IDENTIFICATION OF MAJOR REFERENCES

As mentioned in the Preface, the narrative of this work is based on events that I myself have experienced, things I have personally heard and seen. Consequently, this work is written primarily from the first person point of view. Beside the scattered materi­ als that I have collected, which are not listed here, the following are the major references I have used.

Mongolian

Nanjing Office of the Mongolian League and Banner Delegates, ed. Mongghol-un khural jublel-dur joblen tasulaghsan kereg (Resolutions passed by the Mongolian Confer­ ence), 2 vols., Nanjing, 1930. Mongolian-Tibetan Affairs Commission, ed. Mongghol-un khural jubel-un neilegulun jokiyaghsan bichig (Complete record of the Mongolian Conference), 2 vols., Nanjing, 1930.

English

Rupen, Robert A. Mongols of the Twentieth Century. 2 vols. Bloomington: Indiana Uni­ versity Press, 1964.

Chinese

Dewang zai Alashan ZE it ^ (Prince De in Alashan), Literal^ and Historical Materials of Alashan League, No. 5. Alashan: The Research Committee for Alashan League's Literary and Historical Materials, 1988. Hao Weimin g , ed. Nei-Menggu zizhiqu shi, 1947-1987 F*i) ^ ^ § '(n ® 5^ • Hohhot: The Inner Mongolian University Press, 1991. He Yangling M M W.- Cha Sui Mengmin jingji de jiepou ^ IS ^ S S pO (An analysis of the economy of the Mongols in Chahar and Suiyuan). Shanghai: Commercial Press, 1935. Jagchid, Sechin. Menggu zhi jinxi ^ ^ ^ "a (Mongolia then and now). Taipei, 1955. Legislative Yuan Border Government Committee, ed. Bianzheng fagui huibian iBC }4: H ^ (Compendium of Laws and Regulations of Border Government). Taipei, 1952. Lu, Minghui. Menggu "zizhi yundong” shimo ^ § (n jM it) ^Ip ^ • Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1980. Mongolian Allied Leagues Government, ed. Faling huibian't^'% ^ (Compendium of laws and regulations). Hohhot, 1939. Mongolian-Tibetan Affairs Commission, ed. Meng-Zang zhengce ji faling xuanji ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ (Selected collection of policies and laws concerning Mongolia and Tibet).Taipei, n.d. Major References 449

. Meng-Zang weiyuanhui jianshi M M ^ ^ # ffi 5& (An outline history of the Mongolian-Tibetan Affairs Commission). Taipei, 1971. Nei-Menggu zizhiqu gaikuang ^ ^ §

China —The anti-Japanese war period). Taipei: The Kuomintang Historical Committee, 1981. Suiyuan Provincial Government, ed. Sui Meng jiyao JS ^ ^ (Essential points con ­ cerning the Suiyuan Mongols). Guisui, 1937 [?]. Tao, Buxin, ed. Demuchukedonglupu zishu ^ ^ ^ § afi (The personal nar­ rative of Demchugdongrob), Inner Mongolian Historical Materials, No. 13.) Hohhot: Inner Mongolian Peoples’ Press, 1984 (limited circulation). Wang Tongchunyu Hetao shuili # |^i f'J (Wang Tongchun and the irriga­ tion of the Great Bend of the Yellow River). Hohhot: Research Committee for the In­ ner Mongolian Autonomous Region Literary and Historical Materials, 1989. Wei Nei-Menggu zizhiqu gaikuang ® ^ ^ § Fn ® (A general survey of the false Irmer Mongolian Autonomous Region), a confidential document of the Chinese Kuomintang intelligence organization (No publisher's name or date).

Japanese

Ikeda JtiJ BB, Kantogun dainiyukitai no kiroku (Record of the Second Partisan Group of the Guandong Army). Tokyo: unpublished, 1977. Kogen senri—Naimoko kaiku roku (A thousand miles of the high plateau —memories of Inner Mongolia). Tokyo: Rakudakai, 1972. Mochitsuki Heihachi Watakushi no kaiso roku (My reminis ­ cences). Tokyo, 1988. Moko (Mongolia, monthly). Tokyo: Zenrin Kyokai 1939-1944. Moko Nenkan ^ ^ ^ (Mongolian year book). Tokyo: Zenrin Kyokai # 1936. Moko Taikan (An overview of Mongolia). Tokyo: Zenrin Kyokai # S # ,1938. Okabe Naosaburo Taisho niki |5!ln[5t4ZlSP4T^KB Ifi (The diary of General Okabe Na- osaburo). Tokyo, 1982. Oya Giichi. Omoitei no Naimoko—Naimoko kaiku roku S tb 60 K ^ III H ^ (Reflections on Inner Mongolia). Tokyo: Rakudakai, 1974. Takaici Ichinari —tfe , ed. Gogen jiken seishi W 5&* Kanazawa: Moko keiyukai 1986. GLOSSARY

A Beile-yin sume B'SlIl Akiyama BongaiJunshu Amakasu Jutaro An Chunshan C An Huating ^ Anhui faction ^ Can-heng hui # # Anan Tadaki Cao Kun ^ fl Anzai Kinji $ ^ Cao Yousan W X H. Ao Yunzhang WcMM Chahaer (Chahar) Araki Sadao Chanan zizhi zhengfu ^ § '/p iK Araikawa Kanetasuku ^ 11 lift^ Changchunm (Kalgan) ^ # Asafii Medal ^ E3 ^ Asaka Shiro Chaoyang Asami Kikuo ?®SX Chen Changjie |5^ Chen Cheng |?^ ^ AsauTatsuo Asian Development Board Chengde Chen Gongbo i)-1§ Chen Guofu ^ B Chen Lifu Chen Shaowu P^ Jlc Ba Wenjun BaYunying E®^ Chen Sheng P^ ^ Chen Yingquan P^ g§. H Bai Chongxi ChenYousheng P^W® Bai Fashan IzlSilll Bai Haifeng SiSIH Chen Yuming P^ E ^ Chifeng lllj BaiRui Baitashan iJLl Chongzheng ^ IE Chouian zhuanmen xuexiao W Bai Wenhua QiSlII Bai Yincang Chu Mingshan ® # BaiYunti ChuMinyi banshi chu l!)f ^ ^ Chunde Baotou ^ M Cixi Baochang ^ ^ CuiQinglan fi, Bao Guiting ^ ^ ^ Cui Xingwu S R Bao Yinxi "eJ EP S Beizimiao Beppu The Last Mongol Prince 451

D Fengtian ^ ^ Feng Yuxiang )',i 5. # Dagongbao FengZhi'an Da Han Yijun iH ft ¥ Fu Lianke ® ^4 Dai Chuanxian iK 1$ H Fujii Gochiro ^ # jK — Dai Li M Fusankan 1^0 Daimogunsu ± SG H H — Fu Sinian Daitoa Kyoeiken ;A: ^ Hi Fu Xiande If Dai Zhongyuan ^ Fu Zuoyi fl| ft Dajing Gate Dalian G Dalizhaya S ?l Dalu H jfi Gansu -H-0 Datong Coal Mine fii Gao Rong ^ Daxinzi fM ? geming ^ ^ DeGulai ^ 5|5 Go Minoru Dehua 1,^ it Gong zai Mengbang ijj Demuchukedongpulu zishu Gong Ziwan Guaizihu JST'iiS Dihua Guandong Army ^ Ding Chichang T K S Guangxu Dingyuanying ^ it ■§ Guangzhou Jg ;Hi Doihara Kenji ± SC If — Guan Jiyu ^ 4^. Doloon-nor # f# IS M GuanQiyi M^Sft Dong Biwu ^ Guan Yinnan BS ® Dongbei Jiangwu Tang ^ :ib ii Gubeikou ?i:lbP K Guifu Dong Qiwu H ^ jtt Guisui ^iS Duan Qirui if^ I|iS Gung, Prince ^ 31 Du Yunyu ti® ^ Guomin huiyi ^ ^ Guo Guangju fP # E Guo Taofu IP ^ Guyuan xian Ekuchi Yoshinao P ft lIl EQiguang H Eriyen Z. Executive Yuan ^ Hailar E Yousan H Hakada Han F Haneyama Yoshiro BB # ^P Han Fenglin fengshui fH, zjc Han Guangsen ^ ^ 452 Glossary

Hanjian tH Hang Jiaxiang ^ 18 J Hankou M □ HanSewang JanggiyaKhutugtu $^ fllHI^HI Hasunuma Shigeru ^ S ^ Jiang Huiruo Hayasaka Fuyuo ^ ^ Jidong Hayashi Senjuro # Jiancha yuan (Control Yuan) HeBingwen M Jinbei zizhi zhengfu § 4b S In iK HeiHe Heilongjiang Jin Chongweim Helan shan M M UJ Jindan dao He Qigong Jin Dynasty HeQishou JingDequan HeYangling SftiS Jingjia g:# He Yingqin fpj M Jingpeng He Yunzhang ® S $ JingTianlu He Zhaolin H >)]^ §| Jin Yongchang ^7l<. s HibinoJo 0itS?» JinXianzhang $ HirotoKoki Jinzhou Hisamitsu Masao JiSongling Honggeertu Jitsugetsu Ryo 0 ^ Honma Makodo ftlj Dc JiZhenfti HongMaozi Ji Zhixiang Houtou River junwang gl?3i Huang Fensheng Ju Zheng ®IE huifu Zhonghua IS 4^ IP Hu Hanmin i!i§ K Hunyuan HuZongnan Kahoku Kaihatsu Kabushiki Kaisha

I KanagawaKosaku #jiltin'^ Kanai Shoji #; 4b $ — Ichijo Sanetaka — Kangbao RR Imamura Toyojiro ^ It M ^ fiP Kangi Masaichi ^ IE — Inamori Toshisuke IS^flJStl Kang Jim in Inoue Aratama # J; ^ Kangri jiuguotan J/C 0 & ® HI Ishimoto Torazo ^ ^ H, Kangyu Kosaburo ® H S|5 Itagaki Seishiro jS ±M |IE 0 Kasami Yoshiaki ^ @ ^[5 0^ Ito Tasuku KashiwaGoro IS 51 BP Iwasaki Tamio lll$S Katukura 4rl®I Izuna Ei Kawabe Torashiro joj |A|g[5 The Last Mongol Prince 453

Kawazaki j 11 ll% LiuJiguang KayaOkinori LiuLianke Keijo (Seoul) Liu Puchen gij tJt i|7t Kimura Yujiro if ^ ^|5 Liu Ruming |?!J iin ® Kinggan General Bureau p. ^ Liu Xinghan gij pifU Li Yishun ^^lll^ Koayin LiYongxin Koiso Kuniaki BlBp LiYoutong Kokryukai ®||# Li Yuanhong KongQingzong Li Zongren ^ ^ Konoe Fumimaro Longyan Iron Mine ft S ^ Koyasan if ill Longyu |5ifg Kurosawa Ryukichi ^ ^ LuMinghui Kurosawa Torizo ® Luo Dawei ^ :k. Kushibe Masateru fS5 p|3 IE ® LuoLipu Kuwabaara Araichiro H^ — Lushun SMIIH

Kyushu fLfl'l M MaBufang L MaBuqing MaDunjing Lanyi she ^ ^ iff Ma Fuxiang ffi Lei Zhongtian W 4” ^ MaFuju Liang Chixiang Ma Hansan H Liang Hongzhi Ma Hongbin Liaobei Ma Hongkui M i'll M LiChunlin Maejima Noboru iff # Li Danshan ^ lU Maikawa Hirokichi fij J11 ffl S Lifan Yuan il iH P5c Manchukuo jjI'H LiFenggang Mao Zedong Li Haishan ^ ill Mashi Dajie rfJ ffj Li Hanhun ^ Matsui Iwane ® fS LiJie’an Matsui Kyutarb f&lf X ^ Lin Bosheng ^ Matsui Seikin Lindong Matsumuro Takayoshi Linhe Matsuoka Yotsuke ;i^ Lingsheng Matsusuo Yutaro M “i Linxi Ma Yongkui Mj Ifet Li Shizeng $ ® # mengbang Li Shouxin ^ iH MengChaoyi Li Songfeng Mengfei ^IH Liu Jianhua ^!j ^ Mengjiang 454 Glossary

Mengjiang Bank R ffilM ?T Nanhaozhan Mengjiang Jinglueshi Nanjing Office of the Mongolian League and Banner Delegates Mengjiang zhengquan Menggu daiyu tiaoli “X^ fl^ Nankou □ Menggum lianmeng zizhi zhengfii Nanyuan Nei Menggu Guomindang (4l ”X^ Menggu xuandaotuan “X^ a ^ SI Neimindang S ^ Meng, wei, fei ® IM Nei Meng zhi Jinxi (4l^ Pi Men Jisan Nei Meng zizhi yundongjishi Meng-Zangshiwuju Neimoto Hiroshi W Meng-Zang Yuan Nian Gengyao ^lt # Meng zhenghui Ningxia Miaotan )H M Nishijima Shojo ^ MII Military Statistics Bureau ^ Nishio Toshizo jS Minami Jiro Noda Kiotake If H3 ft Mongolian Allied League Autono­ Nomura Yasuzo If ^ H mous Government ^ Nojiri Tetsuji |f^^ H S tn ft 1?^ Mongolian Political Council ^ ft 0

Mokyo # II Obama UJ iyoshi /J \ S Mokyo Annaijo ^ M ^ P/T Oba Tatsunosuke ft l^M i. Mokyogunsu ^ IM^a ^ Ogi ft ft Mori Ichiro ^ Oguro ffl Morimazu Shiao ^ 5^ Ohashi Chuichi ft ^ Morioka Ohashi Kumao ft ^ Morishima Kadofiisa ^SjM ^ Okabe Eichi 1^ *13 II — Morita Kiyoshi ^EHv# Okada Hidehiro BB H ffe Mukden ^ ^ Okamura Seichi ^4 ^ Muratani Hikojiro Okamura Yasuji ft Muto Akira ft ^ $ Omada Hisayoshi ft [H S Organizational Law of Mongolian N Leagues, Tribes, and Banners

Nakajima Manzo M Oshima Yutaka ft S ^ Nakamura Asakichi 4" ^ Outline of NationBuilding ^ ® ft Nakamura Gijuro >4'fg-|-g[5 Nakane Naosuke oyako Nakazawa Tatsuki oyakuni ^4|3 The Last Mongol Prince 455

Ozaki Yukuo liM- Senda ^ H Shaanxi P Shandong |Jj;^ Shangdu ±fI5 Pan Zili @ i Shanxi ii|g Peiping (Beiping) Shangyi Peng Dehuai ^ tS ShangZhen Pingdiquan Shanqi Preliminary Committee for Politi­ Shenchang yanghang ^ # It cal Consultation ^ B# # HI P5c Shengjihui ft If # Puyi tf fi Shenyang (Fengtian, Mukden)

