Notes and References

Front and Introduction

1. Hu Yaobang's interview with Selig Harrison, Far Eastern Economic Review, 26 July 1986. 2. Ma Ying-cheou's interview with the author, , June 1989.

1 Geography and Early History

On 's topography, see Anon. (1960) and Hseih (1964). On pre-history, see Chai (1967), Davidson (1988) and God­ dard (1966).

Early contacts with the mainland Davidson (1988), Goddard (1966) and Reischauer and Fair­ bank (1958).

Early foreign contacts Davidson (1988), Goddard (1966), Hsu (1970) and Reischauer and Fairbank (1958).

Taiwan under the Dutch Campbell (1903), Davidson (1988) and Goddard (1966).

The Koxinga interregnum Croizier (1977), Hsu (1970) and Kessler (1976).

The 'Wild East' Davidson (1988), Goddard (1966) and Gold (1986).

Taiwan joins international politics Broomhall (1982), Davidson (1988), Hibbert (1970), Hsu (1970), Wang and Hao (1980) and Yen (1965).

Early modernisation Goddard (1966), Gold (1986) and Kerr (1974).

246 Notes 247

The Japanese annexation Davidson (1988), Hsu (1970), Jansen (1980), Kerr (1974), (1956), Reischauer and Fairbank (1958), Smith and Liu (1980) and Wang and Hao (1980).

Taiwan under the Japanese Behr (1989), Davidson (1988), Gold (1986), Ho (1978), Kerr (1974) and Mendel (1970).

REFERENCES l. The 'Dragon Myth' is cited in Davidson (1988). 2. Quoted in Campbell (1903). 3. Quoted in Hsu (1970). 4. Quoted in Gold (1986). 5. Quoted in Davidson (1988). 6. Fairbank (1972).

2 The The Kuomintang in 1945 Belden (1973), Bianco (1971), White Paper (1967), Harrison (1976), Kerr (1974), Loh (1965), Seagrave (1985) and Tuchman (1972).

Sun Yat-sen and the origins of the KMT Bianco (1971), Chan (1976), Creel (1953), Fairbank (1987), Gold (1986), Harrison (1976), Hsu (1970), Isaacs (1951), Schiffrin (1968), Spence (1982) and Tan (1971).

The Kuomintang reorganises Bianco (1971), Gasster (1980), Jacobs (1976), Landis (1976), Schiffrin (1968) and Seagrave (1985).

The Kuomintang in power Belden (1949), Bianco (1971), Ch'en (1967), Harrison (1976), Isaacs (1951), Loh (1965), Schwartz (1958), Seagrave (1985) and Snow (1938).

The second united front Belden (1949), Ch'en (1967), Fairbank (1987) and Harrison (1976). 248 Notes

REFERENCE 1. Trotsky and Stalin are quoted in Schwartz (1958).

3 Taiwan's Political Development 1945-86 The KMT takeover of Taiwan Bate (1952), Goddard (1966), Cold (1986), Kerr (1966) and Riggs (1952).

Defeat on the mainland Fairbank (1987), Gold (1986), Loh (1965), Harrison (1976) and Tuchman (1972).

The KMT cleans up its act Clough (1978), Gold (1986), Long (1989), Ho (1978) and Riggs (1952).

Political development in the 1950s and 1960s Clough (1978), Gold (1986) and Riggs (1952).

The birth of the opposition Clough (1978), Gold (1986), Huang (1976), Kaplan (1981) and Peng (1972).

Chiang Kai-shek and the succession problem Goddard (1966), Winkler (1983) and contemporary press.

REFERENCE 1. Quoted in full in Huang (1976).

4 Taiwan's Economic Development

This chapter relies heavily on the research done for the author's earlier book Taiwan: Politics vs. Prosperity, using official statistics.

5 Relations with China 1945-76 The lines are drawn China White Paper (1967), China and US Far East Policy (n.d.), Clough (1978), Hsiao and Sullivan (1979), Hsieh (1985) and Whiting (1968). Notes 249

Hostility in the 1950s Ballantyne (1952), China and US Far East Policy (n.d.), Clough (1978), Jacoby (1966), Lasater (1986), Lee (1983) and Stolper (1986).

