M. Nikolaishvili N. Bagration-Davitashvili

Georgian Language

(Intensive Course)

Tbilisi 2012

1 УДК 809.463.1 N67 The present work represents the English version of M.Nikolaishvili’s book «Грузинский Язык» («Georgian Language») published in 1999. which is recognised by the Ministry of Education of Georgia as a sound basic course text book of the Georgian Language for the non-Georgian students.

The course includes all topics needed for everyday relations and also gives an idea of the basic grammatical peculiarities of the Georgian language. The book can be used as a self study course as well.

Editor Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor E. Babunashvili, K. Gelashvili

Reviewers: Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor F. Uturgaidze, Professor T. Injia

Proof Reader: Lydia West.

Technical Editor: P. Korkia

All rights reserved.

© M. Nikolaishvili, N. Bagration-Davitashvili

ISBN 978-9941-0-4539-4 BY THE AUTHOR

The present book represents a basic course of the Georgian language, with a preface stating the general characteristics of the grammar of this language. The book begins with the study of writing and reading. Then follow texts, that encompass all the main topics of the language spoken in everyday life and are intended for an exact knowledge of the spoken Georgian language. There are ten topics in the book and each of them is divided into sections short texts, composed of the most frequently used words, grammatical explanations, the need of which may arise from the text. The explanations concern other forms of individual words marked with an asterisk. Ibidem are exercises, lexical groups connected with a topic, and at the end, a text that includes represented dialogues on certain subjects. At the end of the book there are lexical-grammatical exercises for each parts. All this as a whole comprises more than 2000 words. A literal translation (l.t. abbreviation) is given in some cases in order to comprehend better certain Georgian phrases.

You should familiarize yourself with the form of the word, understand the grammar, repeat the text many times (at least 12) until you are able to repeat it at the same tempo (speed) as the speaker. Studies on one topic should last for two to three weeks. CD should be heard every day. The lessons are recorded with musical effects to give rise to cause certain emotional reaction.

3 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GEORGIAN LANGUAGE

There are 33 sounds in the modern Georgian language: five vowels that in pronunciation are exactly the same as there English equivalents and 28 consonants, with the some that are characteristic of only the Georgian language. According to the method of formation they are divided into three groups: sonorous solitaries; fricatives pairs; occlusives triples. There are also specific consonant complexes, so called harmonious complexes that are pronounced smoothly in the Georgian language. In the initial lessons, consonants and harmonious complexes are emphasized to attract your attention and to enable you to master them easily. Georgian is a so called agglutinative language: grammatical (morphological) categories are expressed by means of appropriate affixes (prefixes and suffixes) and each affix has its function. Of course there are exceptions, such as, when two grammatical categories are expressed by one affix. There is no category of gender. There are seven cases: Nominative, Ergative, Dative, Genitive, Ablative, Adverbial and Vocative. Case inflections are the same in both the singular and plural forms, but in the plural suffixes forming the plural are added to the stem, because a number of phonetical changes (reduction and clipping) depend on them. Special attention should be paid to the so called Ergative case, which has no equivalent in English or in any IndoEuropean language. This case is used only for the expression of the subject in the construction of active verbs in the past perfect tense and in its subjunctive. In English there is no Adverbial case either, that is used for the expression of secondary parts of a sentence. As in all languages, pronouns have an original declension. Their forms should be memorized. The most difficult part of speech in Georgian is the verb in that it may be mono-personal, bi-personal and tri-personal. Bipersonal and tripersonal verbs are those with which two or three persons are connected by sense, but in contrast to English, these persons may be marked in the verb by means of subjective and objective person markers. Very often personal markers in verbs are lost because of certain reasons. We have tried to outline and explain such cases. Thus, the verb in the Georgian language is conjugated according to both the subjective and objective person markers. When a verb changes according to a subjective person marker, it belongs to the subjective version. When a verb changes 4 according to an objective person markers, it belongs to the objective version. The difficulty of the Georgian verb arises out of the fact, that many morphological categories are simultaneously expressed in it by means of affixes. Because of the difficulty of formation and also because of the function of tenses and moods of the Georgian verb, there are only 6 tenses and moods: present, past imperfect or past continuous, future, past perfect or past non- continuous, II subjunctive and the I resulting are all represented in this book. Georgian syntax is also distinguished by a number of peculiarities, namely: the cases of a subject are the Nominative, the Ergative and the Dative. Direct and indirect objects are similarly the main parts of a sentence as subject and predicate. The direct object may occure in two cases the Nominative and the Dative. It should be mentioned, that some peculiarities of the Georgian language that represent certain difficulties are interpreted by us with a slight difference than is usual in traditional grammars. This is done in order to present as simply as possible quite difficult Georgian grammar and ease the learning of the spoken language for the non-Georgian representatives of different professions. If we achieve this goal, we shall regard that we have achieved our objective with success. But if some have a wish to learn the grammatical structure of the Georgian language more deeply for such cases, there are many investigations and manuals, the authors of which are well-known Georgian linguists. We shall mention here only one of these books «Basics of Georgian language Grammar», the author of which is the outstanding Georgian linguist, academician Akaki Shanidze. When somebody begins the study of a foreign language, he becomes certainly interested in the people, speaking this language and also in its culture. We have tried to satisfy this interest although not in depth.

5 6 ABOUT GEORGIA

Georgia is a country with an ancient history. It lies in the Caucasus. In the east it borders upon Azerbaijan, in the west upon the Black Sea, in the north Caucasian ridge and in the south Armenia and Turkey. Archeological finds and written sources found in almost all corners of the land clearly testify to the ancient origin of the Georgian people. The earliest find is a mandible of a primitive man (2,5 mln 700 thousand years) found under the medieval site of the ancient settlement of Dmanisi. The burial grounds and remains of settlements of the VI millennium B.C. and almost all the following ages are to be found on the territory of Georgia. From an archeological point of view Georgia is especially rich in materials of the Hellenistic – late ancient period (IVcentury B.C. IV century A.D.) .It was a time when the Georgian states were forming. Two Georgian states Kolkheti (West Georgia) and Iberia or Kartli (East and South Georgia) had already existed for 2600 years. The founder of the latter was a native of Mtskheta, King Parnavaz liberator. In the VII century B.C. Mtskheta became the capital of the state of Kartli. The Georgian alphabet also has an ancient history. It belongs to one of the 14 ancient alphabets of the world and is distinguished by its originality. The chronicler and historian of the XI century, Leonti Mroveli, connects the creation of the Georgian alphabet with the name of King Parnavaz. An ancient Georgian inscription was found in Palestine. The well-known Italian archeologist, Virgilio Korbo, found in 1952-53 in Palestine, in the Judaic desert near Bethlehem the ruins of a Georgian monastery with three preserved Georgian inscriptions. The most ancient of them dates from 432-452. On the territory of Georgia an ancient Georgian inscription (493-494) can be seen in the church of Bolnisi Sion. The first literary writing «The Martyrdom of the St Queen Shushanik», was by Jakob Tsurtaveli and was written in 476483. According to legend the first time Christianity was preached in West Georgia in the first century A.D., during the reign of Aderk by Saint Andrew and Simon the Canaanite, but the king did not adopt the new religion and Christianity did not spread. In the IV century, in 337, King Mirian declared Christianity to be the state religion. The enlightener was a young lady from Capadoccia, St. Nino, who brought with her a cross made from vine branches bound with her own hair.

7 After that king Mirian built in Mtskheta the first wooden church «SvetiTskhoveli». In the second half of the V century King Vakhtang Gorgasali announced that Tbilisi would be the new capital of Georgia. According to a popular legend, while hunting in the environs of present day Tbilisi the king shot a pheasant, which fell into a hot spring and was boiled. There was an unusual odour. The king ordered a city to be built on the site and himself gave it the name «Tpili» (warm). In the course of history the name underwent changes and now the capital of Georgia is called «Tbilisi». From ancient times, travellers were delighted with the sulphur baths of Tbilisi. According to a Persian document there were «65 bath-houses» in Tbilisi in the XIII century. The sulphur waters of Tbilisi have important therapeutic properties. Because of its geopolitical position and beautiful scenery Georgia has always appeared to be a tasty morsel for foreign invaders. That is why the history of Georgia is written in blood. The Georgian always had in his hand a sword ready for the defence of his native land. In the beginning of the XII century appeared the greatest statesman, politician and cultural figure – David Bagrationi (1089-1125) whom people named David the Builder. The king was a far-sighted and wise ruler. He managed to restore the power of the country to foreign invaders and united his country. He liberated Tbilisi from the Arab yoke that had lasted for seven centuries and declared it as the permanent capital of Georgia. King David joined to his possessions land on both sides of the Caucasus from sea to sea, «from Nikopsia to Darubandi» and created a united Caucasian state. This educated sovereign laid the foundation for « the golden era» of the Georgian state, that achieved its highest point at the end of the XII and beginning of the XIII centuries during the reign of Queen Tamar (11841213). Majestic churches and monasteries: Ikorta, Kvatakhevi, Ikalto, Gelati, Geguti, Bertubani, Kintsvisi, Betania, Ubisi and others were built in the XII century. Shota Rustaveli the author of the immortal poem «Knight in the Tiger’s Skin», and also the outstanding philosophers: Ephrem Mtsire, Ioane Petrici, Arsen Ikaltoeli, Goldengravers Beka and Beshken Opisari all created their masterpieces in the same period. In the 1230s Georgia fell under the yoke of new conquerers – the Mongols. After a hundred years fight the Georgians managed to restore a united independent country.

8 But new wars and disasters followed at the end of the XVIII century a treaty was concluded between Russia and Georgia (KartlKakheti), according to which Georgia became an ally of Russia. But in 1801 the Russian Emperor Alexandr I issued a manifest due to which KartlKakheti state was abolished and joined to Russia. Georgia no longer existed as an independent country. In 1918 the Georgian democratic republic was created. In 1921 its independence was again lost but was restored in 1991. Today Georgia is an independent country, with a President and Parliament at the head.

Shota Rustaveli «Knight in the tiger’s skin» The first printed book. 1712

Portrait of Shota Rustaveli Fresco from a Jerusalem monastery, XIIc.

Folk Song «Urmuli» («Bullockchart») Performed by A. Gonashvili and «Rustavi» ensemble, Art supervisor A.Erkomaishvili

9 1 2

3 4

7

1.Mount Kazbegi (5055m) 2.Pitsunda, a resort on the Black Sea 5 coast 2. Jvari, church near the city of Mtskheta, VIc, situated on a mountain 8 near the merging of the Mtkvari and Aragvi Rivers. 4. Plate of St. George – fighting a dragon, XV Georgian cloisonne enamel work. 5,6,7 Georgian fruit 6 8. Svetitskhoveli Cathedral in the city of Mtskheta, built 1010-1023 by the Georgian architect Arsakisdze 10 Part I

Reading and Writing 12 In the modern Georgian language there are 33 sounds that have their written signs, i.e. letters. Each letter of the Georgian alphabet represents a sound, which is pronounced almost always the same. Cursive letters insignificantly differ from printed ones. There are also no capital letters. Only one symbol is used to designate one sound. In consequence of these peculiarities Georgian orthography is simple as compared with English that of many and other languages. If you pronounce the word correctly, you will always write it correctly. That is why we give special attention to the pronunciation of sounds that are not in English, but characterize Georgian. There are 5 vowels in Georgian and all of them are pronounced as in English. As for consonants the matter is more difficult. Some of them are like English ones, others differ. Consonants, which are pronounced as in English: # b
( g
% d
7 v,
; z, - l
. m
/ n
3 r
4 s,  š(sh),  č(ch), +? (j), ) h,  t, ' p, 2 k The different consonants: 1

5 , voiceless glottalized consonants which we mark with stops. ptk . ..

$

8

they are compound consonants. +
 we have correspondence pronounce in English. As for others:
 $ c, 8 c., č.. 9 the place of articulation is a long the back of the tongue and the soft pate.  x  voiced, 9 voiceless : [.q] voiceless glottalized. The root of the tongue is pressed against the back wall of the pharynx.  [z ] voiced pronounced as in the English word [measure], ) guttural aspirated fricative h. The cassettes will help you to pronounce each of them clearly.

13 WRITING OF GEORGIAN LETTERS

Georgian letters are written in a fourlined net as in English, but the letters have no slope. Some of the Georgian letters exceed the line upwards or downwards. Two letters exceed both up and down. The letters are shown not in alphabetical order, but according to the similarity of their outlines.

On the line are written:

One is located on the line, two exceed it upwards:

Are on the line and exceed it upwards:

 (dz)

x  š(sh) b s

  z r č (ch)

14 Begin on the line and go downwards:



 

 ž

Begin below the line and exceed upwards onto the line:

γ ()

Begin on the line and go down:


  

Exceed the line upwards and downwards:

k 

15 Georgian writing has passed through three stages of development: asomtavruli (capitals), nuskhuri, and mkhedruli. Texts written in asomtavruli are found until theXI century, nuskhuri began to spread from the XI to XIX centuries, and mkhedruli, which we use at present, appeared in the X century. Each type of Georgian writing: asomtavruli, nuskhuri and mkhedruli show a regular development as regards graphic outline.

16 READ ALOUD BY SYLLABLE BY SYLLABLE!

Proper names composed from sounds that are also in English are given below. *"
."*"
."3*
&."
.&3*
.04&
.;*"
."/"/"
"/"
/"/"
/*/0 /0/"
/6/6
/"/6-*
4"#"
-*"
-"-*
-*-*
-&-"
-&*-" -"."3"
-""
.".*"
."3*/&
&-&/&
("("
;";"
;*/"
;"*3" *".;&
3".";
30."/
.63."/
4040
4&4&
4"-0.&
40-0.0/ 7"/0
7""
*0
."%0/"
66/"
#&"/
3&7";
03&/"
"-7" 903&"/
.*9&*-
97*"
#"#"-&
#&-"
#&/0
;""-
*"4& *7"/&
.&3"#
%0%0
%"-*
%*"/"
%&./"
.*90
#"%3*
#"97" -&7"/
$"$"
$*$0
3646%"/
$*4"/"
"/*
."3*".
"/;03 6"
"3*-
(*("
(0(*
(*03(*
(63".
"34&/
"4-"/
(*7* 0/*4&
7"3-".
-6*;"
3&;0
("#3*&-
.*/%*"
&-*;#"3

Among the earliest monuments of Christian Georgia, Bolnisi Sioni (478493) occupies one of the first places as regards both historical and artistic value.

Inner appearance of the church.

1. Proper names are given in the Vocative case, which is used for addressing someone. Proper nouns have no case inflection in the Vocative case but are represented by a nounstem.

17 Exercises for the correct pronunciation of sounds that characterize Georgian. Listen attentively. Try to imitate them well. Then repeat with the speaker:

:(  

! !
!!

--

!'
!!$'

C9 ((
 
(('
 '
 
! 
! 
 -
(!('
' ' !

G* ,,

,!,
!!
,!,'
!'
!,
- --&!

>D ##
))
#!#!
!)
)
)')'
)-)-
##-

6J 
//
!!
/!/!
/'
/-/-
/'/'
/


, 

!!
!!
''
''
!'
'



!

L 1
1
1!
1'
!1'
11'
11!