Q Shichida Ichiro ft ffl — ^[5 Shijiazhuang Qifli (Yantai) ShiJingtang S qinbang ^ Shimonaga Kenji T zX ^ QinDechun Shi Qingang jg # ^ Qingdao # M} Shirahama Yoshiharu £] '{^ Qinghai ShiYunqing MUM Qin Shiyuan ^ it 7C Shi Yushan S ft ill qinwang Sichuan 0 J11 Qi Quanxi ^ ^ H Song Wanli 5t5 K S Qiu Niantai Jx "a Song Zheyuan ft: JC Songzhusi ^ R Shuihu zhuan 7j< Shulu 'M IM Rehe shuren zhuyi ^ A Rehabilitation Conference § Su, Prince tis Su Baofeng M Ren Bingjun ft ^ Su Bingwen M- Rong Xiang Suiyuan Rong Zhao || Suiyuan cheng jS ronin S Suiyuan-Xinjiang Ruiyong Sun Haiming f#, f$ 0^ SunKe S Sun Lanfeng M lll^ Sun Yat-sen fft"hfii| Sakai Takashi ft Sanguo yanyi ft vH ^ Sawai Tetsuba # ft ^ T Seikizawa Okichi Sekiguchi Tamotsu Tai ^ 456 Glossary taiji U Taiyuan :;t!M Taizong (Huangtaiji) Umezu Hoshijiro JS Urga (Ulaanbaatar) Takahashi Shigekasu jl5^ ^ Uyama Heishi ^ ±: mr Takaki Ichinari — -tlj W Takatsu Hikoji M Takehara Kiyoshi J[i^ Wall Yanghang 5 ^IJ # p/f Takeuchi Tetsuo t'!T F*il @ H Wang Daoyi 2E 11 — Takeshita Yoshiharu T ^ 0® Wang Guicong 2E ti 31 Tanaka Hisashi EB 4^ X Wang Huaiqing IE Tanaka Ryukichi E0 'B ^ — Wang Jingguo H Urn S Tanaka Shinichi ffl ^ ^ Wang Jingwei jf ff Tangku Agreement ^ Wang Jitang 2E it 1# Tang Yulin )ir3iK Wang Junhui (E ^ Tan Tiwu Wang Kemin I ® Tao Libin p® '4. ^ Wang Ping 2E 4^ Taolin Wang Shenhua IE ^ Taonan Wang Shouben IE E Tao Xisheng P® ^ Wang Tongchun IE # tenyu mon dai ^ ^ Wangyemiao IE SS HI Terazaki Eyu ^ lllf Wang Ying IE Terazaki Ryoichi ^lllf ^ — Wang Yunwu IE S' it Three Principles of the People 21 Wang Zhaoming 31 ^ll Wang Zhenhua IE ® ^ Tianjin ^ Wang Zhushu IE 14 Iffj Tianjin-Pukou Railway ^ Wang Ziyang g # Tian Rubi EB Uc Wasa Yoshinosuke iZ. BA Tian Yinghuang EH PS Watanabe 1# ToJoHideki weiyuan “cr tokumkikan }|§ BS weiyuanhui TokyoNichinichi $^0 0 Wen Huajun ^ 8 ^ Tongliao j1 jg Wenhui Bao Tongmeng hui [r] M # fVo de Quanbansheng 63 it) 4^ Toyama Mitsuru Tuquan ^ Wosuo zhidao deDe Wang he dutong dangshi de Nei-Menggu ^ pjj tuyaozuhe ^Dlt63ti31fn#0t63l*I TuYiming Wu Bailing Wuchuan jit J11 The Last Mongol Prince 457

Wude Qinwang Wu Gating ^ S Y Wu Heling H Wu Jingbin .g; |p ^ Yamada Moichi ill E3 ^ — Wu Junyu ^ g- 5. Yamamoto Nobunaga lll^fHM Wulanhada ting M Pp IS Si Yamawaki Masataka ill IE PS Wu Peifu ^ f® ^ Yamanouchi |1 wuquan xianfa ji tH Yanakawa Heisuke |fiP JI i 4^ Wutai 5^ □' Yan'an Wu Yaochen ^ ^ E Yanashita Yoshiji ^PP T ^ Z1 Wuyuan f£ IS Yang Hucheng ti lit Wu Yunpeng ^ S ® YangJunsheng ^ Yangzi River X Yan Menghua Yan Xishan Xia Gong § ^ Yao Shan ^ ill Xi'an p ^ Yao Zong ^ Xian M Yasato Tomomichi AS XiaoZhaogeng M'JlS Yenching ^ XiaoZhengyi M IE IS Yidechin \f Xianfeng Emperor (Wenzong) ^ Yigu Yi Guohuang Xikang gg ® Yin Baoshan ^ ^ llj Xinan zhengwu weiyuanhui Yingtai ji YinRugeng WLik%^ XingZhixiang Yiseikan Xinhua Ribao Itr^ B Yokosuka ® Xing Fuli m IS If YokoyamaJun ill HIM Xinjiang trll Yonghe Gong ^ f D ^ Xinjing ^ Yoshimura ^ Xitao Menggu ® ^ “XE" Yuanlai Zhuang 5|5 H± Xiong Shihui Yuan Shikai ^ IE M xuandaotuan ^ [B Yu Bin, Paul ^ 15ft; Hsuanhua alt Yuchun 5. ^ XueXingru Si Yu Dechun Xu Fulin ^ M ^ Yu Fugeng tS ® xunfli Yu Huachen ft E Xu Ronghou YuJishi Xu Shuzheng ^ Yu Lanzhai T" ^ # XuTingyao Yulin II XuYongchang ^7 I

Yun Ze (Ulanfij) S (B M ^) zongcai Yu Pinqing ^ iP Zongshedang Yushenghui ^ # Zuihe JiMfif Yu Shenzheng Zuo Zhuan f# Yu Yifu ^ ^ ^ Yu Youren ^ (3;

Z

Zaifeng tic ® Zai Tao tSv# Zeng Houzai # tS Zen rinkyokai, Chosa-geppo # ) PJ ^ ^ Zhangbei 3 b Zhang Jinghui ® 0 Zhang Ji M lii Zhangjiakou ^ ^ □ Zhang Chun $ Zhang Shaozeng Zhang Xueling ^ Zhang Yanqing ^ ^ PIP Zhang Zhizhong Zhang Zuolin ^ Zhao Chengbe ® hS ^ Zhao Chengshou ® Zhao Daiwen S ^ Zhao Dienchen ^ S Zhao Kaixian ® PS yt Zhao Pilian ^ ^ Zhengzhi Xieshang Huiyi jft tp (^ # ii Zhejiang jjjf Zhili IS U zhou jj'H Zhou Baihuang H 'iS Zhou Enlai ® ?l5 Zhu De 31?: Zhu Jiahua 3t?: ^ il Zhu Wenwu tI? jfcb zizhibang g '?p^[S zizhiguo g tn ^ INDEX

435,436,442 cated in Europe and A Altanochir (Jin Yongchang), America, 36-7 see Altanwachir atom bomb, 314 AbagaBanner, 6n4, 23, 63, 71, Altanwachir (Jin Yongchang; auto transport, early, 16 328 from Khanggin Banner), autonomous state, Chinese Abaga Left Banner, 13, 58, 22, 25n6, 57, 63n2, 68, term for, 248 273,328 68n6, 71,77, 80, 98, 125, autonomy compromise by Abaga Right Banner, 62, 195, 128-130, 132, 138, 302, Mongols, 1933, 84 200,271,285,331,371, 398, 398n4 autonomy compromise of 372 Amakasu, Jutaro, 245 1933, text, 90-92; student Abaga Special Service Office, amban (envoy), 6 demonstrations against, 127, 130, 200, 257, 329, Aminboke, 280, 305,315, 321, 92-93; autonomy com­ 350 409n6 promise of 1933, text, 90- Abaga tribe, 1,6 Amurchinggeltu, 27, 27n7, 37, 92; resistance to by Chi­ Abahai, 1, 3 39 nese frontier provinces, Abkhanar tribe, 2; PLATE 6, Amursana, 428 79; final version, 95; gov­ Banner Primay School An Chunshan, 229-230 ernment duplicity in com­ Aduuchin, 19 An Huating, 164 promise, 92 advisors, Japanese, Organiza­ Anan, Tadaki, 315, 320 autonomy, 1946, compromise tional Law of the Depart­ Anhui faction, 20 on, 366-368 ment of, 196-197 animal husbandry, mixed Ayulguei. See Ayulugei Agdungga, 63, 129, 372, results of reforms in, 214 Ayulugei, 27, 28, 36, 50, 79, 380n5,396n3, 409n6 anti-Communism, shared by 98, 99,102n2, 133 Ahmed-jiang, 368 Japanese and Mongols, Aisha Beg, 368, 373 182 Ajia Khutughi, 319 Anzai, Kinji, 169-170, 198 B Akiyama, 222 Ao Yunzhang, 51n2, 72, 87, Alashan Banner, 5; PLATE 15, 101, 114, 123, 139, 173, Babudorji, 63nl,71n8, 74, 89, Banner Temple 176, 185 98, 120, 121n8, 146, Alashan Mongolian Autonomy Aradun jasag, People’s Gov­ 174nl, 177, 265,304 Movement, 1949, 392-426 ernment, 21 Babujab, “Mongol bandit, ” Alashan Mongols, 8/1949, split Araikawa, Kanetasuku, 198 16n4, 151,417 among, 420-422 Araki, Sadao, 193 Badmarabdan; PLATE 3; 105, Alashan region, 8/1949, mili­ Arbijikhu, 101, 110, 174nl, 269, 278,279,280, 281, tary organization, 417-418 187,295 339, 409n6 Alashan, 10/1949, surrender to Arbinbayar, Prince, 11 Bagaturchilagu, 36 communists of, 423 aristocracy, evolution of in bagshi, teacher, 24 Alashan, 1949 situation in Mongolia, 3 Bai Anshan, 409n6 while Prince De in Nan ­ army, under 1933 autonomous Bai Chongxi, General, 37,108, jing, 404-406 government, 77 361 Alashan, 28,90 Asaka, Shiro, 275 Bai Dacheng, 354, 369, 381n6 albalu, commoners, 3 Asami, Kikuo, Major, 131, Bai Fashan, 51, 111 Almas, 409n6 139, 140 Bai Fengzhao, 360 alian urag. See the "Golden Asao,Tatsuo, 281,339,373 Bai Haifeng (Dugurengsang, Clan ” Asian Development Board, 1904-1957), 26, 70, 101, Altanbagana, and IMPRP, 47 216,263,298 110, 123,30I,360,369n3, Altanchilagu, 409n6 Askhan, 48. 58, 194,269,281- 382, 383, 385, 387, 395, Altangerel, 68, 135, 136 282,283,341 395n2,396,397,399,402, Altanochir (Ifom Sunid Right assimilation aims of republican 405,407, 409n6,410,411, Banner), 306,331,336, government, 34-35 417-419,421-423,425, 372,424,428,429-432, Association of Students Edu ­ 435,436, 442 Index 460

Bai Lama. See Yeshijalsan Ba Wenjun, 353nl, 354,360, menf 102 Bailingmiao, Battle of. See 395, 395n2, 396. See also Buddhist impatience with Bat-Khaalag, Battle of Bayankhan Mongolian Political Bailingmiao. See Ba-khaalag Bayansang. See Bai Yincang Council in Beile-yin sume, temple Bayankhan, 67, 353,353nl, 101 Bai Rui, 22, 322,404, 409n6, 354, 360, 395-399, 395n2, Bugitde Nairamdakhu Mong- 410,411,415, 72, 92 397n4. 405-41 l,409n6, gol Arad Ulus, Mongolian Baitashan Incident, 376 414,419, 421,425-426. People’s Republic, adop ­ Bai Wenhua, 344 See also Ba Wenjun tion of name of, 22 Bai Yincang, 300, 301 Bayanoljei, 151 Burinbiligtu (Zhang Zirong), Bai Yunti (Serengdongrob, Bayantai (Yu Lanzhai), 25n6, 154, 285,286 1894-1980), 23n5,25, 125, 131, 132, 139-140, Burinsain, 312,336 25n6, 26, 28, 32, 35, 35n2, 142n7, 152, 174nl,219nl, Burintogtakhu, 72 37, 40,44, 49, 51n2,63n2, 223 Buriyads in Manchuria, 339 92,93,93nl2,98, 119, Bayantala League, 182 Buu. See He Shouye 125, 131, 132,136-138, Bayantogtakhu, 434 Buyan, 285 281,322-323, 327, 345, Bayar (from Turned), 72,184, Buyandalai, 23, 45, 51, 52, 347, 348, 360,364, 368, 294 107, 138, 139, 150-152, 375, 380n5, 382, 383, 387, Bayar (Ochirhatu, third son of 168, 174nl, 184, 186, 221, 390, 399, 400; 1928 clash PrincDe), 429,431-435, 242,245, 251,286, 306, with Wu Heling, 38, 38n4 436, 438-441 307,315,333.335,349. Baidangjamsu, 409n6 Ba Yunying, 175, 380n5 374, 429,438; murder of Balgunjab, 121n8, 174nl Bazargurda. 71n8, 129,130, 337 Balgunsumng, 124, 142n7, 266 Buyandelger (Sainbuyan, 174n 1,270, 328, 329, 330, Bean. Ruth, 376,387-388, 439 1899-1965), 101, 136, 338 Beijing, 10/1949, old name 153, 174nl, 187, 236-237, banner construction brigades replaces Beiping, 423; 278, 308,315-316, 331, of Mongolian Rehabilita­ Sino-Russian Treaty of 418,422, 435-436 tion Committee, 276-277 1860,6 Buyankhan, 423 banners, 1943 preliminary tax Beile-yin sume, See Bat- Buyanmandukhu, 269, 272, regulations for, 292, khaalag temple 281,339, 340,341,351 292nl 1; 1943 reorganiza­ Beiping Preliminary Branch Buyannemekhu, 26 tion of 291-293; Mongol, Political Commission, 36 Buyanoljei, 153, 174nl, 184, 2; banner-x;ztrt postwar Beiping, change of Beijing's 187 power division, 375 name to, 34 Buyendelger, 331,422 Bao Guiting. See Buyandelger Belgutei, 2 Byrnes, James F., 1946, moves Bao Guoyi. Se Unensechen Bessac, Frank B., 373, 374, to block Soviet interven ­ Bao Shanyi, 350 376,410, 439 tion in Inner Mongolia, Baotou, 32 Blue Shirt Brigade of KMT, 351 Bao Yinxi, 79 133,137,153 Bao Yonghe, 340 Board for Asian Developmenf Barretf David, Colonel, 374 210 Baruun Tusalagchi, 302 Bodibala. See Budabala C.C. Clique, 322,c 323 Bat-khaalagtemple, 66n5, 68 Bogda Khan. See Jebtsun- Cao Haosen, 52 Bat-kliaalag, 1936 Battle of damba Khtugtu Cao Kun, 20, 21 161-164 Bolshevik Revolution, 17, 21 Cao Yousan, 423, 425 Batu, 135, 136 Bordered Yellow Banner, 332 Catholic missionaries in Inner Batubayar, 112, 113 Borjigid, Prince De’s pilot, Mongolia, 6, 7 Batubilig, 381n6 129n2 Cen Chunxuan, 182n2 Batudorji, Jin. See Jin Batu- Borjigin clan, 3 Chagan Gegeen. See Jami- dorji Boxer rebellion, 9 yanglegshidjamsu Batujirgalang, 429-430,430, Brigham Young University, Chagan Nomun Khan, 109 432-433,433 1967, Jagchid begins to Chagan Tolugai, 430,433, Batu-khagalagayin Khural. teach af 419 435,436,441 See Mongolian Political Budabala, PLATE 12; 62, 124, Chahar. 1,5, 11, 21,45, 64n3, Council 142n7, 174n 1,254, 273, 90; conflict with Mongo­ Batumongke, Luo. See Luo 291,303,304,306,313, lia, 115; Southern, 1943, Batumongke 328, 331,370, 62 reclassified as Xuanhua Batunasun, daughter of Prince Buddhism, and reduction of Province, 284 De, 437 martial spirif 270 Chahar Banner, 28 Ba Weisong. See Bayankhan Buddhism ’s political involve- Chahar League, formation of 461 The Last Mongol Prince