Stalemate in the 1960s and 1970s China and US Far East Policy (n.d.), Clough (1978), Cohen (1971), Lasater (1986), Myers (1978) and Stolper (1986).

REFERENCES 1. China and US Far East Policy (n.d.). 2. China White Paper (1967). 3. (n.d.). 4. China and US Far East Policy (n.d.). 5. Snow (1938).

6 Taiwan's Foreign Relations Taiwan and the United States Ballantyne (1952), Barnett (1981), Buder (1971), Chan (1984), China White Paper (1967), Chiu (1973), Clough (1978), Cohen (1976), Fairbank (1972), Stolper (1986) and Sutter (1982).

Taiwan and the United Nations Chan (1984), Chiu (1979) and Hsieh (1985).

Taiwan and Bellows (1977), Clough (1978), Huang (1976), Long (1989), and Newby (1989).

Taiwan and the Soviet Bloc Clough (1978), Chiang (1937), Hsieh (1985) and contempo­ rary press reports.

Taiwan and the overseas Chinese Chiang (1988) and press reports.

Taiwan's current foreign policy This section is derived from a close reading of the Taiwan government's many foreign policy statements, reproduced in 250 Notes the local media, and from press reports of its foreign policy initiatives.

REFERENCES 1. China and US Far East Policy (n.d.). 2. China and US Far East Policy (n.d.). 3. Reprinted in full in Chan (1984). 4. Reprinted in full in Chan (1984). 5. Reprinted in full in Chan (1984). 6. Far Eastern Economic Review, 26 July 1986. 7. Hsieh (1985).

7 China Changes Tack: Peking's 1980s Taiwan Policy China's new approach Benewick and Wingrove (1988), Chan (1984), Chiang (1988), Deng (1987), Gittings (1989) and Krug (1989).

The example Bonavia (1984), Cheng (1984) and press reports.

China's pragmatic foreign policy Harding (1984), Yahuda (1983) and press reports.

REFERENCES 1. Reprinted in full in Chan (1984). 2. Reprinted in full in Chan (1984). 3. Deng (1987). 4. Chan (1984). 5. Chan (1984). 6. Review, 16 September 1983. 7. Deng (1987). 8. Deng (1987). 9. Published in the UK Government White Paper 'A Draft Agreement between the Government of the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland and the Government of the People's Republic of China on the Future of Hong Kong' on 26 September 1984. 10. Far Eastern Economic Review, 26 July 1986. Notes 251

8 Political Reform in Taiwan 1986-89 9 Taiwan's Opening to 10 What Next? Scenarios for the Future

The account of recent developments in Taiwan in these chapters derives from study of the local press, especially the English language Free China Journal, the China Daily News, and the independent magazine New Journal­ ist. The author has also had the benefit of extensive interviews in Taiwan with many in politics, business, the media and academic life in 1988 and 1989. The opinions expressed, especially the prognostications in Chapter 10, however, are of course the author's own responsibility. Select Bibliography

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252 Bibliography 253

Chan, G. F. (1976) 'Sun Yat-sen and the OrIgms of the Kuomintang Reorganisation', in F. G. Chan and T. Etzold (eds) China in the 1920s (New York: New Viewpoints). Chan, G. F. (1984) China's Reunification and the Taiwan Question (Hong Kong: Asian Research Service). Chang, Parris (1983) 'Taiwan in 1982: Diplomatic setback abroad, and demand for reform at home', Asian Survey, XXIII, January. Ch'en, Jerome (1967) Mao and the Chinese Revolution (Oxford University Press). Cheng, Joseph S. Y. (ed.) (1984) Hong Kong in Search of a Future (Oxford University Press). Chiang, David Wen-Wei (1988) China Under Deng Xiaoping (London: Macmillan). Chiang Kai-Shek, Generalissimo and Madame (1937) China at the Crossroads (London: Faber & Faber). China White Paper (1967) (Washington, DC: State Department) . Chiu, Hungdah (ed.) (1973) China and the Question of Taiwan: Documents and Anarysis (New York: Praeger). Chiu, Hungdah (ed.) (1979) China and the Taiwan Issue (New York: Praeger). Chu, Yungdeh Richard (1986) China in Perspectives (Hong Kong: Asian Research Service). Clough, Ralph N. (1978) Island China (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press). Cohen, J. A. et al. (1971) Taiwan and American Policy: The Dilemma in U.S.-China Relations (New York: Praeger). Cohen, Myron L. (1976) House United, House Divided: The Chinese Famiry in Taiwan (New York: Press). Copper, J. F. (1982) 'Taiwan's legal status: A multi-level perspective', Journal of North-East Asian Studies, I, No.4, December. Creel, Herrlee G. (1953) Chinese Thought from Confocius to Mao' (University of Chicago Press). Croizier, R. C. (1977) Koxinga and Chinese Nationalism: History, Myth and the Hero (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press). Davidson, J. W. (1903, reprinted 1988) The Island of Formosa, Past and Present (Oxford University Press). 254 Bibliography