18 EXAMPLES OF SOUNDS THAT CHARACTERIZE THE GEORGIAN LANGUAGE:

&"7-& &&&*" ***& *"*0 !0*& !**" *"3*&- "5* *-*1& *-*.0/ 3*%0/ */" "" &" 0." &%0 "."3 **" 0" '&0 '4&/*" "#" *.* &."- 6.#&3 *.&3 0-" **!0 "#6"
9"6/"
/"&-" "#6!" /"3"."/ /"-"/
. /7"-" 66/"
6'*"
"4."
(7"/"
(6-'"/
%&4&*/& &*,0
&304*/& ("-"'**0/ &!-& */"*/ -& !&4"/&
."3"
.;"0
.;&'"-" .7"3*4"
40*!0
400 "*."/ "$" *'3*" '3*4**/& '&&7"/ '&*
""/"4&
"&0-0/
"3 &7"/
#"(3"*
#"'"3
#".7"
#&4*!
#&'" #**/"
(0"
%"7*
%"0
&-(6 "
&3&!-&
&3&.
7&.*"
7*'*03 ;"'"3*"
;"'30 "."; &%03& 03/*&
."'4*.&
."!" '"*90430 '3*4&03&
$0*/& 639" *"#&3 /7"3/7"3&
3"*&-
*3"!-* /*!0-0;

The walls of Bolnisi Sioni retain ancient samples of the Georgian written language of (493-494)

19 READ ALOUD COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD – @FB9?

$!* 
!*& 
$!& 
!+*$ 
!& $!+ 
+  $ .   ' *  !.!&*'+  !- !'& ' !& !'$-%!
%'+!!
+'*.$'
%*'!'
%'&!' %*!! /20! /!* !2! &*- &&% &* .!
&&$! &'$'&!
+&&!
!&'&! !&! !$!&!&!
+*& ! !'&!
!$
.!
.!*!
!*$!
* &*!&
.+**! .+**$!
&!
2%!
+!*!
- &
*%&!
$ !
!+$&! &'*. !
!&'&2!
$'*-+!
-!*!&
!- '+$.!
2*! &! *-+!
$&!
+'%0!
-$ *!
+*&!
!&'! !&!
*-%!&! * !!! *-&!+! +*'&! -*'%&! -2!! .&!

CITIES OF THE WORLD – @FB9?

Write in Georgian and don’t forget the inflection of the Nominative case.

London, Oslo, Berlin, Belgrad, Milan, Sophia, Barcelona, Saragosa, Derbi, Liverpool, Sidney, Delhi, Bombay

D4?4D85<
74
>BAG

&*!2!
'' %'+!'.! .&
+*'!'$%!
.!& *'&! !$!+! -$' !!*' &*
*+!! !'*!
$'!
%&+**!
'+

#'&*!&&*!
.*'&
2!
%*!>
*!!
.+**$!
&**'*!

1. In Georgian nouns are said to be in the Nominative case i.e. the Nominative case is the lexical form of the noun, the inflection of the Nominative case is the lexical form of the noun. The Inflection of the Nominative case

« *» is added to consonant-stem nouns. Vowel-stem nouns lose the mentioned inflection in the Nominative case. That is why in the examples in Georgian * is added to nouns, that in English end with a consonant, and others, that end with a vowel in Georgian, are the same. For example: Iran   America   – 

20 READ ALOUD AND REMEMBER!

CITIES AND RESORTS OF GEORGIA F4D4E*I8?BF
D4?4D85<
74
>HEBEG85<

!$!+! '-!+!
-%!
+'0-%!
%. .!&.$! '! $.! /.*$!
'2-* !
2- !!
0$'$'! */.*$! !-*
'* '%! -/$*-' ''-$! '*$! '+&! -!&&$! -$# -.*! -&'*! -/&! -.!!+! +&-*!
+!&! -$& !0
%*'$-*!
-! /2 ! !&!
-$*!! !.!&
--

Write in Georgian Gori, Zugdidi, Shovi, Surami, Gudauri, Oni, Gagra, Ochamchire, Gali, Dmanisi, Bolnisi, Marneuli, Gardabani

REGIONS OF GEORGIA - F4D4E*I8?BF
>H*K885<

02!
+% *$'
!%*!
-*!
*
*
$.-%! +.&! '*$! !0! -! .!
0.!
%!-$!
0.+-*! %+0!
+%0 .0!

RIVERS OF GEORGIA - F4D4E*I8?BF
@7

%*!.*! * !
*!'&!
& -*! '*'0!
* .!
2!!
$!0.! !'*! /.!*!$ !*-$
+-+
$ !
0*%! !''*! *'& '+&! *0-*
'* '%-$ .&!+-/$!
*!+-/$!

)4I<
M(I4 - THE BLACK SEA

21 In Georgian words with a different meaning are formed from one stem by means of prefixes and suffixes. In these examples you can convince your-self:

Nationality D4E*I8?< 58E.8A< 9E4A:< Language D4E*H?< 58E.AH?< 9E4A:H?< Country F4D4E*I8?B F458E.A8*< F49E4A:8*<

Nationality FB@8K< *HED< EHF< Language FB@KHE< *HEDH?< EHFH?< Country FB@K8*< *HED8*< EHF8*<

Nationality 8FC4A8?< FC4EF8?<

Nationality

D4E*H?<
:I4E85< – Georgian Surnames

#"(3"5*0/*
"7"-*"/*
".*3&+*#*
"/%30/*,"7*-*
#*#*-63* (&%&7"/*7*-*
(&-07"/*
(63(&/* &
%"%*"/*
%"7*"7*-* %*"4".* &
&3*4"7*
6."/*7*-*
*"7*-*
.""#&-*
.&-*2*7*-* /","* &
/*"3" &
'"-"7"/%*7*-*
"-*,"7*-*
&37"* &
*6" *+"7" &
0-0:"7*-*
9&* &
$*$*7*-*
86-6,* &
:0/*" 9&39&6-* &
+"/%*&3*
+"'"3* &
+03+" &

:4@B8A

*",0#
$635"7&-*
(*03(*
.&36-&
0"
364"7&-*
46-9"/4"#" 03#&-*"/*
%"7*
(63".*7*-*
"-&24"/%3&
"7 "7" &
(3*(0- 03#&-*"/*
/*,0-0;
#"3""7*-*
*-*"
"7 "7" &
",",*
8&3&&-* *",0#
(0(&#"7*-*
7""'"7&-"
"-&24"/%3&
:";#&(*
%"7* ,-%*"7*-*
/*,0
-032*'"/* &
,0/45"/5*/&
(".4"963%*"
(3*(0- 30#"2* &
("-"25*0/
5"#* &
.*9&*-
+"7"9*7*-*
5*$*"/
5"#* & (0(-"
-&0/* &
1"0-0
*"7*-*
4*.0/
*207"/*
*3",-*
"#"* & .

22 Part II

Acquaintances T–1 **@8
)8A
4E:47 III

@86
4E4
@<)4IF Dat. #  #
$
#) ,$
',$
# So so (I feel so so l.t.) Gen. $ # $ # ) ,$
',$
# Genitive Case of personal How are you? pronouns are formed possessive pronouns
I8A*
.4?<4A
>4E

:47
I4E*** Declension of Possessive Pronouns (We feel very well l.t.) Very well.

*DI8A
EB:BE4 Sg.
%0* Nom. $
8@<

)8A<

<@4E:47
4E<4A **The verb "3*4 (is) is given in all its forms. The verb "3*4 is mono-personal and conjugates They feel well according to the personal character of the subject

1. @86 (I too). @8 - I 6 (too) particle. 2. Polite phrase, pronoun of II person, plural.. 3. Nominative – F4K8?B5<*< Ergative – @B*KEB5<*< Dative – @<68@<*< Genitive A4*8F4B5<*<

24 Table of Subjective Person Markers Sg.
 
 Pl. 
 1 I I ∅ I ∅
* II K ∅
K ∅
* III ______F
4
B
8A
4A
A
A8A
8F

K is subjective II person marker in both numbers (sing, and pl.). This marker was used in ancient Georgian, but in modern language it is found only in two verbs: one of them -  regarding the other see p57. In separate cases II subjective person has no number. * marker of plural. 8A
8F
4A
A8A
A III person marker, plural, indicates the person and number at the same time.

Remember!

Conjugation of verb LB9A4 in the Present tense

@8 I I8A I* )8A K


',$ K*

The verb  is often presented in a shortened form , which is attached to the previous word. For example:  (Men) ) (is) = 
 (town) ) (is) = 
etc As in Georgian subjective personal markers of the verb are organically connected with personal pronouns. The latter are often not used. They are implied. For example 

$ = 
$ The form of the verb $ requires the pronoun  and vice versa.  requires the verbal form $, so they are interconditional. If a verb changes form according to subjective personal markers it is a verb of the subjective order. Thus  is a verb of the subjective order.

Remember! The person according to which the verb is conjugated we call the BASIC person of the verb. In monopersonal verbs of the subjective version in the Present tense the noun (pronoun) that expresses a basic person is presented in the Nominative. The construction of monopersonal verbs will look like ! the following:

Basic person Subjective order bas.p. – basic person V – symbol of the verb subj.o. – subjective order Nom.case V

For example:

474@<4A<
>46< human being (man) @4@<74 aunt (father’s sister) 5<.4 uncle

5<6B?4 aunt (uncle’s wife)

D4?<
7874>46< woman 78<74)I46<
@4@4>46< man @4@<74)I

F<.8
7

787

@4@

585<4
7<7874 grandmother @8:B54E< friend

545H4
C4C4 grandfather 4@K4A4:< comrade { A46AB5< acquaintance )I< (yes)affirmative particle (simple form) 7

78<74 aunt (mother’s sister) For example: *4

"3*4

%&%" *4

"3*4

7*-* 26 Phrases. .&
7"3
%&%" &/
9"3
%&%" *4
"3*4
%&%" .&
7"3
."." &/
9"3
."." *4
"3*4
."." .&
7"3
7*-* &/
9"3
7*-* *4
"3*4
7*-* .&
7"3
#&#*" &/
9"3
#&#*" *4
"3*4
#&#*" .&
7"3
#"#6" &/
9"3
#"#6" *4
"3*4
#"#6" .&
7"3
7*-*7*-* &/
9"3
7*-*7*-* *4
"3*4
7*-*7*-*

/"/"
$0-*" &.0
2."3*" 2&*
7*-*" /6/6
7*-*7*-*" .&3"#*
."" .&3*
%"" 2&&7"/*
3 "-*"

/"/"
&.*
$0-*" &.0
&.*
2."3*" 7"95"/(*
*.*4*
2."3*" 7"95"/(*
*.*4*
2."3*" %*"9
7"95"/(*
*.*4*
2."3*" */"
&/*
7*-*" */"
&.*
7*-*" /*/0
*.*4*
7*-*7*-*" %*"9
/*/0
*.*4*
7*-*7*-*" .&3*
27&/*
%"" %*"9
.&3*
&.*
%""

1 An interrogative sentence without an interrogative word is pronounced with rising intonation at the end of the phrase.

27 *8@<
)8A<
@Dative case marker Demonstrative pronoun. For example: *4 F<4@BIA85<* 2"-* (that woman) With pleasure. Remember, demonstrative pronoun &4 shows nearness *H
)8<.?854
:4@464 to the first person. For example: &4
2"-* (this A<***** *DI8A<
@8:B54E< woman). Please introduce me to your friend. a demonstrative pronoun &( shows nearness to the F<4@BIA85<* second person. With pleasure.

28 For example: &(
2"-* (The woman near you). A demonstrative pronoun *4 shows nearness to the third person. For example *4
2"-* (that woman).

*** * * : There are often special interrogative words in interrogative sentences. These words usually appear at the beginning of the sentence. For example I

I

For example: I46<
54I)I<
7874
)I

I46< Who is this man?

E4 interrogative pronoun that is used for all other animated and inanimate things.

For example: E4

DI8L4A4
D4?4D<
@7

**** :4<64A<* meet (become acquainted with) somebody :46AB54 acquaintance :4@464A<* introduce me to somebody.

Conjugation of the verb «7*$/0#» (I’ m acquainted with somebody)

Sg. %0* Pl.
%**

I % I!&' %+ .& I!&'* %+ II &
!&' %+ ).&
!&'* %+ III !+
!&'F %+ !+!&!
!&'8A %+

The verb 7*$/0# is a bipersonal, in the Present tense, the subjective order changes according to the subjec tive person markers, and the second person objective (in the given case) does not change and is represented in the third person and has no person marker. The personal pronoun of the III person, that expresses an objective person is always in the Dative case.

Remember! A person according to which the verb is not conjugated i.e. according to which the verb does not ! change its form, we call a nonbasic person of the verb. Thus in the verb I<6AB5
@8
@4F one person, (@8 is basic, the other (@4F non-basic.

1. Questions that may arise in connection with the verb :4<64A<*, are answered on p. 111. Now only remember the forms. 29 Remember! When a bi-personal noun is in the present tense, the subjective order, noun (pronoun) that expresses ! the basic person is in the Nominative case and the nonbasic person is in the Dative. Basic person Subjective order Non basic person

Nominative case V Dative case

For example @8 " @4F )8A  @4F

?8I4A <
<6AB5 F


A

Finish writing: # !&' $! )$ !&' '* !'* ! !&' #+ %2 &+ is building +0$ house * 0,. (is drawing) +-* picture) && #*.+ is sewing) #+ (dress %&& /* (is writing) .$ home-work) %* #!0-$'+ is reading) /! & (book)

Miniatures of Adishi: quadri-chapter of a 879 Gospel Miniatures of Jruchi quadri-chapter (936-940)

1. Inflection of proper names in the Nom.case follow general rules (see p.20)

Thus, the Nom.case ."/"/"
 ∅ 0"3* &-&/&
 ∅ ".";* (*03(*
∅ &&3* /*/0
 ∅ -&7"/* /6/6
 ∅ etc. 30 Vocabulary

! ., 
) */, Interrogative words

I8A Where to? E4@78A< How many? EB:BE How?

EB7

CHE< bread @4:<74 table @4E4@< chair 9H?< money G8?89BA< telephone JL4?< water B9B?4 school 5498 cafe 48EBCBEG< airport B*4K< room 4IGBF47:HE< motor-station >4E< door A4IF47:HE< harbour 94A=4E4 window >

6 4 sky G54 lake @M8 sun JL4EB spring @*I4E8 moon @I?4I85< stars H745AB desert I4EF>I?4I< star @68A4E8 plant ;48E< air K8 tree (EH58?< cloud 54?4K< grass @*4 mountain @84A8 ocean LI4I

31 Table of Objective Person Markers T–3 Sing. Plur. I @
222:I
222
E4
:DI<4*
)8A II :
222:
222
* What is your name? III ;F Ø2 ;FØ2
*
@8
@DI<4*
A4A4 My name is Nana. For I and II persons both in the singular and plural the direct
E4
;DI<4*
)8AF
74F and indirect objects have similar markers, and for the III person What is your sister’s name? the direct object has no marker in modern Georgian
8@F
74F
;DI<4
@8E< Only indirect objects have III person markers ; 
F
My sister’s name is Mary both in the singular and plural, and they are used
E4
;DI<4
)8AF
6B?F only before occlusive consonants. In other cases the marker is absent What is your wife’s name?  is used before : #
'
1
(
2
,
:
8@F
6B?F
;DI<4
A4F
I8.4K<* II *DI8A :"  My grand daughter’s name is Tina. We call III @4* ;"  herTiko.