95, 132,371-372 chigulgan (convention), 2 missionaries, Christian Chahar Right Flank banners, Chimedrinchinkhorlowa, 71n8, Christianity, Catholic, 309-310 11 121n8, 174nl,202n7,275 Chu Mingshan, 324, 326, 327, Chahar Tribe, fail to Japan of, Chimedsampil, Prince, 27n7, 343, 346-347, 349, 354, 120 37, 39,45,47,49, 53n3, 359,375 Chakhar. See Chahar 148, 155 Chu Minyi, 246 Chang Xun, General, attempts China, republic, establishment Chunde, 37, 148 Qing Restoration in 1917, of, 14; tensions with Churchill, Winston, at Yalta, 16 Mongols over provincial 310 Chen Changjie, 299, 300,301, administration, 60-61; Circassian, Mr., 410,439 302 1945 recognition of Outer Cixi, Empress Dowager, 6, 7, Chen Cheng, 138, 162, 164, Mongolian independence 9, 11, 12 379, 108 by, 346-347; collaboration with Japanese, Chen Erdeni, 394 Chinbudorji, 51n2, 151, 350 rationales for, 126 Chen Erdcnibatu, 360,415 Chinese Communists. 1945 collaborators with Japan, leftist Chen Guofu, 322,360 attaek on Prince De, 324; origins of many, 125-126 Chen Jitang, 108 1946 peace talks with Comintern, 20, 25,341, 342 Chen Kengyang, 101 KMT, 350-351; demand Communist Third Interna ­ Chen Lifu, 322, 322nl, 360, Prince De's extradition, tional. See Comintern 380 438; 302, 315-318, 320, Communists vs conservatives, Chen Nasanbatu, 142n7, 146, 323,333, 338, 340, 349, 1946,349-350 394,415 351,370,373,376,379, Conference on National Ca­ Chen Shaowu, See Chog- 388, 389, 390, 392, 393, lamities, Luoyang, 1932, bagatur 399, 406,408,417,418, 48 ChenSheng, 187, 293 420, 421,422-423,433 conscription, 290-291; Mongol Chen Xlaofan, 360 Chinese immigrants, into east­ resistance to, 157 Chen Yingquan, 409n6, 419 ern Inner Mongolia, 282 Constitutional Convention of Chen Yousheng, 170, 171, Chinese merchants, 11, 73, National Assembly, 1946, 201,205,228-229, 195,239,215,230,240, solution by of Mongolian 250nl4, 253,285 269-270, 252,289,446 problem, 366-368 Chen Yuming, 170, 171,204, Chinggis Khan, 1,72, 107, Constitutional National As­ 205,219nl,278, 284,286 138, 147, 149, 179, 180, sembly, 1946, lobbying by Chiang Kai-shek, Prince De’s 183, 194, 199,216,218, Mongol delegates pror to, initial favorable impres­ 229,248,257, 261,266, 359- 360; 1946, statement sion of, 52; 10/1935 re­ 298, 300, 304, 341,378, by Inner Mongolia Chi­ straining of Feng Yuxiang 409 nese provinces, 361-362; by, 119; 1935 strategy Chinjorigtu, 350 1946, statement by Inner against Japan, 120; 131; Chin Zhichao, 322 Mongolia Mongolian 1936 authorizes attack on Chogbadarakhu, 78, I27nl, leagues and banners, 362- Bat-Khaalag, 162; meet­ 211,226, 227, 231,233, 364; 1946, struggles be­ ing with Togtokhu in 245, 268n4, 298,303, tween Mongols and Cha- 1934, 104; and 1936 Xi’an 306-308,317,442 har-Suiyuan Chinese at, Incident, 164; 1937 ac­ Chogbagatur, 83nl0, 87,101, 360- 366 cepts alliance with Com­ 105, 107, 123, 138, 139, Cui Qinglan, 286, 293, 174nl munists, 167; 1939 secret 152, 171, 174nl, 186, 202, Cui Xingwu, 54, 54-5n5, 55, contact with Prince De 202n7, 254,263,284, 285, 153 ends in failure, 224-228; 288n9,317,321,326, 327, Cultural Revolution, 370; 1945, receives two visits 380n5,38I,383,389, effect of on Inner Mongo­ by Prince De, 324; 31-32, 409n6 lia, 447 107, 157,218,317, 322, Chogmandukhu, 213 345,346,351,353,359, Chogtumanglai, 127nl,266, 360, 379, 382, 389, 390, 308 D 392, 399,401, Chiang Choguirob, 409n6 Kai-shek, and Manchurian Choibalsan, Marshal, 20, 59, Da Han Yijun. See Great Chi­ Incident, 48,49; 50,94; 318, 335, 332, 338, 339, nese UprightArmy ends appeasement of Ja­ 428, 429, 431,432,433, Dagdan Lama, 112, 113 pan policy, 161; on Outer 434 Dagdanwangchug, Prince, 50, Mongolia, national mi­ Choijab, 360, 381n6 344 norities, 319-320 Choijamsu, 409n6 Dagwaodsar, 373, 380n6, 386, Chidaltu, 22,241nl2 Choijil, Colonel, 431,438 389, 396n3, 399,409n6, Chifeng, 14 Christian missionaries. See 425,428,429,432,439, Index 462

440,441 promises, 89; limits on to actively fight Japan, Dahur Mongols, 42,45 power of in 1933,63; 161; 1936, persuaded to Dahur, 25 made Secretary General of give up title qinwang, 156; Dai Chuanxian, 53,93nl2, 94 Mongolian Political and 1936 inauguration of Dai Li, 322nl Council, 1934, 100; 1934 Chahar League Office, Dai Qinglian, 119 attempt on his life by Fu 134-135; and 1936 Mon ­ Dai Zhongyuan (Chidaltu), Zuoyi, 107; 1934 KMT golian Military Govern ­ 307 fears he might link to ment, 143; 5/1936, be­ Daimo Company, See Great Japanese, 104; 1934 rela­ comes first general direc ­ Mongolian Company tions with Japanese, 106; tor of the military gov­ Daimo gongsi. See Great 1934 second visit with ernment, 149; 7/1936 ap­ Mongolian Company Chiang, 106; 1935 forma­ pointment by China as Dalad Banner, support of tion of Chahar League, head of Chahar Mongolian Boxers by, 9 132; 1935 secret visit to Political Council proves Dalai Lama, 12n2, 22, 43 Manchukuoby, 130-131; meaningless, 158; ap­ Daiizhaya. See Damzana 1935, defends Wu Heling pointed head of Shilingol Dambadorji (1899-1934), 26, against Japanese suspi ­ League, 7/1936, 123; 32, 59 cions, 133; 1935, meets Li 12/1936, attempts to end Dainirinjab, 129 Shouxin, 131; rationale for Tanaka ’s war, 164-165; Damirinsurung, 64, 134, negotiating with Japan 1937 reorganization of 134n3, 146, 174nl, 186, after 1931-35, 126; 1936- and centralization of con ­ 187,309,316,335, 336, 38 diplomatic activities of, trol over Mongolian 338 155-157; 1935, wins pas­ Army, 166; 1937 Second Dampii, 11 sive support of Prince Yon Congress unsuccessfully Damrinwangcbug, 393 for links to Japan, 131; advocates continuing Damrindorji. See Hang Jia- and third meeting of Mon ­ Military Government, xiang golian Political Council in 175; 1937 Second Mon ­ Damrinwangcbug, 381n6, 392, 10/1935, 118-119; golia Congress, 173-184; 397n4, 398, 404-405, 11/1935 response to KMT 1937 victories restore his 409n6,411,415,419, 420 appeasement policy with hopes for independence, Damzana (Darijayaga), 65,98, secret negotiations with 172; 1937, says balance 146, 148,381n6, 392, Japan, 131,132; 10/1936, required to rule under Al­ 393-394, 395, 395n2, 396, disastrous attack on Fu lied League Autonomous 398, 399, 402, 404-405, Zuoyi at Bat-Khaalag, Government, 181; 1937, 406,409n6,410,415,4I9, 161-164; 1936 attempt to caught between Japan and 419, 420,421,423,425 maintain distance between Fu Zuoyi as recover lost Darijab, 409n6, 417,425 both China and Japan, land, 169; 1937, conflict Darijayaga. See Damzana 158; 1936 conversation with Japan over Monglian daruga, head of a league, 2 with Puyi deplored by Wu independence, 171-172; Dawa, 360, 381n6 Heling, 156; 1936 coop­ 1937, first clashes with Dayan KJian, 1 eration with Wu Heling at Kanai Shoji, 170; 1937, Dayanchi Lama, 372, 389, 392 First Mongolian Confer ­ leads civil administration De Gulai. See Jirgalang ence, 145; 1936 damage to of Allied League De, Prince, PLATES 1, 8, 16, his prestige because of Autonomous Government, 17; early years of, 1, 8-17; Japanese connection, 155; 183; 1937, loses control of turns more conservative in 1936 decision to close Joint Committee members 1925,26; and 1932 Con ­ general headquarters, 141; to Kanai, 189; 1937, pulls ference on National Ca­ 1936 establishment of away from Japanese at­ lamities, 48, 49; accepts Mongolian Army General tack, coopted by Japanese compromise autonomy Headquarters by, 138-141; back into leadership, 168; plan in 1933, 85-87; 1933 1936 founding of Mongo­ 1937, uneasy with Kanai and after search for auton ­ lian Military Officers as advisor, 186; 10/1937 omy, if sovereignty not Academy by, 154; 1936 made vice-chairman of possible, 2S9nl; 1933 ne ­ moves against by KMT, new Mongolian Allied gotiations among Mongol 121; 1936, hesitates to Leagues Autonomous officials over unity, 66-68; take field against Japan, Government, 178; and Inner Mongolian 159; 1936, Manchu- 10/1937 opening speech to Autonomy movement, 60, Mongol Agreement, 155; Second Mongolian Con ­ 62; and 1933 autonomy 1936, sucked into Suiyuan gress, 176-177; 12/1937, conference, 74; objections campaign, 160; 1936, un ­ heads Department of Ad ­ to 1933 autonomy com­ willingness to join China ministration, 184;1938 463 The Last Mongol Prince

audience with Hirohito, Dorji for his misdeeds, of Political Affairs De­ 206-207; 1938 Japan visit, 234; 1941, applauds ex­ partment, replacing Wu tactful handling of being pulsion of Panchen Lama, Heling, 307; 1944, post­ taken to Japanese scene of but resists basic changes crisis personnel shifts, Yuan Dynasty's thirteenth in lamaist doctrine, 270; 307-308; 1944, problem of century defeat, 208; 1938, 1941, delays full moderni ­ Prince's queue, 304-305; elected chair of and reor­ zation of administration 1944, tries to ignore fac­ ganizes Mongolian Allied lest Japanese use it to tional infighting, 306; League Autonomous Gov­ penetrate local govern­ 1945, attempts to concili ­ ernment, 194-196; 1938, ments, 255; 1941, deter ­ ate local Chinese, 310- encourages Wu Heling to mination to modernize by 311; 1945, conversations go study in Japan, 193; expanding on his Sunid with Chiang in Chung ­ 1938, forges two plans for Right Banner experience, king, and written summa ­ independence with Wu 244-245; 1941, meeting ries of these, 324-325; Heling, 206; 1938, iso­ with Tojo in Kalgan, 249; 1945, effect on him of lated by melding of Guan- 1941, organizes body ­ Yalta Agreement, 310- dong Army into North guard, 249; 1941, second 311; 1945, family of es­ China Army, 190; 1938, visit to Japan of, 245-249; capes harm during Soviet loses control of Second 1941, shrewd political occupation of Sunid Right Army to Japan, 154; 1938, balancing by in cabinet Banner, 331; 1945, his moderate course urged on shuffle, 251, 251nl5; and Kalgan government falls, by Wu Heling, 202; 1938, 1941 resignation of Prince 317-318; 1945, holds nearly forced into chair­ Sung, 242; 1942 and 1943, aloof from KMT faction ­ manship of Joint Com­ documents on Asian de ­ alism in Chungking, 323; mittee of Mongolian Ter­ velopment, 298-299; 1945, hopes for Mongol­ ritories, 211; 1938, plot 1942, becomes aware of ia's future, swears not to against by Kanai Sboji, Ohashi's bad behavior to flee to Japan, 311-312; 187-189; 1938, continued fellow Japanese, 265-266; 1945, unfruitful second conflict with Kanai Shoji 1942 meetings of Mongol­ meeting with Chiang in after Japan visit, 208-13; ian Rehabilitation Com­ Chungking, 327; 1945, 1938, reduced to figure­ mittee, 269-270; and 1942 views on Soviet and MPR head, 212; 1938, rift with fall of Ohashi Chuichi, occupation, 333; 1945, Wu Heling reopened, 207; 273; 1/1942, expresses visit to Xi'an on way to 1938, unfazed by threats solidarity with Japan, 266; Chungking, 321; 1945, of assassination, 205; 1/1942, greeted by Ohashi visit witli Chiang Kai-shek 1938, unsuccessful resis­ Chuichi, 264; 2/1942, in Chungking, 323-328; tance by to rise of power followup meeting with lo­ 9/1945, in Beiping, out of of Japanese advisors, 197; cal rulers, 266; 3/1942 touch with Sunid confer ­ 7/1938, elected chairman Manchukuo visit by, 268- ence, 335; 1946 contacts replacing Prince Yon, 192; 69; 1943 Mongolian Army with Mongolian-Tibetan 10/1938 visit to Japan by, problems, 293; 1943 post- Affairs Commission, 376- 204-208; 1939, and edu ­ reorganization problems, 378; 8/18/1945 telegram cation reform, 213; 1939, 286-291; 1943 recovery of to Chiang Kai-shek, 317; lack of enthusiam for Al­ power by, 283-286; 1943, 8/1942, convenes Fifth lied Autonomous Gov­ aborts Inner Mongolian Mongolian Congress, 278- ernment, 218; 1939, re­ military conspiracy, 294; 279; 8/1945, move of jects new flag, 219-220; 1943, preserves feudalistic from Kalgan to Beiping, 1939, secret contact with elements to minimize Chungking, 319-322; Chiang Kai-shek ends in Japanese interference, 10/1945, belief of that he failure, 224-228; 1939- 293; 1943, uses Mongol­ might soon return to 1941, emotional depres ­ ian Army Officer Acad ­ steppes, 342; 10/1945, fo­ sion of, 216, 220; 1940 emy to try to take Army cuses on unification of activities in Japan, 238- control fiflm Li Shouxin, factions in Beiping, 342; 239; 1940, depressed over 295; 1944, counsels youth 10/1945, favored by most lack of reform results for preparing for Japanese and of Beiping Mongols, 343; Mongols he ponders using German defeat, 302-303; 1946, disappointment at Sunid Right Banner as 1944, disharmony over constitutional compro­ testing ground for reform, control of army, 305-307; mise, 370; 1946, hopes to 237; 1940, keeps aloof 1944, loses control of use Nanjing cabinet re ­ from Wang Jingwei, 228; Army again, 308; 1944, shuffle to continue reha­ 1940, mildly punishes obliged to take headship bilitation of Shilingol and Index 464

Chahar, 375; 1946, main ­ 390; 4/1949, convenes in Ulaanbaatar, passively tains devotion to increased conference on autonomy, refused meeting with autonomy, 353; 1946, 396; 7/1949, accepts Jag- Choibalsan, no right to Rong Xiang comes over to chid's proposal to escape leave MPR, 434,435; his side, 354; 1946, sees to Tibet, but Wu Heling 11/1949, misses chance to no immediate solution to talks others into staying, see most family members, Mongolia's problems, 371; 407; 7/1949, decision not 436; 11/1949, under house 1946, turns down headship to go into exile subjects arrest in Ulaanbaatar, 435- of Shilingol League, 373; him to persecution by 437; 11/1949-2/1950, 1946, unsuccessfully cau ­ Communists, 407; 7/1949, prisoner in Ulaanbaatar, tions Khuturungga to not return to Alashan by, 406- 437-438; late 1949, Bai shed blood, 372; 1/1946, 408; 8/1949, appoints Jag- Haifeng and He Zhaolin cuts off queue to cele­ chid representative of sent by Communists to brate MPR recognition by autonomous government win surrender of, 423; late China, 346, 427; 2/1946, to U.S., 419; 8/1949, con ­ 1949, still demanding hopes for success in East­ tacts via son, Dugur- Mongolian autonomy, ern Inner Monglian auton ­ sureng, with MPR, es­ courted by Communists, omy negotiations with chews exile, 418; 8/1949, 424; 12/1949, prepares to Chinese, 347; 3/1946, re­ elected head of Alanshan contact MPR agents, 428- alizes China only granting Conference-based Mon ­ 430; 12/1949, responses to limited autonomy, 348; golian Autonomous Gov­ MPR invitations, 427-428; 8/1946, recovery of Inner ernment, 415; 8/1949, 12/1949-9/1950, in Ulaan ­ Mongolia by KMT raises fails to gain hanging of baatar, 427-442; 9/1950, his prestige, 351-352; portrait of Chinggis Khan extradition to Beijing, 1948 contacts with at Alashan conference, 441-442; 15, 17, 142n7;3- American intelligence, 409; 8/1949, farewell to 9/1950, interrogation 388, 388n7; 1948, advice departing Jagchid et al, during imprisonment, 438- to First National Assem­ 419; 8/1949, keynote ad ­ 441; 1963-66, his Person­ bly delegates, 381; 1948, dress to Alashan confer ­ al Narration likely an in ­ finally informed about ence by, 409,410; 8/1949, complete set of "confes ­ existence of Mongolian revives idea of fleeing to sions," 446-447; 4/1966, Youth Alliance, 388; Tibet via Kokonor, and death of, 447, 448; and 1948, withdrawal from perhaps then to India, 421; Eight Articles establishing Beiping, 389-391; 1949, 8/1949, still hoped for autonomy, 95; and feudal he and Damzana, pass KMT blessing on Mongol­ opposition to Wu Heling, leadership to Altanochir, ian autonomy, 416-417; 50; and founding of Khor- 398; 1949, contact with 9/1949, after exile from ishiya, 240; and Guang ­ Americans in Guangzhou, Alashan, 422-424; 9/1949, dong initiative, 107-109; 403; 1949, failure in Nan ­ fails to persuade Alashan and journalistic coverage jing autonomy negotia­ Mongols to retreat to Ti­ of 1933 autonomy talks, tions, 400-401; 1949, fur ­ bet, 422; 10/1949, crosses 81; and Mongolian Auto ­ ther contact with MPR back from MPR to Inner nomous State, 259-318; agents at Bayan Shangdu Mongolia and back again, and Mongolian Delegation Temple, 430-432; 1949, 432- 434; 10/1949, crosses in Tokyo, 266; and organ­ gains only authorization into MPR, 430-431; ization of the Mongolian for Preliminary Commit ­ 10/1949, in MPR, contin ­ Army, 153-154; and Peace tee for Mongolian Auton ­ ued unrealistic hopes for Preservation Corps, 110; omy, 404; 1949, last ditch Mongol unity, 431; and Peace Preservation possible move to Tibet via 10/1949, jobs of sons and force rebellion of 1936, desert and Kokonor, 406; daughter in MPR, 431; 122-123; and revenue 1949, other contacts in 10/1949, thoughts upon from opium, 113-115; and Guangzhou, 404; 1949, final crossing into MPR, Zhangbei IncidenL H8; trip to Guangzhou, 398- 433- 434; 10/1949, up ­ appeals for mercy for 402; 1949, wants to take braids Altanochir for giv­ Lingsheng, 148; 10, 13, advantage of KMT central ing communications 20,21,22, 23,24, 27,28, power's disintegration, equipment to MPR, 430; 29, 30, 33, 36,40n6, 42, 395; 1/1949, departs for 11/1949, in Ulaanbaatar, 45,46, 50, 53, 56, 58, 70, Alashan, 392-393; 1/1949, first exposure to works of 78, 80,81,82, 88, 89, 92, visits Chiang in Nanjing, Lenin and Mao, 434; 95,98,99, 101, 102, 105, 390; still desires to go in ­ 11/1949, a guest in Ulaan ­ 106, 111, 116,117, 117n6, dependently to Northwest, baatar, 434-435; 11/1949, 119, 122, 124, 128, 129, 465 The Last Mongol Prince