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Huang, Mab (1976) Intellectual Ferment for Political Reform in Taiwan (Michigan: Papers in Chinese Studies). Isaacs, H. R. (1951) The Tragedy of the Chinese Revolution (California: Stanford University Press). Jacobs, D. (1976) 'Soviet Russia and Chinese Nationalism in the 1920s', in Chan and Etzold (eds) China in the 1920s, op. cit. Jacoby, N. H. (1966) U.S. Aid to Taiwan: A Study of Foreign Aid, Self-help and Development (New York: Praeger). Jansen, M. (1980) 'Japan and the Chinese Revolution of 1911', in Cambridge History of China, Vol. II, The Ch'ing, op. cit. Kaplan, J. (1981) The Court Martial of the Defendants (Berkeley, Calif.: Berkeley University Press). Kerr, G. H. (1966) Formosa Betrayed (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode) . Kerr, G. H. (1974) Formosa Licensed Revolution and the Home Rule Movement, 1895-1945 (Honolulu: University of Hawaii). Kessler, Lawrence D. (1976) K'ang-hsi and the Consolidation of Ch'ing Rule (University of Chicago Press). Krug, B., Long, S. and Segal, G. (1989) China in Crisis (London: Chatham House). Kuo, Ping-chia (1963) China New Age and Outlook (Har­ mondsworth: Penguin). Kuo, Shirley W. Y. and Fei, John C. H. (1978) The Taiwan Success Story: Rapid Growth with Improved Distribution in the Republic of China, 1952-1979 (Boulder, Colo.: Westview). Landis, R. B. (1976) 'Training and indoctrination at the Whampoa Academy', in Chan and Etzold (eds) China in the 1920s (New York: New Viewpoints). Lasater, M. L. (1986) The Taiwan Issue in Sino-American Strategic Relations (Boulder, Colo.: Westview). Lee Teng-hui (1971) Intersectoral Capital Flows in the Economic Development of Taiwan, 1895-1960 (Ithaca, Cornell University Press). Lee, Wan-Iai (1983) The Taiwan Strait Strategy (Taipei, Impe­ rial Book Co.). Li, Chien-nung (1956) The Political History of China (California: Stanford University Press). Li, Victor H. (ed.) (1980) The Future of Taiwan: A Difference of Opinion (White Plains, NY: M. E. Sharpe). 256 Bibliography

Loh, Pichon P. Y. (ed.) (1965) The Kuomintang Debacle of 1949- Conquest or Collapse? (Boston: D. C. Heath). Long, S. (1989) Taiwan to 1993: Politics vs. Prosperity (London: Economist Intelligence Unit). Mancall, Mark (ed.) (1964) Formosa Today (New York: Praeger). Mao Zedong (n.d.) Selected Works (Peking, Foreign Languages Press). Mendel, D. (1970) The Politics of Formosan Nationalism (Califor­ nia: Berkeley University Press). Moore, Barrington, J nr. (1966) Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (Harmondsworth: Penguin). Myers, Ramon H. (ed.) (1978) Two Chinese States: U.S. Foreign Policy and Interests (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press). Newby, Laura (1989) Sino-Japanese Relations (London: Chatham House). Peng Min-min (1972) A Taste of Freedom: Memoirs of a Formosan Independence Leader (N ew York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston). Planning Commission for Mainland Recovery (1989) Shi Nian Lai Zhongguo Gaige (Ten Years of Chinese Communist Reform) (Taipei). Reischauer, E. O. and Fairbank, J. K. (1958) East Asia: The Great Tradition (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press). Riggs, F. W. (1952) Formosa Under Chinese Nationalist Rule (New York: Macmillan). Sanford, Dan C. (1981) The Future Association of Taiwan with the People's Republic of China (Berkeley, Calif.: Center for Chi­ nese Studies). Schiffrin, H. Z. (1968) Sun Yat-sen and the Origins of the Chinese Revolution (Berkeley, Calif.: Center for Chinese Studies). Schwartz, B. (1958) Chinese Communism and the Rise of Mao (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press). Schwartz, H. (1964) Tsars, Mandarins and Commissars (New York: Lippincott). Seagrave, S. (1985) The Soong Dynasty (New York: Harper & Row). Smith, R. and Liu, Kwang-ching (1980) 'The military chal­ lenge: The north-west and the coast', in Cambridge History of China, Vol. II, The Ch'ing, op. cit. Snow, Edgar (1938) Red Star over China (London: Left Book Club). Bibliography 257

