again. overcome resistance to the projects were signed in 1985 The progress of the economic delegation of authority. It cannot, between enterprises, regions and associations, however, is hard- however, replace painstaking departments, an 11-fold increase won, as they have met with ideological work. •

4 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 27 Scientists Help Witli IVIodernization

s a consultant to the govern• experts to discuss China's situ• making consultation and tech• A ment in developing China's ation of energy resources and drew nological services, forming a science and technology, the up its report "Suggestions on the network that fosters widespread Chinese Association for Science Outlines of China's Energy social and economic efficiency. and Technology, one of the Policies." The document called Entrusted by the related depart• biggest non-governmental organi• attention to energy shortage in ments, the Shanghai Municipal zations in China, announced at its China and proposed a programme Association for Science and third national meeting held in that stressed energy development Technology organized a consult• Beijing from June 23 to 27 that it and conservation equally. The ation committee for the Baoshan intends to launch more activities suggestions were adopted by the Iron and Steel Company in to help with the country's government as important bases December 1979. The committee economic construction over the for policies on energy offered important suggestions and next five years. development. opinions on the construction of More than 2,000 representatives To meet the challenge of the the first phase of the project and from the 30 provinces, munici• technological revolution, the on using water from the palities and autonomous regions, Chinese Association for Science Changjiang (Yangtze) River, including Taiwan, and 138 and Technology, in co-operation which contributed to the Baoshan national academic societies and with other departments, organized project's smooth progress. associations attended the meeting. 72 national academic societies and Qian Xuesen, a well-known the science and technology The Chinese Association for scientist, was elected chairman of association of Liaoning Province Science and Technology has the association. Scientists Zhou to study the prospects of China's restored or built 86 institutions for Peiyuan, Yan Jici and Mao development. Their efforts resul• advanced studies over the past six Yisheng were made honourary ted in a 13-million-word collection years, and has trained 400,000 chairmen. entitled China in 2000. people. It also offers training classes and lectures on new Because of the urgent demand technologies for middle-level The Chinese Association for of many farmers for science and scientists and technicians, drawing Science and Technology has made technology since the rural 200,000 people each year. much progress since its second economic reform, the association national meeting in 1980. The has conducted extensive science The association has hosted number of national academic and technology popularization more than 700 bilateral or societies and associations has activities in rural areas. More than multilateral international grown from 93 in 1980 to the 41,000 rural science populariz• academic conferences, which have present 138, with a membership of ation societies and about 60,000 been attended by about 10,000 1.8 million. The membership of technological research societies foreign experts. In addition, it has local associations has reached 1.2 have been set up throughout the received about 20,000 overseas million, and 3.5 milHon people country. These societies have scholars, held more than 1,000 take part in rural science introduced the farmers to scient• symposiums and sent 1,000 popularization societies through• ific farming methods through scientists and technicians abroad out the country. signing technological contracts on fact-finding or lecturing tours. and providing technological ser• In the future the association will Over the past six years, local vices and training. Over the past offer policy-making consultation organizations under the Chinese six years, more than 13,000 on major areas of economic Association for Science and technical schools for farmers have construction. In the next five Technology have carried out been established in townships, and years, the association plans to help various exchange activities, en• about 80 million people have 10,000 medium-sized and small livening academic thought and received short-term training. enterprises in both urban and turning academic viewpoints into rural areas to make up for deficits policy-making ideas. From 1979 The science and technology and increase productivity through to 1982, the Chinese Society of associations and academic technological advancement. Energy Resources organized 500 societies at all levels offer, policy• To aid the State Science and

JULY 7. 19X6 Technology Commission in pro• mainly on thermal and hydro• European hosts during his recent moting the "spark plan," a electric power. But 70 percent of four-nation European trip. Hu programme to popularize scient• China's water resources are said the Soviet Chernobyl nuclear ific knowledge and modern concentrated in the southwest and power plant accident aroused technological achievements in the 60 percent of its coal deposits are strong reactions round the world. rural areas, the association will in the north and northwest. This "It is understandable for some also provide scientific and techn• uneven geographic distribution of people to be worried," Hu said. ological training and promote the coal reserves makes transport a application of technologies. The big problem in easing energy "My view on nuclear energy associafion also plans to conduct shortages in the coastal and focuses on two points: First, short-term training for more than southeast areas even if the coal nuclear energy is a modern 100 million middle school gradu• industry develops further, he technology that people should not ates in the countryside, providing added. blindly oppose. Second, it is a each with one or two new practical dangerous technology that people With the gradual depletion of skills. • must treat in a particularly careful such energy sources as coal and and prudent way," Hu said. petroleum, nuclear energy will China has formed an expert Nuclear Power: play a more and more important committee aimed at promoting role, he said. Experts agreed that Safety, Quality First safety in the country's nuclear the world oil reserves will not last power industry. The new commit• very long and nuclear energy hina will stick to the policy of tee is composed of 25 nuclear offers a better backup to coal and C putting safety and quality first experts. Leading nuclear engineer hydroelectric power than solar, in developing nuclear energy Jiang Shengjie has been appointed geothermal, methane or wind projects to make up for shortages chairman. The nuclear safety power, he said. in hydroelectric and thermal committee will act as a consulting power, according to Jiang Xinx- body to help the government in iong, minister of Nuclear "It is appropriate for the mapping out nuclear safety Industry. country to develop nuclear energy policies, regulations and stan• The purpose of the country's step by step in pace with the dards, in assessing and supervising "measured and appropriate" development of thermal and nuclear power stations and in development of nuclear energy at hydroelectric power projects," he conducting nuclear safety this stage, he said, was to absorb said. research. advanced world technology in the Members of the National China has so far drawn up five field rather than to supply People's Congress (NPC) Stand• safety regulations concerning electricity. ing Committee shared Jiang's nuclear energy, which will soon be He summed up the principles views on nuclear policy in their made public. Since its founding in guiding the construction and discussion. Member Xiong Fu 1984, the State Nuclear Safety development of China's nuclear said safety and quality should be Bureau has given priority to power stations in a report to the stressed in developing nuclear preparing safety legislation. It has 16th meeting of the Sixth National power. To avoid accidents, Xiong supervised the drafting of 70 People's Congress Standing said, great efforts should be made regulations and rules, including Committee. to introduce state-of-the-art tech• the atomic energy law, and The minister said the world's nology and managment expertise regulations covering radiation nuclear technology had developed and hire competent people. protection management, safety rapidly in recent years, particular• Member Yan "Yiquan described control of nuclear materials, ly in atomic combustion systems the development of nuclear power transport of radioative materials, and nuclear reactors. And China as a key strategy in China's research reactors and atomic wants to keep track of advanced modernization programme. accelerators. technology, he said. Efforts should be made to dispel A nuclear power stadon using He also said nuclear energy was the public's fear of nuclear power pressurized water reactors are a necessary supplement to the development, he said. Member being built at Dayawan, Guan• country's energy supply. "It could Mamutov Kurban said the gdong Province, and another at be used to solve energy shortages nuclear power industry is develop• Qinshan, Zhejiang Province. Both in coastal southeastern China ing and its growth can help update stations are up to their safety where industry is relatively China's science and technology. standards widely accepted in the advanced, thus paving the way for world, according to Chinese future development," he said. Chinese Party General Secre• specialists. China has completed He said China is rich in coal and tary Hu Yaobang also outlined more than 10 nuclear reactors, water resources, so it can still rely China's nuclear'policy to his West which are all operating safely. •

6 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 27 Younger People Put which some members said would, be a major boon to the nation's China & the World On Leading Posts economic reforms. If adopted, the law, the participants agreed, would help China on Korea's Nuclear^ ome 469,000 young and improve enterprise management Free Zone Statement. The middle-aged people were pro• S and performance and eliminate moted to leading posts of Party Korea government's June unprofitable businesses. In so and government organs, or major 23rd statement proposing doing, it would also put an end to state-owned enterprises at or the establishment of a the practice of enterprises "eating above the county level between nuclear-free peace zone on from the state's big pot," the 1982 and 1985, according to the the Korean Peninsula is "in participants at the meeting said. June 29 Renmin Rihao (People's the fundamental interest of They also agreed the law now Daily). the whole Korean people," a requires further examination and Foreign Ministry spokes• During the same period, nearly experimentation at the local level man said recently. "We have 1.27 million senior officials, who before being enacted nationwide. always maintained that the joined revolutionary work bgfore During the initial examination United States should with• the founding of New China in of the law, which was submitted by draw its troops and its 1949, retired from active service, the State Council to the meeting, military equipment includ• the paper said. This is a result of NPC Standing Committee Mem• ing nuclear weapons from the move to reform the country's ber Aisin-Gioro Pujie said a South Korea," the spokes• cadre system so the younger and bankruptcy law is necessary for man added. better educated officials will carry reform and opening to the outside on China's revolutionary cause. world. Member Chen Heqiao said These efforts have brought down China, Soviet Union Sign a bankruptcy law would ensure the average age of provincial Scientific Co-operation that enterprises became truely leaders from 62 to 53, that of Pacts. On June 26 the responsible for their own gains prefectural leaders from 56 to 49, Chinese Academy of and losses. He also said that as an and that of county level leaders Sciences and the Soviet economic means in enterprise from 49 to 44. Academy of Sciences in management, the law would help The promotion of younger Beijing s igned an agreement improve returns and product on scientific co-operation cadres has improved the educ• quality. ational level of cadres. Now, 62 and an implementation percent of provincial leaders are program for scientific co• college graduates, as are 55 operation between 1987 and Xue Yan, vice-chairman of the percent of prefectural leaders and 1988. Guangdong Provincial People's 54 percent of county leaders. Congress Standing Committee, France and China Discuss "Most of those promoted have said, "Competition is necessary Nuclear Waste Disposal. A shown that they are well qualified for developing production. It is an seminar on the supervision for their new positions. Many objective law that successful and disposal of radioactive have done remarkably well," the enterprises stay and losing ones be waste, jointly sponsored by paper said. eliminated. The current policy of the F'rench Atomic Energy Since the restructuring of closing or merging losing enter• Conniiission and the government institutions started in prises or turning them to other Chinese Ministry of Nuclear late 1982, two major reshuffles lines of production is only a Industry, closed in Beijing have been conducted in the temporary administrative mea• on June 27. During the leading bodies from the central sure until better ways are found," three-day meeting, more organs down to county level. Xue said, however, the temporary than 30 representatives from measure does have drawbacks. 11 French companies out• "For in'Stance," he said, "some lined France's methods, poorly managed enterprises go on Bankruptcy Law rules and policies relating to to apply for bank loans, thus the supervision, handling, Under Discussion increasing the financial burden of transport and disposal of the state." radioactive waste, and the articipants to the Sixth NPC At the meeting, other NPC dismantling of old nuclear PStanding Committee's 16th Standing Committee members facilities. Seventy Chinese meeting, which closed in Beijing said the bankruptcy law may have scientists attended the on June 25, conducted an initial its own problems. Standing seminar. examination of a bankruptcy law. Committee M.erpbers Yang Li-

JULY 7, 1986 7 EVENTS/TRENDS

gong, Gu Gengyu, Hu Keshi and bankruptcy law, it would be mittee meeting was in session, the Qian Min said because economic necessary first to solve the bankruptcy law drafting group, reform is complicated, it would be problems of enterprise autonomy, the Liaoning Provincial Academy difficult to implement the bank• the division of work between the of Social Sciences and the ruptcy law by itself. Its smooth government and enterprises, as Shenyang City People's Govern• implementation, they said, could well as of losses incurred because ment sponsored a symposium in only be guaranteed with the of poor management. They said it Shenyang to discuss the theoret• enaction of a series of related laws, is also necessary to establish a ical aspects of the law. All such as the state enterprise law, rational price system, and further participants at the symposium corporation law, collective enter• improve the systems of cadre spoke highly of Shenyang's prise law, rural enterprise law, appointment and removal, labour experiment in implementing the labour law and social insurance and personnel affairs, and distri• bankruptcy policy among its law. bution and taxation. collectively owned enterprises. Some other members expressed The participants agreed that the the opinion thai, to implement the While the NPC Standing Com• conditions are now ripe for

degree in physics from Purdue University in the United States and began his research into atomic physics. When China's nuclear weapons research institute was set up in 1958, Deng was appointed head of its theoretical department and disappeared from the public scene. He went to the construction site of a test field, where he laboured during the day and taught at night. Despite the difficulties involved, Deng and his colleagues plunged into research work that paid off eventually. Within six months, they finished the theoretical design plans for the atomic bomb. On October 16, 1964, China's first atomic bomb was successfully detonated.