147, 152, 157, 163, 172, feng Ere’en, 16 203n8, 231,262,271-272, Dugursurung, eldest son of Eriyen. See Ere’en 275-276, 297, 298, 299, Prince De, PLATE 8; Erkedorji,71n8, 112,113, 314,315,318, 380,385, 174nl,210, 237, 273,312, 174nl, 175 388, 394, 397n4,409n6, 331,336, 338, 409n6,418, Erkejibu, 238 424-426,427-428, 444, 424,428,429-430,431, Erkesechenjambal, 175 445, 435, 436-437,442,445 Erlian. See Mongolia, Inner Dechin (b. 1882), 25, 25n6, Duingkhorjab, 331, 337, 370- 98nl3,213,219nl 371,429, 434,440 Declaration of Inner Mongo­ Du Yunyu, 170, 189, 201, F lian Autonomy, prelimi­ 219nl,222, 250nl4, 278, nary, 72-74 285, 286, 306 Feng, Yuxiang, 2n5, 11,21, ded-daruga, deputy head of a 22.28, 29, 32, 34, 38n4, league, 2 39n5, 46, 43-44.45, 56, Delgerchogtu, 294, 312, 331 E 61, 119, 126 Demchugdongrob. See De, feudalism long since outgrown Prince E Yousan, 305, 309-310 by Mongols, writes Jag- Deng Zeru, 108 Eastern Hebei Anti- chid, 358 Dewagenden, PLATE 4; 51, Communist Autonomous Fifth Mongolian Congress, 63, 71n8, 142, 145, I74nl. Government, 160 8/1942, 277-279 284-285, 336,350 Eastern Hebei Autonomous Finance, Ministry of, 1943 De Wang. See De, Prince Government, 120 establishment of, 285 Dilowa Khutuglu, 19n2, 108, Eastern Hebei Autonomous First Chinese National Assem­ 129, 130, 134-135,271- Government, agreement bly, Mongol delegates to, 272, 272n6, 390 with, 15; 2/1946, sends 381-384 DingQichang, 153, 187, delegation to Beiping, 346 flagof Allied Autonomous 219nl,238,250nl4, 252, Eastern Mongolia, 1945, GovemmenL 219 268n4, 278, 293,315; sui ­ changing situation in, 339- flag, changes in during repub ­ cide of, 343 342 lican era, 34, 149 Dingyuanying, 1949, last hq of Economics, Ministry of, 1943 flag, national, basis for quarrel Prince De, 393; politics establishment of, 285 during Prince's 1940 Japan among the Mongols of, education proposals, 1941, visit, 238 394-396 244; reforms of Prince food, trade in, 215 diplomacy, 1936-38, 155 Gungsangnorbu, 274; un ­ Fu Mingtai. See Fumingtai Dobdan,63, 74, 174nl, 142n7, der 1933 autonomy rules, Fumingtai, 25,42 202n7, 234, 235,236, 330, 91-92; 1941, in Shilingol Fu Xiande, 166, 186 409n6, League, 256; 1943 on, Fu Zuoyi, 11, 54, 61, 63, 64n2, Doihara, Kenji, 118, 128, 132 290; female, 237-238; 66n5, 67, 70. 77, 80, 89, Doihara-Qin Agreement, 160 213-215,283,323-324 90, 93,94, 98, 99, 100, Doloonnor, history of, 15, Ejine, 90 102, 102nl, 103, 112-113, 55n6; Zhang Zuolin ’s Ekuchi, Yoshinao, 288 115, 118, 121, 122, 126, 1925 occupation of, 30 Elechun, 49 140, 145, 146, 154, 155, Dong Biwu, 167,422 elections, and Mongol re­ 159-160, 161, 162, 163, Dong Qiwu, 417, 420, 439 sponse, 378-381 164, 167, 175, 182n2, 186, Dorben-keuked Banner, in ­ elections, national, 1948,379- 187, 192, 196, 199, 201, demnity payments en ­ 380 222,229-230, 243,299, forced on, 7, 7n5; support Engkeamur, 72,79,101,138, 300, 301,302,304-305, of Boxers by, 9 139, I74nl, 184, 222, 344 309,311,315-316,317- Dordog, 429 Engkebatu, 92, 98, 102n2. 131 318, 332, 337, 349,351- Dorgon, Prince, 3 229 353,354,359,361,366, Dorji, 124, 142n7, 234, Engkeburin, 25, 125,129, 195 371,372.377,378,379, 234nl0, 236, 330, 360 Enterprise, Ministry of, 1943 381,388, 389,417,420 Duan, Kehe, 444 establishment of, 285 Fujii, Gochiro, 242, 250nl4 Duan Qirui, 19, 22, 26, 27, 28, Erdenibatu, Chen. See Chen Fuling, 148 29, 30 Erdenibatu Duan Taldangdai, 429,432 Erdeni, Chen. See Chen Erdeni Duchingge, 157 ere, probationary soldier, 3 G duguilang, spontaneous popu ­ ere, unit of one hundred able- lar rebellion, 11 bodied men, 3 Gada meren, 30 Dugur. See Li Shoushan Ere’en (Erlian)-dabsu salt lake, Galsangjirmed, second son of Dugurengsang. See Bai Hai- 2 Prince De, 436,442 Index 466

Gal sangrolmawangj i Ij amsu, Gungsangnorbu , Prince He Zhuguo, 327, 343 121n8 (1871-1930), 9-11, 13-16, He Zizhang. See Chinjorigtu gaming, revolution, 14 22-23, 26,28,30,32, 35, Hibino, Jo, 250nl4, 252 Gao Rong, 224 36,40n7, 43, 47, 50, 102, Hirohito, Emperor, 206-207, Gao Yajie, 402 125,213,237,274, 326, 239 Gendenjab, 63nl, 67, 71n8, 74, 386 Hiroji, 129 89 Guo Daofii. See Merse Hirota Koki, 193 General Affairs Bureau, 263 Guo Guangju, 309 Hisamitsu, Masao, 201, 238- Giljintei,372,378,381n6, 390, Guo Taofti. See Merse 239, 253, 266, 284, 288, 409n6,415,4l9, 422,425 Hitler, 257; Mongolian admir ­ Go, Minoru, 214 ers of, 294 Golden Clan, the, 1 Hohhot, 1, Inl, 11; 1937, Golminse, 174nl, 278, 280, begins to be overshad ­ 332,335 Hai Fuquan, 409n6, 432 owed by Kalgan, 189; 30, Gombo, 333, 409n6, 430, 432- Haneyama Yoshiro, Major, 64; made capital of Allied 433, 434, 436,437 122,201 League Autonomous Gov­ Gombojab (Hangin), 214, 238, Han Fenglin. See Kokebagatur ernment, 1937, 179, 180; 267,321,374-377, Han Fenglou, 187 symbolic significance as 380n5, 381,386,388, Hangin. See Gombojob (Han ­ capital, 183 409n6, 439 gin) Hongmaozi. See also Red Cap Gonchog, 396n3, 409n6 Hangin, G. See Gombojab rebels, 4 Gonchograshi, 98, 124, 142n7 (Hangin) Flonma Major Makodo. 105 Gong, 409,410 Han Guangsen, 219nl horse trade with Japan during Gongdari, Lieutenant, 434 Han Sewang, 350 World War II, 269 Gong Ziwan, 111 Hang Jiaxiang, 327,360, Huadc Xian. See Jabsar Good Neighbor Association, 381n6 Huang Fensheng, 82-83 127, 130, 202, 256, Hasanuma Shigeru, 190,197, Huang Fu, 56, 78, 79, 111 256nl7, 438 208-209,210,211,216, Huang Musong, 113 Great Chinese Upright Army, 219,224, 224n3, Huang Shaohong, 77, 78-80, 159,161 Hatano, Yoshikuma 219nl 81,85, 88, 89,92, 93nl2, Great East Asian War, effect Hayasaka Fuyo. 250nl4, 252 94, 108, 158,378,380n5, on Soviet Union, 262; Hayashi, General Senjuro, 58, 409n6 outbreak of, 12/1941, 262 127, 193 Hu Fengshan. See Kokebaga­ Great Mongolian Company, Hebei-Chahar Political Affairs tur 166n6,215,240, 240nll, Committee, 157, 160 Hu Hanmin, 107-108 269-270, 289 He Bingwen, 171, 174nl, 186, Hulun-buir League, 13, 37, 44 Greater East Asian Co-Pros­ 306 Hulun-buir, 18, 27n7; occupa ­ perity Sphere, 298 Hedin, Sven, 267, 374 tion by Japan, 46 Guan Baojia, 380n5, 383 He Guoguang, 322nl Hurley, Ambassador Patrick, Guan Zhenduo, 229n8 Hci He, 153 320, 350-351 Guandong Army, 1938, made He Jingwu, 100, 104 Hu Zongnan, 321,392,405 Japanese Army in Mon ­ He Pinwen, 184 golia, 190 He Qigong, 321 Guangxi faction, 43 He Qishou, 301 I Guangxu Emperor, 9, 12 He Shouye, 409n6 Guan Jiyu, 400,401,408,420 He Shouye (Buu), 380n5 Ichijo, Sanetaka, Duke, 127 Guan Linzheng, 117 He-Umeizu Agreement, 116, Ichingga, 71n8 Guan Qiyi. See Jorigtu 120, 157, 160 Ihengge, 151, 153, 174nl, 187 Guan Yinnan. See Jorigtu He Yangling, 83nl0 Ikh Khuree. See Ulaanbaatar Guard Divisions of the He Yingqin, 56, 70, 78, 98, Imamura, Toyojiro, 150, 260, leagues, 290 100, 103, 106, 111, 114, 278 Gui Yongqing, 50, 52,401 118, 119,322nl,399,400, independence of Mongolia Guifii, 27n7, 47 He Yunzhang, 174nl, 175, declared, 13 Guihua See Hohhot 186, 224, 225,226, 228 indirect rule by Manchus, 4-5 Gungasereng, 175 He Zhaolin (Nasunmongke), Industrial Enterprises, Bureau Gungbujab, Prince, 151 39,101,323,327,345, of, 1943 establishment, Gungga Jurhaichi Lama, 372 380,382,385, 386,387, 289 Gung, Prince of Kharachin. 389, 392, 394, 395, 395n2, Inmori, Toshisuke, Major, 171 See Gungsangnorbu, 396, 398,399,405,406, Inner Mongolia, early republic Prince 406n5,407,410,411,414, administrative changes in, Gungsang, 71n8, 142n7,409n6 419.423,434,435,442 31n9. See also Mongolia, 467 The Last Mongol Prince

Inner Jachingjab, 174nl, 187,309, 359; 1946, formation of Inner Mongolian Autonomous 310 Mongolian Youth Alli­ Government, 5/1946, sup ­ Jagar, 268, 268n4 ance, 368; 8/1949, depar ­ plements Communists in Jagchid, Sechin (Serjimedug), ture from Alashan, 419- Kalgan, 370; Organiza­ PLATES 4. 5, 7, 8, 10, 13, 420; 35, 36,51,69, 79, tional Law of the, 75 14; accompanies father to 103-104, 111, 117, 128, Inner Mongolian Autonomous see Ninth Panchen Lama 132, 133-134,136, 138, Movement, 25n6 in 1925,26; Sechin, 140, 206, 208,210-211, Inner Mongolian Autonomous 1/1936, accompanies Wu 218,241-242,264,265, Region, influence of Heling to Mongolia, 134- 273, 279, 280, 288, 289, Prince De on, 442; Prince 135; 8/1936 visit to Dehua 291,296, 301,302,303, De lives to see, many of by, 158; several visits to 304, 306,308,311,313, his protdg6s serve in its 1936 Bat-Khaalag battle­ 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, government, 446 field by, 163; statement to 337-338, 340.344, 345, Inner Mongolian Autonomy Chiang during 1946 Na­ 347,354, 366,370-371, Movement, 30,60 tional Assembly, 359; 373,376,377,381,382. Inner Mongolian Autonomy, 10/1937, accused of Com­ 386, 388, 389,399-400, Preliminary Committee munist leanings by Japan ­ 402,404-405,409,409n6, for formed, 396-398 ese, 176; 1937 graduation 410,411,414,418, 439. Inner Mongolian government, from Beiping University, See also his father, Lub- 1945, creation of, 337-339 173; 1937 made assistant sangchoijur Inner Mongolian Kuomin- to Mandaitu, 185; 1938 Jagunnasutu, 106, 109, 173, tang/People’s Revolution ­ tour with Wu Heling of 176, 184, 185,396n3,398, ary Party, 25, 26, 29, 32, Tokyo Imperial Univer ­ 404, 420,425 34, 35n2,40n6, 42, 56, sity, 214; 1938, accompa­ Jakhunju, PLATE 13; 123, 61,63n2, 131, 141, 146, nies Wu Heling to Japan 146,360, 369, 369n3, 375, 213,254,370 until 1939, 193-194; 1938, 380n5 Inner Mongolian Revolution ­ hears of threat to Prince jakirugchi, 23, 25 ary Forces, 339 De, 205; 1938, in Tokyo, Jalgamji, 101, 138, 174nl,254 Inoue, Aratama, 127, 256nl7 202; 1938, urged by Jalkhanza Khulugiu, (Damdin- intellectuals, anti-religious Prince De to return to To­ bazar;d. 1923), 19, 19n2 agitation by, 270; modern, kyo, 211; berated by Ka- Jamyangligshidjamtso, 297 102, 102 nai, 212; 1939, accompa­ Jana, 434 international organizations, nies Wu Heling back Irom Janggiya Khutugtu, 24, 43,48, 1946, contact with, 372- Tokyo, 220; 1939, goes to 53, 54n4, 55n6, 78, 79, 376 work for Prince Sung- 111, 185,297 investments in Mongolia, jingwangchug, 220; and Japan, 1907 secret treaty of Chinese, Soviet and Japa­ 1940 visit of Wang Jing- with Russia, 13; study nese, 166n6 wei to Kalgan, 231-233; there by young Mongols, Iron Ring campaigns, 104 part of 11/1940 delegation 1931-36, 127; mixed atti­ Ishimoto, Torazo, 128, 190 to Japan, 238-239; 1941 tudes of Mongols toward Itagaki Seishiro, 128, 130, resignation of Prince in 1931,47-48; 1933 pol­ 133, 138, 150, 155, 158, Sung, 242-243; 1941 sug­ icy toward western Inner 167, 169, 203-207, 209, gestions on school curric ­ Mongolia, 62; its negative 210-212, 229,438 ula, 257; 1941, accompa­ attitude toward 1933 Itagaki, deputy chief of staff of nies Prince Sung as inter ­ Mongol autonomy nego­ Guandong Army, 118 preter seeing off Kanai tiations, 69; 1934 spread Ito, Tasuku, 201, 204, 205, Shoji, 262; 1941, becomes of its intelligence work in 219nl,253,201 secretary to Prince Sung, north, 109; low posture Itsuna,Ei, 188, 198,219nl, 254; 1943 appointment as taken toward by KMT in 223 head of Civilian Affairs 1934, 111; pressures on Ivanov, Colonel, 333,334, Bureau ofShilingol Mongolia by, 1934, 104; 336,337 League, 284; 1943 politi­ 1936 death of Prince So Iwai, Fumio, 227n6 cal problems in Shilingol, increases power of, 157; Iwasaki, Tamio, 266, 278 287; 1945, recollections of 1936 westward expansion Soviet occupation of by, 154; undermining of Shilingol, 328-332; 1946 Mongolian Political J interview in Wenhuibao, Council in 1936 by, caus ­ 364-366; 1946 publication ing splits among Mongols, Jabsar, site of 1936-38 Military of "The Hope of the Inner 122; 5/1936 treated as “the Government, 154 Mongolian People," 354- friendly nation" by Prince Index 468