*@DI<4 (my name is). The verb changes 1. The direct object shows that the action is transferred its form according to its objective person immediately (directly). It may appear in the Dative or markers i.e. it is a verb of the objective Nominative case. order. 2. The indirect object where the action is transferred indirectly. It is always in the Dative case.All tri-personal and passive bipersonal verbs have indirect objects (see p.82)

32 Write the following verbs in the III person Examples:

I person III person

@8
@DI<4

@ JLHE<4 (I am thirsty), @ )<4 (I am hungry), @ :4IF (He looks like me), @ :BA<4 (It seems to me), @ J4@F (I believe), @ 8F@

For example:  4"  " "4"   8   " "8    4"  " 4"   8   " 8    4"   4"   8    8  

If an objective person marker of the I person is followed.by a vowel <, it might be given unchanged, but sometimes in the III person of both numbers the vowel H stands in its place.

For example:  <%"   < <    <%"   <   <    H%"   H   <  

" "<%"  " "<  " "<   " <%"  " <  " <    H%"   H   <  

Usually the verbs of the objective order have both subjective and objective person markers, although the verbs themselves may not only be bipersonal but also monopersonal. In monopersonal verbs of the objec- tive order one person is omitted by its sense, but the person marker is given in the verb (if it is not lost for phonetic reasons). So monopersonal and bi-personal verbs are similar in form.

Manuscripts of Gelati, Jruchi and Alaverdi Gospels still exist.

1 Subjective III person markers in the singular and the marker in the plural are attached at the end of the verb.

33 Remember! When a verb of the objective order is in the Present tense, the basic person stands in the Dative ! case and the non-basic person in the Nominative. Basic person Objective order Non-basic person

Dative case. V Nominative case

Bi-personal verbs Mono-personal verbs

% @DI<4
!+ My name is % @.

Conjugation of the verb (to need @,

Vocabulary : @

7

@47?B54
5B7<)

:@47?B5* Thank you 7<7<
@47?B54 Thank you very/so much 5B7<)< I’m sorry 5B7<)F
I46E4I47 Excuse me... @4C4G<8* Forgive me... *H
)8<.?854
A854
@B@86<* Please...

1. Morphologically, the basic person may be both subject (s) and object (direct or indirect), but in the case given it does not matter 34 T-4 T-5

E4
:I4E<F4
K4E*
E4
8EBIA8546<
E4
8EBIA8546< 8EBIA85<** D4E
4E4
8@<
@8:B54E<
K4E4 *I8?<4 .84 That man is Georgian. No, my friend is Kharadze.
*DI8A
F474HE<
K4E*
D4?54GBAB*
E4
:I4E<F4 Where are you from? K4E*
@8

*In Georgian while addressing older and respected *&307/&#* (by nationality) -<* is an inflection people D4?54GBAB (Mrs.) and 54GBAB (Mr) of the Ablative case are used before the name. ** 2"37&-&#* Georgians For example: 54GBAB
:46<
D4?<
5<,<
6B?<
)I

35 *Numerals In Georgian numerals are divided into: T-6 1) cardinals (E4B78AB5<*<, question: – E4@78A< (how many?).
E4@78A<
J? are also written together. J?<*
H9EBF<4 For example My father is four years older than my mother. 0$7496*
 , 4".0$747*%*
 09.0$747*%.&5*
 Zahlen von : 11 bis 19: *8E*@8G<
  *BE@8G<   64@8G<
  *B*K@8G<
 

Other compound numerals in which the conjunction 74 is absent (or implied) are written separately For example 4F
BE<
 = +2), 4*4F Indefinite Numerals 6KE44F
EI4
1908=1000+900+8)

58IE<
@E4I4?< many (much) 6BG4 few (little)

Remember. 1. Ordinal numerals are formed from cardinal ones by means of a prefix @8 and a suffix 8 for example @8038 @84".8etc (exception). 1*37&-* (the first).

2. Fractional numerals are formed from ordinal ones by means of a suffix 7 For example:
@84".87* @80987* etc. (Exception /"9&7"3* - half,
.&-* whole). 36 Formation of cardinal numerals from 11 to 19

*8E*@8G<
    *BE@8G<
   64@8G<
  


*B*K@8G<
  $  *KH*@8G<
 $!   *8DIF@8G<
 "   I<7@8G<
 " 

*IE4@8G<
 "  6KE4@8G<
 $ 

Define the components of these numerals and write them in figures. B6 + 74 + BE< 


 $

 

$! 
 $!  
  
 $
 
 $ 
 $$! 
  $
 
 
  

For example: Cardinal Ordinal Fractional

+%! @8+%8 III @8+%87! *%,! @8*%,8 XI @8*%,87! '0-!  '@80-8 XXV '@80-87! 

**M8 (on) postposition, is added to the Dative case and the case inflection is always omitted. For example: 034M8
%&%"&.4M8

Let’s do some Arithmetic +
%!%, 8E*F
@

3 %'#$ KH*F
:4@BI4>?B*
BE<

:
1'  4*<
:4ILB*
BEM8**

Write in words: II, V, IX, X, XX, XI, XV, XIV, XXI, 77, 101, 1005, 1110, 1955, 1998, 2000

37 *)< (in) postposition. It is attached to the T–7 Dative case. Case inflection is always omitted. For example:
EB7Ilia Chavchavadze was I was born in 1970. born in 1837 in Kvareli (:7"3&-* Akaki
EB@8?
J8?F
74<5478 Tsereteli was born in 1840 in the village of In which year were you born? Skhvitori. @8
74I<5478

J8?F
4*4F 6KE44F
B*K@B674KH*
J8?F I was born in 1985.
@<*K4E<
)8A<
7454785

Akaki Tsereteli (1840-1915)

38 *6KBIEB5
@ you live is a mono personal verb of T–8 the subjective order. As you already know, the subject in the III person (p.25) has three markers in the singular: F
4
B and five in the plural:
F47
6KBIEB5* Rules for their usage are explained below. Where do you live?
@8
I6KBIEB5
*5

REMEMBER! If the stem of a verb in the Present tense ends with a consonant, the subjetive person marker in ! the III person singular will be –F, and in the plural –8A 1 !+ ………. C F !+!&! ………. C8A

For example:  "#  " "2  "!  
#F 
 "F 
! F  
#8A  
 "8A  
! 8A

 "$ 4I 

" 4I 

"$4I  " "4@ 
$ 4I   4I  $4I 
"4@  
$ 4I    4I   $4I  
"4@

 " 85  "85  " 85 
 85 
85 
 85  
 85  
85  
 85

 "! B5  " #"B5  " $!B5 
! B5 
#"B5 
 $!B5  
! B5  
#"B5  
 $!B5

Pay attention to the specially detached verbal endings 4I
4@
85
B5 They are called thematic markers.

1 C – stands for a consonant 2 IDFBI I knit;
IHF@8A I listen;
I58,74I I type; IK874I I see; IFI4@ I drink; I4D85 Ipraise;
I4>8*85 I do;
I@H)4B5 I work;
IFJ4I?B5 I learn.

39 The verb @L4IF (I have someone) is a bi T–9 personal verb of the objective order. It is used with nouns that express animated things. *
7874
:L4IF  For example: .& @L4IF %&%"
."."
2."3* Have you a mother? /"$/0#*
"-*
,"5"
309"
7<4K
7874
@L4IF*
@4@46 @L4IF With nouns expressing inanimate things a Yes, I have a mother and a father too. bipersonal verb of the objective order is used
6B?< @4DIF (I have something). Wife? For example: .& @4DIF
4"9-*
'6-*
6B?<
4E4
@L4IF 8*(/*
0"9* etc. I have no wife.
H6B?B**
K4E Are not you married?
7<4K Yes. Conjugation of the verb @L4IF
)8AF
.@4F
;L4IF
6B?< Has your brother a wife?
7<4K 8@<
.@4
6B?<4A<4*** Yes, my brother is married. Sg. .9
3 Pl.
.3
3
)8AF
74F
;L4IF
D@4E< Has your sister a husband?  @L4IF  " :IL4IF  4E4
8@<
74
4E
4Epossession of what is expressed by the stem. For example: H'6-B H%&%B H.".B etc.

***6B?<4A<
@ married. The wordbuilding suffix –< 4 A expresses possession, existence. For example: '6-< 4 A * 7*-<4A*
.

The great Georgian poet Vaja Pshavela (1861-1915)

40 Vocabulary

Adjectives

7<7< big C4G4E4 small @4(4?< tall 7454?< short :E.8?< long @B>?8 short :4A<8E< wide I4E:< good 6H7< bad ,>I<4A< clever FH?8?< fool A<,<8E< gifted HA<,B talentless (not gifted) 58=<*< diligent M4E@46< lazy FJE49< quick A8?< slow ?4@4M< beautiful H?4@4MB ugly 4K4?< new H)AB FH9*4 clean .I8?< old A4*8?< light ,H,L<4A< dirty @)E4?< dry 5A8?< dark FI8?< wet

Write about your family and relatives in about 100 words: 1) What’s your name? 4) How old are you (they)? 2) Where do you live? 5) Are you married? 3) Members of the family-their names

41 $% Getting to know you.

:4@4E=B54 - Good afternoon/evening.

:4:<@4E=BF - Good afternoon/evening.
EB:BE4
K4E - How are you?
:@47?B5*
>4E:47
*DI8A - Well, thank you, and how are you? EB:BE4
K4E*
>4E:47 - Well.
!:4@B?

.4?<4A
F4F<4@BIAB4 - Pleased to meet you.
:

54GBAB
B*4E
@4E:47
4E<
KH*4E:< - Very good.

:< studies at school. Levan is a second year student. F>B?4)<
?$ 8I4A<
@8BE8
>HE FM84

A

42 - romel klasSi xar? In which form are you? - meoTxeSi. Fourth. - nino, Seni da ramdeni Nino, how old is your sister? wlisaa? - Cemi da oci wlisaa. My sister is twenty. - ra hqvia Sens das? What is your sister’s name? - Cems das hqvia nana. My sister’s name is Nana. - gaTxovilia? Is she married? - ara, jer ar aris gaTxo- No, she is not married yet. vili. - nino, bebia da babua gya- - Nino, have you a grandmother and grandfather? vs? - diax, bebia da babua mya- - Yes, I have a grandmother and grandfather. vs. - sad cxovroben isini? - Where do they live? - isini biZaCemTan cxovro- - They live with my uncle, in Mtskheta. ben, mcxeTaSi. - es gogona vinaa? - Who is this girl? - es gogona Cemi deidaSvi- - This girl is my cousin. Her name is Lia. lia, lia hqvia. - is biWi vinaa? - Who is that boy? - is biWi Cemi biZaSvilia. - That boy is my cousin. His name is Kakha. kaxa hqvia. - isini TqvenTan cxovroben? - Do they live with you? - lia CvenTan cxovrobs, kaxa - Lia lives with us, Kakha - with his parents in ki mSoblebTan mcxeTaSi. Mtskheta. They have a private two-storeyed house mcxeTaSi maT aqvT samsarTu- in Mtskheta. liani sakuTari saxli. - batono giorgi, Tqven ga- - Giorgi, have you your own house? qvT sakuTari saxli? - ara, me ara maqvs sakuTa- - No, I haven’t my own house. ri saxli. - batono giorgi, sad cxo- - Giorgi, where do you live? vrobT Tqven? - axla me quTaisSi vcxo- - Now I live in Kutaisi, but I’m from Tbilisi. I was vrob, magram me Tbiliseli born and brought up in Tbilisi. Now I work in Kutaisi var. (me) TbilisSi davibade and live there. da gavizarde. axla quTaisSi vmuSaob da iq vcxovrob. - ramdeni Svili gyavT? - How many children do you have? - ori vaJi myavs. - I’ve two sons. 43

)I46<
@4F
@8
>4E:47
I<6AB5 - Yes, I know him well. We work together. I8A
8E*47
I@H)4B5*

8@:4A
@B><*KI4
:47486<* - Pass my regards on to him. Zurab is a good friend 4E:<
@8:B54E<4 of mine.

:474I68@
4H64E:<
474@<4 it’s late. - Thank you very much for this pleasant A<4

4K?4
@8
HA74
J4I<78 evening. Good bye. H>I8
:I<4A44
7<7<
@47?B54 4F8*<
*54E:47
4E:47
<*KI4 - Good bye, regards to your folks. *DI8A85F

44 Part III

Studying and Education * J8?<
J8?F
J?B?4)< noun. All nouns (except proper nouns) end with a I study at school. vowel sound in this form. It should be taken into
EB@8?
>?4F)<
K4E account, that when a noun ends with a vowel -*, this In which form are you? - * is the inflection of the Nominative case, and the
@8
I4E
@8B*K8
>?4F)< noun-stem ends with a consonant sound. In all other I’m in the fourth form. cases nouns will have vowels: "
&
0 or 6 at the end
)8A<
74
EB@8?
>?4F)<4 in the Nominative case. These are nouns with a vowel In which form is your sister? - stem and which in the Nominative case have no
8@<
74
@88DIF8
>?4F)<4 inflections. For example: ... My sister is in the sixth form. 2"-*= 2"-<
%&%"=%&%"– Ø
E4@78A<
J?HEFM84 Ergative %'0 #

 In which year is he? Dative %! )
@8F4@8M8 The third.
EB7

46 There are two versions of the declension of a consonant - stem nouns I. Nouns with a stable stem do not change in declension. II. Nouns with an unstable stem lose their vowel sounds: 4 8 and B in the last syllable of the stem in three cases in the singular and in all cases in the plural1. It should be men- tioned, that unstable stems usually end with sonorous consonants (./3-)2. Vowels 4 and 8 in unstable stems always disappear. -eb the suffix of the plural forms are added to the stem in all cases.

I Sg. @K E Pl. @E E Nom. +0$'!! )$ )$ Erg. %'0*'!! )$ )$ Dat. %!%!! )$ )$

Gen. &+'!!


)$ )$ Inst. %')%!!


)$ )$ Adver. (.!*!!


)$ )$

II Sg. @K E Nom. +0$'!!


*4? ! Erg. %'0*'!! *4? % Dat. %!%!! *4? +

Gen. &+'!!*4? !+  *.? !+   Instr. %')%!!*4? !  *.? ! E.4? 
E.? Adv. (.!*!! *4?   *.? } Pl. @E E +0$'!! *4?!  E.?85< %'0*'!! *4?%  E.?85@4

Sg. @K E Nom. +0$'!! +' 8? ! Erg. %'0*'!! +' 8? % Dat. %!%!! +' 8? +

Gen. &+'!!+' 8? !+  FB9?

1. The falling way of the vowel sound from a noun-stem is called «reduction» 2. Not all similar stems undergo reduction. 47 Vowel sound B leaves a trace after it’s reduction in the from of I, which is lost if the sounds @IBH are present in the stem next-to-the reduced vowel. For example:

Sg. @K E +0 %/BA !&@/BA !+ 
%/IA !+ %'0 %/BA %%/BA %') @/BA ! 
%/IA ! B I %! %/BA +.!} @/BA  
%/IA }@4JIA

Pl. @E E +0 @/BA !  %/IA ! %'0 @/BA % %/IA %

B ∅ Sg. @K E +0 'B? ! &
BB? !+  '*? !+ %  %'0 'B? % 'B? %')
BB? !  '*? ! 9B*? %! 'B? +} .!
BB?   '*?  Pl. @E E +0 'B?!  9B*? 85 < %'0 'B?%  9B*? 85 @4

David the Builder. Wall-painting in the church of Gelati, XII century.