WANG HUl Deng Jiaxian (centre^^itli iiis wife Xu Luxi and famous scientist Yang Zhenning. No sooner had Deng calmed down from the excitement over the 'Father of Bombs' to nafional attention for the first successful explosion of the atomic time, as '"the father of two bomb than he and his colleagues Back to Public bombs" — atomic and embarked on a new task. In hydrogen — who had been under September 1967, after another cover for 28 years because of the three years of work, Deng and his n mid-June, Chairman of the sensitive nature of his job. That team set off China's first hydrogen I Chinese Central Military explains why. although he directed bomb. 15 of the 32 nuclear tests China Commission Deng Xiaoping ap• Deng devised three directions performed in the past 2o years and pointed Deng Jiaxian deputy head for China's nuclear weapons conducted considerable research of the Scientific and Technological research according to his own into nuclear technology, few Committee under the Commission understanding of atomic theory. people had ever heard of him. of Science and Technology for His choices have proved prudent National Defence. Not long after 1949, Deng and have won China much time in The news brought Deng Jiaxian returned to China with a doctoral this field. •

8 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 27 enacting the law. First, the bankrupt enterprises discontinue enterprises have more decision• work is a progressive step suited to News in Brief making powers. Second, more the nation's development. flexible employment policies have Hu Baoyu, vice-chairman of the About 20 percent of been adopted. And third, the Shenyang City Federation of A* China's L046 billion majority of the people support Trade Unions, said bankruptcy is people now live in cities. At reform. a common economic phenomenon the end of 1985 about 211.87 in both socialist and capitalist million people were regis• Yuan Mu, deputy secretary- societies. The difference is that tered as residents of the general of the Central Financial under socialism every effort is country's 324 cities. The Affairs Leading Group, said the made to save ailing enterprises, figure does not include bankruptcy law would meet the and that even if some enterprises people living in suburban needs of the development of the do declare bankruptcy, the counties. The figures re• socialist commodity economy and workers' rights for employment leased by the Ministry of be an important part of the are protected by the state and law. Public Security on June 27 current economic reform. To let also show that the four cities with the largest populations are Shanghai. Beijing, Tian- jin and Shenyang. The provinces with the largest urban populations are Shan• dong, Liaoning, and Sichuan.

new plan to boost A China's foreign ex• change earnings by increas• ing coal exports over the next five years was recently announced at a national coal conference in Beijing. Ac• cording to the plan. China's coal exports would reach 10 million tons this year. From next year on. the export volume would be increased at an annual rate of 5 million tons. In order to accomplish the set task in the current five-year plan, the Ministry Malian President Visits China of Coal Industry plans to set up about 10 coal export alian President Moussa Traore and his party left China on bases. M June 26 for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea after completing his week-long official visit to China. Traore arrived in Beijing on June 19, where he met Chinese Leader Deng Xiaoping and held talks with Premier Zhao Ziyang. The Malian president nternational Knowledge who came to China in 1973 and 1981 also visited Lanzhou, I Contest, a large-scale Yangzhou and Nanjing. An agreement on the interest-free loans mass activity for Intern• provided by the Chinese government to the Malian government ational Peace Year, spon• and a protocol on co-operation between the two governments on sored jointly by CCTV and the management of Mali's Sekou Textile Mill were signed before the China Peace Publishing Traore left the country. House will be held nation• wide from August to December.

JULY 7. 1986 9 NATIONAL

president Zarkovic, the current YUGOSLAVIA economic crisis was triggered by increased investment, uncon• Self-Management Aids Economy trolled borrowing from abroad and the inappropriate use of Yugoslavia has reaffirmed its determination to overcome borrowed funds. its current economic difficulties by pursuing socialist self- In order to surmount the management. current economic difficulties, Yugoslavian leaders called for expanding exports, especially in free exchange regions. The rate of he four-day 13th Congress of growth stagnated and then production must also increase in Tthe League of Communists of declined. Its foreign debts also order to bring in more foreign Yugoslavia (LCY) ended on June skyrocketed and inflation hovered exchange to pay off foreign debts, 28 after delegates decided upon at high levels. one of the most difficult and remedies for the country's current Side by side with the decen• urgent problems threatening the economic difficulties — perfecting tralization of federal authority to country, they said. the socialist self-managment sy• individual republics, regionalism stem and developing the national grew, and the unified market More efforts will also be economy by relying on the unity of began to break down. The federal devoted to improving the agricul• the Party and the people. government's control of the tural sector, which is potentially strong. Improved agriculture Delegates to the Congress also national economy also weakened. In addition, the diffculties were would help stabilize domestic announced that the country will markets, lower inflation, improve replace its extensive management compounded by shortcomings in economic planning, such as over• living standards and balance style with intensive management Yugoslavia's international pay• and abolish "decentralized stat- investment and consumption that outpaced production. ments. Improved farming would ism." Bureaucracy and the closed- also help overall production. doorism in economy must also be Yugoslavian leaders attributed The Congress concluded that done away with, they said. the proportionate dislocaton of Yugoslavia's industries will un• Out of the 165 Central the country's economic material dergo renovation. In order to Committee members chosen by structure to the lack of a social increase output, it said, extensive this congress, 127 are new, and planning system when the state's management must be given up and their average age is 46 years, centralized control was aban• modern co-operation should be making the members of the new doned. The lack of a self-managed adopted. Economic resources of Central Committee an average six system to collect funds was also a all sorts should also be tapped and years younger than their problem. product quality improved. • predecessors. According to former LCY by Van Li The new presidency of the Party Central Committee consists of 23 members. 14 of whom are newly SPAIN elected. Milanko Renovica was elected president, and his firede- cessor, Vidoje Zarkovic, remains a Socialists Retain Majority in Election member of the presidency. Socialist self-management Spain's governing Socialist Workers' Party retained its began to take shape in Yugoslavia absolute majority in the June 22 general election, in 1950 with marked success. assuring Prime Minister Felipe Gonzalez a second term The country's economy went from in office. "backwardness" to the rank of a mid-level developed nation, and it maintained a relatively fast eputy Prime Minister Alfonso required 176 to form a majority economic growth rate for a D Guerra told a press conference government. The figure is, how• European country. on June 22 that with 69 percent of ever, 16 seats fewer than the party Problems, however, did crop up the vote counted, the ruling party won in its 202-seat landslide under the new system, which has would obtain 44.81 percent of the victory in 1982. as yet to be improved. In the early vote and 186 seats in the 350-seat Guerra said the turnout among 1980s, Yugoslavia's industrial parliament, 10 seats above the Spain's 29.2 million eligible voters

10 BEIJING REVIEW. NO. 27 in the fourth general election since ance of international payments however, the Socialists' attempts the return to democracy a decade has reached US$3 billion. at solving unemployment have ago was 70.8 percent, down from Diplomatically, the Spanish been less successful, frustrating 80 percent in 1982. government has actively pursued some of the party's supporters. According to the partial friendly relations with West Instead of creating 800,000 jobs in returns, the second largest polit• European countries. After pains• its four years of office as it had ical force will be the Popular taking negotiations, the govern• promised, the government has sat Coalition Party with 25.94 percent ment finally succeeded in bringing helpless as the number of of the vote and 103 seats. Spain into the European ' unemployed increased by 800,000, Economic Community, while it bringing the nation's jobless figure With 9.07 percent of the vote, also settled the controversy of to 3 million, or 21 percent of the the Social and Democratic Centre Spain's NATO membership by labour force. Party will have 19 deputies. The holding a referendum, the result of Though unemployment leaves Convergence and Union Party, which was that the country should the Socialists with a flawed record, based in the Autonomous Region remain in the organization. It has many Western observers say the of Catalonia, will have 18 deputies also entered into negotiations with Socialist government of Felipe with 4.68 percent of the vote. And Britain on the sovereignty of Gonzalez will not only improve the United Left, eight deputies Gibraltar and engaged Washin• the nation's domestic situation, with 4.6 percent of the vote. The gton in negotiations on the but may also contribute to the other seats will be taken by reduction of the US military unity of Western Europe. regional parties from the Basque buildup and bases in Spain. • region, Aragon and Galacia. Despite these achievements. by Xin Zong According to Spanish law, the election should have been held this October. The government, how• ASEAN ever, thought the current healthy state of the nation's economy Viet Nam Urged to Accept CGDK Proposal would help the ruling party win the election. Trying to capitalize on the present stable political ASEAN foreign ministers reiterated their support for the situation and improving economy, eight-point proposal put forth by the Coalition the ruling Socialist Workers' Party, therefore, dissolved parlia• Government of Democratic Kampuchea for a political ment and called an election four settlement to the Kampuchean problem. months ahead of schedule. The 1982 election was also held in advance but then it was because of social upheaval and an ailing t the close of their 19th question of Kampuchea's economy. The results of the 1982 meeting, which was held in sovereignty. They also condemned election brought the Socialist A Manila on June 23-24, the foreign Viet Nam for refusing to accept Workers' Party to power. Since ministers of the Association of the proposal. then, the government of Felipe Southeast Asian Nations Gonzalez has adopted a series of The ASEAN, formed in 1967, (ASEAN) issued a joint communi• austerity measures and instituted consists of Brunei, Indonesia, que expressing their support for some financial reforms that have Malaysia, the Philippines, Sin• the eight-point proposal of the encouraged steady economic gapore and Thailand. Coalition Government of Democ• growth in Spain. Philippine President Corazon ratic Kampuchea for the political Aquino in her opening address The infiation rate went down settlement of the Kampuchean said, "The continuing occupation from 14 percent in 1982 to 8 issue. Their communique was also of Kampuchea and irresolution of percent in 1985. Spain's gross supported by five ASEAN the issue threaten the balance of domestic product increased more partners — the United States, power in our region, cast a dark than 2 percent oves the same Japan, Australia, New Zealand shadow on the world's perception period and is expected to reach 3 and the European Economic of its stability, and constrain the percent in 1986. The nation's trade Community (EEC). The ministers progress that could realize the full deficit has also dropped to US$4 called the proposal reasonable, potential of the region."' billion in 1985, while its foreign flexible and comprehensive and Salvador Laurel, Philippine exchange reserves have grown. In said it could serve as a constructive vice-president and foreign mini• addition, Spain's favourable bal- framework for a solution to the ster said, "Our collective efforts in