De, 150; 1937, and Sec­ ond-ranking prince and 264,277, 278, 291nl0, ond Congress, 175;1937 ruler, 1 315,332, 333 its second thoughts on jasag, ruler of a banner, 2 Joint Committee of Mongolian Mongol independence, Jebtsundamba Khutugtu Territory, 187-189 170; 1937, power of its (Bogda Khan), II, 13, 19, Jorigbagatur, 127nl advisors in Mongolia in ­ 20,21,77, 427, Jorigtu, 101, 117, 184,353, creased, 183-184; 1937, Jerim League, 5n2, 9, 12, 14, 354, 369, 380n5, 383, 386, reluctance to accept broad 27n7, 37, 39,44. 45,46 354 definition of native Mon ­ Jiang Huiruo, 250nl4, 251- Jorintob, 360,409n6 gol territory, 181; post- 252,280 Josotu Banner, 14 1936 clashes with Soviets, Ji Chixiang, See Jirgalang Josotu League, 5n2, 12, 21, 36, 147; 1938 Mongolian Jin Batudorji, 398, 404,409n6 4,44, 45, 48 military arrangements, Jin Chongwei, 323, 354, 382 journalistic coverage of 1933 199-201; motives for 1938 Jindandao Rebellion, 4 autonomy talks, 81 visit of Prince De to To­ Jing Dequan, 167 Ju Zheng, 93n 12, 160 kyo, 204; Army in Mon ­ Jing Tianlu, 360,380n5 Jungnai, 18nl, 36, 39,409n6 golia Headquarters, 1938, Jingguleme. See Jin Yanghao Jurkhaichi Lama Gungga, 372 190-191; 1939-1941, Jingjia, 268 Juun Tusalagchi, 301, 302 greaterdominance over Jin Xianzhang, 163 Juutaibao, 71n8, 175, 174nl Mongols, 220; Japanese- Jin Yanghao, 354,359, 364, Juu Uda Banner, 14 Chinesc Basic Treaty of 381n6 Juu-uda League, becomes 1940, 245; 1940, presses Jin Yongchang. See Altano- “Mongolian Autonomous ” Mongols to join Wang chir, Altanochir Kinggan West Province, Jingwei, 228; 11/1940 Jin Yongzhang. See Altan- 4, 5n2, 12, 14, 16n4,21, celebration of 2,600th an ­ wachir 36,44,45, 48, 57 niversary, 238-239; 1941 Jin Zhichao, 360 changed attitude toward Jin, Yongchang. See Altanwa- Mongols, 245; 1941 reap­ chir K praisal of Mongol policies, Jirgalang, PLATE 7, 8; 205, 243; 1941, draws army 296 Kabji Lama. See Lubsang supplies from Mongolia, Jirgalang (De Gulai), 381n6, Kabji Lama; 202n7, 277, 255, 255nl6; advisors, 431 296, 297, 330.See also 1941, institutionally re­ Jirgalang (from Dahur), Lobsang strained on Rehabilitation 250nl4,251 Kahoku Kabushiki Kaisha. See Committee, 254; General Jirgalang (from Jerim), North China Development Affairs Board, 258; 1941, 250nl4, 253, 254 Company quarrels among, 252-253; Jirgalang (Ji Zhixiang), 433 Kalachakra Initiation, 42, 70 Japanese-Chinese-Mon- Jirgalang, 48, 101, 123, 151, Kalgan, 5, 10, 16, 1937, begins golian Agreement, 1941 152, 171, 174nl, 175, 177, to overshadow Hohhot, draft for, 248; 1942, horse 184, 188, 195,204,206, 189; 1946, recovery tfom and other goods purchas ­ 209, 210,211,219nl,223, Communists, 370; be­ ing by, 269-270; 1943 241 n 12, 245,247,250nl4, comes capital of Mongo­ apogee in power of, 287; 252, 268n4, 268n4, 277, lian Autonomous State, advisors, post-1943 Mon ­ 281,285,286,307,314, 280 gol conflicts with, 291, 317, 332, 333,334, 335, Kalgan-Ulaanbaatar Automo ­ 291 n 10; wartime pressure 336, 337, 338, 341,344, bile Company, 16 brought against Christian 379,381n6, 399-400,402, Kanagawa, Kosaku, Colonel, missionaries by, 267, 270- 404, 404-405,406,409n6, 201,281,283,339 272; Japanification of 411,414,415,419, 421, Kanai Shoji, PLATE 7; 170, Buddhism policy, 270- 425 171, 186, 187-190, 191, 271; 1945, does not resist Ji Songling, 146 193, 199-201,201,202, Soviets after unconditional Ji Zenfti. See Jakhunju 203, 204, 206, 207, 208, surrender, 317; Guandong Ji Zhixiang. See Jirgalang 208-213,216,218-219, Army, 1945, weakness of, Jiyatai, 78 220, 221,222,223,227, 298-299, 339; intelligence Jodbajab, 51,56, 59, 65n4, 98, 228, 231-233,236-237, activities of, 125-127, 176, 122, 124, 132, 134-135, 240,241-242, 243,245- 196-199, 296; 12, 18, 20, 137n6, 140, 140, 142n7, 247, 248-250, 252-253, 130,32, 133, 152, 1154, 149,155, 158, 170, 174nl, 259, 260-262, 262n2,3, 58-161, 169-171, 176, 184, 188, 189, 201,208, 263, 266, 275-276, 283, 214, 235,241 219nl, 223, 231-233,236- 286, 307, jasag toroyin jumvang, sec­ 237,249, 250,250nl4, Kangi, Masaichi, 315 469 The Last Mongol Prince

Kang Jimin, 123, 353nl Khorchin Right Center Banner, Kokebagatur, PLATE 13; Kang Ren. See Mergenbalor 9 kidnapping and murder of, Kangyu, Kosaburo, 198 Khorjorjab, Prince, 52, 53,62, 58,69, 79, 101, 103, 104, Kanjurwa/w/iK/ug/tt, 1913 71n8,98, 100, 124, 139, 106, 107-108, 110, 117, assassination of, 15, 107, 140, 149, 152, 184, 185, 187, 353nl,2, 368,380n5. 296, 297 195,202,213,223, Also spelled Kokebagatar, Kanki, Masaichi, 320 250nl4, 278,331, Kokebator; also known as Kasame Yoshiaki, 193,198, Khorongga, 166, 254 Han Fenglin 263 khorshiya (cooperatives), Koke-khota. See Hohhot Kashiwa, Goto, 250nl4, 253 founding of, 239-241; alli­ Kokonor (Qinghai) Mongols, Kataoka, Major General, 268 ance of, 307-308; 166, contacts with other Mon ­ Katukura, 261 I66n6255, 256, 266, 269, gols, 109-110 Kawabe, Torashiro, Colonel, 288-289, 290, 306, 307 Kokuryukai, 198 133 Khoshoi Dugureng Chin Kong Qingzong, 83nl0 Kawasaki, Colonel, 166, 168 Wang, Manchu/Mongol Konoyc, Fumimaro, 206,209, Kaya, Okinori, 200 title, 15 246, 247 Keshig, 72, 72n9 Khoshoi Sechen Chin Wang, Korostowetz, Ivan, 88nl 1 Keshigdelger, 112 Manchu/Mongol title, 2 Koyazan sect, and Tibetan Keshigten Banner, 22 Khubilai Khan, invasion of Buddhism, 271 Keshingge (1888-1950), 92, Japan by, 208 Kuci-hua (Guihua). See 93nl2, 98, 229 khuraliai, as precedents for Hohhot Khafengga(1908-1970), and 1936 First Mongolian Kugjintei (Kugjintai?), 151, Mongol nationalist reac­ Conference establishing 284 tion to Manchurian Inci ­ Mongolian Military Gov- Kuma, Takeshi, 201 dent, 47; 281, 340-342, emmenf 145 Kuomintang, 1928 denial of 447 Khuturi,45, 57, 58, 129 self-rule for the Mongols Khalkha. See Mongolia, Outer Khuturungga, 350,352,372 by, 37,38n4; 1945, at­ khambus, high-ranking lama Khuwalintai, 148 tempts to recruit Mongol officials, 27 khuyagh, soldier, 33nl0 intellectuals by, 344, 345; Khangdadorji Prince (from Kichiyeltumergen, Slnl2, 343, influence of its doctrines Ordos Left Central Ban ­ 347 on Mongol nationalism, ner), 64n2, 121n8, 141, Kikutake, Jitsuzo, 47 61-2; Northern Campaign 427 Kimura, Koichi, 329 by, 32, 34; Northern Ex­ Khangdadorji, Prince (1871- Kimura, Yujiro, 204,212, 221, pedition of 1926-7 by, 32; 1915, from Tushiyetu 235,241-242, 245,248, 22, 25 Khan Aimag), 427 260, 263, 277, 284, 288 Kurosawa, Ryukichi, 199, 284 Khara Kilad, black Chinese, Kinggan (Xing’an) General Kurosawa, Torizo, 239 14 Bureau, 49 Kushibe, Masateru, 187, 188, Kharachin Banner, 9, 10, 14, Kinggan East and North Pro­ 198, 202n7,203 22, 28n8, 45, vinces under Japan, 49 Kuwabara, Araichiro, Lieuten ­ khariyad, personal staff of a KMT(See also Kuomintang) ant Colonel, 172, 176, banner head, 2 appeasement policy, end 201,230 khariyalu, 3 of, 161; Blue Shirt Bri­ Khasbagan, 101, 110 gade of, 153; govemmenf Khashaat (Khashiyatu) and approves constitution, L opium traffic, 113, 114 353; 1946 peace talks with Khashaat Incident, 117 Chinese Communists, Lamajab, 28n8 Kha.sochih, 71, 83nlO, 93, 350-351; 8/1949, last lamas, policy to return many to 174nl Mongol negotiation with, lay life, 266 Khatanbagatur, 78, 127nl, 419-420; in 1948 election, Lama-yin Tamaga, 296-298 249, 281,309,312,313, 380; stops constitutional land reform, favoring Mongol 339,340-341,342, 345, amendments at 1948 First herdsmen, 282 370, 409n6, 431, National Assembly, 385; Lanyishe. See Blue Shirt Bri­ Khauchid, 1,2, 3 weakened by death of gade Khorchinbilig, 335, 336 Prince So, 157 Lan-yi-she. See Blue Shirt Khorjurjab, Prince, 52, 53,62, Koayin. See Board for Asian Brigade 71n8, 98. 100, 174nl, Development Larson, Swedish merchant, 19, 202-203,251 Kogjiku, 344 19n3, 77 Khorchin Left Front Banner, Kogjintei, 151, 185, 210, 381 Lattimore, Owen, 77, 272n6, 45 Koiso, Kuniaki, 310, 311 373, 388, 390,439, 445 Khorchin Mongols, 5 koke Sunid, green Sunid, 4 League of Nations, 50 Index 470 leagues and banners, consid ­ Li Yongxin, 322, 323, 327, 324 ered basic sources of po­ 344, 348, 354, 360, 360, Luo Lingjian, 354 litical power in Mongolia, 368,380, 380,381,381n6, Luo Lipu, 167n6,241nl2, 307 196 382,383,384, 93nl2 Luo Ruiguang, 423 Lei Zhongtian, 160 Li Youtong. See Askhan Lytton, Lord, 50 Lenin, 20 Li Yuanhong, becomes presi­ Lenjalnortsan, Prince, (1904 dent of the early republic, assassination) 9 16 M Lhamujab, 337, 338 Li Zongping. See Liu Lianke Liang Chixiang. See Mergen Li Zongren, 43, 108, 322nl, MaBufang, 65 109,383,404, Liang Hongzhi, 228,229 342, 349,352,371,381, 405,410 Liao, Khitan tombs, pillaging 382, 387, 390, 392, 399, Ma Buqing, 65, 109 of, 30 417 Madai, See Magadburin Hal­ Liaoning. See Fengtian Liu Jianhua. See Namur ted Li Caigui, 106 Liu Jianqun, 366 Ma Dunjing, 402, 404, 409, Li Chimin, 423 LiuJiguang, 132, 153, 174nl, 418 Li Chunlin, 360 184, 186, 187,286, 286, Maejima, Noboru, 171, 187, Li Dazhao, 32 293,319 219nl,250nl4,252, 258, Li Danshan. See Li Fenggang, Liu Lianke (Li Zongping), 263 Mandaitu 300-302, 323,361,367, Maekawa, Hirokichi, 256nl7 Li-fan Yuan, 10. See also 368 Ma Fuxiang (1876-1932), 40, Ministry of Dependencies Liu Puchen, 35, 83nl0 43, 49, 65, 392-393 Li Fenggang. See Mandaitu Liu Ruming, 170 Magadburin Halted, 373-374, Ligdan Khan, abortive alliance Liu Xinghan, 153, 166, 186, 330 with Ming against the 174nl Magino, Masao, 257 Manchus, 1 Liu Yifei, 45 Magsur, 409n6 Li Haishan, 173 Liu Zongping, 360 Magsurjab, 62 Li Hanhun, 400 Living Buddha of Ulaanbaatar, Ma Hansan, 224, 225, 321 Li Jie’an, 134, 135, 137n6 16 Ma Hongbin, 392, 393nl, 418, Lin Biao, 340 Lobsangdangjin, 109 420 Lin Bosheng, 232,233 Long March, consequences of Ma Honggui, 65, 146, 301, Lin Sen, 157 for Mongolia, 141 392-393, 393nl, 394, 396, Lingsheng Incident, 27, 27n7, Longyan Iron Mine, 189 402,417 37, 39,42,47,49, 147- Longyu, Empress Dowager, 14 Maidarjab. See Asau Tatsuo 148, 156, 227n6, 280 Loroi, 301,302 Maikawa, Hirokichi, 127, 138 linguistic biases among Mon ­ Lubsang, 333-336,409n6, 431 Ma Jiyuan, 405 gols, 110 Lubsangchoijur, father of Se­ Makhashiri, 138, 139 184, 254, Linxi, 16n4 chin Jagchid, PLATE 9; 284, 288n9, 389 Li Shizeng, 36, 37 14, 23. 24,36,37,45,51, Makino, Masaomi, 244, 270, Li Shoushan, 54, 54n5, 55, 56, 52, 103, 111, 132, 141, 287 59, 120, 126, 131, 132, 274; Malinovski, R. Y., Marshal, 135, 138, 139, 142n7, 149, Lubsangdanjin, 109 340 151. 152, 153 154, 155, Lubsangdorji, Captain, 434 Ma Mingzhou. Sec Mani- 165, 166, 169, 172, 174nl, Lubsang, Kabji Lama, 202n7, badara 177, 178, 183, 184, 186, 234, 234nl0, 235, 277, Manchu "people," term omit­ 187, 194, 195,204, 205, 296, 297, 330 ted in 1946 Constitution, 206,207,211,220,224, Lubsangnanja, 35 368 225, 228, 229-230,236- Lubsangnorbu, 374, 428, 429, Manchukuo, establishment of 237, 243,245, 250nl4, 432 and Mongolian national ­ 251nl5.268n4,278,279, Lu Minghui, 233, 268n4, ism, 48; ethnic autonomy 286,293-294, 295,306, 388n7,390n8,419,419n7, formulation of adopted by 307, 308,315,317-318, 424,425,425nl0, 446- Mongols to appease Japan, 319,305,320,322, 324, 447 182 326,343. 389,400,402, Luo Aldachogtu, 409n6 Manchu-Mongol Agreement of 408, 409n6,417,418,419, Luo Batumongke, 394,405, 1936,155 422, 425,432,433,435- 406, 409n6,418,426,429, Manchu-Mongol country, hope 436.440,441,444, 445. 409n6 for by some in 1931, 47 See also Dugur Luo Dawei, 394,396,405, Manchurian IncidenL 46-59; Li Shusheng, 286, 293 410,411,423 Japanese propaganda in Li Songfeng, 80, 83nl0 Luo Jialun, 361 aftemiath of, 49 Li Yishun, 268,278 Luo Liangjian, 322,322nl, Manchus, 1 471 The Last Mongol Prince