Gelati. Monastery and Academy (XIIc). It was a prominent centre of philosophic thought and education in Georgia during the Middle Ages. 48 Decline: 
 

" "


 

%! 

 in singular and plural Vocabulary F>B?4 school

F>B?4 map @4FJ4I?858?< teacher FHE4*< picture @BFJ4I?8 pupil, (student) :4>I8*?4F< class 74FI8A854 break 8 M B yard, playground M4E< bell >454E474 book-case F4FJ4I?B
F4:A85< subjects *4EB shelf D4E*H?<
8A4
74 georgian language and 7494 board ??4FB
B*4K< class-room @4*8@4G<>4 mathematics J<:A< book 94 physics 4A*4 bag D<@<4 chemistry EI8H?< exercise-book :8B:E49<4 geography notebook H6KB
8A4 foreign language 9HE68?< paper 54?4@< pen K4GI4 drawing 94AD4E< pencil 9H?GHE4 physical training F4K4M4I< ruler F4>BAGEB?B
J8E4 control work, tests F4)?8?< rubber, eraser

Ikalto. Academy and monastery, XII c. One of the cultural centres of medieval Georgia. It is situated in Kakheti.

49 ** Vowel-stem nouns reveal two versions of declension: T11 1) with a clipped stem 2) with a non-clipped stem EB:BE
FJ4I?B5 III. Nouns, the stems of which end with vowels "and How do you study ? & in two cases (Erg., Adv.), singular lose the end - vowel of the stem.
>4E:47 In the plural the vowel " is clipped, but & is retained. Well For example:
B*4E<
EB:BE
FJ4I?B5F How does Otari study? B*4E<
A<,<8E<
74
58=<*< @BFJ4I?84 Otari is a gifted and hard-working pupil. 
A<>B +0  Niko? %'0 % %! +
A<>B6
A<,<8E<
5<,<4
@4:E4@ .!  M4E@46< /' I Niko is also gifted, but lazy. A4* 7874B
)8A<
7?4F)<4 %*
* Is Niko in your sister’s class? F4K 787485<  78785< @B*K


787485@4 78785@4
7<4K
A<>B
8@<
7?4F8?<4 …………..………………… Yes, Niko is my sister’s classmate.

+0 0 %'0 0% %! 0+ .! 0 /' 0B

A4* K8

%*
* F4K K8 85 < @B*K K8 85 @4 Nouns (they are several: 27&:"/"
'"/+"3" 2"39"/"
1&1&-"
etc) which stems are reduced and clipped at the same time will be discussed separately. For example: V. Gruppe Sg. @K E Pl. @E E Nom. &"* +0 94A=4E485< Gen. &"4E!+ Inst. &"4E! Adv. &"4E 50 Nouns, the stems of which end with vowels 0
6 and * ("*
53".7"*) do not lose the vowel of the stem, but the case inflections are changed: Gen. case *4  F< Adv. case *  *< For example ... IV. Sg. %0* +0 2B %'0 2'% A4* 8MB

Pl. %** +0 2'! %'0 2'%

The same is in the declension of nouns that have a endearments suffix 4 at the end :(see p. 130) which is not lost in the singular, for example

Sg. @K E Pl. @E E Nom. ' '&4 ' '&4! Gen. ' '&4+ ' '&4!+

Decline: 
%
%%
0
%!/
#,
#!
,1
+0
%
-' ')*'
/1*'
1*-
!
' $
).1& Address @<@4E*I4 In Georgian Language proper names are represented as a stem while addressing. For example: !'* ! &!&'
$.& Other nouns with consonant-stem and one-syllable vowel-stem nouns have a suffix – For example: .!$'
#'
%'
%2' Other vowel-stem nouns have suffix – . or nothing i.e. they are represented as a stem (when the stem finishes on ' or -, no marker is used). For example: ).1&.
%. +%'$'

Address @<@4E*I4

D4?<)IComrade 8@B
>4E:B my dear (my good?) 8@B
.I

51 * Proper names do not change their stems when declining and that is why they belong to the I and IV T12 types of declension. As for surnames, which end with «7*-* » or « &».
)8A
FGH78AG<
K4E Are you a student? For example:
7<4K
FGH78AG<
I4E >?7<4)I?7<4)IH?G8GM8
454 E85 $ ?8I4A< 8?8A8 74I<*4)IH?G8GM8 "  ?8I4A47 8?8A8 74I<*4)IBA>HEF<
7<7<4 Sg. @K E Pl. @E E Is the competition hard?  I%" " I%"*
)4E)4A
7<7 <
>B A>HE F<  %" " %"*

Conjugate these verbs: .*
.%!&' Compose sentences using these verbs: "
"%"
"

52 * 54I)I*4=54I)I85BI)<
I6KBIEB57<** **Verbal forms:: 74
Moscow and studied there IFJ4I?B57< (worked),was working at the Medical Institute. I@H)4B57< - express unfinished action in the past. Past
@H)4B57<
><786
B ?4)<
@H)4B5F My wife is a teacher. She works at a school.

Remember! The Subjective III person markers in the past imperfect are: " in the singular and /&/ in the ! plural.

1. " - is a grafted element, which is added to some case inflections in the singular and the plural in the Dative, Genitive and Adverbial cases and does not change their meaning. It’s often used when a noun is followed by a conjunction “%"”. For example: D4?F4
74
>46F
.4(?4G

53 Conjugation of the verb  in the past imperfect.

Sg. @K E Pl. @E E % I@H)4B57< .& I@H)4B57<* & @H)4B57< ).& @H)4B57<* !+ @H)4B574 !+!&! @H)4B57A8A

Conjugate the following verbs in the past imperfect ,.%,(% (I live), ,)-,"% (I study), ,-( (I write), ,.*, (I draw), ,! (I do), ,! .+"% (I read) D4E*I8?<
FGH78AG85<

54 *** here 4D adverbs of place

Vocabulary

CEB98F<4 Profession

@J8E4?< writer @F4KB@CBMBF< musician @BD4A74>8 sculptor 7

8>BAB@BF< chemist 9BF< physicist 8>BAB@BF< mathematician @4FJ4I?858?< teacher 9BF< historian @.(B?< driver 4:EBAB@< agronomist @H)4 worker 58E4I< tailor 7<4F4K?

55 *4@K4A4:*4A to my friend A4A4F*4A to Nana T14 )8A*4A to you

AH64
F47
@<78*85 What are you doing tomorrow? The verb @auxiliary verb Tomorrow I will come to your place. (I4E
K4E) which appears only in I and
.4?<4A
>4E:<
KI4?
4EF47 4E
J4I4?
74:8?B785< II persons of the present tense. In both 7(8F
><
KI4? 8 * 8 5 
7 4 I J 8 E  person markers are added in the III 74I4?854F
@BI4@M4785 F47

56 Conjugation of the Verb @

Singular Present Past Imperfect Future Past Perfect 7 < 7 < I4? I87 I<7 % %!.!.* %!.!'! %!I .$ %!I .! & %!!0* %!!'! %!K .$ %!K .! !+ %!!F %!!' %!.$ %!.!

Plural .& %!.!.* %!.!'! %!I.$ %!I.! ).& %!!0* %!!'! %!K.$ %!K.! !+!&! %!!4A %!!'&& %!.$& %!.!&&

One more rule for the subjective III person markers

Remember! To the stem of the verbs, excluding static forms, see p. 139 which end in the vowel -<, or the auxiliary verbs -7"3
9"3 are added after -*, in the I, II person for in present tense in the III ! person -4 in the singular and -"/ in the plural is added.

%

. ………..! .* .& .……...! .* & …….….! 0* ).& …….…! 0* !+ ………..!F !+!&! ……….!4A

Conjugate verbs in the present tense I)?< (1’m erasing), I<6B6A< (I’m kissing).

It’s not difficult to notice, that the prefix -.*, is outlined while conjugating the verb .*7%*7"3. It is a preverb. In Georgian preverbs have the same functions as prepositions in English.They: 1) indicate the direction of the action 2) create the future tense forms 3) serve for the creation of imperfect aspect 4) change the lexical meaning of the verb. According to their structure preverbs fall into simple and complex in Georgian. Simple preverbs indicate actions directed from the speaker to the opposite side i.e there, that way @<  4 
74 
4 
)8 
J4 
:4 
:474 Only one simple preverb .0, indicates action directed towards the speaker i.e. «here». All complex preverbs composed from the above-mentioned simple ones (except %") 
@B
4@B
)8@B :4@B
4@B
J4@B
:47@B indicate the direction towards the speaker.

57 Basic Meanings of Prevebs:

@< = From the speaker @B
 To the speaker

%!!+
!)
%+& -there, to him %'!+
)
%& -here, to me %!!+
+#'$! %'!+
+#'$!&

4

4@B (upwards)

4!+
!) 4@B!+
) (there) (here) !+ %'!+ 2.! !+ %'!+ #!2 !+ %'!+ .,'-+! !+ %'!+ $! ,!

4 4@B (down wards)

4!+
!) 4@B!+
) !+ %'!+ )..! !+ %'!+ #!2 !+ %'!+ .,'-+!& !+ %'!+ $! ,!

)8 )8@B (from outside to inside )

)8!+
!) )8@B!+
) !+ %'!+ ! &! !+ %'!+ '0!

:4 :4@B (from inside to outside)

:4!+
!)! :4@B!+ !+ %'!+ * !+ %'!+ '0!&

:474 :47@B (overcoming obstacles)

:474!+
!)! :47@B!+
) !+ %'!+ )-2 !+ %'!+
0!2

58 Preverbs
J4
J4@B are used only in future and past tenses. For example:

J4I4 he will go,
J4@BI4 he will go with you, J4I<74
he went, J4@BI<74 – he went to you.

Preverb
J4 indicates action directed to the III person. 8"7" will go (to someone) 8"7*%" went (to someone)

Preverb
J4@B indicates action directed to I or II person 8".07" will come here or to you 8".07*%" left for here or for you

Compose sentences using these preverbs. Preverb 74: 1) indicates action directed downwards till a certain surface. For example: 74I4E74 - fell (on something), 74=74 - sat, 74JI4 - lay down. 2) Shows vagueness of direction hither and thither 747

*** Remember! ! The future tense is basically formed from the present tense by means of preverbs. For example: 7",&&# (I do) :47",&&# (I will do) 7".;"%&# (I prepare) @B7".;"%&# (I will prepare) 78&3 (I write) 7478&3 (I will write) 7"-"(&# (I tidy) 747"-"(&# (I will tidy up) 73&$9"7 (I wash) :473&$9"7 (I will wash) 7"60&# (I iron) :47"60&# (I will iron) Conjugate these verbs in the future tense (i.e. conjugate as for the present tense verbs and add preverbs) and compose simple sentences.

Examples:

Future tense: Sg. Pl. % 74./* .& 74./* & 74/* ).& 74/* !+ 74/*+ !+!&! 74/*&

59 Vocabulary

7(8 (day), (4@8 (night), 7II8I< Friday @4I8@58E< December LBI8?7(8 (every day) 8E*
7(8)< (in one day) LBI8?
>III

7(8F
E4
7(84 
   What day is it today? What is the date today?
 
  7(8F

4CE

EB7

Compose sentences with these words

60 E4
7EB4
EB@8?<
F44*<4 What Time is it?

F44*< hour JH*< minute J4@< second

6KE4
F44*<4 Nine o’clock.

BE

6KE4F
4>?<4
KH*<
JH*< Five minutes to nine.

4*

8@<
F44*<
>4E:47
@H)4B5F My watch (clock) works well.

8@<
F44*<
MHFG<4 My watch is precise.

8@<
F44*<
6H747
@H)4B5F My watch works badly. C

8@<
F44*<
H>4A44 My watch is slow.

*BE@8GF
4>?<4
F4@< JH*< *BE@8GF (Dative case) 4>?<4
B6<
JH*<

61 The verb I<6< (I know) is an irregular verb. Its T-15 conjugation should be learned by heart. Present Past Imperfect Future
EB@8?
F44*M8
4F4
74 substituted by the marker - &#0# &# in the future tense. H6KB
8A4F For example I study Georgian language and literature, history, .0'.*B5 .%-B5 psychology, logic and a foreign language. .<0'.*85 .<%-.85
EB@8?
H6KB
8A4F
FJ4 I?B5 .'0$B5 .*'%B5 .<'0$ .<*'%85 Which foreign language do you study?
<
>4E:47
I<6<*. ** The verb I8@58E)< Conjugate in the future tense: In December. I draw), (I start),
>B?B>I8*85 (I do), 74

I4@*4IE85 (I
>< 74IJ8E8 finish), @B

I>?4I (I kill), 74I@4?4I (I Yes I’ve. hide),
I?4C4E4>B5 (I talk), IF4HM@B5 (I have breakfast), IF47

1. I.P - the indivisible part of the verb is the one that remains after the separation of personal and thematical markers.

62 :I8*< At the lesson *KI85M8 Children, please, answer the questions.
:4@4E=B54*
54I)I85B
II8*I8*<*K8*
I8*?8 Who knows the lesson? (Who will answer? - l.t.) )I8*4E:47
4E:<
7(8F
)8A :4>I8*

Outstanding Georgian poet Galaktion Tabidze (1891-1959) 63 WORTSCHATZ:

*5

E8DGBE< rector CEBE8DGBE< vice 94>H?G8G< faculty 78>4A< dean ?8DGBE< lecturer CEB98FBE< Professor FGH78AG< student FGH78AG*4 F4@86A<8EB >BA98E8A6<4 students’ scientific conference FGH78AG*4
F48E*B
F46KBIE858?< students’ hostel F4@><*KI8?B
74E54M< study-hall 7H?<
@86474 library #HEA4?< journal, magazine :4M8*< newspaper >B?B>I

F4=4EB
5<5?4)< At a Public Library

:4@4E=B54*
4>4><
J8E8*?E85H?<
:4DI*
4E4 Good morning/afternoon. Have you got a collection No. of verses by Akaki Tsereteli?
C4)<
4J8 Have you got the identity card? E

64 Yes, I have.
@B@86<*
)8:<*KI8
:4DI*
M4D4E<4
94?<4)I4G4?B:

Outstanding Georgian composer Zakaria Paliashvili (1871-1933).

Write in about 100 words: What do you do? Where do you study? 65 F4H54E< A Dialogue with a school leaver. 45

B * 4 E 
F > B ? 4 F
J 8 ? F - Otar, are you leaving school this year? 4@*4IE85

7<4K
@8*8E*@8G8
>?4F)< - Yes, I’m in the 11th form. I4E

EB@8?
F>B?4)<
FJ4I?B5 - Which school do you study at?

DH*4B?4)<

E4@78A<
@BFJ4I?84
)8AF - How many pupils are there in your class? >?4F)<

8@F
>?4F)<
FH?

@BFJ4 - There are 25 pupils in my class in all, 10 girls I?84

:B:BA44
74
 and 15 boys. 5<,<

EB:BE
FJ4I?B5 - How are you study?

>4E:47 - Well.

LI8?4M8
@8G47
EB@8?< - Which subject do you like most of all? F4:4A<
:4 mathematics.

F47
4CH?G8GM8
.4?<4A in the grammar of the Georgian language. @44

*H
>4E:47
B?4)< school?

EHFH?F4
74
4E:47
<6<
8F
8A85< - Do you know these languages well?

EHFH?47 *4IB5
74
IJ8E
E46
)88K854 for English, I understand it, but I can’t speak B5
I><*KH?B5
?8D F<>BAB?4)<6
>4E:47
4E
I<6B school well. Georgian and history I study 7<
D4E*H?F4
74
4?4IE<78I
BE<
J8?<
8*8FB
FGH78AG85F have scholarships.

EB7< end on 30th of September.