JULY 7, 1986 II ERNATIONAL

rallying more countries in support chea step by step and said the In response to the demands of of the United Nations resolution phased troop withdrawal pro• ASEAN, the dialogue partners on Kampuchea have continued to posed by Viet Nam was not a expressed their willingness to fight pay off." He called for per• worthy plan. Ihey said they protectionism and to help find severance in enlisting more regretted Viet Nam's intransig• markets for ASEAN products. support for ASEAN's resolution ence of the issue, but retained hope The dialogue partners, how• on Kampuchea. "Insistent intern• for settlement. ever, differed in their approaches. ational condemnation of armed ASEAN's five partners US Secretary of State George Vietnamese intervention in Kam• shared ASEAN's view on the Shultz assured ASEAN that the puchea can only serve to hasten eight-point proposal offered by Reagan administrafion will cont• the resolution of the conflict and the coalition government of inue to fight protecfionism. But he restore peace and stability to our Democratic Kampuchea. They demanded in return that ASEAN part of the world." joined ASEAN in reiterating the do likewise, and "demonstrate an call for withdrawing the Viet• equal commitment to more open Malaysian Foreign Minister namese troops and subsequently trade." Tengku Ahmad Rithauddeen allowing the Kampucheans to Japan promised new forms of said, "The ASEAN is earnest in its solve their problems themselves. aid. But its Foreign Minister efforts to find a political solution The ASEAN foreign ministers Shintaro Abe did not directly to the Kampuchean problem and urged the complete withdrawal of address the issue of protectionism, has taken several initiatives." Soviet troops from Afghanistan nor did he menfion any openings However, he said, no substantial and called for an end to the arms on the Japanese market for progress has been achieved race between the two super• ASEAN products. because of Hanoi's unwillingness powers. They also condemned the The EEC, while admitting that to negotiate a political solution to Pretoria regime for its racist protectionism is a worldwide the Kampuchean problem. In• policies and practices. In addition, problem, said it did not engage in donesian Foreign Minister Moch- they called for closer regional co• protectionism. EEC representa• tar Kusumaatmadja said the operation in the economic fields, tive Claude Cheysson said the Kampuchean problem continued citing falling commodity prices EEC remains the third largest to be "the principal source of and trade protectionism in the market for ASEAN exports. He tension and instability and a major developed countries that they said also proposed setting up ASEAN- obstacle to our larger objective of no longer favour separate growth EEC joint ventures. ensuring a future of peace, genuine of individual ASEAN economies. by Chang Qing independence and prosperity in Southeast Asia." Prince Moh- amed Bokiah, Brunei's foreign minister, said, "We should strive US-CANADA : and gather our collective strength and ability together to ensure the attainment of the larger Trade War Mounts In North America objective — making Southeast Asia a region of peace, freedom, Two i\orth American neighbours, the United States and progress and prosperity." Papua Canada — each the other's leading trade partner — have New Guinean Foreign Minister set off a trade war and are brandishing tariffs at the Leguvagi, who attended the meeting as an observer, agreed border. that the proposal should be used to bring peace to Kampuchea. "But the initiative can only he United States and Canada brin« Canada a loss of more than succeed if Vietnamese troops Theld their free trade talks in C$15 million (more than US$10 withdraw," he stressed. Thai Washington on June 17. The million) and leave 4.000 workers Deputy foreign Minister Arun recent eruption of a moderate out of jobs. Panupong said ASEAN calls on trade war between the two These protectionist moves on Viet Nam to negotiate a settlement countries, however, may upset all the part of the United States have with the Kampuchean people. He progress made during their angered both the Canadian said no country could defy the discussions. government and its people. Prime collective will of the international On May 22. the United States Minister Brian Mulroney charged community for long. The con• announced that it would reimpose that the imposition of US tariffs ferees asked Viet Nam to a 35 percent tariff on Canada's was "appalling and unaccept• withdraw its troops from Kampu• cedar products, a move that would able." He asked the Reagan

12 BEIJING REVIEW. NO. 27 administration to annul its Vice-President George Bush paid decision or compensate for the a four-day visit to Canada in order International Studies losses suffered by Canada's to help ease tension. Though it did (Formerly known as Journal of lumber industry. retaliate against the United States, Inlernational Studies) US rejection of this demand led Canada is now concerned that the to Canada's announcement on intensified trade war might harm — A Quarterly in Chine.se — June 2 of measures to reimpose the interests of both countries — and increase tariffs on imported Canada in particular. Contents of Issue No. 3, 1986 US products such as books, Canada is worried that its computer parts, Christmas trees, penalty duties on US products A Concise Analysis of War and oatmeal and materials for produc• might lead to further retaliation Peace in the World Today ing asphalt. The measures took from the United States, for the — Li Dai, Zhou Yang effect on June 6, the same day US country's exports rely heavily on US-Soviet Relations Since the tariff hikes on Canadian cedar US markets. Last year, Canada Geneva Summit — Ye Ruan products were to go into effect. registered a C$20 biUion (US$13 Relations Between Japan and billion) surplus in its trade with the the Soviet Union: Changes It is estimated that as a result of United States. Canada, of course, and Continuity — Ge Canada's retaliation, the country wants to maintain this status quo, Gengfu will bring in nearly C$80 million if not increase the swelling stock. Disarmament, Security and (US$50 million) annually, an Moreover, Canada's moves Development — Pei amount that more than offsets its have met with opposition from Monong losses on cedar exports. companies and enterprises at Democratic Kampuchea's The United States and Canada home. Publishers have expressed Eight-Point Proposal and the are each other's leading trade concern over the price hike for Current Situation in Kam• partners. Bilateral trade between imported books after the impo• puchea— Jiang Yaochuan the two countries exceeded C$160 sition of tariffs. US books and Causes Underlying the Change billion (more than US$ 115 billion) publications account for 90 of Regime in the Philip• in 1985. The United States sells percent of Canada's book im• pines and Its Repercus• more products to Canada than to ports, valued at more than C$336 sions—Zhou Rong the member states of the European milHon (US$224 million). A Preliminary Analysis of Economic Community (EEC), Mulroney's measures also have Mitterrand's Foreign Policy and its exports to Canada are jarred the lumber industry, which — Feng Jianwu twice as much as those to Japan. fears its softwood exports might The Sharp Decline of the Oil Canadian exports to its North become the next target of US Price: Its Cause, Impact and American neighbour account for retaliation. Last year, Canada's Prospects — Zhou Xingbao 75 percent of its total and softwood exports to the United US Economic Situation and constitute more than one-fifth of States stood at C$3.5 billion the Reagan Administration's its gross national product. (US$2.3 billion). Economic Policy — Yang Jiefa However, the looming US trade Since Prime Minister Mulroney The Development of Interna• deficit with Canada, second only last year accepted President tional Law in the 40 Years to that with Japan, has evoked Reagan's proposal to hold trade Since the Founding of UN protectionist outcries in the talks between the two countries, a — Zhang Hongzeng United States. Among the 300 bills heated debate on the necessity of currently before the US Congress such talks has swept throughout Book Review calhng on the administration to Canada. Some western Canadian A Book Worth Reading: curb imports, many are for the provinces voiced their support for Comment on Asssumptions reduction of imports from the negotiations because they and Perceptions in Disarma• Canada, such as iron and steel, produce the natural resources ment— Song Yimin copper, sugar, asbestos, fish and exports, while eastern provinces China's Foreign Relations: A wood products. like Ontario and Quebec, which Chronicle The situation went from bad to are not in a position to compete Published by World Affairs worse as the US International with US giant companies, have (Shijie Zhishi) Publishing Trade Commission voted on June more reservations. House. 2 to allow penalty duties of almost Mulroney held that through Subscription from China Inter• 41 percent on Canada's steel trade negotiations with the United national Book Trading Cor• products used in oil and gas wells, States, Canada's economy would poration (Guoji Shudian) the exports of which were valued become stable and more competi• Annual rate: RMB 3.20 (at at about US$90 million last year. tive on the world market. • RMB 0.80 per copy) plus After the trade war began, US by Zhang Yuanting postage.

JULY 7, 1986 Criticism: Key to Fiourisiiing Culture

"Beijing Review" correspondent Wei Liming interviewed Author Wang IVIeng who was recently appointed minister of culture and asked him about his plans for cultural development during his term and about the implementation of the policy "Let a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend." The following are the main points of her report.

by Our Correspondent Wei Liming

he appointment of an author as He said cultural development expects, he said, is that the reforms Tminister of culture is enough to cannot do without the expansion will proceed in a prudent way attract curiosity about the man of the country's other underta• under economic and political himself. But when I met Wang kings, economic construction and stability. Meng, 51, in his small office, I saw economic reforms in particular. nothing out of the ordinary: The "It is as simple as this," Wang new minister was simply dressed said, "if China's economy fails, and very straightforward. the people will suffer from hunger he role of individuals should not be underestimated. China's New Minister of Culture Wang IVIeng. XU XIANGJUN culture can make progress only after we have trained a contingent of top-notch people and given full scope to their talents.

Wang said the development of cultural undertakings requires talented people. "The roles of individuals should not be under• estimated." he said. "China's culture can make progress only after we have trained a contingent of top-notch people and given full scope to their talents." Wang, who was a fan of traditional operas, said, "When we talk about Beijing opera we often mention Mei Lanfang, Shang Xiaoyun, Cheng Yanqiu and Xun Huisheng — the four famous male artists who played female characters. These four Talking about China's cultural as they did before, and developing represent the best of Beijing opera. development, Wang said that culture will be out of the So far, no one has surpassed although there arc numerous question." Only under a stable them." problems to be tackled, consis• political situation and a developed "That is just the way it is. Even tency of the cultural principles and economy is it possible to secure a if you put 100, or even 1,000 policies is the key to developing long-term steady advance of people on the stage or asked all of China's culture. culture, Wang said. 3Vhat he China's 1 billion people to sing the

14 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 27 NEW MINISTER TALKS SHOP

'model operas,' you would still "I hope 1 can always be a true art and inject new life into them. find it hard to beat Mei Lanfang." colleague and friend of the artists, The opposing argument, however, Wang said taking care of, and I wish to enjoy and keep their contends that modern art from graining and properly using trust through my day-to-day abroad, particularly the art of the talented people is fundamental to work." modernist school, contains many the development of culture and negative and decadent elements. art. "Particularly art," he said. "Many people said I would Instead of being imported, the never be a writer once I became a decadent trash, they say, should be "I Am Still a Writer." When asked minister. I will prove them wrong boycotted. whether being a government with my works. Though it will be minister conflicts with his literary hard, I'm confident I can make it." creativity, Wang said confidently: Wang concluded his remarks "I am still a writer. 1 don't think with a Chinese proverb and my creative activities will ever repeated it in English: "Where A. he cultural there's a will, there's a way." conflict with my work." establishments in China However, he admitted, a minister's workload is very heavy Debates in the Literary Arena. A are far from enough to and, having devoted himself to famous writer himself, Wang is meet the growing needs of creative writing for so long he has familiar with the current ten• the people; they also fall had to learn many things from dencies and debates in China's scratch. Acquiring such know• literary and artistic circles, and he far behind those ledge, he said, will take a lot of reeled off four fields of debate he in developed countries. time and energy. "Still, I will thought to be the most prominent. manage to publish new works," The first is centred around the Wang said. "subjective role" in literary Since February of this year, creation. Some people have The fourth is about tracing the Wang has completed five short criticized Chinese literary writings roots of Chinese culture, Wang stories. On the night before our and theories as a whole for the lack said. Its proponents hold that interview, he had finished the fifth of understanding of the "subjec• China's national culture has deep, story in his series Newcomers From tive roles" of people and of writers ancient roots that can be traced to the Mainland, which depicts the and artists. Others, however, the nation's ancient literature and lives of a group of Chinese believe the criticism runs counter art and to the Chinese people's mainlanders who have emigrated to the Marxist theory of reflection. traditions. These people argue to the United States in recent The second, he said, is around that in order to open Chinese years. The first story of the series the "new methods" of literary literature to the world literary has already been published. criticism. Some people have pro• arena, Chinese writers must shore posed that while studying litera• up their works with the strength of ture and art, some theories of the nation's ancient genres. Op• natural sciences, such as inform• ponents to the idea, however, ation theory, systems analysis and maintain that such a practice is cybernetics, be introduced and likely to lead people into J. hope I will always be a that only by breaking through the something primitive, remote, wild true colleague and friend of limit of the so-called "sociolog• and even barbaric. Moreover, an ical" method can literary criticism overemphasis on the past may the artists, and I wish to produce new results. Their dampen writers' and artists' gain and hold fast to their opponents, hpwever, think mech• enthusiasm for modernization. trust through my day-to• anically applying the three These are the major debates in theories to the research of i\]t literary circle, Wang said. The day work. literature and art is characteristic debates of the entire cultural of dogma divorced not only from world, however, are numerous. literary and artistic practice but For instance, Wang said, there has also from the Marxist view on art. been much controversy about Wang said being a minister, he Wang said the third concerns traditional opera. Some have was able to foster wide contacts "modern consciousness." Some predicted that China's traditional with the literary world, which people have said Chinese writers operas would eventually become a would help him maintain his and artists should seek "modern sort of literature for study, but not friendship with other writers and consciousness" in modern theories for the stage, and that the best artists and share their common and art from abroad so as to thing to do now is videotape the language. invigorate China's literature and good operas in order to