Snow, Edgar (1972) Journey to the Beginning (New York: Vin­ tage Books). Spence, J. (1982) The Gate oj Heavenly Peace (London: Faber & Faber). Stolper, T. E. (1986) China, Taiwan and the Off-shore Islands (Boulder, Colo.: Westview). Sutter, R. (1982) 'U.S. arms sales to Taiwan: Implications for American interests', in Journal oj North-East Asian Studies, I, No.3, September. Tan, Chester C. (1971) Chinese Political Thought in the Twentieth Century (New York: Doubleday). Tuchman, Barbara T. (1972) Stilwell and the American Experience in China (New York: Macmillan). Wang, Erh-min and Hao, Yen-p'ing (1980) 'Changing Chi­ nese views of Western relations, 1840-1895', in Cambridge History oj China, Vol. II, The Ch'ing, op. cit. Whiting, A. S. (1968) China Crosses the Yalu (California: Stanford U niversi ty Press). Winkler, Edwin A. (1983) 'After the Chiangs: The coming political succession on Taiwan', in Bush, R. C. (ed.) China Briefing (Boulder, Colo.: Westview). Yahuda, M. (1983) The End oj Isolationism: Chinese Foreign Policy After Mao (London: Macmillan). Yen, Sophia Su-fei (1965) Taiwan in China's Foreign Relations, 1836-1874 (Hamden, Conn.: Shoestring). Zhao, John Quansheng (1983) 'An analysis of unification: The PRC perspective', in Asian Survey, XXIII, No. 10, October. Index

accounting standards 107 Ch'en Ch'eng 58, 60, 64, 78 Acheson, Dean 110-12 53-5, 121 Afghanistan 172 Cheng Ch'eng-kung 11-12 Africa, Taiwanese aid 141 Cheng Ching 12-13 agriculture 76--7 Cheng He 5-6 farmers alienated from the KMT 99, Chiang Ching-kuo 58-9, 66, 67, 176--7 200-1 Chairman of the Commission for land reform 77-9, 80, 98 International Economic production 79, 87, 98 Co-operation and Development 73 US aid 80 death 74, 182 groomed to succeed Chiang Kai-shek air traffic 10 I 72-4 American Institute in Taiwan 137 letter from Liao Chengzhi 163, 176 Annam see Vietnam political prisoners released 69 Aquino, Cory 151,242 political reform 180-85 arms: Chiang Hsaio-wu 181 Soviet aid to the KMT 42-3, 51 Chiang Kai-shek 32, 33-4 US sales to Taiwan 138-9, 177 death 69, 74, 159 see also defence; military gains KMT leadership 44--5 Arrigo, Linda Gail 7 I kidnap 50 Asian Development Bank 204--5, 206, mission to Moscow 42 219,220-1 New Year's Day message 1967 126 atomic bomb acquired by Peking 134 rehabilitated as hero in China 176 succession 72 Chiang Wego 181, 192 Bahrain 156 Chien, Frederick 193 Bank of Taiwan 55 China: bankruptcies 107 1946 Constitution 57 banks 107 1946 Constitution imposed on Taiwan Borodin, Mikhail 42 60,229 Britain: civil war 56 diplomatic relations with China 141-2 early contact with Taiwan 4--6 negotiations with China over Hong relations with Taiwan by 1895 22-3 Kong 163-4, 167-8 Sino-japanese war 24 Treaty of Tianjin with Taiwan 1854 17 China (People's Republic 01) 59, I I I Buddhism 173 border dispute with the Soviet Union Bush, George 136 I70-1 border negotiations 170-2 123-4 diplomatic relations with Britain, Cambodia 137 France and Canada 141-2 Canada, diplomatic relations with China diplomatic relations with US 70, 131, 142 137, 139 capitalism 164 negotiations with Britain over Hong Carter,jimmy 71,131,136 Kong 163-4, 167-8 Cathay Investment and Trust 107 policy on Taiwan in the 1980s 158-9 Catholic Church 155 relations with japan 144--7 Chang Ching-lung 217 relations with South Korea 154 Chang Hsien-yi 241 relations with Taiwan by 1945-76 Chang Hsueh-liang 47, 50, 233 110-28