Mandaltan. See Li, Fenggang Mongolian-Tibetan Af­ social relationships, 3; Mandaltu,25, 131, 132, 133, fairs Commission, 35 limited autonomy of in 134, 173, 176, 184, 185, Meng-Zang yuan. Mongolian- 1914-15, 15; post-war un ­ 254, 284, 288n9 Tibetan Ministry, 15 certainty for, 315 Mandukhu, 354 Mengzhenghui. See Mongolian Mongolia-Manchukuo Over­ Manibadara, 269, 281,283, Political Council land Trade Conference, 298, 339, 341,346,347, Mergen, 134, 135, 137n6, 173, failure of, 312-313 348,351,441n3 224,225,226,228, 343 Mongolia, Outer, 1,2; 1911 Manjushiri Bodhisattva, 31 Mergenbagatur (Kang Ren), declaration of independ ­ Mao Zedong, 320, 351 54, 83nl0, 154, 174nl, ence by, 60, 61; 1938 in ­ Marco Polo Bridge Incident, 175, 186, 265,317 formal aid negotiations 167, 179 Mergen Gegeen, 113, 155, with, 190; declaration of Marshall, General George, 202n7, 296, 297 independence by, 67; early 351,373 mergen janggi, tertiary banner effects of Bolshevik Matsui, General Iwane, 58, official, 33 revolution on, 17 193 Merse, 25, 25n6, 42, 46, 48, Mongolian Affairs Bureau, Matsui, Kyutaro, 201 341 Mongolian Affairs Bu ­ Matsui, Seikun, 133, 203, 206, migration, of Chinese into reau, wartime and early 207,210,212 Inner Mongolia, See also postwar obstructionism Matsumoro, Colonel, 58, 59 Chinese immigrants, Chi­ by, 324, 325-326; postwar, Matsuo, Yutaro, 264 nese merchants 375 Matsuoka, Yosuke, 239, 246, Mijidjangchubniyambu, 273 Mongolian Allied Autonomous 247,248, 255-256, 261, Military Affairs Ministry, 305, Government, 1939-1941, 273, 308 216-258 Matsuzaki, Yo, 294 military system of Inner Mon ­ Mongolian Allied League May 4 Movement, 18, 22n5 golia, 33nl0 Autonomous Government, Mayekawa, 129 Minami, Jiro, General, 130, 169-215, 184-187 Ma Yongkui, 171, 189, 201, 138 Mongolian Army Liaison 219nl,223,252 Ministry of Dependencies, 30 Office, 295, 305 Mazumoro Koryo, Major missionaries, Christian, 267 Mongolian Army Officer General, 127 Miyamoto, Major, 205 Academy, 1943,294-296 meat for Japanese army, prob­ modernism, conflict of with Mongolian Army Young Ca­ lems of obtaining, 309 feudalistic tradition, 292 dets' School, 238 Mechanized Transport Com­ modernization, 11 Mongolian Army Youth pany, 166 modernizers and feudalizers, School, 295 Mcdcitu, 281, 283 tension between, 255 Mongolian Army, 1936, Gen ­ Meitz, Raymond, 388, 403, Moko ronin. See Mongolian eral Headquarters of, 138- 410,439 ronin 141; 1937 organization of, MengChaoyi, 139 Moko-ronin. See Morishima 153-154; 1940 reorgani­ Meng Jisan, 309, 316 Mokuo. See Mengjiang zation of, 223; 1944, dis ­ Meng-fei, 5 monasteries and lamas, 1941 harmony over control of, Menggu daiyu liaoli, “Regula­ proposed reforms of, 244 305-307; problems of, tions for the Treatment of money, paper, 1943 accepted 293-294; 1944, reorgani­ Mongolia,” 14-15 for payment of taxes, 292 zation of, 308-310 Mengjiang Bank, 189,190, Monggol gajar oron-u obe- Mongolian Autonomous Gov­ 201,266-277, 320 suben yin Khural. See ernment post-Alashan, Mengjiang Company, 269 Mongolian Political 422 Mengjiang Daily News, 189 Council Mongolian Autonomous Po­ Mengjiang government, 191 Monggutei, 409n6, 411 litical Affairs Council, Mengjiang Information Office, Mongkebagatur, 173,185 Eight Articles establish­ 267 Mongkeochir, 121n8 ing, 95-96,96-98 Mengjiang, new Japanese Mongol Academy, 213 Mongolian Autonomous State, name for Mongolia post- Mongol Army, 1945, disinte ­ roots of, 247; formation 1937, 189; 203,203n8, gration of, 315-316 of,259-260;8/1941- 212, 208, 209, 440n2 Mongol Banner Academy, 213 8/1945,259-318 Mengjiang Railway Bureau, Mongol Conference in Mongolian Autonomy, Decla­ 189 Alashan, 8/1949, 408-417 ration of, 8/1949, text of, Meng-Zang shiwu ju. Bureau Mongolia, Inner, early effects 415-416; Law of, 411-414 of Mongolian-Tibetan Af­ of Bolshevik revolution Mongolian Bandit. See Hei He fairs, 15 on, 17; military system of Mongolian Conference of Meng-Zang Wei-yuanhui. See under Manchus, 33nl0; 1940, 236-237 Index 472

Mongolian Congress, First, Mongolian Republic. See 189, 204,219nl,235, 1936, 141-143, 145-147; Mongolia, Outer 236-237,241-242, 245, Second, 1937, 173-184; Mongolian ronm, 199 250nl4,253,260,268n4 Second, 1937, attempt to Mongolian-Tibetan Academy Murungga (Yao Jingtao; Yue convene, 172; Fourth, 216 in Beijing, establishment Jingtao), 24n6, 56 Mongolian Consolidating and of, 15; 19, 26,48, 54, Mutiyi, 387 Rehabilitating Group, 50213, 229n8, Muuminggan, 63nl, 71n8. 326-327 Mongolian-Tibetan Affairs 121n8, 174nl,202n7,275, Mongolian Convention of Commision (Meng-Zang 288 1930,44,61,39 Wei-yuanhut), 35.44, 70, Mongolian Cooperatives. See 376-378, 378; 1946 con ­ khorshiya tacts with Prince De, 375, N Mongolian Culture, Institute 376-378; wartime and of, 213 early postwar obstruc ­ Nadna, 409n6 Mongolian Delegation in To­ tionism by, 324, 325-326 Nagakawa, Kazuo, 219nl kyo, 266-267 Mongolian-Tibetan Ministry, Naidang, 370 Mongolian government in 30 Naiji-Toyin Khutugtu of Kalgan, last hours of, 317- Mongolian Wool and Hide Hohhot, 18 318 Export Cooperative, 189 Nairaitu, 373, 403 Mongolian League and Banner Mongolian Youth Alliance, Nakagawa, Lieutenant Colo­ Allied Committee of De­ 1946, formation of, 368- nel. 305 fense, 1949, 404 369; 1948, contact with Nakajima Manzo, 125, 127, Mongolian Leagues, Tribes, U.S, intelligence, 387- 129, 130, 140, 152, and Banners, 1931 Or­ 388; 373-374, 375, 376, 154,187, 188, 199, 204, ganizational Law of, 196 379,381,382,383,384, 222, 228, 236, 268n4, 277, Mongolian Livelihood Asso­ 386, 389, 393, 396, 396n3, 320,438 ciation (See also khor­ 399, 429,439,440 Nakamura, Asakichi, Colonel, shiya), 239-241, 24In 12 Mongolian Youth Allied Party, 198, 200, 235, 256 Mongolian Livelihood Im­ 294, 294nl2 Nakamura, Gijuro, 190 provement Association, Mongols in Beiping, 1945, Nakane, Naosuke, 193, 205 282-283, 307,341 activities of, 342-345 Nakazawa, Tatsuki, 131, 132, Mongolian Military Academy, Mongols in early postwar 133,134 316 Chungking, 322-323 Namdag, 331,333-334, 336, Mongolian Military Govern ­ Moratani, Hikojiro, 201 369 ment Organizational Out ­ Mori, Ichiro, 284 Namjilsereng, Prince, 30,47, line, 143-144; establish­ Moriokia, Colonel, 166 79, 98, 99, 343, 344 ment, 149-153; 1937- Morishima, 57-58, 66, 130 Namjilwangchug, Prince, 1, 4, 1938, improvements in ra­ Morishima, Japanese spy, 49nl 5, 6-7; death of, 18 dio and roads, trucks and Morishima, Kadofusa. 127, Namkhaijab, 50, 269, 280, busses, 166, 175; end of, 137, 154, 236-237,438 339, 340, 409n6 167-168 Morita, Kiyoshi, 201 Namsaraijab, 134, 135 Mongolian National Founding, Moslem Rebellion, 5 Namsarai, 15,337 proposal for, 247-248 Moslem troops outside Din- Namsereng, 127nl,309 Mongolian People’s Republic, gyuanying, 1949, 394 Namur 103, 106, 107, 127nl, 2,61,427, 331,329 Moto, Akira, 165, 246, 247 174nl, 153, 186, 224, 225, Mongolian Political Council of 250 409n6 1933, flaws of, 99; third Moto, Kohei, 250nl4 Nanjing Office of the Mongo­ meeting of, October 1935, MPRP (Mongolian People’s lian League and Banner 118 Revolutionary Party), 20, Delegates, 40 Mongolian Preparatory School, 21,23n5,25 Narangerel. See Bai Lianzhen 331-332 Muekata, Kyukei, 267 Narwa, 332-333 Mongolian problem, 3/1946, Mugdenbuu, 65, 71, 72, 124, Nasunbayar, 64n2, 135, 136, KMT decision on, 347- 142n7, 153, 161, 162, 350 349 163-164, 165, 174nl, Nasundelger, 142n7, 147, Mongolian proposal to First 250nl4,252, 277,285, 409n6 National Assembly, 384- 314,333,334, 336, 337, Nasunmongke. See He Zhaolin 387 371 Nasunochir, 67 Mongolian Rehabilitation Muratani, Hikojiro, 205 Nasutu, 117, 117n6, 139 Committee, 1941,253- Muratani, 236 Nayantu, Prince, 14, 16, 43, 256,269-270,307,311, Muratani, Hikojiro, 150, 152, 79, 98, 99, 102n2 260, 276-277 172, 175-176, 186, 187, Neimindang. See Inner Mon- 473 The Last Mongol Prince

golian People's Revolu ­ 205,209,211,212,220, Panchen Lama and 1932 tionary Party 222,227n6, 228, 231,232, Conference on National Neimoto, Hiroshi, 315,320 233,243,245 Calamities, 48; mediates Neren, 291 Okabe, Eichi, 190 in 1933 autonomy talks, Nian Gengyao, 109 Okabe, Naosaburo, 224n3, 85; 22, 26, 27,33,35,42, Nitnaodzar, 1936 assassination 225, 226, 227, 245 43.51,53.66,70,81,88, of, 136-138; 56, 65n4, 80, Okabe, Tsunesuburo, 233 114, 270,408 89,92,93,93n 12.94,95. Okamura Seichi, 305, 306, Pandei, 10, 13 98, 119, 131, 134-135, 308 Pandeigungchab, Prince, 63, 140, 146, 148,223,249 Okamura Yasuji, Major Gen ­ 98, 121n8, 140, 142, 145, Ningxia, categorization by eral, 125 174, 174nl KMT as province in 1928, Oljei, 194,409n6 Pandita Gegeen monastary, 38 Oljeibuyan, 354, 369, 375, 1945, Soviet slaughter of Ninth Jebtsundamba Khutugtu, 403,409n6,419,425 its lamas, 330 271,272 Oljeiochih, 26, 294, 309, 310, Pangjiang, 16 Nishijima, Shozo, 263-264, 316,333,334,335,336, Pankratov, 373 273,275 339, 350 Pan-Mongolian movement, 18 Nishio, Toshizo, 138 Oljeitu, 79, 101, 138, 139, 171, Pan Zili, 424 nobility, 1943, term for abol­ 174nl,254,307, 320 Paris Peace Conference, 18 ished, 293 Omada Hisayoshi, 187, 188, Patrick, Mr., 374 Noda, Kiotake, 201 198 Peace Preservation Bureaus, Noda Masao, 201 Ombagatur, 409n6, 411,425, 284,285 Nojiri, Tetsuji, 219, 219nl 435, 436 Peace Preservation Corps 1936 Nomundalai, 139, 174n 1,285, opium smuggling trade and rebellion, 110, 141, 146, 294 taxation, refusal of Prince 123 Nomura Yasuzo, 208n9 De to enter if 317-318; Pei Mingyu, 109 Nonaka Tetsuya 130 30, 113-114, 182,252, Peng Dehuai, 167,423,435 Norbujana, 65, 142n7, I74nl, 303, 305-306 Personal Narration of Dem- 202n7,264,371,409n6 Opium War, Second, effect on chugdongrob, 428,438, Normal Academy of the Mongolia, 60 446.447 Northeast Mongolian Organizational Law of Mon ­ Police Affairs Bureaus, 284 Banners, 42, 48 golian Leagues, Tribes police, local, dominated by North China Development and Banners, 44, 50, 60 Japanese, 256 Company, 200 Oshima Yutaka, 127,193, policing mixed frontier popu ­ Northern Expedition of 1926, 202,246,256nl7 lations, 255 31-32 Outer Mongolia fears of by Political Affairs Council of Northern Shanxi Autonomous Prince De, 324-325; 1911 1933-34, early problems Government, 1937 declaration of independ ­ of 100 founding of 171 ence from China by, 427; Political Consultation Confer ­ Noyan Khutugtu, 271, 272 1925 peace initiative by, ence, 320; 1/1946, ex­ noyan, ruling prince of a ban ­ 29; 1943 Inner Mongolian cludes Mongols, 351 ner, 2 military conspiracy to Poppe, Nicholas, 419 join, 294; 319,320; im­ Postwar Mongol struggle for possibility of unity with, autonomy and Chinese re­ 349; 145 sponse, 346-391 o Outline of Nation Building, by Potsdam Conference, 314 Oba Tatsunosuke, 219nl, 221 Sun Yat-sen, 34 Preliminary Committee for Obama Ujiyoshi, Colonel, Oya Giichi, 261n2 Political Consultation of 161,163-164 Oyongerel, wife of Sechin 1925,27, 28 Ochir, 330 Jagchid, PLATE 10; 374, Prince Shi Incidenf 103, 112- Ochirbatux See Bayar 380n5, 386, 388 113, 117, 154-155 Ochirkhuyagtu, 63n2, 174nl, Oyunbilig (Zhao Chengbi), provinces and xian conflicts 175, 199,301,353nl,398 323,380n5 with leagues and banners, Office of the Mongolian Oyundalai, 194,269,280,281, Jagchid’s history of 356- League and Banner Dele­ 342 357 gates, 50 Ozaki, Yukuo, 212 Prube, Reverend, 410 Oguro, 328,329 Pu Wenlin, 360 Ohashi, Chuichi, PLATE 8; Pujie, 156 155,247,261-262, 272- P Puyi, 16,24, 47, 49,57,62, 275,263-266 147, 150, 155-156,220, Ohashi, Kumao, 190, 201,204, Pai Haifeng, 323 261. 268, 298-299, 394, Index 474