JULY 7. 19S6 15 I'd like to see people making sensible literary criticism while writers and artists take an equally sensible attitude towards it. Foreigners.too, ought to be sensible when reporting on Chinese literary criticism. People should not be so hypersensitive.

preserve them. This view, how• problems have arisen, problems including.libraries and museums, ever, has been strongly opposed by that are typical of the new period are far from enough to meet the many who think China's tra• of historical development. growing demands of the people ditional operas have their own Because many theatrical perfor• despite their expansions. And, our distinctive artistic appeal. Rich, mances have found their way into facilities, Wang added, also lag far colourful and highly artistic, families in China through TV sets, behind those in developed operas occupy a special and firm the lesser quality performances in countries. place in world culture, they say. theatres have failed to draw large Because of this, Chinese operas audiences. "Of course," Wang will never perish, but will develop said, "a good play or performance unabated. Wang said that classical will still pack the theatre." "I love the 'double-hundred' and popular music is also a topic policy." This year, China has for heated debates in China today. marked the 30th anniversary of Two months before Wang took the implementation of the. policy office as minister of culture, I had of "letting a hundred flowers interviewed him on the policy of blossom and a hundred schools of "letting a hundred flowers blos• JS^y fate hinges on the thought contend" set forth by som and a hundred schools of "double-hundred" policy. Mao Zedong in order to expedite thought contend" as well as the progress of China's arts and Only when the policy is sciences. As a budding writer in literary criticism. He answered my implemented to the letter questions very frankly. the 1950s, Wang has also can I have my own artistic experienced ups and downs in his writing career. When speaking of A Golden but Difficult Time. Our life and create and study Mao's policy, Wang said feelingly, conversation started when I asked new works. "I love the 'double-hundred' Minister Wang how he would policy very much." describe the situation in China's current cultural development. '''It Wang said the policy could is New China's golden time; it is Wang said stage plays and arouse the enthusiasm of the also a time filled with difficulties," traditional operas are in an uphill writers and artists and give them Wang answered without a second competition against dazzling and the leeway to display their thought. fast-paced foreign dramas. Com• individual artistic character. "It is a policy that guarantees democ• Wang said China's cultural mon operas that are slow in plot racy in the literary and art fields," growth and activities are thriving development and minute descrip• he said. as never before, with literature, tions are drawing even smaller art, traditional operas, films, audiences. This has been parti• Wang recalled when the acrobafics, music, archaeology cularly evident when a Peking "double-hundred" policy was and publication gaining fresh opera is staged in a big city. Wang instituted in 1956, good results vitality. Even libraries are at a said, however, that the situation is were achieved, and new works and peak which has not been reached somewhat better with the local artistic research flourished. One of since liberation, he said, adding operas since they are deeply loved those achievements was the that never before in his life had he by the farmers. Helping the operas creation of two Qu operas, Yang seen libraries thriving as they are attract more young people, Wang Nahvii and Xiaohaicai and Fate in today, so teeming with people, said, is one of the major problems Tears and Laughter. The former is both old and young. he is now faced with. an unjust case that took place "That is why I said Chinese during the Qing Dynasty (1644- Wang said all this is evidence cultural repertoire is both devel• 1911), and the latter depicts the life that with the realization of social oping and also confronted with of citizens in the early years of the stability and economic growth, many problems and with great Republic of China (1912-49). people have become more de• difficulties," he said. "Inspired by the 'double- manding for a better cultural life. In addition, Wang said, the hundred' policy. I wrote Young At the same time, many new existing cultural establishements, New Members of the Organization

BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 27 NEW MINISTER TALKS SHOP

Department [which describes how the young people fight bureau• cracy]," Wang said. "The 'double- hundred' policy created a more open and relaxed atmosphere for writers and artists and encouraged people to express their criticism. However, before long, I was sent to political hell and had to stop writing for almost 20 years," he said. "The 'double-hundred" policy was actually abandoned during the 'cultural revolution."" The Third Plenary Session of the 11th Party Central Committee held at the end of 1978 put an end to the "leftist"" policy and reinstituted and enriched the "double-hundred" policy in litera• ture and art. Wang said it was only then that he regained his right to Wang Meng (second right) receiving a People's Literature Award. YAO JIANGUO write. In the short span of seven years from 1979 to 1986, Wang said, he churned out a number of "However, criticism should be expelled from the Party. From novels and essays, which total based on reason and equality and then on, I was unable to write for more than 2.5 million Chinese free from administrative pressure; 20 years." characters. it should be made in the manner of "Writers do not welcome conducting a discussion," he said. criticism of this kind, that's for Wang said no literary or art sure," said Wang with a smile. work, be it Chinese or foreign, "Oppressive criticism should not riticism should modern or ancient, is immune be meted out to the writers unless be based on reason and from criticism. When the works of they have violated the law." Balzac and Cao Xueqin were Wang said an indication of the equality and free from studied, he said, their faults were correct implementation of the administrative pressure. It also pointed out. Cao died "double-hundred" policy is that should be made in the hundreds of years ago, but the literary and art criticism is normal, famous Chinese writer is still sound and democratic. manner of conducting a criticized. "Who can escape being Due to the long period of discussion. criticized?" Wang asked. unhealthy criticism in the past, Wang said in 1982 when he was Wang said, some writers and in the United States, he visited artists have become gun shy and "For me, my fate hinges on the playwright Arthur Miller. When too sensitive to even the slightest 'double-hundred" policy,"' he said. asked about the fate of his new criticism. Wang said such "Only when the policy is drama. Miller said that depended behaviour, which is entirely implemented to the letter can I on newspaper reviews. unnecessary, is another problem lead my artistic life and create and Even famous writers like Miller confronting China today. study new works." wait anxiously for criticism, and Foreigners also seem to be too such anxiousness is normal, Wang sensitive to literary and art "One should not be oversensitive said. criticism in China. Whenever there to iiterary and art criticism." However, Wang pointed out, is such criticism, they feel Literary and art criticism has criticism did at one point get off something auguring ill might take always been a matter of sensitivity track in China. He said his novel. place in China, Wang said. in China. With the implement• Young New Members of the ation of the "double-hundred" Organization Department pub• An example of this, he said, is policy, Wang said, criticism is lished in 1956, drew a variety of Zhang Xianliang's latest book inevitable and normal. "If nobody criticism the following year. "At entitled Half a Man Is a Woman, pays attention to their art, writers first, I was happy about this which has been making a splash in and artists will suffer the most criticism,"" he said. "However, China because it is the first painful of sorrows," Wang said. later I was labelled a rightist and Chinese work to discuss the

JULY 7. 1986 17 suppressed sexual desires of a years on charges of being a man. During Zhang's recent visit rightist). Zhang rejected the offers, to the United States, Beijing Rihao and upon his return to China, he (Beijing Daily) carried a reader's found that nothing happened to letter criticizing the book. The his disadvantage. Instead, he was letter, which ran only 500 Chinese met by his wife at a luxury hotel in characters, was featured promi• Guangzhou and accorded a warm nently by some foreign news welcome by leaders of the cultural agencies and in overseas Chinese department in Ningxia when he newspapers and Taiwan papers, returned to his work unit there. people even dissuaded Zhang, Wang Meng said he thought it then in the United States, from was natural that foreigners might returning home to avoid being YAO JIANGUO react that way, because there have sent to the labour camp again. been times in China when artists Wang Meng greeting Lei Jieqiong, vice- (Zhang was sent to do forced were persecuted and their families president of tlie Chinese People's labour in the Nigxia Hui were even torn apart. The Political Consultative Conference. Autonomous Region for many tribulations and suffering of noted

'Criticism Does Not Stop My Pen'

Some critics have haiied his novel for adding new dimensions to literature by dealing with a sensitive subject. Detractors, however, say the book will have a bad influence on future Chinese literature. Despite all the controversy, the author has emerged unscathed and remains confident about the "double hundred" policy.

by Our correspondent Jian Chuan

hen 49-year-old Chinese storm of criticism over Haifa Man Zhang's career, however, has Wuthor Zhang Xianliang was Is a Woman, I visited him during not been easy. He has struggled visiting the United States last his stay in Beijing as a deputy to long and hard to achieve his November, his latest novel Haifa the Fourth Session of the Sixth current status. In the late 1950s, he Man Is a Woman came under National Committee of the fell victim to the "left" deviationist intense criticism at home. Because jChinese People's Political Consul• policies and was sent to a "re• criticism of literature and arts was tative Conference, which con• education-through-labour" farm something of a barometer of the cluded in mid-April. for many years. He said the political atmosphere in China, Zhang is thin, tall, sharp and experience left him with a some of Zhang's American friends outspoken. Neither his voice nor collection of insightful ideas on asked him to stay in the United his composure ever indicates he is the tragedy of the 1950s. One of States and avoid the possible in trouble. the stories inspired by his repercussions of being the author A prolific writer, he has, since experience in the labour farm was of a controversial book. Others 1979, written two novels, two Soul and Flesh, which gives an told Zhang he should apply for collections of novelettes, two account of the untold sufferings of "political asylum." Declining collections of short-stories, one an intellectual. their advice, however, Zhang collection of prose and three short Soul and Flesh recently won the returned to China and to the novels. His work has so far national best short-story award. debate his novel had inspired. totalled 1.4 million Chinese His another story. Long Zhong. In order to find out how Zhang characters. Five of his stories have won the literary prize of the and his career have weathered the been adapted into movies. influential literary monthly Dang

18 BEIJING REVIEW. NO. 27 NEW MINISTER TALKS SHOP

author Lao She and Beijing Opera Wang said he found an article appeared now and then on TV, artist Zhou Xinfang during the by author Xiao Qian very showing how she leisurely ob• "cultural revolution" still remain interesting. During the writer's served the lives of the people along fresh in people's memories. visit to Britain in 1984, a British the canal. sinologist asked him if Zhang Xinxin had been sent to a labour "Therefore," Wang said seri• camp (Zhang Xinxin is a young ously, "first, I'd like to see people oreigners seem to be too woman writer. For details please making sensible literary criticism; sensitive to criticism in see "WoiTien Writers Through second, I hope Chinese writers and China's literary and art Three Generations" in our issue artists will take an equally sensible No. 9, 1986). Though Xiao didn't attitude towards criticism; and world. Whenever there is know Zhang then, he still thought third, I hope foreign friends and such criticism, they say the answer must be no. Actually, foreign journalists will, too, something ominous might at that time, after finishing her become sensible when book, Beijing Citizens, Zhang was reporting on literary criticism in happen in China. going southward by bike along the China. People should not be so Grand Canal. On her way, she hypersensitive." •

love with and later marries. In trying to make their first night together, he finds he is impotent because of living so long under duress. Though he later recovers his potency with the help of his bosomy wife, he comes to regard theirs as a marriage based on sex and lacking in understanding. Because of this they get d/ •irced. In a country like Chin., wi\ere feudal ethics have prevailed for hundreds of years behind closed doors, any desc/iption of thoughts or activities related to sex has been off limits. Zbfmg's story Half a