67 The building of Tbilisi State University. Architect S. Kldiashvili. Tblisi University was founded in 1918. The founder of Tbilisi University was the well-known Georgian scientist Ivane Javakhishvili together with people who held the same views: Petre Melikishvili (the first rector), Korneli Kekelidze, Eqvtime Takaishvili, Akaki Shanidze, Filipe Gogichaishvili, Andria Razmadze, Kote Abkhazi, Dimitri Uznadze, Shalva Nutsubidze, Georgi Akhvlediani and others.

68 Part IV

At the Doctor’s * I>I785< I’m dying I7:85< I’m standing T17 I6I785<

1. Actively a.p - actively acting person. Object of action i.e. direct object appears in the Dative case in the present, past imperfect and future tenses and - in the Nominative case in the past prefect tense.

70 S - actively a.p. O - object of action S - actively a.p. O - object of action

!& 4>8*85F

+)%F %&& 46KB5F


&%0.*F

+)%8


#854 &%0.*<
0.854

S passive S passive

The direct object of a passive construction while becoming the subject changes its case: Dat./Nom. 4"9-F
!
4"9-<
4"2.&F
!
4"2.8
/".$97"3F
!
/".$97"3<

Basically, dynamic passive verbs in the present tense, singular have endings - 85< (for I and II persons) and -854 (for III person) that are added to the indivisible part (IP) of the verb. In the plural - (plural number marker) in persons I and II and -"/ (III person and plural marker) in III person is added to the ending - &#*. Some dynamic passive verbs have prefixes - * (monopersonal) and - & (bipersonal). There are also some that have the suffix -%. They represent denominative verbs. For example: "7* (black), is an adjective, "7 %&#" (becomes black) - verb. Besides, there are also these passives that do not have markers at all and can be recognized only by their endings in the present tense -&#*
&#". So dynamic passive verbs can have the following forms:

I – < – (IP) – 85< (mono-personal)

II – 8 – (IP) – 85< (bi-personal)

III – – (IP) – 7 85< (mono-personal and bi-personal)

IV – ∅ – (IP) – 85< (mono-personal and bi-personal)

1. IP - see on page 62.

71 Examples of Dynamic Passive Verbs:

I II III IV !(IP) - 85< -(IP) - 85< -(IP)- 85< --(IP) -85<

.!2*-85< . –2*85< . -*85< . –85< .!%$-85< . –%$85< . -.85< . –/.85< .!,&"-85< . –%285< . -/!$85< . –"85< .!!%-85< . – *85< . -%!*85< .  85<

I’m growing I’m growing I’m becoming white I’m warming myself. I’m hiding I’m hiding from him I’m becoming black I’m lying down. I’m tortured I’m getting ready I’m becoming red I’m sitting I’m smiling I’ m caressing I’m becoming rich I’m standing up.

Conjugation of the verb I

Sg. Pl. % I < ME7 85< .& I < ME7 85< * & < ME7 85< ).& < ME7 85< * !+ < ME7 854 !+!&! < ME7 85< 4A

Dynamic passive verbs form their past imperfect according to the general rule (p.53), but it should be remembered that the suffix -0% is added to the present tense stem. For example:

.!2*-B7!
.–2*B7!
.-*B7!
.–B7!

1 It should be mentioned that there are also dynamic passive verbs that have other end- ings in the present tense. For example 8I. Such verbs are few. For example: I8KI8I< (I embrace), I8I8I< (I’m getting used). etc. These verbs should be especially noted. 72 Verbs to be specially noted.

Dynamic passive verbs form their future tense by means of prefixes. For example:

.!2*-! :4.!2*-! .! :4.! .*! :4.-*!

Conjugate the following verbs in the present, past imperfect and future tenses.

I

The resort of Borjomi, where is the source of the well known «Borjomi» mineral water. The resort of Gagra on the black Sea coast.

The resort of Tskaltubo. The mineral waters of Tskaltubo have Therapy in a Tskaltubo pool. important therapeutic properties. 73 Conjugation of irregular verbs
#',)
#/,) in the past imperfect and future tenses.

Past Imperfect Sg. #. (  @ DBA7 4   @ L4I 7 4   : DBA7 4   : L4I 74   ; DBA7 4   ; L4I 7 4 

Pl. #( (

.& :I DBA7 4 !+ .& :I L4I 7 4 !+ ).& : DBA7 4 * !+ ).& : L4I 7 4 * !+ % ; DBA7 4 * !+ % ; L4I 7 4 * !+

Future Sg. #. ( % %)& 85 4 !+ % %1'$ 85 4 !+ & )& 85 4 !+ & 1'$ 85 4 !+ %+ )& 85 4 !+ %+ 1'$ 85 4 !+

Pl. #( ( .& .)& 85 4 !+ .& .1'$ 85 4 !+ ).& )& 85 4 !+ ).& 1'$ 85 4 !+ % )& 85 4 !+ % 1'$ 85 4 !+

For example: % @4DIF
-$! % @DBA74
-$! % @8DA854 -$! % @L4IF
$! % @L4I74
$! % @8LB?854 $!

Compose sentences using verbs @4DIF and
@L4IF

** 6H7<
98E< - bad colour, pale @4(4?<
F<6K8 - high temperature 7454?<
F<6K8 - low temperature Words composing these pairs are usually declined together because their forms depend on each other. 6H7<
@4(4?<
7454?< - are qualifying words

74 Declension of Qualifying Words in Pair before /after a Noun

The following types of declension may be outlined when a qualifying word is declined together with a noun. Declension 1) If a qualifying word is a vowel-stem adjective, only the noun takes the case inflections. For example: C4G4E4
54I)I<
C4G4E4
54I)I @4
C4G4E4
54I)I F 2) If a qualifying word is a consonant-stem adjective the following should be remembered: in three cases (4"9 
.09 
80%  the adjective has a full ending. For example: 7<7<
54I)I <
4"9 7<7 @4
54I)I @4
.09  7<7 B
54I)I B
80%  In two cases (.*$ 
7* ) case inflections are omitted. For example: 7<7
54I)I F
.*$  7<7
54I)I 47
7*  In two cases (/" 
.02 ) 7<7 4@M8
M4@M8
.*$ #3 

75 1) Only nouns change in the plural. If a noun appears in the plural then the qualifying word remains in the singular. For example: "9"-*
8*(/&#*
"9"-."
8*(/&#."
"9"-
8*(/&#4
"9"-*4 8*(/&#*4 2) If a qualifying word follows a noun, the case inflections are added to the qualifying word.

Examples:

+0
 (,*
..<
 !< ..< %'0 (,*
..@4 !@4 ..@4 %! (,*
..F ! ..F & (,*
..

+0
 %< ..<
 %0&

+0
 !< (,*4%< %0&

+0
 ..< (,* %'0 ..@4 (,*@ %! ..F (,*F & ..

Put the case inflections instead of the stops:

$%2
' '&%
$%2
)$' #* 
+!,1.
-
%'+/.$!+
%
.' % % '*+
(,*
+0$+
! ..
.!/*'
)-2
&
+0$& 0$ %&)&!
- *'+
#!+
%'0- #% .$
%&)&!
&$
'0!
,#!$ &%0.*!
+-+,
..%
"!
+,-&,!
&!!*
0$ 2*!+
-%*'+ )$!.!$%
$
#+
-&!'
)$
2*%
..!+
$!*
%%#!+ %'#$
#!+
%$
!'

76 Vocabulary

474@<4A

FK8H?<
*4I<
>4C< Face: forehead, brows, eyes (eye), eyelashes, cheeks (cheek), chin, nose. C558E7<
MHE:<
:I8E785<
:I8E7< «Dance». A fragment @H68?<
F4=7B@< of a picture by Trunk: chest, back, sides (side, flank), abdomen, seat. Gudiashvili. K8?85?4I<
<74LI< @4=4
K8 ?B,< 74<54A8
K8?85< G8E9< - Wash your hands. Legs (leg): thigh, knee, ankle, foot. 74<54A8
CH,<
(I<.?<
A4(I?5@8?85< - Clean your teeth. *@8?<
)4E7I8E6K885<
F4>I8E6K8 - Comb your hair. Internal organs: heart, lungs (lung), stomach, liver, gall bladder, intestines 74

77 *Verbal form: :4<>8*8* (you’ve had), T-18 :4I<>8*8 (I’ve had) **:474I<(8 (I’ve taken) -express actions
E4
:4JHK85* occurred in the past. This is the past perfect tense. - What’s the problem?
BE<
7(8
@4(4?<
F<6K8 @DBA74
4K?4
4E4
@4DIF @4:E4@
*4IF
.4?<4A
FHFG47 I:E.AB5 - I was running a high temperature for two days. Now I’m not, but I feel very feeble. Remember! for the formation of the past perfect
74J8D<*
:4:F8*8** preverb) So: - Nothing serious. Have you had medical tests?
7<4K 4A4?8*8 * >4E74E:<
@4I8A8* - Very good, show me.
F8E4E:47
:4K785<* (CVC) it will take -&, but if it is reducable (CC) it will - Take vitamin C and you’ll get better. take -*. For more details look at the diagram.
:@47?B5*
>4E:47

1. p - symbol of preverb 78

Ip - ∅ ./*  ./*8 Ip - B5 %'.0'  %'.0.8 P Ip - 85  Ip – 8 .&  .&8 Ip - < /.$!  /.$8 Ip - CVC-4I .0,.  .0,8 <8Ip - 85< .!2*!  .!2*8 .2*!  .2*8

Ip - 4@ .%  .< Ip = CVCCC -4I %'.#$.  %'.#$< P






 Ip – < Ip - -85< .!  .< Ip - 785< ..!  ..<

Subjective person markers of the III person singular in the past perfect tense are 4 and 8, and most commonly - 4. Examples:

% ./*8 % .< % .0,8 % .&8

@4A
/*4 @4A 4 @4A 0,4 @4A &B

% .!%8 % %'.#$< %
.!2*8 %
.)8 @4A !%4 @4A
%'#$4

% .&8 %
.< %
.2*8 %
. 8 @4A &4

% /.$8 %
..< @4A /$4

1. The pronoun ."/, which is the Ergative case form of the pronoun *4, is used with active verbs in the III person singular in the past prefect tense, (p.24)

79 Remember! All active verbs having -) as a subjective person marker in the III person, singular in the present and future tenses will have - ) in the III person plural in the past prefect tense. ! All active verbs having -  as a subjective person marker in the III person, singular in the present and future tenses will have - $$ in the III person plural in the past prefect tense.

Active Verbs: present !+
/*F !+
%'F !+
&F !+ 0,.F past perfect %
/*8F %
!%8F %
&8F % 0,8F

Passive Verbs: present !+
!2*854 !+
2*854 !+ .854 past perfect !+!&!
!2*A8A !+!&!
2*A8A


!+!&! .A8A

Write the following in the past perfect tense.

I<6KBIE85 I will live 74I4EGL4@ I’ll hit I<*4@4)85 I will play 74IFI4@ I’ll seat him :4I4>8*85 I will do 4I<6I4@ I’ll put on @BIDFBI I will knit 74I785 I’ll put :4IE86K4I I’ll wash 74I8E4I I’ll sew 4I4A*85 I’ll set fire (light) J4I<><*K4I I’ll read 74I4E<:85 I’ll advise 74I<@4?85< I’ll hide 74I46I85 I’ll dance 74I4@G><685 I’ll prove :4I*KE< I’ll dig )8I4FEH?85 I’ll fulfill 74I>4E:4I I’ll lose :4I49E*K

1. 1 The pronoun @4* is the Ergative case form of the personal pronoun

801 Mono-personal active verbs always belong to the subjective order and the basic person is in the Ergative case, when the verb is in the past perfect tense. So:

Basic p. Subjective order

Ergative case V

% I!0'.* & !0'.* @4A !0'.*4

Be-personal verbs of the active construction in the past perfect changes construction: Basic person is given in Ergative case and non-basic – in nominative case.

Conjugation of an Active Verb -74IJ8E8 - (I have written) in the Past Perfect

Sg. Pl. basic person non-basic person basic person non-basic person

I @8

I/*

II )8A
/*

III @4A
/*4

Basic p. Subj. ord non-bas.p.





  Erg.c. V Nom.c.

For example: %

'@ ./*8 /*!$<

&
'@ /*8 /*!$<

@4A
'@/*4 /*!$<

81 In tri-personal verbs the third person appears that often is animated and is always in the Dative case. It is a non-basic person too (In tri-personal verbs only two persons (S and 0 indir.) may have markers in the verb, but the third person (0 dir) is always in the III person and is never shown in the verbs).

For example: Basic Subjective Non-basic Non-basic person order person person                     

So, to make no mistakes while defining case inflections of nouns participating in verbal constructions, it’s very important to decide whether the verb is active or passive.

Remember! Verbs having endings - &#* &#" in the present tense or in the future tense they belong to the passive construction and ones that have no mentioned ending – be long to the active construction. !! All tri-personal verbs are active construction. Active construction means that the basic and non-basic persons are changeable by cases in tenses, i.e. the basic person may be given in the Nominative, Ergative or Dative cases and one of the non-basic person may be given in the Nominate or Dative cases and the other non-basic person in tri-personal verbs as it was mentioned is always in the Dative case. Passive construction means that the basic and non-basic persons are changeable by cases in all tenses, i.e. if the basic person stays in the Nominative cases, it remains in the Nominative case in all tenses, if it stays in the Dative case, it remains in the Dative case in all tenses.

In a few cases an active verb is bi-personal and a non-basic person is in the Dative case. This happens, when the bi-personal active verb forms the future tense by means of a prefix - 6 (see p.62) and has the following structure:

H
+Ip+85
+F

For example

Present tense <   " "F Future tense < H 85F " "F Past perfect tense @4 H 4 " "F

82 Here we have examples of mono- and bi-personal passive verbs in the future and past perfect tenses. All these verbs have the ending -&#" in the future tense.

Future Past perfect

Basic Non-basic Basic Non-basic

!+ 854  !+ 4  !+ /.854  !+ /.4  !+ %'#.854  !+ %'#.4  !+ *854  !+ *4  !+ 2*854 %+ !+ 2*4 %+ !+ %$854 %+ !+ %$4 %+

Examples of mono- and bi-personal active verbs in the future and past perfect tenses are given below. None of these verbs has the endings -&#* &#" in the future tense. They have either different thematic markers, or they appear without thematic markers at all and a subjective III person marker -4 is added in the III person.

Future Past perfect

Basic Non-basic Non-basic Basic Non-basic Non-basic person person person person !+ !%-.F   %& !%-.4   !+ !+/.$!F   %& !+/.$4   !+ #*.F %+  %& #*4 !+  !+ /*F %+  %& /*4 !+  !+ &F %+  %& &4 !+  !+ -&F %+ %+ %& -&4 !+ %+ !+ -#F %+ %+ %& -#4 !+ %+ !+ +0'.F %+ %+ %& +0'.4 !+ %+

83 *E868CG<* (by reception) -
49*<4D)< At a Chemist’s <* Adverbial case inflection

J4@4?<
@I8*B The ablative case is used in the following situations: - I want to order some medicine.
E868CG<* 1) to express means, method, tool of action: - (By reception? - l.t.) Is it on a prescription?
7<4K
I8*4
@4DIF 9&-<*
("7",&& - No, I have many orders. I did it by hand.
F<6K4E:<
@B@86<* a bag, full of money. C4E468G4@B?<
54@54
54E:47

** 
  - (prepare) 
  - (You have to pay.) - these are verbs of the subjunctive mood, it’s so called II subjunctive. 84 Remember that the suffixes - &
0
" form the II subjunctive. All verbs that have -& in the past prefect, will have -0 in the II subjunctive. Most verbs are formed exactly like this. See below for the ! exceptions.