428, 445 Rong Xiang, 100,121n8, 147, 48, 53, 54n4, 78, 79, 111 173, 175,353,353nl,354, Sanmin zhuyi. Three Principles 354, 359, 365, 367, 368, of the People, 22 Q 378 Sasame, Tsuneo , 58, 59, 69, Rong Zhao, 26,93-94,322, 127,227,281,438 Qi Quanxi, PLATE 13; 353nl, 327, 345, 360, 379, 38 ln6, Sawai, Tetsuba, 198, 263,274- 360, 369,374 383 275,276 Qin Dechun, 118, 132, 400 Roosevelf Franklin, at Yalta, Schulties, Mr,. 376,387-388, Qin Shiyuan, 134, 135 310 390, 403, 439 Qing Dynasty, last years of, 12 Ruiyong, 127nl, 185, 202n7, Sebjidma, wife of Prince De, qinwang, first-ranking prince, 246, 254, 263, 264, 303, death of 447 6 306, 308,314,317, 332- Sechenchogtu (Yang Zun- Qi Wenying, 64n2 333 sheng). 274, 340, 350, Qi Zhongyi. See Erdenibolod Russia, Chinese border policy 381n6 QiuNiantai, 108, 108n4, 109 of after 1860, 60; and Second Mongolian Congress, qiichu dalu huijuZfiongua, eastern Inner Mongolia, 9- motions passed by, 178- "expel the Tartar barbari­ 10 180 ans and restore China, ” 14 Russo-Japanese Treaty of Second Sino-Japanese War queue, 1944, problem of 304- Friendship and Nonag­ begins, 167 305; as worn by Prince gression, 256 Seikizawa, Okichi, 152 De, 24 Russo-Japanese War, 12 Sekiguchi, Tamotsu, 219nl, Russo-Mongolian Agreement 222, 228,250nl4, 236- of 1912, 15 237, 252, 276 R Semenov, White Russian leader, 18 Radnapad, 360 Senda, 155 Radnashidi, 370 s Sengge, 174nl, 175, 409n6 railroads, 9 Sagarajab, 409n6, 425 Senggerinchin, Prince, 5, 5n2, Rashidondog, PLATE 13; 322, Saichungga (1914-1973), 304 72 360, 368,376,381n6,383, Saijirakhu, 101,138,152,153, Serengdongrob. See Bai Yunti 388, 388n7, 390, 403,404, 174nl, 185,285,286,354 Serengnamjil, 124,142n7, 439 Sainbayar, 25n6,40n6, 72, 78, 174n 1,264, 267, 274,306, Rashinamjil, 422 80, 83nl0, 100, 106, 114, 371,379, 409n6, 425, 64 Rashisereng, 51, 380n5 117, 132, 133, 138, 138, Serinbu, 112, 113 Red Caps Rebellion of 1891; 153, 174nl, 187, 190,204, Serjimedug. See Jagehid, feared repetition of 145, 409n6 Sechin 340, See also Hong maozi Sainbiligtu, 139, 187 Serjimideg, wife of Dugursu- red land, 282 Sainbuyan. See Buyandelger rung, 436-437 Rehe Special Region, 29 Sainchogtu, Na. See Saichung ­ Sewangnorbusangbuu, Prince, Rehe War, 159-160 ga 1901 assassination of 9 Rehe, 21 Sainjiya, 329-330,409n6 Sha, Pmce. See Shagdurjab religion, from 1943 on, 290, Sakai, Takashi, Major General, shabinar, lay disciples, 3 296 201,215,219,219-220. Shagdurjab, Prince, 63n2, 71- Ren Bingjun, 54, 79, 123 220, 224, 245, 172,210, 72, 98, 102, 144, 145, 158, Restoration of Mongolian 211 174nl, 175, 177, 181, 184, Buddhism, Conference Samdanlhungrob, 39n5, 64 186, 199, 300,301,302, for, 5/1943, 296 San Lama, 301, 302 Shalabdorji, Prince, 37, 63nl, Richardson, Mr. 373, 388,439 Sanduo, Manchu amban at 67,71n8, 102,121n8, 142, Rinchindorji, 331, 350, 351, Ulaanbaatar, 13 142n7, 174nl, 175, 192, 352, 370,372, 374 Sangbu, 101, 147, 148, 173, 265, 277, 306,332 Rinchinragba, 37, 38 185 Shang Zhen, 322, 322nl Rinchinsengge, PLATE 4; Sangdagdorji, Prince. 63,124, Shangdu Banner. See 71n8, 121n8, 174nl,304, 142n7 Aduuchin 369, 396, 397n4, 398, Sangduguieng, 223 Shanhaiguan Incidenf 160 409n6, 419,429-431 Sangduureng, 139,166, 174nl, Shanqi, Prince, 12, 14, 16n4 Rinchinwangdud, Prince, 54, 294,316,409n6 Shanxi, Southern, 1943, re­ 62, 64. 72,74, 98, 123, Sangjaijab, 339,342,346 classified as Datong 124, 142n7, 158, 174nl, Sangrubnorbu, Prince , 23, 24, Province, 284 177, 184, 199, 209. 254, 18nl,24 Shenchang yanghang, 19 256,291,331 Sangjaijab, Janggiya Khuiugtu Shes-rab-gya-mtsho, 375 Rtnchinwangjil, 27 ■ (1891-1958), 40-41n7, 43, Shibayama, 69 475 The Last Mongol Prince

Shichida, Ichiro, 278 375 students, Mongol, in 1933 Shi Huayan, 121n8, 71 Sodnamdarjia, 344 autonomy movemenf 69- Shijiazhuang. See Kalgan Sodnamjab, 360 70 Shi Jingtang, 299 Sodnamnorbu, 62, 7ln8, 124, Su Baofeng, 46-47, 72, 101, Shilingol League, 1,2, 3, S, 151, 152 142n7, 146, 148 5n2, 6, 12, 13, 16,20,23, Sodnamrabdan, Prince (Prince Suchungga, 344, 350, 409n6 36, 120, 198-199,215, So), 14, 23,24,36,39, Sugden, 360, 381n6 284, 328-332 39n5, 42, 43, 50, 53n3, 57, Sugitani, Shunoseke, 201 Shilingol River, 2 58, 63, 66,71,77, 98, Sugiyama, Gen, 223,224n3 Shimokawa, 332 102-105, 110, 118, 120, Su Jianxiao, 65 Shimonaga, Kenji, 201 122, 126, 127, 140, 141, Su Ludai, 72, 83nl0, 123 Shi, Prince (Shirabdorji). See I42n7, 143-145, 149, 157, Su, Prince, 151. See Shanqi Shirabdoiji (Prince Shi; 181,273n7,372, Suiyuan Mongolian Political Jasag of Urad Front Ban ­ Sodnomrashi, 118 Council, formation of, ner) and Prince Shi Inci ­ Sogdar, 118 120-122; Mongol delega­ dent Song Wanli, 309 tion to Nanjing National Shi Qingyang, 49, 53, 89, Song Zheyuan, 56, 70, 71, 78. Assembly meeting, 353; 93nl2, 104 80, 100, 107, 110, 115, provincial Mongolian Lo­ Shirabdorji (Prince Shi; Jasag 118, 120, 132, 134, 160n2, cal Autonomous Political of Urad Front Banner), 164, 165, 167,352 Affairs Council, 141; 21, PLATE 4; 112-113, Songzhu-si Lamaist temple, 24 90 121n8, 155, 175. See also So, Prince. See Sodnamrabdan Sukai, Takashi, 227n6 Prince Shi Incident South Manchurian Railway Sukebagatur. See Sukhbaatar Shirabdorji ( from Yeke Juu), Company, 166 Sukhbaatar (hero of Mongolian 37, 121 Southern Ch^ar Autonomous revolution), 437; 1920 Shirabjamso (Tibetan). See Government, 9/1937 supposed visit to Lenin Shes-rab-rgya-mtsho founding of, 170 by, 20; death of, 21; 417, Shirahama, Yoshiharu, 312, Southern Shops, 289 418,419, 422,425,432, 313 Soviet 1945 occupation of 433, 435-436 Shireetu-Juu monastery, 175, Shilingol by, 328-332; sula noyad, nobles at leisure, 2 182 1945, Mongol activities Suludai, 78 Shirun, General, 15 during occupation, 332- siimus, banner administrations, Shishiura, Captain, 59 334 3 Shishiura, Naonori, Major, Soviet Union intelligence, Sungdui, PLATE 3; 409n6 128, 129, 130, 138 ’ 139 1946, Mongol contacts Sungjingwangchug (Prince Shi Yunqing. See Oljei with, 373 Sung, 1885-1946) Shi Yushan, 163, 167 Soviet Union, 10/1949, recog­ PLATES 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9; Shongno, PLATE 13;353nl, nizes Chinese Commu ­ and Kabji Lama problem, 360, 369, 374, 396, 399, nists 235- 236; 1941 resignation 409n6,428, 430,431 Soviet Union, 1938 informal of, 241-244; 1941, activi­ Shonnu. See Shongno aid negotiations with, 190; ties of, 256-258; 1941, ap­ Shonnudongrob, Prince, 62, 1941 invasion of by Hit­ plauds expulsion of Pan- 71n8, 74, 89, 124, 142n7, ler, 257; 1945, fears of by chen Lama, 270; 1942 153, 166, 174nl, 184, 195, Prince De, 324-325; visit by to Manchukuo. 219nl,284,33I,371,372, 4/1945, breaks treaty with 280-283; 6, 63, 66, 71n8, 373, 379, 396n3, 399, Japan, 311; 1948, offers to 105, 124, I42n7, 174nl, 428-430 protect Prince De, 389; 46, 219nl, 221-224, 231, 232, Shulu, bad effect of Prince De 59,61, 141,314,436 236- 238, 241nl2, 250nl4, putting up there, 321-322 Special Service Office at De- 251,253,254, 260, 262- Shumingga. 339 hua, 166.264; Guandong 264, 272, 274-275,277, shurenzhuyi, doctrine ofjuris- Army, 244; Kalgan, 210; 278, 283,287, 293,296, diction based on ethnicity, Nunai sume, 234; Pandita- 306, 307,315,328-331, 94 Gegeen-Keid, 257; Wan- 338, 370, Shuwangchu, 344 gin-sume, 281; 117, 127, Sung, Prince. See Sungjing ­ Sino-Russian Treaty of 1912, 158-159; list of those in wangchug 15 Mongolia, 200 Sun Maiming, 417,418,422, Sino-Russo-Mongolian Tri­ Stalin, Joseph, at Yalta, 310 425 partite Agreement, 16 Sternberg, Baron Roman von, Sun Jian, 321 Sino-Soviet Friendship PacL 20,21 Sun Ke, 387 1945, ratification of, 320 Stuart, John Leighton, 388, Sun Lanfeng, 420 Soderbom, George, 267, 374, 390,403 Sun Moon Dormitory, 296 Index 476

Sunid Banner, 12, 13, 20, 23 Tanaka, Ryukichi, 128, 132, 157,222,254,296,372, Sunid conference, 9/1945, 133, 143, 147, 148, 150, 372,421-422, 424,425, encouraged by Soviets, 152, 155, 159, 160, 161, 435-436, 440,441n3,442 Chinese Communists, 163, 165,172, 245,246, Togtakhu (from Surug Ban ­ 334-337 247,249-250 ner), 128, 133, 138, 139, Sunid khugaichi, Sunid trai­ Tanaka, Shinichi, 209, 210, 151, 152, 155, 156, 159, tors, 3-4 225, 226,227, 232,233, 171-173, 174nl, 175, 184- Sunid Left Banner, 3 245,247 186, 188, 189, 193, 195, Sunid Left Flank, rebellion Tanggu Agreement, 55, 57, 201.204, 209,211.219nl, against Manchus, 3 116, 120 222,223,250nl4,251, Sunid Right Banner, 2,3, 5, 6, Tang Yuling, 11, 29-30, 39n5, 306,307,321,349,440, 10, 15, 16 54, 54-5n5, 55 441, 441 n3, 443 Sunid, 1, 6n4, 26 Tao Buxin, 428nl Togtakhu (from Ujumuchin, 1, Sun Yat-sen, influence of his Tao Libin. See Togtokhu 2; Prince So's senior writings on Mongol na ­ Tao Shiyue, 392, 393nl tusalagchi), 58, 66, 74, tionalism, 62; on minority Tao Xisheng, 79, 158 98nl3, 100, 102, 123, 124, peoples, 81; Sun Yat-sen, Tarba Lama, 350 141, 142, 157,372,373 Outline for Nalioml Tarba, 409n6, 422,425 Togtakhu Taiji, (1863-1922), Building, 248; promises of Tayin Lama. See San Lama 16n4 autonomy by, 69; and mi­ Taylor, George E., 419 Tojo Hideki, 1941 visit to nority rights, 34; 22, 25, Tegshibuyan, 117, 117n6, 139, North China and Kalgan, 74, 76, 93,319, 345,348, 152, 163, 171, 174nl, 195, 249; 168, 169, 176, 177- 355,359,384,386,387, 202n7, 208,213,218, 178, 181, 193,212,204. 397,409,411,416 219nl,223,266,314,317, 205, 245, 247, 262, 273, supreme advisorship, abolition 333,334,335,337 310 of, 275-276 telegraph station, 16 tokumo-kikan. See Special Surengjab, 409n6 Temgetu (1887-1939), 133 Service Offices Surungjab, 346 Temurbagana (1901-1969), Torazo, 210 Susai, 1 342 Toyama, Mitsuru, 193, 198 Suzuki, Kantaro, 314 Temurbagatur, 184,285 Truman, President Harry S., Sweden, Christian missionaries Temurbolod, 124, 142n7, 146, 351,376 from, 267 152, 174nl,267, 65,72, Tsedandorji, 380n5, 410 78 Tserengdorji, 399, 404, 409n6, Temurdoshi, 317 415,422,424,433,434 T Teng Baoshan, 301 Tudub, 274, 380n5, 386 Tenggis, 1, 3 Turned Banner, 7, 28 Tabakoya, 136 Terazaki, Eyu, 201 Turned khatun, official mother laiji, aristocrats, 3. See also Three Principles of the People, of Prince De, 18nl,24 nobility by Sun Yat-sen, 34-35 Turned, 181n2 Takaba, Sonzo, 201 TianRubi. 171, 177,219nl, Tumenbayar, 199 Takagi, Ichinari, 170-171 278, 284,285, 286 Tumendelger, 389, 392,409n6, Takahashi, Shigekazu, 245, Tian Yinghuang, 171 422,424, 430,431,433, 249-250, 253, 260 Tibet, 22 434, 436 Takaki, Ichinari, 187 Tibetans of Xinjiang, 3/1946, tusalagchi taiji, assistant no ­ Takasu, Shinichi, 219nl call by for national auton ­ ble, 10 Takatsu, Hikoji, 201 omy, 347 tusalagchis, 13 Takayoshi, Col. Matsumuro, Tobgereltu, 174nl, 187,295, Tusangga, 142, 142n7, 174nl 54, 54-5n5 308-309 Tushiyetu Banner. See Khor- Takehara, Kiyoshi, 201, 313, Tobshin. See Togtakhu (Tao chin Right Center Banner, 329 Libin) 9 Takematsu, Kiyoshi, 201 Tobshinbayar, 65,98 Tu Yiming, 343 Takeshita, Yoshiharu, 227n6, Tobshinjirgal, 64n2,121n8, Twenty-one Demands, of 233, 236-237, 245, 246, 369 Japan, effect on Mongolia 249-250, 266 Todmann, Dr., 191 of, 17 Takeuchi, Gempei, 219nl Todob, son of Prince Gung, Takeuchi, Tetsuo, 276, 278 274 tamaga, official seal of a ban ­ Togtakhu (Tobshin; Tao Li­ ner, 13 bin), 222,254, 409n6, u Tan Tiwu, 82-83 421,424, 425,435 U.S. intelligence, 1948,387- Tanaka, Hisashi, Major, 57, Togtakhu, 58, 66, 74,98, 100, 388. See also United 59, 66, 135, 150, 159 102, 123, 124, 141, 142, States All The Last Mongol Prince