258 Index 259

relations with the Soviet Union economic reform 158 113-14, 118, 121, 123, 128, 148 meeting with Margaret Thatcher 162 relations with the Vatican 155 'open door' policy 132 Tian An Men Square massacre xvii, personality cult 231 151,169,179,221-2,224,225--6 Deng Yingchao 163 trade with Taiwan 204, 211-16, 217-18 diplomatic relations: China (Republic of) 37 isolation for Taiwan 89, 129-30, 136, mutual defence pact with US 119 142,231 China Airlines 101, 145 Taiwan 152-3 China Petroleum Company 102 US/People's Republic of China 70, China Shipbuilding Corporation 92 131, 137, 159 China Tide 70--1 docks 100--1 China's Destiny 46 Dulles, John Foster 121, 143 Chinese Communist Party (CCP) 45, 51 Dutch East India Company 8, 10 claim to sovereignty over Taiwan 235--6 economy 75--109 formation 41-2 agriculture 77-9, 87, 99 growth 48-9 during late 1800s 22-3 Chinese Federation of Labour 103 early 1950s 75--6 Chinese language 63 export-oriented 87-9, 92 Ch'ing dynasty 34, 39 Four Year Plans see Taiwan Ch'iou I-jen 222 growth shown in 1967 survey 64 Chiu Hungda 207 middle 1950s 82 Chou Ch'ing-yu 72 19 Point Programme of Economic and Christianity 9 Financial Reform 83 Chun Doo-hwan 185 role of US aid 80--1 Churchill, Winston 31, 129 education: Ci Xi, Empress Dowager 39 reform during Japanese rule 29 civil war 56 rising standards 93, 97 coal 215 The Eighties 70 Commission for International Economic Eisenhower, President 118, 121 Co-operation and Development, elections: Chiang Ching-kuo appointed China 1947-857-8 chairman 73 Taiwan 67, 71 communications 89, 91-2, 99-100 Taiwan 1989 194-5, 197 see also infrastructure; railways; roads; electronics industry 84, 88 telecommunications promotion 93-4 companies 87 emigration from mainland 15, 21 see also government enterprises employment legislation 103, 199 Confucius 48 environment 103, 105, 201 corruption 61 exchange controls 82, 108 cotton 216 multiple exchange rate system abolished 83 Dalai Lama 173 exchange rates 105--6 Daxue 68 exports: defence: electronics products 88, 92 Taiwan 241 growth 86 see also arms; military promotion 83 defence expenditure 80 rice 28, 76, 81, 86, 98 Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) 71, sugar 28-9, 76, 81, 86, 98 194-8 textile products 86, 88, 92 formation 183 rifts within the Party 222 family planning 96 Den Kenjiro 29 Fang Lizhi 207, 217 Deng Xiaoping 34, 71, 12~7 Fang Su-min 72 260 Index farmers, disenchantment with the KMT tariffs cut 83 99, 200-1 US funding of Taiwan imports 80-1 farming income Tax 83--4 early development 16 independence, Taiwan 62, 66, 175-6, see also agriculture 179, 198,230, 237--40 fascism, influence on the KMT 48 India, border negotiations with China Fei Hsi-ping 195 171-2 Feng Yu-hsiang 47 Indonesia 156 fertilisers, state monopoly 79--80 industrial disputes 103, 199--200 financial system 106-8 industrialisation 77, 87-8, 92 food production 98-9 under Japanese 31, 81 Formosa see Taiwan US aid 80-1 Formosa group 70 inflation 90 France: Taiwan 55, 76, 77, 109 diplomatic relations with China 141 information industry 93--4 involvement on Taiwan during infrastructure 77, 89, 9 1-2 Sino-French war 1884--5 18-19 see also communications; railways; Free China 65 roads Fu Zuoyi 125 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 220 investment: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade by Taiwan in the mainland 214 (GATT) 220 foreign 84--7 General Instruments (US) 84 overseas Chinese 85 Gandhi, Rajiv 172 Statute for the Encouragement of gold 156 Investment 196083-4 Gorbachev, Mikhail 148, 149, 170,221 Iran 211 Goto Shimpei 27 Iraq 21 I government enterprises 78, 81 iron and steel production 92-3 Israel 153, 156, 211 Hakka 14 Hammer, Armand 215 harbours see docks Japan: Harris, Townsend 18 annexation of Taiwan 189524--6 Hau Pei-ts'un 182, 242 diplomatic recognition switched from Hirohito, Emperor 156 Taipei to Peking 89 Hiroshima 32 early contact with Taiwan 6-7, 10, Hong Kong 165-9 19--20 investment in Taiwan 85 improvements made in Taiwan during negotiations over future between colonisation 76-7 Britain and China 163-4, 167-8 investment in Taiwan 84--5 Hong Kong Stock Exchange 168 Liberal Democratic Party 193--4 Houtman, Cornelius 8 relations with China 143--7 Hsieh Tung-min 67 relations with Taiwan 142-7 Hsing Chung Hui (Revive China Society) rule of Taiwan 1895-194526-32 35 trade with Taiwan 147 Hsiung, J ames 178 Jaw Shao-kong 191, 195 Hsu Hsin-liang 70, 71, 185, 199 Jiang Zemin 23 I Hsu Lu 208 Joffe, Adolf 42 Hu Chiu-yuan 219 John Paul, Pope 155 Hu Yaobang 139,168,173,174-5 Johnson, President 134 Hua Guofeng 158 Ju Gao-jeng 186, 224 Huang Hsin-chieh 196,219 Hungary 149 K'ang Ning-hsiang 68, 70, 72, 184, 195 imports K'ang Yu-wei 35-6 protectionist policies 82 Kao, Henry 68 Index 261