Past perfect 8 → II subjunctive B

There are also other markers " or - &

Examples:

Past perf. II subjunct. Present Past perf. II subjunct. ./*8 ./*B .!.4@ .!.< .!.4 /.!#!08 /.!#!0B .4@ .< .4 .!2*8 .!2*B .*,14@ .*,1< .*,14 .2*8 .2*B .#$4I %'.#$< %'.#$4 .0,8 .0,B .!#*4I .!#*< .!#*4 .&8 .&B .*< .*< .*4 %'.)+'.8 %'.)+'.B .85< .< .8 .*#8 .*#B ./!$785< ./!$< ./!$8 .#*8 .#*B ..785< ..< ..8

Remember! that the subjective person marker in the II subjunctive, III person, singular is - and ! - in the plural.

For example: Basic Non-basic Basic Non-basic

% ./*B

The case of the subject and object (direct and indirect) does not change in the II subjunctive and stay the same as in the past perfect.

85 Examples in sentences: Verbs in the Future Tense

Having no: –85 <85 4 Having –85 <85 4 Active Passive present : %
.0'.*' (I live) present : %
.!2*85< (I’m growing) )$<
0'.*'+ ..<
!2*854 p.imperf.. )$<
0'.*' p.imperf.. ..<
!2*' future : )$<
!0'.*+ future : ..<
!2*854 p.perfekt: )$@4
!0'.* p.perfekt: %
.!2* (The/a woman has lived.)
 .. <
!2* (A/the child has grown up) II subjunctive )$@4
-&!0'.*'+ II subjunctive ..<
-&
!2*'+ (The/a woman must live) (A child must grow) present : % .0,.
+-*F present : %
. *85< #,F (I’m drawing picture) (I’m caressing my cat) !<
0,.+
+-*F *<
 *854 #,F p.imperf.. !<
0,.
+-*F p.imperf.. *<
 *'
#,F future : !<
0,.+
+-*F future : *<
%' *85 #,F p.perfekt: %
.0,
+-*< p.perfekt: %
%'. *
#, !@4
0,
+-*< *<
%' *
#, (A boy has drawn a picture) (Eteri has caressed her cat) II subjunctive !@4 -& 0,'+ II subjunctive *<
-&
%' *'+  +-* #, (A boy has to draw a picture) (Eteri has to caress her cat) present : % .+/.$'
#.!$F present : %
%!. (I’m studying a lesson) (I’m cold) &&
+/.$'+
#.!$F &&F
+!. p.imperf. &&
+/.$'
#.!$F p.imperf.
&&+
+!' future : &&
!+/.$!+
#.!$F future : &&+
+!. p.perfekt: %
.!+/.$
#.!$< p.perfekt: &&@
!+/.$
#.!$< %
%!. (Nana has studied the lesson) &&+ +!. (Nana has been cold) II subjunctive II subjunctive &&@ -& !+/.$'+ &&
*'%
+!.+ #.!$< (If Nana will be cold, -l.t.) (Nana has to study the lesson) If Nana is cold present : %
./*
/*!$F
%0& F present : % @!*854
/! &< (I’m writing a letter to my friend). (I need a book) !'* ! +/*+ /*!$F %0& F $.&F F!*854
/! & p.imperf.: !'* ! +/* /*!$F p.imperf.: $.&F F!*' %0& F /! & future: !'* !
%!+/*+ /*!$F future : $.&F
F!*854 %0& F /! & p.perfekt: %
%!./* /*!$< %0& F p.perfekt: %
@!*4 /! &< !'* !@
%!+/*
/*!$< $.&F
F!*
/! &< %0& F (Levan has needed a book) (Giorgi has written a letter to his friend). II subjunctive !'* !@
-&
%!+/*'+ II subjunctive $.&F
*'%
F!*F /*!$< %0& F /! & (Giorgi has to write a letter to his friend) (If Levan will need a book . . .)

86 Write the following and add case inflections.

?8I4A


<7:4 (Levan was standing) >46



46



<6KBIE4 (A man lived) :B:BA4

<@H)4I4 (A girl worked) 54I)I


*4I<
8G>B


4E
;DBA74
9H?< (Niko had no money) 7874


:44>8*4
F478E4 (Tina sewed a shirt for her daughter) D4?<)I

In the Georgian language the same form of a verb can express the past perfect tense, if it is in the indicative mood and the future tense if it is in the imperative mood.

For example:

indicative mood, did :44>8*8 imperative mood,do Examples of imperative mood:

@B7< (Come here) :4<*K8 (Read) :47< (Go out) 74J8E8 (Write) 478D< (Get up) :44>8*8 (do) 74J8D< (Go to bed) :4H@7< (Keep quiet) 4<6I< (Put on) :48E7< (Stop).

Examples of Indicative Mood:

@BKI87<
@

Write other forms of this verb with different prefixes.

1 The verb 
 with different prefixes indicating direction is an exception where the indicative mood form differs from the imperative mood form. 87 4E -expresses categorical negation. For example: >558*B Don’t do it. I have a bad toothache
454
@4I8A8*
:44(8*
C

88 Vocabulary 

6H747
I4E I’m bad. ,)
+
,($% I feel bad ,
,( I’m ill. )+)*
,( I feel weak. *4I< My head is aching. +" I have a pain in my heart. @G>

@4>4A>4?85F I’m trembling (shivering) *4I5EH
@8KI8I4 I feel dizzy. :I8E7)<
@,I4?4IF I have a stitch in my side.

FA8H?854A< Disease: 8D<@< Doctor

:E

89 F4FJE49B
74K@4E854 Vocabulary Ambulance J4@4?< – medicine

KI8?85H,H,EH?B5

-, drops  pills #"#% ointment Prase:

(%#"
)
',)
# 
," )
' #) When does the oculist receive patients?
(% )
. 
, When did you fall ill?
# 

)# (
 %
)+( )
!%,0  Take one spoonful 3 times a day.
# 

  Take 1-2 pills

90 4I47@LB9*4A At the Patient’s

:4@4E=B54*
E4
:4JHK85* - Good morning/afternoon/ evening. What’s the problem?

F<6K8 @4DIF *4I< @G>@4EB@CBG< JI8A85<
74<64I<*
7<8G4

BE< F4@<
7(8
4E:47
BIM<* after meals. ,4@

91 Gurian folk song performed by «Rustavi»ensemble

92 Part V

Trade *(wine? «Kolkhids», which
8E*< ?

94 * *8*E< (white) - qualitative adjective. In the Georgian language, qualitative adjectives have the T-20 following degrees of comparison:

E4
(

It should be taken into consideration, that the addition of the prefix - suffix H 8F or @B B is followed by certain phonetic changes: vowels from the adjective stem are reduced or clipped.

For example: 8*8-* H8*-8F* Coins dating from the reign of :7*8-* H %7*- 8F * David the Builder. .87"/& H.87"/ 8F *

Vowels are substituted. For example:

8*8-* .08*4-0 :7*8-* .0:7*4-0

and sometimes the last syllable is lost. For example:

(3 8?*.0(3 0

5,#

95 In Georgian, as in English, there are also descriptive forms that express different degrees of adjective comparison. Such words are used in pairs with positive degree adjectives. For example B7A4I
J<*8?< Reddish A4>?8547
J<*8?< }

@8G47 H9EB } J<*8?< Redder

.4?<4A
J<*8?< Very red .?<8E
J<*8?< Very red

If we take into account the descriptive forms of the degrees of comparison too, we shall have a four-step system that coincides exactly with the English system where adjectives don’t have all the forms.

B7A4B5<*< 74785<*< )874E85<*< 4(@4G85<*< ish form positive form comparative superlative

@B*B *! H9EB *! H*8F! @B$-*"B $-*"! H9EB $-*"! H$-*"8F! @B/!$B /!$! H9EB /!$! H/!$8F! @B1.!$B 1.!$! H9EB 1.!$! H1.!$8F! @B!B !! H9EB !! H!8F! @B *B *$! H9EB *$! H *8F!  %'#$ H9EB %'#$ H%'#$8F!

There are also those adjectives, the formation of comparison degrees of which do not submit to any general rules. They should be memorized

>4E:< (good) H>8*8F< (better) F4H>8*8FB (the best) 6H7< (bad) H4E8F< (worse)

96 Vocabulary

98E85< Colours

98E< colour There is also another method for the indication of this or that *8*E< white colour. The word ('&3*) (colour) in combination with nouns: )4I< black J<*8?< red I4E7I8*E< bright @>E*4?< pale

** @4:
98E

Sg. Pl. +0 8 F

If they appear together with a noun, pronouns have no case inflections and are represented by a stem only. For example:

+0 8F

#<

If a demonstrative pronoun appears with a verb (without a noun) it is a personal pronoun (see p.28) For example:

@4A
:44>8*4 (he did)
@4A
)8>8E4 (she sewed)

97 *I, =IHL<7<> differ from each other by vowels < and H that stand after
F47
)8@<.?<4
I4E:< personal markers and indicate version. 98KF46@8?< - Where can I buy a pair of good shoes?
>4E:
98KF46@8?F
4 E : < &/ <&/&#
4"9-4 >B FG< H@<
IHL < 7 B *
 8@F (You are building a house for yourself) D@4EF *4 <&/
4"9-4 - Where can I buy a good suit for my husband? (He is building a house for himself)
@4@4>464E:<
>BFG454 - Where can I buy a fashionable dress for my Acting Object of other daughter? person action person
.4? < 4A
?4 @4M<
> 458 5< 4E: >454F

.&
7H&/&#
4"9-4
".9"/"(4 (I’m building a house for my friend) &/ H&/&#
4"9-4
".9"/"(4 *4 H&/
4"9-4
".9"/"(4

98 In the case of an objective order objective version morpheme in I and II person is the prefix <  and in the III person the prefix H

&/
.<&/&# @8
4"9-4 (You are building a house for me). &/ H&/&# @4F
4"9-4 (You are building a house for him)

Usually verbs of the objective order are tri-personal

III. The neutral form of a version does not indicate for whom the action is intended. In this case there either is no morpheme , or the morpheme is the prefix 4

For example: %
.4# .ø/* % " 4& +0$+ %
.4*

.ø#*. & 4& +0$+ !+ 4&+ +0$+

But sometimes an existing version morpheme does not function. For example:

.<0'.* .<%

Neutral version Version «for oneself» Version «for somebody else» «for no-one» (subjective version) (objective version)

.4# .!# .H# .4& .!& .H& ./* .!/* .H/* .#*. .!#*. .H#*. .4*. .!*. .H*. ______.<1!! .H1!!

1 Some verbs do not have all forms of versions. The verbal form 7*:*%* has a subjective version morpheme, but in meaning has the function of a neutral version (because this verb has no neutral version). So, 7*:*%* is the neutral version, and 76:*%* is the objective. Similar verbs are "*0
"60
("*(0
("6(0 etc.

99 *@4E:47
@4DIF 8E*<
MB@<*
7<7<
4E4
:4 DI* Haven’t you these in one size bigger? **B is an interjection. In this case it expresses gladness
7<4K :I4DIF 4<
8F
8E*< MB@<*
7<7<4 Yes, we have. These are one size bigger.
B**
8F
>4E:47
@4DIF *** :< Will you buy them? Will you take them? Shall I Present: .&
.*9%&#"
*4 give you a bill? Past imperfect: .&
.*9%�%"
*4
7<4K I< Past Perfect: .&
.0.*9%"
*4 Yes, I’m buying them. Give me the bill.

100 Vocabulary

58JI< fur G4AF46@8?< K8?BIAHE<
58JI< artificial fur Clothes )4?< wool 45E8)H@< silk DH7< hat DFBIBFGBG4#< jersey C<=4>< jacket @M4
G4AF46@8?< ready-made #454 dress DI874
>454 skirt FI8G< jacket :4ALB9B9*4 jacket (warm over- coat) :4@L<7I8?< seller C8E4A:< shirt (shop-assistant) F4E494A< tunic @L<7I8?< buyer @44H?85< adorning GEHF< panties (men’s briefs) 58,87< ring JI< chain

4A*4 bag CBEG98?< portfolio K8?*4*@4A< gloves .I4)A8 scarf 5E

101 *L<7I4 - buy The infinitive unconjugated forms of the verb, that T-22 names the action retains some characteristics of the verb (aspect, direction) and is declined as a noun but
F47
84A8)<» 9"574 9"5"7" to draw - Fresh fish can be bought in the shop «Ocean», ,*974 ,*9"7" to read the fishmonger’s. 3&$974 3&$9"7" to wash
F47
4E:< K8*8FB
K8G)< - The best fruit can be bought in the market or in the supermarket on the second floor.

Carpet shop in old Tbilisi 1 4A - (or) - conjunction 102 E@4B7
.I4E:< - Well!
4@4E:47

103 *** 494F85
)8A
@4F (fix a price) A bi-personal verb in the present tense is formed from the word '"4* - price to fix the price of something as so much

I494F85
KH*
?4E47 (to fix a price of 5 lari)

I494F85 In a figurative sense: appreciate (rate highly) a man. For example

@8
@4F
.4?<4A
I494F85 (I appreciate him very much.)

**** @<4A:4E<)8
)8A
@8

104 S Oindir O dir

@8 I : !& *! )8A -$+

I will count you money S Oind

)8A ∅−@ !& *! @8 -$+

You will count me money

2. when the indirect object stands in the III person and the verb changes according to the subject person markers (verb of subjective order), the indirect object marker is lost in the I person, but in the II and III persons it remains before the occlusive consonant

S Oindir Od

@8 I ; #!0 @4F







!+

(I asked him)

S Oindir Od

)8A ∅−; #!0 @4F






!+

(You asked him)

1. 1 Upper arrow shows the meaning relations, the lower arrow shows the formal relations. 105 Vocabulary FHEF4*< Food

FHC8E@4E>8G< Supermarket )4@C4AHE< champagne CHE< bread @44A98G85< sweets >4EGB9B@5BFGB cabbage @HE454 jelly F<@B mushrooms C4@<7BE< tomatoes >4E4D< butter A< raddish K4,B curds J4 pepper @4JBA< Georgian yogurt @JI4AI8E6K< egg @4A74EB@)< quince F4M4@*EB water-melon 4F4A*< matches A8FI< melon F<:4E8G< cigarettes @4EJLI< strawberries ?H7< beer *K

A4A4
C4?GB
@I8 a mirror there.

D4?<)I<786 - Here you are, you can try it on. It suits you.

E4
(4A4F>A8?
@B74M84
)8>8E

C8G854
*DI8A< @4(4M<4

)I<7
F44*M8 - At 7 o’clock.

=8E
7EB
@4DIF
4K?4
8DIF< - I still have time. It’s 6 o’clock now. I don’t know F44*<4
4E
I<6<
E4
IHL<7B what to buy as a present for a friend: a book or @8:B54EF
F4HDE47
J<:A<
*H CD? 7<

BE8*8F<4 - Thank you. Good luck.

:@47?B5*
>4E:47
GE85H?<
:4DI* Galaktion Tabidze?

:I4DIF 74 *4A46
.4?<4A
>4E:< - Yes, we have in a very good edition. :4@B68@4

E4
(4E:<
F4HD4E<4
@4 - I like, it’s a good present, but I have no change. :E4@
JIE8G)<

D4?<)I4A98G85<
4K4?<4 - Excuse me, are these sweets fresh?

4K4?<4 - Yes, they are fresh.