Zhang Xianling: "Controversy does not stifle my writing." YANG XIAOBING Di 'ispute IS inevitable. What is Dai (Contemporary), while the great deal of debate which important here is to create movie Horseman adapted from continues today in China's literary Soul and Flesh was awarded a world. a relaxed environment in prize of honour at the Second which literary criticism is International Movie Festival held Half a Man Is a Woman, a serial confined to literature. in Manila in 1983 and a national to Mimosa, describes the life of a best feature film prize the same condemned intellectual on a "re• Under no circumstances year. education farm" when "leftist" should such criticism be policies dominated in China. On linked with the author's Recently, Zhang's stories The the "re-education farm, the Style of Man Mimosa and Half a intellectual meets a pretty but politics and morals. Man Is a Woman have triggered a troubled woman, whom he falls in

JULY 7, 1986 19 Man Is a Woman no doubt poses a serious challenge to this "for• bidden zone." Critics say the story has uncovered sexual hunger, repro• duced the suffocating and distort• ing effect "leftist" policies had on people and revealed the untold injury the "cultural revolution" inflicted on the souls of the Chinese people. Some contend that in Half a Man Is a Woman Zhang has given an insightful account of the social life of China's recent past through descriptions of sexual relations, and that the story shows China's literature has reached a new depth. They say his thoughtful account of sex has awakened people to modify their understanding of man's nature, dignity and value. Others, however, are discontent said the story was published so about the future of Chinese with his portrayal of sex, on the quickly and sold so well that no literature. grounds that his description of other "serious" story could match Zhang has views of his own sexual thoughts and sexual life is it. As a result, Wei said, she is about the story. When asked why too explicit. Author Wei Junyi nervous, perplexed and worried he wrote Haifa Man Is a Woman, Zhang said he wanted to unravel some of the twisted thoughts of that time. "The story has a serious subject. It is not just about sex. It is intended to describe pent-up Zhang Runs a Self-Advertisement human nature through a descrip• tion of sex and then the pent-up Author Zhang Xianliang accomplished a first in China Avhen he anxieties of people in a distorted recently published an advertisement in the Wenhui Reading Weekly, for society." his new collection, the Self-Selected Works of Zhang Xianliang, which A story, no matter who writes it, has been published by the Ningxia People's Publishing House. Parts of will be interpreted differently by people with different cultural his ad read as follows: backgrounds and experiences, This is the first time that an author has written, signed and Zhang said. Dispute is therefore published an ad for his own book. However, there is always a first time inevitable. "Almost half of my for everything. Some readers may be shocked by such audacity. But, works are controversial. Criticism please don't be alarmed. Why shouldn't we be honest about our strong is not something frightening. Only points and weaknesses? If we have created something of worth, why not in a good creative environment, in tell the world? which literary criticism is confined Since I published my first book, I have heard many complaints, to the literary field alone and much gossip and criticism. People have accused my books of being should not be involved with the vulgar and about people who "know only about their visceral needs." writer's political or moral attitude, My books, these critics say, can only have a negafive influence on he said, can criticism be really the young readers and writers alike. beneficial. The Self-Selected Works of Zhang Xianliang is a book about life. It In the 1950s when Zhang was a uses honesty to challenge hypocrisy created by repression. Though some teenager, the prevailing permissive rays of hypocrisy may be seen in my words years from now, that political climate provided him the hypocrisy would be honest, for I was writing according to the ideological latitude he needed to exert himself characteristics of the time, creating what I would call "honest as an aspiring author. In 1956. the hypocrisy." • Chinese Communist Party set forth the policy of "letting a hundred fiowers blossom and a

20 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 27 hundred schools of thought controversial stories. But con• tative Conference. In July 1984, I contend," a principle intended to troversy does not stifle my writing, was admitted to the Chinese promote the prosperity of culture my feelings, my social life, my Communist Party and later was and literature. Zhang said he was position — nothing." elected president of the Writers' excited by the policy and became Association of the Ningxia Hui all the more diligent, writing and Autonomous Region. In 1984 and writing until towards the end of 19851 was elected a member pf the that year he published his poem Presidium of the All-China Ode to the Wind. Unfortunately, Writers' Association at the Fourth however, this poem landed Zhang Hi istory will not National Congress of Literary in trouble and began his Workers." unexpected suffering. On Septem• repeat itself. In the past few years, I have written Our interview ended quickly ber 1, 1 957, the People's Daily, the because Zhang was returning to newspaper of the Chinese some controversial Ningxia that day. He said he was Communist Party, published a working on a novel about changes 1,000-character article, criticizing stories. But controversy does not stifle my writing, in rural families and ethics Ode to the Wind. Far from a brought about by the rural literary criticism, the People's my feelings, my social life, economic reform and the develop• Daily article picked several my position — nothing. ment of the rural commodity descriptive stanzas out of the economy. He said the book was to poem and stretched their meaning be a gift to the Ningxia Hui in the context of politics. In the Autonomous Region on its 30th article, Zhang was accused of anniversary in 1987. In his mind, personifying the wind in order to In fact, Zhang said, controversy he said, another plot is simmering, sling mud at socialism. It was a has fueled his work further. "In a follow-up to Mimosa and Haifa poem full of hostility, the article 1983, I was elected a member of Man Is a Woman. "I want to write concluded. the National Committee of the more," he said, "to make up for Chinese People's Political Consul• what I lost in the past," • It was because of this People's Daily article that Zhang was labelled a "bourgeois rightist" overnight. He was fired from his job, subjected to "re-education Beijing through labour," and lost his RevieW personal freedom and the right to cSiiSsnifie ''ITo write. lit "The 'double hundred' policy died a premature death in 1956 before it was implemented in its Know China Through a Chinese Source real sense," Zhang said. ^^^^^^^^^^ In 1979, after the Party started Subscription Rates I: rectifying "leftist" mistakes, Zhang was exonerated together I encU.»e m pajmcnt thciof with many others. Since 1980, Deng Xiaoping and Hu Qih, two of the top Chinese leaders, have ^^^^^^^^^^ reiterated on many occasions the importance of the "double hundred" policy and of the N» 7Hi,rd iN7S; 3S 5? tt freedom to write. Encouraged. Zhang picked up his pen once again with renewed rigour. "I am now full of confidence in the 'double hundred' policy, because it has been reinstituted in a new l|gl> historical period after the nation has learnt from the past. History Ploase mail this form loorther with yout payment, to your local dealer or oithsi of the lollowma will not repeat itself. In the past addresses • u^-i iiisipeiwif ^ i'«lng '.«iiic-i.iiiii ICjaj> SMieiii i>l> 8w 399 .Syjiiig O-c • Mim few years, I have written some

JULY 7. 1986 21 The CPC's Relations With Other Parties

Relations between the Communist Party of China (CPC) and Communist Parties of other nations began changing nearly 10 years ago. What caused these changes and how have the relationships between them evolved? What are the Inter-party policies and principles of the CPC? Why does the CPC have relations with non-Communist political parties? What are the goals of the CPC's foreign relations? The article seeks to answer these and other questions. by Lian Yan

ince its establishment in 1921, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, respective political arenas. They S the Communist Party of visited China. During the visit, also cherish relations with China China (CPC) has been developing both the Parties agreed to resume and seek exchanges of views with ties with Communist Parties dialogue. On the CPC's part, this the CPC on major issues such as throughout the world. During resumption meant the correction the maintenance of world peace, China's ci\il war and World War of a historical mistake and a safeguarding the rights and 11. the struggle waged by the CPC signillcant transformation in its interests of the third world and llio and the Chinese people won the direction and work. After estab• establishment of a new iiueiii- support of Communist Parties and lishing contact with Yugoslavia, ational economic order. Thc\o the people of various countries. At the Party sought renewed relations hope to promote mutual under• the same time, the CPC also with the Italian Communist Party standing and exchange expe• supported others in their struggles and a great many other parties. riences in party construction. Ihc against oppression. Since the Now, the CPC has set up extensive training of cadres, mass and founding of the People's Republic links with various foreign economic construction. Such ol' China m 1949. the CPC has Communist Parties. These links inter-party ties benefit state become China's ruling party and now also cover more concrete relations and friendship among has further expanded its relations issues and have a wider scope of peoples and contribute to the with other Communist Parties and business than before. maintenance of world peace ami nations. By the end of the 1950s. the promotion of a progrcsMvc Since 1978, the CPC has estab• the Party had consolidated world. lished party relations with other friendly ties with the majority of progressive and friendly political The CPC opened relations with the world's Communist Parties. In parties and organizations in the socialist parties, social democratic the early years of the 1960s. third world. After 1949, though parties and workers' parties in however, the communist move• various Chinese people's organiz• Europe and other regions in 1981. ment became divided, and the ations have maintained relations In the past, though Chinese CPC launched the "cultural with many foreign national- leaders and some people's revolution," which resulted in the liberation organizations and poli• organizations have had friendly suspension of relations with most tical parties, and have actively exchanges with the leaders of these other Parties. supported them in their struggles, political parties, there have been the CPC did not have party no party relations between them relations with them. Parties such and the CPC. All these political Improvement as those in the third world were parties, however, have consider• organized and have been develop• able influence on their nations" After the downfall of the gang ing in the course of struggles for workers as well as on the middle- of four, the CPC began to renew national independence. Most of class and petty-bourgeoisie. Many contact with its foreign counter• them now govern their countries, of them are in power take parts, many of which expressed have seats in the cabinet or are part in the government or con• their desire to restore relations recognized as lawful parties stitute the chief opposition with the CPC. In 1977, Marshal outside the government and have parties with both domestic and Tito, president of the Socialist grown to be important in their international influence. Now they

BFIJlNCi RFVIFW', NO. 27 INTER-PARTY RELATIONS

advocate improved relations parties in other countries on the By genuine party independence, tlTroughoul the world, an end to basis of Marxism and the the CPC means that each party is the arms race, North-South principles of independence, com• responsible for its own country dialogue and the development of plete equality, mutual respect and and people, not for any other the third world. Many of their non-interference in each other's foreign party or an international viewpoints on international affairs internal affairs." the Congress centre; that each party has the coincide with those of the CPC. announced. right to choose its own way in They are also friendly to China, revolution and construction on and are willing to set up and The CPC adheres to Marxism the basis of the fundamental develop co-operative relations and internationalism and to the principles of Marxism and its own beneficial to both sides. Many principles of independence and and its country's conditions, and countries established diplomatic autonomy for individual parties in does not copy the model of ties with China at a time when various countries. Independence another party or country; thai all these parties were in power. and autonomy work with, not parties should have the right to Though their ideologies are against, internationalism. The decide their own positions on different from the CPC's and do CPC and many other Communist world affairs, and should not serve not share similar stands on some Parties all hold that inter-Party the needs of a larger party or any international issues, the CPC has relations should develop indepen• country's foreign policy; that all sought mutual understanding and dently. This is a common desire in parties should run their own co-operation with them despite the modern international com• internal affairs and handle ideological differences. Practice munist movement, and also a relations with other parties by has shown that such relations are basic experience drawn from the themselves, and oppose any conducive to improving relations history of the international move• outside interference. between states and between ment. From the point of view of peoples as well as to the historical materialism, the success The CPC emphasises inde• maintenance of world peace. and failure of a party is not pendence of individual parties, determined by another party; but while upholding the* idea of So far. the CPC has set up by its own conditions and the mutual support and exchange of various types of relations with people who support and/or op• views on the basis of free will. It about 200 other Communist pose its line and policies. Even if it opposes a so-called "common Parties and progressive and makes a mistake, the only reliable strategy" and "co-ordinated ac• friendly political parties. With the way for the party can draw tion," which restrict the decision• aim of making more friends, the making powers of parties. It also CPC intends to establish links a lesson from the mistake and opposes interference with and with those political parties and correct it is by doing so itself control over other parlies and people who are willing to have through an autonomous and countries under the pretext of such contact with it. independent process. This is not merely a theoretical problem; it is internationalism. mostly a practical problem. History has shown that when Inter-party relations should be Guideline party-to-party relations are based equal. Whether large or small, old on independence and autonomy, or new, in power or out of power, In the light of historical relations between them improve, all parties should be equal. The experience in the international which also benefits the revolution• historical experience of the communist movement and the ary cause. If such relations are not postwar international communist current situation, the 12th Na•observed, then friendship deterio• movement has shown that a tional Congress of the CPC rates and the revolution^y cause leading centre and a leading party reiterated in 1982 the policy of suffers. are not needed. Nor should there improving relations with other How is independence achieved? be any such centre. Any party, no Communist Parties. "The CPC Many parties have given detailed matter how old or how powerful, develops relations with Commu• and worthy ideas on the subject, is not entitled to place itself above nist Parties and working-class the CPC included. other parties. The CPC and many

The historical experience of the postwar world communist movement has shown that a leading centre and a leading party are not needed. No party is entitled to place itself above others.