Kennedy, President 134 MacArthur, General Douglas 115, 116 Kim II-sung 110, 153 dismissed 118, 133 Kissinger, Henry 67, 125, 131 McCarthy, Joseph 133 Khmer Rouge 137 Magill, Neil 199 Kodama Gentaro 27, 28 Mahathir Mohamad 151 Korea 24 manufacturing 77, 87 Korean War 59,80, 114-18 Mao Zedong 41, 48 Koxinga see Cheng Ch'eng-kung death 158 Krushchev, Nikita 118, 121 proclaims establishment of the People's Ku Yu-hsin 148 Republic of China 59 Kuo, Shirley 219 relationship with the Soviet Union Kuomintang (KMT) xviii-xix, 33-52 113-14 formation 40 Middle East 153, 156 government 1928-3746-50 military: moves its capital to Taipei 59 China 241 reform of the Party 189--94 government support 61 Taiwanisation of the Party 65, 67, 230 US aid 80, 112 US disillusionment 110--13 see also arms; defence Kuwait 102 money printed to cover deficits 55 money supply 108-9 labour force: Mongolian People's Republic, border earnings 85-6, 104-5 negotiations with China 171 employment legislation 103, 199 low-cost 84, 85, 93 Nagasaki 32 shortage 104-5 naphtha cracking facilities 92, 20 I Labour Party 197 National Salvation Association 50 land reform 77-9 nationalism, Taiwanese 29--30, 36, 62, US influence 80 70, 104, 198 language 63 Nationalist Party see Kuomintang League of Nations 49 Nixon, President 67,89, 125, 131, 135 Lee Huan 181-2, 190 visit to China 135 Lee Kuan-yew 157 nuclear power 91, 103,201 Lee Teng-hui 154, 177, 181, 192 nuclear weapons research 240--1 succeeds Chiang Ching-kuo 182, 190--1 Lei Chen 65 Lei Yu-chi 210 Occidental Petroleum 215 Lenin V.1. 43-4 oil 75 Li Hung-chang 20, 21, 22, 24, 35 imports 101-3 Li Peng 170, 210 price crisis 89--90, 94 Li Ts'ung-jen 58-9, 60, 112, 125 OPEC 90 Li Xiannian 219 opium trade 47 Li Yung-teh 208 Opium War 17 Liang Ch'i-chao 30, 36 Organisation for Economic Co-operation Liao Chengzhi 125-6, 163, 176 and Development (OECD) 220 223 overseas Chinese 38 Lin Hsien-t'ang 30 investment in Taiwan 85 Lin Yi-Hsiung 72 relations with Taiwan 150--1 Little, Arthur D. 85, 89 Liu, Henry 181 Parker, Peter 18 Liu Ming-ch'uan 20--2 patriotism 45 Lou Mei-wen 197 Peng Dehuai 122 Louis, Victor 148 Peng Ming-min 65-6 Luce, Harry 52 162 Ma Ying-cheou xvii, 193 People's Republic of China see China Macao 166, 169 (People's Republic of) 262 Index