4@@4B7
.I<78I
KB@
4E quality. Would you like anything else? :A854I*
E4@8

4E4
:@47?B5* - No, thank you.

A4KI4@7

Visits *@B5E.4A7<* (Come in please)

T23 EB:BE
5E.4A785<* (How are you?)
F4(4@B
@)I<7B54E:47 *DI8A
EB 745E.4A7<* :BE
5E.4A785<* (Sit down please.) Well, thank you and you?
>4E:47 5E.4A785B78* Well. (Don’t worry, stay in the same position.)
@4C4G<8*
EB@
74I<:I<4A8 5B7<)F
I

From the root 5E.4A are formed: 5E.4A854 (order, noun) and also verb I 5E.4A 85 (I order), I 5E.4A8 (I ordered). 5E.4A8* (you ordered, you order and also you said, you say), E4F 5E.4A85* (What are you saying).

110 Words of the following meanings are created by the addition of different prefixes to the verbal form 5E.4A7<*

@< #3 "/%* go (please) @B #3 "/%* Come here «____» )8 #3 "/%* Come in «____» J4 #3 "/%* Go «____» 4 #3 "/%* Come upstairs «____» 4 #3 "/%* Come downstairs «____»

The addition of the prefix 74 to the verbal form 5E.4A7<*, creates a form of the verb that means, «to sit» 74#3 "/%* – sit down 74#3 "/%" – has sat (past perfect)

The addition of the suffix 85< to the verbal form 5E.4A7 creates a form of the verb which means «be»

5E.4A785<* (You are) I

The addition of the suffixes -85 and -B7 to the verbal form 5E.4A7 - creates a form of the verb that means the following: 5E.4A785B78* - don’t worry (stay in the same position).

**:4<64A<* *DI8A

Conjugate the verb I<6AB5

Basic forms:

Present 7*$/0# Past Imperfect 7*$/0#%* Future ("7*$/0# Past Perfect ("7*$"/* Imperative mood ("*$"/*!

Usually these verbs are used in the plural, but they may also be in the singular.

111 Vocabulary 0 5 4 ? H E<
6 8 A G E< musical centre 4878?< wall G 4 AF 4 6 @ ? < F
> 4 E4 7 4wardrobe <4G4>< floor F4E>8 mirror >4E< door F454A< quilt 94A=4E4 window ?8<5< mattress F4FGH@EB
B*4K)< in the sitting-room 54?<)< pillow 5H98G< sideboard, buffet *8*E8H?< sheets @4:<74 table F4@H)4B
B*4K)< in the study: F>4@< chair F4J8E<
@4:<74 writing-table 74E474 book-case F4I4E.8?< arm-chair *4EB shelf

F4@M4E8H?B)< in the kitchen

*89)< plate $" fork ,4E474 cupboard F498E9?8 ashtrey ,HE,?BIM< spoon %$!$ tap, cock 4BIM< teaspoon  ,

." K8?F4KB6< napkin -/" cold and hot water DI45< saucepan "'*(%'+( electrical store G494 pan # ,( refrigerator =4@< saucer +(" crockery 4<74A< kettle +(" )
)(. crockery washing 4

112 *E4F
@<

T24 @<I8
:84K8?<*** Thank you. I’ve already eaten.
@<4?F @< < E*@8I * will you eat Would you like some khinkali? (would you like)?
:@47?B5* @< < E*I < * Help yourself! Thank you (l.t.) @< < E*I < * Have you eaten? Yes please.

@B : 4 E*@8I *I’ll bring you something

@B : 4 E*I< * I’ve brought you something?

@B : 4 E*I4 *Shall I bring you? Did he bring you?

113 The same roots form verbs with completely different meaning by means of other affixes. These verbs have nothing in common with respectful attitude:

J4"3.&74 – (to take away) "3.&74 :4@B"3.&74 – (will take from him)

In the expression 4E*@8IF
K8?F to shake hands

*** 7<8G4M8 (Keep to a diet) FH?:HA*4A
8E*47 (with suluguni)
M8 and *4A are postpositions. In the Georgian language at a noun declension may be added postpositions to case inflections that usually are written together with a noun. Postpositions are used with the Nominative, Dative, Genitive, Ablative and Adverbial cases. In the Nominative case is used the postposition I<* that is added to the consonant - stem nouns having the meaning «as» «like». For example:

,"$*I<* as a man, like a man 2"-*I<* as a woman, like a woman "-*I<* as a dog, like a dog

City of Batumi Batumi Harbour

114 Postpositions ... are used with the Dative case M8
)<
*4A
I<*

M8 %!%!!
*-&. + )<

+M8M8 +)<)< On, Over, About In

'0+)<  '0)< % !+M8  % !M8 in a room on the table )$)+)<  )$))< )$)+M8  )$)M8 in a town over a town 2*+)<  2*)< ..+M8  ..M8 in a market about children #*+)<  #*)< %
+#!0+M8  %
+#!0M8 in a wardrobe about this question

*4A
C-+*4AC*4A + I<*

+*4A*4A +I<* At, With, By As, Like

0+*4A %+I<* at a tree as a mountain, like a mountain
%+*4A $+I<* at a mountain as a dog, like a dog

%+*4A with me

115 Postpositions ... are used with the Genitive case
*I8A

*I8A

!+*I8A for Towards %0& !+*I8A towards the house 0-!
$*!+*I

!+:4A

!+:4A From, Of

0!+:4A of wood

')*'+:4A (of) gold

1!&.!+:4A (of) frost

116 With the Ablative case is used a postposition -:4A (from) that indicates the place of origin in space and time.The adition of this postposition causes certain phonetical changes: For example 2"-"2<*:4A 
2"-"2<7:4A 
2"-"2<74A from town

With the Adverbial case is used a postposition - @78 @7

Besides these postpositions there are also those that are written separately from a noun and which usually require the Genitive case form. For example:

".9"/"(*4 @<8E by a friend 4"9-*4 J

".9"/"(*4 :4@B for a friend 4"9-*4 H>4A behind a house

".9"/"(*4 :4E74 except a friend -&2$**4 )8@78: after a lecture

City of Sokhumi Sokhumi Harbour

117 * @)<4 (I’m hungry) - a mono-personal verb of the objective order. T-25 The verb @JLHE<4(I’m thirsty) is a mono personal verb of the same order. It may also be said: 8:"-*
.8:63*" *
7874
@)<4 i.e. .8:63*"
.&
*4) Mum, I’m hungry.
F4,@8?<
:4DIF Do you have any food? **74I?8I
@8
@4F (I’ll drink something-
><
@4DIF
E4F4>I<78I
E4
:4DIF !+ FI4@74 %+ !+!&! FI4@7A8A %+ What else do you have? Present Tense:
>4G?8G< 74 )8@JI4E<
>4E % 74I?8I %+ .& 74I?8I* %+ GB9

Write the plural forms

Still life 118 Conjugation of the Verbs: (@)<4 I’m hungry) and (@JLHE<4 I’m thirsty)

Present Future % %! % %/1-*! % %'%!. % %'%/1-* & ! & /1-*! & %' !. & %' /1-* %+ ! %+ +/1-*! %+ %'!. %+ %'+/1-*

Past Imperfect Past Perfect % %!' % %/1-*' % %'%!. % %'%/1-* & !' & /1-*' & %' !. & %' /1-* %+ !' %+ +/1-*' %+ %'!. %+ %'+/1-*

(These verbs have no forms of their own in the future and past perfect and are substituted by dynamic passive verbs)

*** )8I,4@ (I’ll eat).a bi-personal verb )8I,4@
@8
@4F

Conjugation:

Present Past Imperfect. Future Past Perfect % .% %+ % .%! %+ % .% %+ % .%
!+ !+ %+ %+ !+ % %+ !+ %+ %+ %& %
!+

Write other forms yourself.

74:

74@

Conjugate the verb – IHFK4@

Basic forms:

Present .-+0% Past Imperfect .-+0%! Future .-+0% Past Perfect .-+0! II subjunct. .-+0

%
I -+0!
%+
!+


%
: !+0!
&
!+


&
@ !+0!
%
!+

119 *****@B@86< (Give me) @B@86<
)8A
@8

.& 7" -&7 ."4 ."4 *4 ." -&74 .& ."4

I give him something He gives me something

Present Present .& I 4.?8I ."4 ."4 .& @ 4.?8I F *4 ."4 I give him he gives me Past Imperfect Past Imperfect .& I4.?8I7< ."4 ."4 .& @4.?8I74 *4 ."4 Future Future .& @< I 68@ ."4 ."4 .& @B @ 68@ F *4 ."4 Past Perfect Past Perfect .& @< I 86< ."4 *4 .& @B @ 6 4 ."/ *4 II Subjunct II Subjunct .& @< I 68 ."4 *4 .& @B @ 68 F ."/ *4 Vocabulary F4,@8?< food, meal )

)8@JI4E<
(BE4?< khinkali Domestic Animals KBE64A< lamb K4,4CHE< khachapuri *K 4 goat *8IM85< fish >4?@4K< trout *4E*< sturgeon

120 *:4)BE85H?< *divorced :4H*KBI4E< maiden T-26 :4*KBI4E:<
>46<4B - No, I don’t know him. They say, he is a good Remember! man. An active participles indicate the person
I4E:47
<6AB5F ! @4F
@K4GI4E<4
.4?<4A
F<@ C4*46<4
6B?*4A
:4 For example )BE85H?<4
)I8E4I< The one who sews, tailor. - Manana. She knows him well. He’s an artist, and @)8A858?< The one who builds, builder is a very handsome man. He is divorced, and @6KBIE85< The one who lives, tenant. has no children.
B=4K)<
II8
:4*KBI< For example: ?<4 
H@6EBF<4
:4F4*KB I4E<
74
4E:< - Very well.

121 PARTICIPLES

ACTIVE PASSIVE

The one who does what was done what will be done what was not done the action

@&8? (builds) &H? F4&8? H&8?! @0,.4E (draws) 0,H? F40,.! H0,.! @.! (types) 

T-27

*DI8A*4A
E4
4EH*E85H?<
7<4K
KI4?
J4I4?
74>E Nothing special. .4?I4M8
6H7<
4@54I<
HA74
:<*KE4 Yes. Tomorrow I’ll go to the funeral. I have to tell you some bad news.
@86
J4@BI4?
4H64E:<
KI4?4@78
.<4
A<>B
:4E74<6I4?4 See you tomorrow. Uncle Nico has died.
8F E4 @<*K4E<
.4?<4A
@8JL4E:< >46<

122 *E4
:<*KE4 – * What can I say 74C4G<#854
DBEJBA)<»
KH*
F44* M8 & @!0* @8
!+ Mary, tomorrow is my daughter’s wedding, I’m inviting you and Petre at 5 o’clock to the Berikoni Restaurant.
@4E*?4
.4?<4A
:4@I<4A<
:4E8:AH The verb .*:7"3%&#"
.&
*4. (I’m falling in love) ?47
F<@C4*B68 We’ll come without fail! Congratulate and kiss Lela from me.

The Berikoni Restaurant. 123 ! "
)+(, " Best wishes:

:4E:F Christ has resurrected! Congratulation on the wedding. I wish you health, ,8)@4E

«Tbilisoba» - holiday of Tbilisi town. (In the old city)

124 125 FGH@E47 On a Visit

F4(4@B
@)I<7B5BI8?<
FGH @4E<
B?8:
I8
:4IF4E brother and sister. :47
=4A@E*8?47
:

126 toast-master. Would you like IHF@8A7<
)8@JI4E<
:B,<
4E some roast piglet? :A854I*

:@47?B5*
@8
)8@JI4E
KBE6F - No, thank you. I don’ t eat roast meat. I’ve already 4E
I,4@
@BK4E)H?<
D4*4@< eaten boiled chicken. :84K8?<*

7<8G4M8
5E.4A785<* - Are you on a diet?

7<4K - Yes

@4)I8
:84K8?<*
.4?<4A - I’ve already tried it. It’s very tasty. Where is your :8@E<8?<4
F47
4E4?F
E4GB@
4E
@<8*85H?<4 It was prepared by Elena. You’ll like it. I’ll add @B:8JBA854*
*H
:A854I*
(B@F some gomi if you like. Satsivi is eaten with gomi. @B:4E*@8I*
F46H* E85<*
GL8@4?<

54GBA85B
4K?4
:*KBI* - Gentlemen, now I ask you to fill your horns. I want L4AJ85<
)8I4IFB*
@H*K4E<
I<68>IB* - Tamara play, we’ll dance.

454
B*4E
8>4
468>I8 - Please, Otar dance with Eka.

BE4E:47
68>I4IF - They both dance very well.

8>4
A4@7II4I84 - Eka is a real dancer.

LB4(
7<785H?<

127 G4F
I*KBIB*
<@(8EBF

@B7<*
LI8?4@
8E*47
I< - Let’s sing all together. @(8EB*

54GBAB
*4@474
A854
@B - Toast-master, let me suggest one toast. @86<*
)8IFI4
8E*<
F47(8 :E.8?B - With great pleasure.

7<7<
F<4@BIA85<* - Dear guests! 1 want to suggest a toast to the health

.I4E wonderful evening. :47
4E:<
F4(4@BF4*I<78I
8E*K8? - Friends, I ask you to drink once more to the health :*KBI*
I47(8:E.8?B*
I8A< of our Irine and her family.

N. Pirosmanishvili «Drinking-bout» «Kakhuri Mravaljamieri» (Kakheti drinking-song) performed by the «Rustavi» ensemble.

128 Part VII

Travel *F4FGH@EB - Hotel F4456.3B The word is formed by means of a @:M4IEB54
4IGB5HF<* prefix and suffix from the stem FGH@4E-. Bus Travel

54>HE<4A)<
@Bakuriani by bus. divided into several groups according to their
EB7B
HA4. For example: - Tomorrow in the morning, I’m going together with %&%<>B (mami), /*/<>B (Niniko), #* HA4 my friends. (little boy), *5HA4 (birdy)
F4<74A
:47I8*<
8E*<
AB@8E<
)8IH>I8 Indicating possession of a certain quality *8* Suffix <8E. For example: 8&4<8E* (modest), - Yes, we’ve booked one room. #&%/<8E* (happy), 0/<8E* (strong)
E4 (< village), ,"98?* (from Kakheti.), 3" 78?* - Yes. (from Racha), (63H ? * (from Guria),
>4E:47
FE<4?85 2"3-8?* (from Kartli) etc. - Do you ski well?
><
*K< -Yes.
454 >4E:
74FI8A854F
:< FHEI85 - Well, I hope you have a good time.