JUL\ 7. [^m The four principles of independence, equality, mutual respect

and non-interference in each other's internal affairs apply to the CPC's relations with other Communist and progressive parties. other parties all strongly reject can only lead to setbacks or facts, and the principle of such paternalism. failures in the revolutions of the integrating fundamental Marxist The CPC also holds that all countries concerned. As for the principles with reality. The CPC Communist Parties, each with its practice of one party compelling considers Marxism its theoretical own strengths and weak• other parties to make their policies foundation. It holds that Marxism nesses, should respect and learn serve its own party and state is a guide to action, not a rigid from each other. With different policies, or even resorting to dogma. The fundamental prin• circumstances and experiences, all armed intervention in other ciples of Marxism are not only to parties cannot be expected to hold countries, it can only undermine be adhered to, but also to be identical views on the different the very foundation of the developed. It adheres to dialectical situations and tasks. It is natural international communist move• materialism and historical materi• that parties have divergent ment." By non-interference in alism, trying to analyze and solve opinion on some issues. This each other's internal affairs, the problems according to the Marxist should not, however, block the CPC means non-interference not stand, viewpoints and methods. development of relations between only in the affairs of any other However, Marxism is a develop• them. Their differences of party, but also in the internal ing science. The CPC should not opinions can only be gradually affairs of any other country by rely on those principles and resolved through friendly consult• taking advantage of a relationship conclusions that are outdated and ations and patience and by seeking with the country's party, or using not appropriate today. Nor common ground while reserving one party to harm another. Over should the CPC rigidly adhere to essential differences. It is wrong to the years, the CPC has been true principles that have not been well- impose one's view on others and to these ideas. developed or are applicable to seek artificial unanimity. The CPC has been a persistent only one particular situation. It Problems in party-to-party champion of sound party-to-party should integrate Marxism with relations left over from the past relations. But it has also made reality. Practice shows that not can only be resolved by the parties mistakes in handling its relations only some of Marxism's isolated involved through learning from with other parties. These mistakes conclusions are in need of changes their mistakes and looking have negatively affected certain but also its fundamental principles towards the future. It is thanks to parties. The CPC has, however, need constant testing, additions, this principle that the CPC has re• learnt from its mistakes, and it has enrichment and development. established friendly relations with been open about acknowledging This principle has been repeatedly many other Communist Parties. and correcting them. expounded by classic Marxist writers. In fact, Marxism has great The principle of non• The four principles of inde• vitality precisely because of its interference is an important pendence, equality, mutual re• flawless integration with historical experience of practical spect, and non-interference in practice — it has provided appro• significance. Without this, inde• each other's internal affairs can be aches for answering new questions pendence, equality, mutual re• applied not only to relations and solving new problems. Both spect and learning from each other between the CPC and other the success of the October would be out of the question. The Communist Parties, but also to the Revolution led by Lenin and the Central Committee of the CPC in CPC's relations with progressive victory of the Chinese revolution its report to the 12th National and friendly political parties. In led by Mao Zedong proved this. It Party Congress points out: recent years, the CPC, abiding by has also been proved by the "Communist Parties should of the four principles, has made revolutionary practices of other course help each other, but it is considerable progress in securing Communist Parties. absolutely impermissible for any such relations with other Commu• of them to issue orders or run nist and non-Communist Parties. Based on the above principles, things for others from the outside. the CPC advocates the constant Any attempt by one party to Realistic Principles exploration of the courses for its impose its views on other parties The CPC adheres to the revolution and construction while or interfere in their internal affairs principle of seeking truth from supporting other parties to do so

24 BEIJING REVIEW. NO 27 I INTER-PARTY RELATIONS

by themselves. For socialist integration of the two. Today, the on peace and arms reductions, and countries, the CPC advocates that Party's goals in its foreign it has put them to action. At the discussions on socilaist construc• relations are to serve China's same time, it has instituted its tion be conducted among the socialist modernization, to open policy, developed economic parties of their own choice, and safeguard world peace, promote ties round the world and that open criticism and censure friendship round the world and promoted the development of the should be avoided. Different further human progress. third world and the prosperity of parties and countries have differ• For China the central task for the world's economy. The CPC ent conditions and must take the new historical stage is to carry also seeks to ease world tensions, different roads to build their out the socialist modernization to strive for the complete countries. This should be accepted drive. The work of the party, prohibition and total destruction and respected. Socialism, because including its foreign relations, of nuclear weapons, to safeguard it is still evolving, should be must serve this goal. This is the world peace and advance the subjected to constant exploration. fundamental interest of the world's economy through devel• History has shown that open Chinese people. It is the primary oping its relations with various criticism of other parties' and and most important aspect of its Communist Parties and other countries' internal affairs is international commitments, progressive and friendly parties damaging. The CPC acknowled• because the CPC's greatest and through conducting constant ges the importance of studying the contribution to world peace, exchange of views over the issues explorations and experiences of international economic prosperity of peace, disarmament and other socialist countries. At the and human progress, is the development. same time, many out-of-office construction of a highly democra• The Communist Party of China Communist Parties facing great tic and culturally advanced is a part of the international changes in their nations' powerful socialist country. This communist movement. Its work to economies and class structures are would also be the CPC's greatest develop its foreign relations is pondering their problems and contribution to the working aimed at promoting the healthy trying to meet the changing classes and to the people of the development of the movement. It situation with new party pro• world. has always believed in revolution• grammes, organizations and ap• The CPC also opposes imperial• ary optimism. It holds that the proaches. These Communist ism, hegemonism, colonialism and world situation is in a flux and that Parties best understand their racism. It continues to support the it is inevitable that the develop• countries" needs and potential. third world's struggle for inde• ment of the movement will Their efforts should be tested in pendence and development, and fluctuate, have its ups and downs practice, assessed by the people the struggles of various peoples to and progress through upsets and and analysed by the parties safeguard their lawful rights and exploration. The signs indicating themseKcs. The CPC welcomes interests. This is also the CPC's the movement's development are and respects these Parties for their international commitment. By that more and more Communist contributions. It does not judge support, the Party means moral Parties are doing their own their affairs, however. Nor does it and political support, necessary thinking, and trying their best to draw conclusions for them. It also humanitarian aid included. It is, integrate basic Marxist theories notices that many progressive and however, against the "export of with the reality of their own friendly parties in the third world revolution." It is the business of countries in order to find the best are also seeking new ways to the people of a country to decide course of development. At the develop and are planning their what kind of a social system they same time, more Communist own strategies and policies for want. Parties advocate independence development in accordance with and oppose a leading centre and a their own situations. The CPC Today, achieving worldwide leading party. They are stressing may exchange views and expe• peace and development has the importance of independent riences on these matters, but become the two major problems new model for inter-party rel• would never impose its views and that confront mankind. The CPC ations on the basis of inde• experience on them. intends to contribute to the solution of these problems. It pendence and equality. Therefore, holds that the danger of a new the CPC is confident that no world war exists, but that the matter how many difficulties and International Activities forces of peace and the factors hardships may appear, with the checking war are growing steadily. concerted efforts of all Commu• The CPC is a party of Therefore, the prospects for nist Parties, the international patriotism and of international• lasting world peace are promising. communist movement will have a ism, and it advocates the The CPC has reiterated its stand bright future. •

JULY 7, 19X6 25 FROM THE CHINESE PRE

the one-child policy made big little Suns' Need True Help families impossible, people poured out all they could have love on the "ZHONGGUO RIBAO" peeled one for himself. Another only child. Feelings overcame 10-year-old boy refused to turn off (China Daily) rationality. the light in the kitchen, telling his When living standards in China mother that if she turned it on she rose above the poverty line, en years ago, the "cultural should turn it off as well. parents resolved never to let their Trevolution" (1966-76) had Furthermore, when some only children taste that "bitter sea." As thrown everything, including children were assigned extra• a result they gave the children family planning, into disorder, curricular duties at school, such as whatever they asked for, without and silenced the renowned cleaning the classroom, their realizing that the struggle to come economist and educator. Ma parents and even grandparents out of the "bitter sea" builds the Yinchu, who had warned in 1957 would come to the school to help strong will power badly needed by that an undue increase in the children or even do the job for the younger generation. population would adversely affect them. the amount of capital that could Another fairly common pheno• be accumulated, thus slowing In China, the big family was menon is: The more indulgent the down China's industrialization. men's dream by tradition. When parents were, the more they China's population, 500 million in 1949, multiplied without check during the "cultural revolution," reaching 800 million in 1976. The wild increase, which boosted the population size beyond the one-billion mark in early 1980. eventually refocused attention on Ma Yinchu's sugges• tion: Begin mass education on birth control and family planning. From then on, the one-child policy began to be seriously implemen• ted, with the aid of various rewards and penalties. Six years have passed. China's population has been kept at roughly one billion. The number of only children now is 32 million. However, while celebrating the success of the one-child policy and the steady population growth, the people, especially young parents, were surprised to find selfishness, laziness, dependence and ar• rogance in quite a few only children. There are few countries where children are loved the way they are in China. A survey showed that the majority of parents with one child devote three quarters of their spare time to clothing and feeding their "little suns," forgetting that obesity has become a major Promoting Tourism in the Cliangjiang Delta problem. Mothers, without com• plaint, wash, dress and even tie 1. Hefei (capital of Aniiui Province) 2. Nanjing (capital of Jiangsu Province) 3. Hang- zhou (capital of Zliejiang Province) 4. Shanghai 5. Yangzhou 6. Zhenjiang 7. Nantong shoe laces for their children for far 8. Changzhou 9. Wuxi 10. Suzhou 11. Wuxin 12. Jiaxing 13. Shaoxing 14. Ningbo too long. One 11-year-old boy 15. Wenzhou 16. IMt. IVIogan 17. IVIt. Jiuhua 18. IVIt. Huangshan 19. IVIt. Putuo didn't know what to do with a 20. iVIt. Yandang (north) 21. IVIt. Yandang (south) 22. Zhoushan Islands 23. Chang- hard-boiled egg; he had never jiang (Yangtze) River 24. Grand Canal 25. Lake Taihu