Perry, Matthew 18 , relations with Taiwan 156, petrochemical industry 92-3 157 Philippines 242 socialism 30, 164 Poland 149 Solarz, Steven 242 political prisoners 65--6, 69, 71-2, 195 Soong Ching-ling 38, 45, 46, 50, 133 amnesty 185 Soong, James 182, 193 political protest 199 Soong May-ling 38, 45, 133, 182, 190 pollution 105, 193, 201 Soong, T.V. 133 population 15, 76, 82 South Africa, relations with Taiwan 153, international growth statistics 96 155--6 policy 95--7 South Korea: Portugal 166, 169 relations with China 154 early contact with Taiwan 7-8 relations with Taiwan 153-5 postal links, Taiwan and China 216 Soviet Union: press restrictions eased 184 border dispute with China 170-1 private investment 83 relations with China 113-14, 118, 121, protectionist policies 82 123, 128 international 88 relations with Taiwan 147-50 P'u Yi 49 support for the KMT 42-4,51 public enterprises see government Spain, early contact with Taiwan 8, 10 enterprises Stalin, Josef 34,43,45, 114 Stanford Research Institute 84 Qian Qichen 156 Stevenson, Adlai 118 Stilwell, 'Vinegar Joe' 52 racism, anti-Japanese 25 strikes 103, 199-200 railways 21, 28, 77, 89, 91-2 Su Tung-chi 65 government monopoly 100 sugar exports 28-9, 76,81,86,98 Reagan, Ronald 138 Suharto, President 156 recession 90, 94 Sun Yat-sen 35--40, 42 Red Cross 209, 216, 218 death 44 Repu blic of China see China (Repu blic relations with Chiang Kai-shek 44-5 of) Sung Chiao-jen 40 research and development 94 Revive China Society 35 rice: exports 28, 76, 81, 86, 98 Tai Chi-t'ao 30 oversupply 98 Taipei Stock Exchange 107-8 roads 77, 89, 91, 100 Taiwan: Rogers, William 135 first Four Year Plan, 1953-5680 Roh Tae-woo 153 third Four Year Plan, 1961-6483 Roosevelt, Franklin 31, 129 sixth Four Year Plan, 1972-7589 Rusk, Dean 134-5 aboriginal inhabitants 3-4 Russia, concession on Taiwan 1858 18 aid for Africa 141 anti-Americanism 132 Sato, Eisaku 144 China's policy in the 1980s 158-79 Saudi Arabia 102 Constitution 60-1, 229 relations with Taiwan 152-3 creation myth I Senkaku Islands 68 defence 241 Shaw Yu-ming 214, 221 defence expenditure 80 Shen Pao-chen 20 diplomatic relations 152-3 Shih Ming-teh 70, 185, 199 Dutch rule 9-11 shipbuilding 92-3 early Chinese immigrants 14 Show, Edgar 117 early contact with mainland China 4-6 Sin, Jaime 155 early foreign contacts 6-8 Index 263

