One Party Dominance Survival: the Case of Singapore and Taiwan
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One Party Dominance Survival: The Case of Singapore and Taiwan DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Lan Hu Graduate Program in Political Science The Ohio State University 2011 Dissertation Committee: Professor R. William Liddle Professor Jeremy Wallace Professor Marcus Kurtz Copyrighted by Lan Hu 2011 Abstract Can a one-party-dominant authoritarian regime survive in a modernized society? Why is it that some survive while others fail? Singapore and Taiwan provide comparable cases to partially explain this puzzle. Both countries share many similar cultural and developmental backgrounds. One-party dominance in Taiwan failed in the 1980s when Taiwan became modern. But in Singapore, the one-party regime survived the opposition’s challenges in the 1960s and has remained stable since then. There are few comparative studies of these two countries. Through empirical studies of the two cases, I conclude that regime structure, i.e., clientelistic versus professional structure, affects the chances of authoritarian survival after the society becomes modern. This conclusion is derived from a two-country comparative study. Further research is necessary to test if the same conclusion can be applied to other cases. This research contributes to the understanding of one-party-dominant regimes in modernizing societies. ii Dedication Dedicated to the Lord, Jesus Christ. “Counsel and sound judgment are mine; I have insight, I have power. By Me kings reign and rulers issue decrees that are just; by Me princes govern, and nobles—all who rule on earth.” Proverbs 8:14-16 iii Acknowledgments I thank my committee members Professor R. Willam Liddle, Professor Jeremy Wallace, and Professor Marcus Kurtz, who have been very helpful in assisting me in the writing of this dissertation. Through the mentorship of Professors Liddle and Wallace, I was able to identify the research question and the cases to test my question. Professor Liddle and Professor Wallace have been very patient with me and offered much intellectual and practical help to coach me to develop this dissertation beyond my imagination. Professor Kurtz also gave me much valuable advice with scholarly insight to help me formulate the ideas for this dissertation. I also thank many other professors and friends who have coached me and gave me valuable advice: Professor John Wright, Professor Mary Cooper and Professor Irfan Nooruddin from The Ohio State University, Professor Jon Quah from the National University of Singapore, Professor Eugene Tan Kheng Boon from Singapore Management University, Professor Selina Lim and Professor Tan Ngoh Tiong from the Singapore Institute of Management, Professor Kevin Joseph Khoo from the Singapore National Archives, Professor Jaushieh Wu from the National Chengchi University in Taiwan, Professor Huaien Peng from Shixin University in Taiwan, Professor Chen-shen Yen from the National Chengchi University of Taiwan, Tsz-ming Or from the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Professor Qingyan Shang from New York Univeristy Buffalo, and Alodie Lim. iv I thank the following institutions and individuals for their generosity in supporting me financially for my research trip to Asia: the Alumni Graduate Grant for Research Support (AGGRS) from The Ohio State University, the Taiwan Foundation for Democracy (TFD), Sophia Lee, and Ronald and Alice Han. Their financial support has been indispensable to help this dissertation to come into being. I thank National Chengchi University (NCCU) in Taiwan and TFD for giving me visiting scholarship positions so I could do research in Taiwan. Both NCCU and TFD have offered practical help for my research in Taiwan. I would like to thank the National Singapore University, Chinese University of Hong Kong, and National Chengchi University in Taiwan for allowing me to use their library systems. I thank many individuals who helped to me in the logistics for my research: Professor Herb Weisberg, Professor Alex Thompson, Retta Semones from the Political Science Department of The Ohio State University, Delphine Thomlin, Li-fang Yang, Chi-yu Huang and many other friends whose name I and the Lord will remember. I thank a group of friends who has supported me over the last year with their faithful prayers. I had not made much progress in my research before August 2010. When my friends supported me with prayers starting in July 2010, I started to make tremendous progress in the research. My adviser called my progress since last August a miracle. A year ago, I would not have imagined that I could ever compose a dissertation. But due to their prayers and the help of Jesus Christ, I was able to complete my research and write a high-quality dissertation in a year. The Lord and I will remember their names. I also thank my parents, who have been very supportive of my academic dreams. They made sacrifices to support me in college. I have stayed in the US for nine years and could not v repay their sacrifices with financial or physical support, as children in China could do. But my parents bore the sacrifice and patiently supported my dream for nine years. Most of all, I thank the Lord Jesus Christ, who is the source, the strength and the reason for this dissertation. Without the Lord’s calling and his promise, I would not have joined the PhD program and would not have finished my dissertation. Without the Lord’s help, I would never have been able to conduct my research trip and finish this paper. Without His wisdom and strength, I could not have made miraculous progress over the last one year. Finally, I thank all the political leaders in the world whose vision is to implement justice, and advocate wellbeing of the weak, the poor and the oppressed. “What does the LORD require of you? But to act justly, love mercy and walk humbly with your God.” (Micah 6:8) vi Vita July 1993 .............................................................. No. 2 Middle High, Yichang, China 1997 ..................................................................... B.A. English, Wuhan University 1997-1998 ............................................................ Manager Assistance, Shenzhen Huafeng Co. 1998-1999 ............................................................ Lawyer, King and Wood Law Firm 2000-2002 ........................................................... Chinese Legal Consultant, Blakes, Cussles and Braden (Canada) Law Firm 2004 ..................................................................... M.A. Political Science, Villanova University 2004 to present ................................................... Graduate Teaching Associate, Political Science Department, The Ohio State University Fields of Study Major Field: Political Science vii Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ ii Acknowledgments.......................................................................................................................... ivi Vita .................................................................................................................................................. iv List of Tables ................................................................................................................................... ix List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ vxii Chapter 1: Question, Theory and Methodology ............................................................................. 1 Chapter 2: Comparison of Singapore and Taiwan ......................................................................... 39 Chapter 3: Regime Types and Their Origin .................................................................................. 114 Chapter 4: Case Study of Singapore 1961-1963 ......................................................................... 194 Chapter 5: Case Study of Taiwan 1980-2000 ............................................................................... 284 Chapter 6: Conclusion and Theoretical Implication ..................................................................... 383 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................. 405 viii List of Tables Table 2.1 Singapore and Taiwan Winning Coalition Size Scores ................................................... 64 Table 2.2 People’s Request to the PAP Branch Offices in 1968 .................................................... 90 Table 2.3 The KMT Service Stations Enrollment for Individual Services 1987 .............................. 90 Table 2.4 The KMT’s Share of Seats 1950-1986 Average Data ..................................................... 97 Table 3.1 Statistics of Taiwan Central and Local Welfare Expenditure 1982 and 1988.............. 144 Table 3.2 Taiwan Housing Expenditure Statistics 1952-1975 ..................................................... 146 Table 3.3 The CPIB Statistics 1952-2002 ..................................................................................... 159 Table 3.4 Taiwan and Singapore’s Fiscal Structue 1972-1998 Average Score ............................ 169 Table 4.1 The CPIB Statistics 1952-2002 ..................................................................................... 197 Table 4.2 1963 Singapore General