26 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 27 m expected of their children. Jing- concert level. 3. Encouraging diversified shan Prinaary School in Beijing Haste makes waste. The child's efforts. Because the large triangle surveyed the parents of one class. natural development in making has many famous cities and tourist More than 90 percent said they friends, competing and co• sites, its resources for tourism are expected their children to be operating with others and learning rich and varied. In order to build scholars, professors, archaeolo• were retarded. the whole region into one with gists, artists or to study abroad. The education of only children strong appeal to tourists, each city None of them saw his or her child has become a major concern. or scenic spot must be encouraged as an ordinary worker in the Incomplete statistics provided by to develop according to its unique future. As a result of such the All-China Women's Feder• landscapes, scenery, history, cus• expectations, some parents cram ation show that more than 20 toms and economic conditions. In "extra" education into their provinces, municipalities and addition to the Grand Canal tours children. A Guangming Daily autonomous regions have set up and the Lake Taihu tours, the report cited a 2-year-old girl who societies for family education and inter-city co-operation could also was forced to learn and recite long established 12,000 one-child par• include Changjiang (Yangtze) and difficult poems, and a 3-year- ents' schools to teach how to River tours and tours of the old boy who was being develop moral standards and good famous Buddhist monasteries in ••crammed" to playthe violin at behaviour in their offspring. • Hangzhou, Ningbo and Zhoushan Islands. After the improvement of transportation, tours ofTamous mountains should Promoting Tourism in Changjiang Delta also be offered. 4. Improving tourist facilities. Shanghai, a well-known industrial "JINGJI RIBAO" adopted to develop the regions hub, has been considered the (Economic Daily) into profitable tourist locations: museum of modern Chinese 1. An overall plan will be history. It is also the biggest drafted to break down the barriers buying market in China and one of between different areas and to co• China's major ports for import ith rich natural resources, a ordinate efforts, that is, to and export. Shanghai is also the W.ivcly economy and a well strengthen horizontal contacts in largest city in this region and developed infrastructure, Shang• the development of tourism. For should devote much attention to hai. Suzhou and Hangzhou and instance, the inter-city tourist improving its tourist facilities. the areas surrounding them have corporation wilt organize five- and This does not mean, however, that the most abundant tourist re• seven-day Grand Canal tours to the development of tourism in sources. The key to developing the such cities as Yangzhou, Zhen• Suzhou, Hangzhou and other tourist business in this triangular jiang, Changzhou, Wuxi, Suzhou, cities depends on Shanghai, for area is to improve management, Jiaxing and Hangzhou. The three each has its own characteristics. attractions, facilities and service. cities of Wuxi, Suzhou and Tourism is a new business in To make full use of the area's Huzhou, which are located China, and it is in need of prompt valuable tourist potential, two around Lake Taihu, will co• development. It is possible that "triangles," one large and one ordinate with each other to offer Shanghai, Suzhou and Hangzhou small, are planned, both encom• three- or four-day tours on Lake will become the first in China to passing the major sites and Taihu. achieve great progress in tourism attractions in the regions. The 2. Improving transportation if enough efforts are made, and ••small triangle" refers to areas and establishing a tourist network. appropriate plans are worked out. around Lake Taihu, including the It is impossible to set up a tourist municipality of Shanghai, as well network without good transport as Suzhou, Wuxi and Changzhou facilifies. Compared with the in Jiangsu Province and Hang• "large triangle," the small one has zhou, Jiaxing and Huzhou in more convenient transport. The Zhcjiang. The ••large triangle," large area poses problems because however, covers a wide area to its facihties for trains and include Nantong, Yangzhou, automobiles are severely limited. Zhenjiang and Nanjing in Jiangsu, If, however, small or medium- Shaoxing, Wenzhou, Ningbo and sized passenger planes are pro• Zhoushan Islands in Zhejiang, as vided to shuttle tourists around well as southern Anhui. The the area, tourism would develop following measures will be more rapidly. "Attention, you guys!

JULY 7. 1986 27 Leasing has brought quick Leasing Thrives economic results. The No.2 Radio China's Attracts In China Factory in Foshan, in Guangdong IVIore Tourists Province, was originally a small easing has been receiving enterprise with only 1.8 million L increased attention by the yuan in fixed assets. Its line of ince the beginning of 1986, Chinese government, and in products was narrow, its equip• S international tourism has financial and commercial circles ment outdated, and its technology slowed down but more foreign because of its importance as a link backward. Consequently, it lost tourists have come to China. In to the outside world and as a money in 1983 and was on the the first quarter, 5.4 million source of foreign funds. verge of bankruptcy. But in 1984, tourists entered China, a 19 China's first leasing company, the factory rented an imported percent increase over the same China Orient Leasing Co. production line from COLC that period in 1985. Of these, some (COLC), was established in 1981. could turn out 48 million voltage 680,000 travelled at their own By the end of 1985, 32 leasing dividers. In two years the factory expense, up 2.6 percent, and they companies were doing an annual earned 2.48 million yuan in spent 18 percent more foreign volume of US$700 million. COLC profits, 160 percent greater than currency. was the leader, bringing in US$ 162 the total profits of the previous 15 million, 23 percent of the total. years. At the Guangdong Foreign Tourism was up 33.5 percent in Trade Exhibition, held in January Beijing, 33.9 percent in Hangzhou In 1985, COLC co-operated in Hong Kong, foreign firms and 87.2 percent in Xian. Tourism with Orient Leasing Co. Ltd. of ordered US$370,000 worth of also increased in cities in the Japan to rent a 19,000-ton Chinese potentiometers. hinterland. bulk cargo ship worth US$7.5 In October 1984, COLC paid From the beginning of the open million to Norway. This was the the FMI-MECFOND Co. Ltd. of policy at the end of 1978 through first time China had rented Italy US$4.5 million for a 1985, China's tourism has been equipment to a foreign country. production line for pop-top cans. growing at an average of 21.6 COLC transactions in the first It was then leased to the percent a year. In 1985, the total quarter of 1986 totalled US$50 Guangdong Drink Container number of tourists was three million. Over the past five years, Manufacturing Co. and went into- jTiillion, three times that of 1978, COLC has completed 480 transac• operation in November 1985. It ancTof those 1.37 million were tions, introducing technology has been running smoothly ever foreign visitors, five fimes the 1978 worth US$340 million from the since and has produced 12 million figure. Foreign exchange income United States,' Japan, Britain, cans. The factory is the only soft- from tourism was US$ 1.25 billion, Federal Republic of Germany, drink can manufacturer in China. four times that of 1978. Switzerland, Italy and France. Wei said the next domain for Bo Wei, COLC director and China to exploit is the leasing of Tourist facilities are keeping vice general manager, told Beijing Chinese-made equipment to other pace with the increases; by the end Review that China's market for countries. A breakthrough in this of 1985, China had more than 700 leasing is a product of the rapid field can be expected if the timing tourist hotels, with 242,000 beds; economic growth that resulted of bidding and technical directions 229 airlines, covering 450,000 from the open policy of 1979. As for the equipment and service are kilometres; and more than 70 the state has reduced its invest• improved. Other problems include airports, of which nine, including ment and more foreign currency is increases in specialization of Beijing, Shanghai, Guilin and needed, leasing has become an products and services among Hangzhou, can receive large increasingly effective area for different leasing companies, com• passenger planes. attracting foreign funds and pletion of a domestic service In the next five years, more introducing technology. Recently, network, opening of more fund airports, airlines, highways and Beijing has imported US$20 sources and training of personnel. ports of entry will be opened. million worth of 3,148 Japanese, Some 80 hotels are scheduled to be French and American automo• Many of the nation's 400,000 built in Beijing and another 30 will biles through COLC . enterprises need technical updat• rise in Shanghai. Leasing has expanded to almost ing. As companies replace old During the same period, China every branch of the economy — technology with advanced tech• will improve many of its major airplanes, ships, cars, and large nology leasing is expected to find a tourist attractions. The No.l Pit and small equipment, as well as ready market, especially during Museum in Xian, which houses the antarctic cars used by the the Seventh Five-Year Plan period the famous 2,000-year-old Qin Chinese investigation station in (1986-90). Dynasty terracotta warriors and the Antarctic. , ,iG by Yue Haitao horses, will be expanded and 28 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 27 decided during the Seventh Five- Year Plan period (1986-90) to prohibit the importation of production-assembly lines for the production of television sets, refrigerators, radio-recorders, household washing machines and air-conditioners. Only key equip• ment and technology will be accepted. Imports of components and spare parts will also be placed under strict control. To speed up the substitution of the prod^ction of electrical appliances with home• made equipment, future imports will consist only of key compo• nents and basic technology. •

American Food Festival

merican foods from the Old Foreign tourists meet young peopie in Turpan, Xinjiang. A West were in the spotlight in Beijing on June 26 when the Great Wall Sheraton Hotel held its first another 2,000 pottery human and annual output of refrigerators rose American food festival. More animal figures restored. At the from 49,000 in 1980 to 1.39minion than 300 diplomats, government same time, excavation of the No.2 in 1985, while production of officials and representatives of and No.3 pits will begin and the washing machines went from foreign firms sampled traditional bronze chariots and horses 245,000 to 8.33 million in the same American delicacies accompanied reconstructed. At the same time, period. The manufacture of by bluegrass and country music. the Lijiang River in the Guilin television sets and radio-recorders The festival, sponsored by scenic area will have its level raised showed parallel iTicreases. How• several American companies and and channels dredged. ever, despite these rapid increases, the US Foreign Agricultural by Yao Jianguo supply still fell short of demand. Service will run until July 4, In 1984, factories in the American Independence Day. provinces started to import by Yao Jianguo production lines. By the end of 1985, more than 30 refrigerator and 112 colour TV lines had been Cuts in Imports of purchased from foreign firms. Production Line As a result, the capacity of some major household appliance pro• duction lines exceeds the market needs, and large amounts of hina's overheated home app• components and spare parts of C liance industry has stopped such equipment needs to be importing production-assembly imported, but the cost is greater lines and is concentrating on than the government can afford. absorbing and integrating foreign For instance, the amount of techniques. refrigerator production capacity Production of electrical app• available far exceeds the 7.5 liances developed rapidly during million refrigerators that will be the Sixth Five-Year Plan period needed in 1990. (1981-85). For example, the The State Council has therefore

JULY 7, 1986 29 A Team That Produces Champions

he age-old art of wushu (martial Tart) has become increasingly popular as a sport that is at once beautiful and useful in defending oneself and keeping fit. Though there are thousands of wushu teams in China. Beijing's team heads the list. Since it was established in 1974, Beijing's wushu team has won 80 gold medals, and 40 silvers in various competitions. Of the 30 top wushu athletes chosen nationwide, nine are from the 34-member Beijing team. As a Chinese saying goes: There are no weak soldiers under a strong general. This is especially true when it comes to the Beijing wushu team, whose coaches, Li BY HUO JIANYING Junfeng and Wu Bin, have helped Li Junfeng coaching Ge Chunyan (front) and Zhang Hongmei. make their "soldiers" strong. Li graduated from the Beijing He says he teaches slim women strengthen his athletes' mastery of Physical Culture Institute in the baguazhang, or eight diagram difficult actions. 1960s as a wushu major. Born in wushu, which has complicated Li is both coach and friend to Gaocheng County, Hebei Prov• hand and foot movements. For his athletes. He gives attention to ince, Li is a wushu master and an the larger or more aggressive their diet and reading, and is a avid reader, gymnast, swimmer women he teaches double- willing adviser on professional and archery enthusiast. broadsword, and eagle-claw and personal problems. Due at As the coach of Beijing's wushu, or kungfu as it is sometimes least in part to his efforts, Li's women's wushu team. Li has called. He also uses gymnastics team has successfully defended its developed his own training style. and swimming in training to team-event title in the nationwide wushu competition for 11 years in a row, and Li has been elected vice-president of the National Li Zhizhou on the mat with Lu Jinming and Zhang Xianming. BY HUO JIANYING Wushu Coach Committee. Coach Wu Bin is one of the founders of the Beijing wushu team, and is much stricter than Li. He says he writes down detailed reports on his training procedure, and he demands that every athlete follow his requirements to the letter. His athletes are said to fear most of Wu's "favour," for that "favour" means extra training. Last year, Wu was posted to work on the National Wushu Coach Committee. Under the guidance of these coaches, a number of skilled wushu stars have surfaced from the Beijing team. Among such stars is Li Lianjie. Having studied at the