Taiwan, continued US investment 84 early modernisation 20 Taiwan Agriculture and Fishery 78 economic dependence on US 95 Taiwan Cement 78 economic development 75-109 Taiwan Communist Party 30, 117 foreign encroachment 17-19 Taiwan Industry and Mining 78 foreign relations 129---57 Taiwan Paper and Pulp 78 founder member of United Nations 34, Taiwan Political Review 69 129 , political future 227-45 discrimination against 63-4 geography 1-2, 97 Taiyals 3 history 4--32 Tanaka, Prime Minister 67, 125, 145 independence 62, 66, 175-6, 179, 198, Tang Ching-sung 25 230,237-40 Tang Shubei 226 investment by overseas Chinese 85 Tao Pai-chuan 207 Japanese annexation 24--6 tax incentives 83-84 Japanese investment 84--5 taxation: Japanese rule 1895-1945 2&--32 land 79 KMT rule 53-6, 233-4 reform during Japanese rule 28 legislative reform 185-9 telecommunications 92, 101 lifting of martial law 182-5 Tenth Credit Co-operative 10&--7 loses United Nations seat 67, 89 textiles industry 84, 212 martial law 56, 68 exports 86, 88, 92 national security 62 Thatcher, Margaret 162 natural resources 2 Third World, Taiwanese aid 141 opens to mainland China 203-26 Tiao Yu Tai (Senkaku Islands) 68 political liberalisation 229---30 Tibet 161, 173-4 political parties 183 Ting Jih-ch'ang 20 political reform 198&--9 180-202 trade unions 103 political structure 62, 68 transport 92 population 15, 76, 82 see also infrastructure; railways; roads pre-history 2-4 Triads 14, 38 prefecture and military district of Trotsky, Leon 43 Fujian 15 Truman, President 60, 115, 116 province of China 21-2 China 1945-76 110-28 China by 1895 22-3 unemployment 93, 104 Japan 142-7 United Nations 112, 220 overseas Chinese 150-1 relations with Taiwan 140-2 Saudi Arabia 152-3 Taiwan a founder member 34, 129 Singapore 156, 157 Taiwan loses seat 67, 89 South Africa 153, 155-6 United States: South Korea 153-5 aid to Taiwan 59---60, 80-1, 83, 112 the Soviet bloc 147-50 diplomatic relations with the People's the Vatican 153, 155 Republic of China 70, 131, 137, 159 United Nations 140-2 disillusionment with the KMT 110-13 US 130-40 financing of Taiwan's imports 80-1 Republic 25, 26 interest in Taiwan during 1850s 18 reunification with the mainland 64, 96, investment in Taiwan 84 117, 160-1, 163, 178-9, 234--5 lifts ban on travel to China 134 Taipei becomes KMT capital 59 mutual defence pact with the Republic trade with China 204, 211-16, 217-18 of China 119 trade with Japan 147 relations with China 132, 134--9 trade with US 139 relations with Taiwan 130-40 Treaty of Tianjin with Britain 1854 17 support for the KMT 34,51-2 US aid 59---60, 80-1, 83, 112 support for the KMT in Taiwan 59---60 264 Index

Taiwan's economic dependence 95 Xiong Wen-can 8 trade with Taiwan 139 226 Yang Du 224 Vatican: Yang Shang-kun 178 relations with China 155 Yang-ti, Emperor 4--5 relations with Taiwan 153, 155 Yao Chia-wen 70, 72, 196 Vietnam 19, 137,240 Yao Yilin 176 Vietnam War 85, 126 YeJianying 125, 161,236 visitors from Taiwan to the mainland Yeh Ch'u-Ian 222 209, 216, 218--19 Yen Chia-kan 53, 74, 147 Vonums 3 Yen Hsi-shan 47 Yoshida, Shigeru 143, 144 Wang Ching-wei 44, 46, 47, 51 Yu Kuo-hwa 181, 190, 192, 223 Wang San-ho 5--6 Yuan Shi-k'ai 39-40, 41 192 Wang Yi-hsiung 197 Zhang Zhunqiao 126 Wedemeyer, General III 163, 177, 192, 226 Whampoa Academy 43, 45 50, 114 Workers' Party 197 conciliatory approach towards Taiwan World Bank 220 119-20, 124--5 Wu, K.C. 60 death 126