Udai,9, 10,280, 281 Western Mongolian Autono ­ Udan-juu monastery, 175, 182 V mous Government, Uighur national movement, 10/1949, renamed Mon ­ 368 van Hecken, Father, 159n 1 golian Autonomous Gov­ Uighurs of Xinjiang, 3/1946, Verkhneudinsk. See Ulan-Ude ernment, 423 call for national autonomy Western Shops, 289 of, 347; 1946 links with Whampoa Military Academy, Mongols, Prince De, 373; model for Mongolian 387 w Military Officers Acad ­ Ujumuchin Banner, 1,2, 16n4, Waldron, Arthur, 22n4 emy, 154 23 Wall Yanghang, 166n6 white land, 282 Ujumuchin Left Banner, po­ Wanbaoshan Incident, 46 White Russians, 20 litical unrest in, 1940, Wandan, Colonel 436,437- Wilson, Woodrow, Fourteen 234-236 438, 440, 434 Points of and Mongol na ­ Ujumuchin Right Banner, 6n4, WangChingsan, 152 tionalism, 61 14 Wang Daoyi, 159 World War 1, outbreak of, 16 Ulaanbaatar, change in capital Wang Guicong, 373 World War 11, end of, 314. See name to, 21; 5, 10 Wang, Huaiqing, General, 21 also Great East Asian War Ulaanbaator. See Ulaanbaatar Wang Jingguo, 61,64n2, 112- Wu Bailing, 79 Ulaganbagatur. See Ulaanbaa ­ 113, 114, 115, 155, 162, Wubao,47, 173, 185, 185n3, tar 172 342-343, 347 Ulagankhada. See Chifeng Wang Jingwei, head of Execu ­ Wu Chunling, 132, 283 Ulagankuu. See Ulanfu tive Yuan in 1932, 48,49; Wu Guting, PLATE 3; 55. Ulan Bator. See Ulaanbaatar 1940 visit to Kalgan by, 105, 151, 152, 166, 172, Ulanchab Banner, 28 231-233; 1940, and the 173, 174nl, 176, 185, 186, Ulancbab League, 5, 7,9, 13 Qingdao conference, 228- 187, 205,213,222,230, Ulanchab, 11 229; 1944, death of in Ja­ 278, 305, 305-306, 308, Ulanfii (Yun Ze), 26, 329, 338, pan, 310; 32,39,44, 53, 315,321,326,327,343, 344,349,351-353,370, 89, 93, 94, 104, 209, 259, 344, 350, 382, 396, 399- 373,423,425, 444 Wang Junhui, 394,405,410, 400, 402,409n6,417,418 Ulankhada. See Chifeng 411,423 Wu Heling, 1935 audience Ulan-Ude, 10 Wang Kemin, 191,228,229 with Chiang Kai-shek, Umezu, Yoshijiro, 116, 268, Wang Ping, 39 120; 1936 First Mongolian 280 Wang Pingnan, 108 Congress, big role in, 145; Unenbayan. See Wu Heling Wangragjab, 139, 225,227n5 28, 28n8, 36, 37, 38, 39, Unensechen (Bao Guoyi), 374 Wang Shiqing, 54 40,43, 44, 45, 48, 49, 50, Uncntei, 284 Wang Tongchun, 159nl 50nl, 52, 53, 53n4, 63, unification, early postwar, Wang-un sume, 1946, Com­ 63n2, 65, 69, 78, 79, proves impossible, 338, munist putsche attempted 83nl0, 85-87, 92, 93, 339 at, 349-350 93nl2, 94, 96, 98, 100, United States, 1946, decision Wang Yin, 164 104, 118, 119, 124, 131, of Mongolian Youth Alli­ Wang Ying, 159-160, 159 nl, 132, 133-136, 138, 139, ance to establish contact 160n2, 165 140, 141, 142, 142n7, 149, with, 369; 433, 436. See Wang Zhaoming. See Wang 151, 152, 155, 156, 158, also U.S. Jingwei 159, 164, 166, 166n6, 168, UNRRA, 374 WangZhenhua, 146, 153, 171, 172, 173, 174nl, 177, Urga. See Ulaanbaatar 174nl, 187,243,260,293 181, 182-183, 184, 184, Urgundalai, 396, 396n3, 409n6 Wang Zhushu, 328 185, 193-194, 201-203, Urgungbu, 222, 284, 306, 308, WangZiyang, 134, 135, 137n6 203n8, 205,206,207, 321 warlords on frontier, 1946, 208,210,212,218,219, Urgungge Onon, PLATE 13; refuse to be bound by 220, 239-241,2411112, 238,312,368,376,388 K.MT party decisions on 245, 247, 249-250, Urgungge (from AbagaLeft autonomy, 349 250nl4,251, 260,262, Banner), 58, 331, 360, Wasa, Yoshinosuke, 222 272, 275, 277,278,279, 370-371 Watanabe, 278 285, 286. 293, 295, 305, Uribatu, 22, 274 Wedemeyer, Albert C., Gen ­ 307,315,318,320,321, Urjin, 339 eral, 376, 376n4 323, 326, 342. 344, 348, Uyama, Heishi, 187, 188, 198 Wen Huajun, 285 370, 377, 378, 379,383, Wenhuibao, 1946 sympathetic 389, 390, 393,399-400, view of Mongol autonomy 402,404,407,408, 409n6, by, 364-366 410,411,414,415.442 Index 478

Wu Jinbin, 360, 381n6 222, 265 102, 107, 112, 121, 126, Wu Junyu, 224, 225, 226 Yamanouchi, 210 131, 140-142, 144-146, WuPeifu, 20,21,22, 30,51n2 Yamashita, Yoshiji, 308 149, 162, 163, 174, 174nl, Wu Pengling, 136, 137 Yamawaki, Masataka, 245 177, 178, 181,332,; made Wu Sier, 337 Yanakawa Heisuke, 246,194, head of 1933 Political Af­ Wutai Mountain, 31 210 fairs Council, 98; will, Wu Tiecheng, 322nl, 360 Yan Menghua, 109 192, 194 Wu Yaochen. Sec Shuwang- Yang Dechi, 423 Yondansangbu, 194, 350, 354 chu Yang Hucheng, 164 Yondongwangchug (See also Wuyuan, 32 Yangsang, 6, 10, 13, 23, 58, Yon, Prince), made head Wuyuan, Battle of, 12/1939- 63, 66,71,98, 102n2, 126, of 1933 Political Affairs 3/1940, 229-230 254,331 Council, 98; 3/1938 death Wu Yunpeng, 120n7, 322, Yang Yongtai, 52 of, 192; text of will of, 327, 360, 381n6,383,390 Yang Zunsheng. See Sechen- 192, 194;39n5,63nl, chogtu 666-68,70, 71,71 n8, 74. Yangstu, 409n6 89, 126, 162, 163, 174, X Yano, Masao, 305,306,307 174nl, 177, 178, 181 Yan Xishan, 30, 31, 34, 36, 38, Yoshimura, teacher in Shilin- XiaGong, 171, 187, 188, 189, 39,49, 43-44,45, 53, 70, gol Middle School, 129, 204,206-207,216,218, 89, 90,98, 100, 111, 257 218-219, 222,251nlS, 121n8, 162, 171, 192, 299, youth activities in Kalgan, 286 400,401,404,407,417, 1944,302-304 Xianleng Emperor, of China, 420 Yu Bin, Paul, 366 death of in Rehe, 4 Yao Jingtao. See Murungga Yu DeChun, 323, 352 Xi’an Incident, 164 Yao Shan, 22 Yu Fugeng, 54 Xiao Zhaogeng, 225, 226,228 Yao Zong, 302 Yu Huachen, 350 Xiao Zhengying, 71, 107, 110, Yasato, Tomomichi, 305,306, Yu Jishi, General, 129, 379, 165 307 389 Xiao Zhengyi, 321 Yekejuu (Yeke) League, 5 Yu Lanzhai. See Bayantai Xi Mouzhen, 380n5 Yekejuu Banner, 11,28 Yu Pinqin, 170, 177, 187, 188, Xing Fuli, 382, 383, 385, 386, Yekejuu Incident, 3/1943, 299- 189, 204, 206-207,216, 387 302 218,218-219, 222, Xing’an. See Kinggan Yekejuu League, 9, 37, 63n2, 251nl5,278, 279 Xiong Bin, 324 68 Yu Shenzheng, 155, 268n4, Xiong Shihui, 339-340, 343, Yeke-Minggan Banner, occu ­ 272, 280 346-347, 349, 352, 354, pation by Japan, 46 Yu Yifii, 109 359, 379, 380 Yelu Deguang, 299 Yu Youren, 93nl2, 322nl Xiqia, 155 Yeshijalsan, 300 Yuan Dynasty, modem ana ­ Xu Fulin, 366 Yeshikhaishun, Prince, of logs to ethnic policy of, Xu Ronghuo, 170, 174nl Khorchin Right Central 198 Xu Shichang, 20 Banner, 47, 49, 148 Yuan Shikai, 14, 15, 16 Xu Shiying, 375, 377, 386 Yi Dechin. See Dechin Yuchun, 150, 156, 177, 184 Xu Shuzheng, General, 19, 20, Yidamsereng, 333 Yue Jingtao. See Murungga 185 Yidechin. See Dechin Yukei, Kogan, 288, 296, 297 Xu Tingyao, 80, 89 Yigu, General, 11, 30,39, 63, YunJixian. 54, 101, 110, 123, Xu Yongchang, 420 126, 182n2 140, 146, 369n3 Xu Zhankui, 323, 381n6 Yi Guohuang, 373 Yun Run,26 Xue Xingru, 323, 327, 344, Yin Baoshan, 132, 153, 167, Yun Ze. See Ulanfu 354,381n6,383,400, 404 184, 185, 187, 293 Yin Paoshan, 174nl Yin Rugeng, 156-157 Y Yin Rukeng, 120 z Yindege, 142n7, 174nl Zai Tao, 394 Yaejima, Seiji, 219nl Yingtai, 27 Zao Jiwu, 409n6 Yalta Agreement, 1945, estab­ Yokoyama, Jun, 201 Zeng Houzai, 352 lishes independence of Yon, Prince. See Yondon- Zenhn Kyokai. See Good MPR, 427; 310-311, 319, wangchug. Prince Neighbor Association 338 Yondonwangchug (Prince Zhangbci Incident, 118, 160 Yamada Moichi, 190 Yon, 1871-1938), 39n5, Zhang Chizhong, 405 Yamamoto, Nobunaga, 125, 63n 1,66-68, 70,71,71n8, Zhang Ji, 35, 36, 94 127, 129, 152, 193, 199, 74, 78, 85, 92,95, 100, Zhangjiakou. See Kalgan 479 The Last Mongol Prince

Zhang Jinghui, 155, 268n4, 280 Zhang Qun, 161 Zhang Shaozeng, 67 Zhang Xueliang, and Manchu ­ rian Incident, 46; 30, 42, 45, 56, 164 Zhang Yanqing, 155 Zhang Zhizhong, 392 Zhang Zirong. See Burinbi- ligtu Zhang Zuolin, 21, 22,28,29, 30, 32,34, 39n5, 126, 203n8 Zhao Chengbi. See Oyunbilig Zhao Chengshuo, 162 Zhao Daiwen, 39, 98 Zhao Dianchen, 418 Zhao Kaixian, 302 ZhaoPilian, 77. 78-81,88.89, 93nl2, 108 Zhao Tiancheng, 422 Zhili faction, 20,21, 22 Zhili-Fengtian War, first, 21; second, 22 Zhou Baihuang, 396,409,410 Zhou Enlai, 423 Zhou Fohai, 229 Zhu De, 167 Zhu Jiahua, 322,400,401 Zhu Shifu, 101, 110, 123, 140, 146 Zhu Wenwu, 309 Zongshe dang, Qing Loyalist Party, 16n4 Zou Lu, 108 Zou Zuohua, 11, 28, 61 ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Sechin Jagchid was bom in 1914 in Inner Mongolia to one of the ancient aristocratic Mongol fLilies of Inner (i.e. Southern) Mongolia. His father was a loyal ally of Prmce Demchugdongrob, a descendant of Chinggis Khan, and the young Sec^n J^gohid grew UD amidst the movement led by the prince to achieve autonomy for the Mongols of Inner Mongolia. This movement comprised an unstable coalition of the old ^ new. western-influenced intelligentsia. Sechin Jagchid belonged to fact^^^ or Northern Mongolia broke away from the rest of Mongolia in the decades after the last Siinese dvn^ty fthe Manchus ’ Qing Dynasty) fell in 1912 and eventually had no choic, b^t to enter the orbit of the Soviet Union. Much of the material Jagchid ^ to narrate the more complex and ultimately unsuccessful attempts of Inner Mongol gain a similar degree of autonomy from China is drawn from his °wn no^s Time and from his later writings concerning the events in which he collected ephemeral broadsides and newspaper clippings from f writes Most of alt he relies upon his own capacious memory of events as he served nis See in Various positions in the several governments organized by the Inner Mongolia Ltonomy movemLt. After all hope for a truly autonomous Inner Mongolia disappeared I the wake of the Communist conquest of China, Sechin Jagchid took Ln in Japan, and ultimately in the United States, where for many y-s he -gh‘ and did research at Brigham Young University. He is now retired and living m California.

Prince De’s calling card, bearing his signature in Mongol and Roman script. », .W ' V" from the Center for East Asian Studies ; Ulan-Ude

STUDIES ON EAST ASIA Through the Ocean Waves: The Autobiography of Bazaryn Shirendev by Bazaryn Shirendev, translated by Temujin Onon. 1997. lx, 230 p., illustrations, bibliography, glossary, index. Original paperback edition. ISBN 0-914584-80-4. $40.00. Volume 6. The memoirs of the Mongolian Republic’s most distinguished scholar. A fascinating blend of historical, political and ethnographic information by an intellectual who was “present at the creation ”of much of twentieth century Mongolia ’s history.

Son of Heaven and HeavenlyQaghan: Sui-Tang China and its Neighbors by Pan Yihong. 1997. xviii, 428 p., maps, bibliography, glossary-index. Original paperback edition. ISBN 0-914584-20-0. $35.00. Volume 20. “This richly documented examination of the foreign policy of the Sui (589-617) and Tang (618-906) dynasties is an important contribution to the study of both medieval China and the Inner and East Asian regimes during critical periods of state formation and interaction .. .[T]he poignant coverage of imperial women sent out to foreign husbands MKl and alien lands as a concession to an allyor a peace settlement with the enemy is one of the highlights of Pan ’s book and should be of particular interest to gender and women ’s studies.” Pacific Affairs

Opuscula Altaica: Essays Presented in Honorof Henry Schwarz edited by Edward H. Kaplan and Donald W. Whisenhunt. 1994. xvi, 691 p., ill., bibliographies. Hardcover. ISBN 0-914584-19-7. $85.00. Volume 19. A collection of essays by thirty-three scholars from a dozen countries presented to Henry G. Schwarz on the occasion of his retirement from academic life. Most of them deal with subjects that Professor Schwarz has been deeply involved in during his long professional \ career, from Central Asia eastward through Mongolia and China ’s northern border areas to the Pacific Ocean. ^ -Ulaa

EAST ASIAN RESEARCH AIDS AND TRANSLATIONS ^yuan.* A

An Uyghur-English Dictionary B. by Henry G. Schwarz. 1993. xxv, 1083 p., ill., appendixes, bibliography. Hardcover. ISBN 0-914584- 89-8. $120.00. Volume 3. K|ipnggln. With more than 18,500 main entries, 450 maps and illustrations, and extensive sup­ Sun Wang „ plementary information, this is the first major dictionary that opens one of Inner Asia’s * Otog* L key languages to English-speaking readers. Virtually all of the eight million Uyghurs live in China ’s huge Xinjiang region where they form the majority of an ethnically ORD diverse population, and their language serves as the lingua franca for Uzbeks, Tajiks, and several other smaller ethnic groups.

“A monument of scholarship and dedication....this excellent dictionary has been thoughtfully designed to provide the reader with the maximum amount of informa ­ tion in an easily accessible form. Because it embraces so many precious gems of knowledge about Uighur language, people, culture, history (and even about other Turkic groups), I have found myself willingly turning to Schwarz’s dictionary time and again simply to browse and be educated.” Sino-Platonic Papers