30 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 27 Shishahai Youth Sports School a row. At the Fourth National and worked with coach Wu Biii, Li Games, he bagged five golds. began winning titles at national Li also won fame because of his wushu competitions after only one performance in a kungfu movie year of training. Two years later called Shaolin Temple, co- when he was only 11, Li "topped the produced by studios from Hong adolescent group in the all-round Kong and the mainland. The event at a nationwide wushu young kungfu monk he portrayed competition. in the movie left a deep impression Li began competing in the adult on audiences in China. division when he was 13 years old. Li left the Beijing wushu team a In 1975 at the Third National couple of years ago to work in Games, he stepped onto the Shenzhen, the special economic coveted throne of the all-round zone, for the development of event, after a performance in wushu. which he demonstrated his Li Zhizhou, 25, is another of the creative choreography and near- major athletes on the Beijing perfect skills. In the four years Li Xia showing off her sword skills. wushu team, for which he is now a BY HUO JIANYING since then, Li has gradually coach's aide. His specialities are developed his own style — quick, dueling, the drunkard's sword and 1982, she enrolled in the precise, vigorous, light. His whole bare-handed practice. His eagle- correspondence class of the body moves so smoothly that claw kungfu is superb — a vivid Beijing Physical Culture Institute. many have said when Li is doing imitation of eagle-claw move• In 1985 after spending her spare his wushu he appears as carefree as ment, which is energetic and fime on those books for three impressive. His bare-handed fight years, Ge became the first on the against two people is especially Beijing team to receive a college diploma. 1983 all-round event champion Wang skilled. Like Li Lianjie, Ge is also good Jianjun poised and ready. Ge Chunyan may be the before camera. Her credits include IJY HUO JIANYING brightest of the women stars of the performances in the films Stories Beijing wushu team. At the 1984 in Kungfu -Circles, Broadsword nationwide wushu competition, Master Wang V/u, and Abbot Ge walked off with five golds in Haideng. four individual events and the all- Another top wushu artist is Li round event. Xia, who was formerly the captain Ge has come a long arduous of the Beijing wushu team. Li once way to reach her current standing. won the all-round event title three When she first entered primary times in a row at nationwide school, the "cultural revolution" competitions, and she has won a (1966-76) broke out, and classes total of 20 gold medals. She is were frequently stopped. Because known for her strength, her hand of having so much free time, Ge movement, and her pacing that is began studying gymnastics with a nearly flawless. Her sword point teacher. Just as her gymnastics moves quickly and cleanly, and talent was about to shine, her performances are often however, the teacher fell very ill. likened to a piece of ancient music. When the gymnastics class opened Today Li is studying at Beijing again in 1972, Ge was not allowed Physical Culture Institute in to join in because she was "too preparation for future coaching old." Later, Ge met wushu coach work. Li Junfeng, and began her career • As a friendship envoy from the as a wushu athlete. After a decade Chinese people, the Beijing wushu a cloud. Li usually has very precise of strenuous practice, Ge picked team has visited more than 30 timing, finishing 56 actions exactly up the title as a haguazhang queen. countries and regions. Last in the 80 given seconds. Among his Ge is also an eager student of January, it toured Canada and the all-round talents, his broadsword ancient Chinese and wushu theory. United States, where it performed and bare-handed performance are She says she has studied the two for and exchanging skills with the best. After 1975, he held his all- because they are the keys to kungfu enthusrasts. • round event title for five years in understanding the art of wushu. In by Rao Fengqi

JULY 7, 1986 31 CULTURE/SCIENCE

Therapy Brings Hope to Cancer Victims

hina has achieved marited Song's research was interrupted than 1,000 doctors specializing in Csuccess in treating cancer of by the "cultural revolution" in the disease. He has also helped the uterus. The research leading to 1966, but resumed in 1971 after establish some medical centres the breakthrough has been the downfall of Lin Biao. Since and research groups to deal with conducted for the last 28 years then Professor Song has set high choriocarcinoma. under the direction of Prof. Song goals for his research. The disease Hongzhao of the Beijing Union usually requires the removal of the Cold Storage Hospital. womb. Song's first goal was to try By 1982, Song's team had to treat the disease without For Human Semen handled 1,300 cases of the disease removing the womb. Though the or similar tumours, with the death consequences of treating the rate dropping from 90 percent to cancer without surgery were China has made significant below 20 percent. More than 100 possibly dire — relapse, difficult achievements in storing semen in women who received Song's child birth, birth defects, freezers. The advancements have treatment 20 years ago are still sterility — Song pursued, for once contributed much to the nation's Hving. Physical check-ups on the womb is removed pregnancy is artificial insemination pro• those who have been cured show impossible. gramme. no signs of relapse. In 1981, the Hunan Medical So far. Professor Song and his This form of cancer, which is Institute established China's first colleagues have cured more than also called choriocarcinoma is a human semen freezing facility, 300 patients without surgery, and malignant tumour in the chorionic which keeps semen in liquid 80 percent of these women have tissue of the ovary and occurs after nitrogen at -190" centigrade. In since had children. The children pregnancy. A woman suffering March 1982 a woman was are all in good health, physically from the disease usually lives artificially inseminated with some and mentally, and 10 are now about six months once the cancer of the frozen sperm. Ten months older than 20. Union Hospital cells have spread throughout the later she bore China's first child recently gave these children cell body. conceived through the insemin• chromosome checkups and found Song began studying the disease ation process. As of July 1985, 50 nothing wrong with their genetic women had volunteered for the in 1958, previous to which, he had makeup. found a chemical effective in insemination operation. Twenty- In the past 30 years Song has killing placental cells in animals. eight of these women (56 percent) published more than 50 articles Song said he always thought: the have become pregnant. Based on about his experience in treatment drug may have been useful in follow-up visits to the 20 of choriocarcinoma. He has also fighting choriocarcinoma cells as newborns from the programme all compiled a special "Work, the first well. His first treatment of a appear to be healthy and of its kind in China, on diagnosis patient suffering froni the disease developing normally. and treatment of choriocarci• was successful. noma. His theories on stages of Because the drug can be highly treatment based on the develop• toxic. Song conducted lengthy ment of pathological changes of studies on its side effects and made choriocarcinoma have been re• numerous clinical observations on commended to the Gynecology its use. Song has not only achieved and Obstetrics International a detailed understanding of the Federation by the World Health drug, but he has also developed Organization as an international treatment for people allergic to it. standard for dividing the stages of In addition, he has developed four the disease. drugs equally effective in dealing with the disease. He said if these Song is very active in educating drugs are used together in others on his treatment for treatment, or if two are used at choriocarcinoma. Since 1972 he once, the cure rate is even higher has held more than 30 special than that of the first drug alone. classes ii>;-26;Gitie§|.jiFaining more

32 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 27 Chinese Architecture Built on Firm Foundation

History of Ancient Chinese and mortise techniques, which was tenon-mortise technique makes a Arcliitectural Teclinology widely used in ancient wooden building resilient and able to (Chinese edition, pp 616; structures, is almost earthquake withstand great stress. In an English edition, pp 550), proof. Many wooden structures earthquake, the joints in a tenon Price: 298 RIVIB built with this technique more and mortise structure moves Printed by Hong Kong Cliina than 1,000 years ago have slightly, allowing the structure to Commercial United Printed withstood a number of earth• absorb a certain amount of quake Co. quakes and remain intact to this energy. Published by tlie Ctiina Science day. Architectural researchers have Press In 1979 an extraordinary also found that ancient builders Distributed abroad by Ciiina earthquake hit Tangshan in Hebei also used stilts to improve a International Boolt Trading Province, pulling down almost all building's chances of surviving an Corp., (Guoji Sliudian), P.O. the city's modern buildings. The earthquake. In a quake, walls and Box 399, Beijing, Ciiina lOth-century Guanyin (Bodhisatt- pillars, which are strong in bearing va) Pavilion, built with the tenon- but weak under stress, tend to be ncient Chinese architecture, mortise technique, of the Dule seriously damaged. Ancient Aone of the oldest in the world, Temple in Jixian County not far Chinese wooden structures have is an important component of from Tangshan, was unscathed. pillars that are not held fast to the China's rich culture. The Great Zhang's study shows how the foundation: they are linked to by a tenon-mortise structure that spreads the weight of the building securely along the base. With their centre of gravity so close to the ground, such buildings are better equipped to withstand earth• quakes. The ancient tenon- mortise technique, therefore, bears a valuable lesson for contemporary builders. Studies of modern architecture show that many modern architectural theories and methods agree with the technology behind Chinese ancient architecture. In the book, Zhang outlines the outstanding architectural tech• nologies devised during primitive Wall, the Forbidden City, grotto arts and Suzhou's gardens are typical of oriental architecture renowned throughout the world. Author Zhang Yuhuan and his team of researchers have been studying China's rich archi• tectural heritage for the last 10 years and recently completed the impressive History of Ancient Chinese Architectural Technology. Though from the point of view of modern science and technology, some of China's ancient building techniques are obsolete. Others, however, are still being used today, or can be used for reference. For example, the tenon EMMM

Raising Only Children 1 liked very much the article in 23) surnmarizes an essay, "Marx• your Review about only children, ism and the Peace Movement" by May,12, 1986 (V.29 No.19). Wang Yizhou and Su Shaozhi, I have read the article by Wu As a former teacher, I am much director of the Marxism-Leninism Naitao on the "spoiled brat." It concerned about only children. I and Mao Zedong Thought was one of the best articles I've have seen too many results of Research Institute. The summary read about this subject. This "only children"! Your points are expressed opinions about another article was written about families all well taken: dependence (and, in subject, too, revolution. It said, in every part of the world, reverse, too much independence), "Revolutionaries today should regardless of wealth, race, religion lack of consideration, wilfulness. I not use war to advance socialist or politics. Children are the future, am happy that parents of only revolution..." This advice is given and it is up to us to guide them in children are conditioning them• to the wrong people. Ills the ruling the right direction. selves to have a balanced family, class of exploiters who use war and 1 would like to suggest that because certainly population con• violence to oppose and reverse copies be made to your readers for trol is a necessity. revolutions. Therefore, people can a small fee. Articles similar to the succeed only if they are willing to above could be beneficial to both Cornelia M. Roberts wage revolutionary violence the readers and the publishers; Illinois State, USA against counter-revolutionary they can also serve as teaching violence. materials. Some of our magazines offer articles like yours, too. 'Advice to Wrong People' Willard G. Sihu.s The article "China Holds Charles Andrews Auburn City, USA Symposium on Peace" (issue No California. USA

society, slave society and feudal Natural Sciences under the chief. About 100 scholars and society. These achievements in• Chinese Academy of Sciences experts from 50 units contributed clude the multi-storeyed wooden worked out an outline of the to the work. pagoda with a cylinder-frame, History of Ancient Chinese The first problem confronting design theories and methods Architecurai Technology. The the team in the process of behind ancient gardens, and the compilation of the book began in compiling the book was the lack of concepts of treating a city's layout 1977 when an editing-and- materials on ancient architecture as a whole. .Ancient architects' use examining group was estabUshed, because many reference materials of timber, earth, stone and bricks, with Professor Zhang Yuhuan as were lost or damaged during the as well as tiles, gold-plating and editor-in-chief. Zhang, who now "cultural revolution." The group, painting on ceilings and pillars are works at the Research Institute of however, was not discouraged by also included in the book. In History of Natural Sciences, was a the difficulties. After four years of addition, the book contains student of Professor Liang examining ancient structures information about buildings made Sicheng, a well-known expert in around the country, they finally by people of minority nationalities ancient architecture. Having had enough materials to put and

34 BEIJING REVIEW. NO. 27

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