130 Forming names of things according to their application. Suffixes:
F4 8
F4 B
F4 HE For example: F4:*/6-8 (deep-freezer), F42".8 (hen-house), F47"-8 (spectacles), F4456.3B (hotel), F44"%*-B (dining-room), F41"3*,."9&3B (hairdresser’s)

Indicating a profession or occupation. Prefix-suffixes: @8 8
@8 HE For example: @8#"8 (gardener), @8;7"63< (sailor), @84""8 (watch-maker), @8&;078 (yardman)

Denoting names of countries and places Prefix-suffixes F4 8*
F4 B suffix 8* For example: F4'3"/(8** (France), F4#&3 /8** (Greece), F42"37&-B (Georgia), F4(63".B (Saguramo), 40.98** (Armenia)

Forming words with negative meaning Prefix-suffixes -H B
H HE For example: H26%B (without a hat), H'&9B (legless), H$0-B (not married), H ,6B (insane), H#&%HE (unhappy)

Forming abstract words. Suffixes B54
854 prefix-suffix F<8. For example: #"77B5" (childhood), .B5" (brotherhood), .&(0#3B5" (friendship), ("."3+785" (victory), F<&38 (whiteness), F<,&8 (kindness), F<-".";8 (beauty)

The architectural complex of the cave-town of Queen Tamar (XI1-XIII c.c.) Vardzia is more than 500 metres in length. Building Fresco on a wall in Betania Monastery. was begun by King Giorgi III and after her father’s death it was completed by Queen Tamar. 131 *F4(4@BF (in the evening) 7

@B@86<*
8E*<
5

132 Adverbs of place answer the question F47? (where?) F4<74A (where from?) F4<*>8A (where to?) 4D (here), 4A (behind), M8I<* (upstairs), DI8I<* (downwards),

Adverbs of cause answer the question E4GB@? why? 4@

Adverbs of purpose answer the question E

Sometimes adverbs play the role of a preposition with a noun in the Genitive case. For example: 4"9-4A (behind the house)

)+(0 At the Railway station

F47:HE4A< cloak-room :4@6HC8 compartment 47:

Bagrati Cathedral in Kutaisi. It was built by King Bagrat III. According to an inscription, the walls were finished in 1003. Due to the Interier of the cathedral. monumentality of its forms, the refinement of its proportions and its slender decorations - this is one of the most valuable monuments in Georgia. It was significantly damaged at the end of the XII century, during Turkish invasions. 133 @:M4IEB54
@4AD4A<* Travelling by Car

KI4?
@4AD4A<*
54*H@)<
@< It’s not so hot by the sea now. September is the I7<
@8
>4E:47
I6HE4I 5E85*4A
8E*47 Yes, I swim quite well. Are you going alone or with friends ?
@M8M8
7<7K4AF
AH
:48E785<
E4F4>II4E:
.4?<4A
>4E:< 74FI8A854F Very good. My dream is to go on a sea voyage. Have a good
F4FGH@EB «I8*4E:47
6HE4I

#$'$ )
)#( )+( At the Auto-service
M8*<
4>?<4
74H@4G8*
@4AD4A8*8* ?8* My car has broken down. Could you fix it please? The bulb has fused. Please, change it.
F45HE4I<
748)I4
4*<
?4E5HE4GBE<
:4J@

134 )8@4IF85

F47
@<9E< are - or -
 Please help me to fill in the form.
F45H*85<
J8FE<:)<
:4DI* For example: Are your documents in order? 8&34
*4
."4) He writes something
7<4K
IE4 "9"57

In the Georgian language, compound words are formed by: 1) a reduplication of stems, for example: K4E + K4E< = K4EK4E< a loud laugh HE + H?< = HEH?< whisper J4@ + J4@85< = J4@J4@85< eye-lashes

2) a combination of different stems resulting in words with one meaning, for example: D4? +
54GBA< woman - master) = madam 7874 +
@46< (father - man) = man .I8*

3) a combination of different stems, when each of them retains its lexical meaning and the conjunction %" may be restored between them. For example:

74 .@4 sister and brother l.t.) - brother and sister 6B? D@4E< (wife and husband l.t.) - husband and wife

4) an addition of two or more words, the first of which has a certain case form. In most cases the first part of a composition is represented in the Genitive case. For example:

.@

I8E6K?

But there are also such as 8E*@4A +
8E*< (each other) 4I47 
@LB9< (patient)

Cases, when case inflection is completely or partially lost, are met frequently. For example:

9&-

136 6AB54*4
54A
74 I45EHAB May I return the ticket?
54E:<
:@47?B5*  !( 
+)(.% )
'#( Fasten your seat. Well thank you.
I8EG@9E8A<
@<9E

Svaneti, city of Mestia with its Medieval lowers

137 AB@8E)< In a Room FKI4
D4?4D)< In Another Town

EB@8? F4FGH@EB)<
:48E78 5<* In which hotel are you staying?
@8
@Metekhi-Palace».
EB:BE
@

:4@4E=B54*
*DI8A
5E.4A B*4K)<
7:4F* F4I4E.?85<
74 785<*
47@<7<4 ,4(<
F<
54GBAB
F<4@BIA85<*
@<
>878?M8
FHE4*<
><7<4 :<(85*
:A854I*
@8EI8
F4E A picture is hanging on the wall. * H ? M 8 
> 4 E : <
A B @ 8 E< 4 4 < I A< 7 4 A
@ * 8 ? <
D 4 ? 4 D< @B4AF
.4?<7<4 (is hanging)

4A*<4 (the lights are the balcony. There is a very beautiful view. on) static verbs expressing position (state) of a thing
:@47?B5* Thank you.

138 Remember! ! Static verbs indicate the state of a thing.

There are few static verbs. They have only the present tense form, but in other cases loan forms from dynamic verbs. I and II person forms are created by means of auxiliary verbs: I4E K4E In the III person, singular they normally end with-<4.

For example:

% ./*!I4E .& ./*!I4E * &
/*!K4E ).&
/*!K4E * !+
/*!4 !+!&!
/*!4A

Static verbs may be mono- and bi-personal. Examples are given in these sentences. For example:

8*(/;&
"-* K4G<4 A dog is drawn on the book. 9"5*" -something is drawn)

(0(0/"4
-".";"% 46I<4 The girl is dressed beautifully. "$7*"

she is dressed)

."4 ;DI<4
/*/0 She is called Nino. )27*" -is called something)

.& @:BA<4
 30.
6,7&
(7*"/"" I think it’s already late. .(0/*" - I think something)

The difference between dynamic and static verbs is well illustrated in the conjugation of the following verbs:

Dynamic Static I7:85< I’m getting up. I7:4I4E I’m standing. I=785< I’m sitting down. IM

139 Conjugation of the above mentioned verbs: dynamic static

Present Tense Present Tense

@ 8 I7:85< I=785< IJI85< I7:4I4E IM

I8A I7:85<* IFK785<* IJI85<* I7:4I4E* IFK87I4E* IJ8I4E* *DI8A 7:85<* FK785<* JI85<* 7:4K4E* FK87K4E* J8IK4E*

Future Tense Future Tense @ 8 4I7:85< 74I=785< 74IJI85< I<7:85< I<=785< I

Past Imperfect Tense Past Imperfect Tense @ 8 I7:85B7<
I=785B7<
IJI85B7< ———––– ———— ————

Past Perfect Past Perfect @ 8 4I78D< 74I=8D< 74IJ8D< I<78D< I<=8D< I

Write other forms yourself.

According to their meaning static verbs may be substituted by compound predicates. For example.

4A*<4 = 4A*85H?<4 = 4A*85H?< + 4E

(is burning) passive participle + auxiliary verb

><7<4 = 74><785H?<4 = 74><785H?< + 4E

(is hanging) passive participle + auxiliary verb

140 G8?8I

(
*", 0%( 
#
.," $"
# $
# $* Turn on the television. ())
+
/+( 
.,"
(
 $*()) (%%(
# $
'$
(
 What are you interested in? , ,
(
,  
.$
."

) $%(# %
# «#%# .$
 , » I’m interested in tomorrow’s weather. Listen, to what The news programme «Moambe». the weather will be like tomorrow. I don’t know
#"  -/ ( ) $%
&% what to wear, sometimes its hot, sometimes it’s " * ! )
#)
#%)#) cold. #
!

+.% )) It will begin soon. First it tells us about national affairs and then foreign.
#
!
# $*())
(
#  )($
.,"
#
#.$ 
# ( $,)
&( 0 I’m interested what’s going on in France. Tomorrow my friend leaves for Paris.
)&%(*+"
&(%(#
/+(  
#% )# $ Listen attentively to the sports programme.

Phrases:

.#)
+-  Raise the sound (make louder) (
#, 
(.0 Turn to channel VII #%).+"
$ Make the picture lighter. *", 0%(
+
,$) There is interference. #%).+"
#!,( Try to improve the picture. #%(
*", 0%( Turn the TV off. '(
) $" Turn the light off. $
) $" Turn the light on. .+(
!( Close the door 
!( Open the door. 
$ ( Open the window. !*
!( Lock the door. )
)(+" )
#%( )
+*%, Leave the key with the housekeeper on your floor.

141 EB:BE<
4@

EB:BE<
4@

Phrases

6H7<
4@

142 F4FGH@EBF
@B@F4KHE85

:4@B@<.4K8*
G4DF<
KI4?
7< 54GBAB @<5E.4A7<* BE 6 o’clock. F44*M8
*84GEI8 *B*
BE<
5

D4?*4
F4?BA)< @4@4>46*4
F4?BA)<

Hairdresser’s Barber’s (At the Hair-Dressing Salon) (At the Hair-Dressing Salon)

(
$,
, )+"
($  What would you like? Are you free?
# $
,
, $%
#
# 
(
$, , (
, %

, ., % What would you like? I want to have my hair washed, cut, dyed and
# )
!(

-,( )
 waved. &(),
# $
($  To have my haircut and my beard shaved. Sit down, please.
+  "  #"%
', !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! $#
! ,
%(
!
#/,)
" 
#$ ! +( )
! Wait please if you can, I have two # $ clients before you. Have you got the time? I want to have a manicure.
!( 
"% 
($  O.K. Sit down, please.
(. "
#( 
  ,( )(
"'
-# ),  &("#+*(  Cut my nails short, - Use light pink - pearl varnish, please.

143 E8FGBE4A)< At the Restaurant

#( %
)
# 
, )+
! *( )

&# ,( )
)" "  ', Good morning/afternoon. Excuse me, is this table Have you a salad of cucumbers and tomatoes? vacant?
 .
,',)
 . , )+" 
($  Yes we have. Yes, it’s vacant. Do sit down.
#%, *$
%(
+"+
)
#"% ',$ #).+(  "
#-,(
'# 
# #
# ) -,(
!(*% " 
)+"+$  Thank you! Do you serve this table? - "
, $%
" #%$

 . () # (#, $ %( %# 
#
$/ $ #$ + Bring us two salads, roast chicken, fried potatoes, Yes, what would you like? Here is the menu. suluguni, red wine, lemonade and Borjomi and
(
',
."
)#"  then ice-cream. What can you offer that’s hot?
! 
*%$%
." .%( )
.(%
,$
(% Yes, please ,$+"
!( 
" $
#( 
#%# *$
$(   " 
 (,
# (, (Bring the account - l.t.) Fresh meat kharcho our national dish. Very tasty, I May I have the bill? advise you to try it.

Phrases

*H
)8<.?854
8E*<
JH*<* Just a minute please.
E4
)8IH>I8*B
)8A*I<78I Help yonrself to some more. Take more.
8E*47
I4E:47
:84K8?<* Thank you, I’ve eaten well.
74?8I*
E4@8F
><78I Will you drink

144 Part VIII

In the Capital of Georgia *5

F47
4E?8F<4
*5B?4
74
C4E?4@8AGH*E85<*
M49KH?B5<* 4DI8
4K?BF
4E4A68?4E<4 Favourite places for citizens of Tbilisi arc the St. George’s Church is also in; Rustaveli avenue. Mtatsminda (the holy mountain), especially in There is School Number and the Parliament in front summer. You can see the whole of Tbilisi from the of it. The Chancellery of the President of Georgia top of Mtatsminda. is situated near by.
*54 F44*87EB
G4.4E<
@78 54E8B5F
.I8?
*5IE4*B?<>BF
C4GE<4ED478@<46 I. Monument to the founder of the city of Tbilisi Sioni cathedral is in old Tbilisi, on the right Vakhtang Gorgasali, sculptor E. Amashukeli 2. Foil embankment of the Mtkvari River near to it is the Narikala, IVc 3. «Mother-Georgia», sculptor E. resi- dence of the Patriarch of Georgia Ilia II. The Amashukeli 4. «Man and the Sun», sculptor Z. theological academy is also situated there. Tsereteli 5. Dwelling houses on the embankment of
4I?454E)<
4E4*87E4?HE<
G4.4E<
F4D4E* Sachino (1776) 9. Catholic church. 10. Sioni I8?BF
@*4I4E<
@4E*?@47<785 Cathedral VI-VII centuries 11. Orbeliani bath house ?HE<
8>?8F<4 XVIII c and mosque XIX c 12. Synagogue XIX c There is the Residence of the President of Georgia in (the paths from these three places of worship meet Avlabari. Near by on Elia hill there was built Holy Trinity Cathedral in 1995-2004 years. This is the in one old square) Song about Tbilisi sung at his main Orthodox Church of Georgia. jubilee by the popular composer G. Tsabadze and
EHF*4I8?

146 1 2 3 4

5 7

8 6 9

10 11 12 147 *According to their structure sentences in the Georgian language as in English may be simple or compound. T-28 A simple sentence composed of only main parts is called a simple unextended sentence. The main parts
@8
@4E:<
7(8F
7EB
@4DIF** objects, direct and indirect 1*3%"1*3*
%" 74
:4I8A85**
I8AF
D4?4DF *3*#*
%"."5&#") Very well. I’ve got time today and I’ll show you the city. For example:
@48E4IF

)I454F
><
54GBAB
J4I<78*
74
IA4KB* .I8?<
*5HA 4 5 4 F 4 L I 4 E 8 ? @G>IE8E4IF :BE:4F?8E4IF Vakhtang Gorgasali was? ?4@4M
>454F (a simple extended sentence)
I < 6 < 
F 4 D 4 E * I 8 ? B F
@ 8 9 8  EB@8?@46
7444EF4
*5<*KH?<
@4DIF Yes, I have read about it.

148 ***In the Georgian language, as in English, the predicate may be simple or compound. A simple predicate is expressed by *** a personal form of a verb. A compound predicate comprises a nominal part that necessarily should be an independent word, and an auxiliary verb. The personal form of a verb may be simple or compound. Compound verbs create forms by means of the auxiliary verb «7"3». For example: IM

Predicate

Simple ** Compound***

Expressed by a personal form of the verb Nominal part + auxiliary verb

Simple Compound

I J8E I M< I4E 8D<@<
I4E I K4G4I I 7:4 I4E @4FJ4I?858?<
K4E M< F J8I K4E D4?<
4E

In a compound predicate auxiliary verb mostly it is the verb I4E and verbs that substitute in other tense forms. For example:

#*-*4*
-".";* D4?4D<
4E

&4
01&3*4 *84GE<
4E

*4
6/*7&34*5&5*4 E8DGBE<

3&;0
,"3(* 8D<@<

149 As we already mentioned repeatedly, 7"3 is a mono-personal verb. If a sentence needs a bi-personal verb form, then the role of auxiliary verb play verbs ."274 (for non-animate) and .:"74 (for animated subjects). For example:

@8
F4D@8
:4>8*85H?<
@4DIF I’ve already done my work.

J8E

54I)I85<
JLA8*)<
H>I8
J4LI4A

F4:M4B
A<)A85< Town signs:

:474F4FI?8?< Crossing )8F4FI?8?< Entrance @

Panorama of Tbilisi 150 T-29

F47 4EBA ?HE<
9BFG4 G8?8:E49< I8EG<
(<4
54E4*<
@4E><4A< Where is the central post and telegraph office of >BAI8EG<
@B
G4
EHF*4I8?

Streets of Tbilisi

151 7<4?B:85<
G8?89BA<* Phone Dialogues

4?B
:<*KH?B5F She is not at home. Who’s asking?
4@K4A4:<
I4E
H>46E4I47
A4KI4@7

4?B
:BF
F*KBI8* Is Tamriko there please?
F47
E8>4I* Where are you phoning?
454)<.46E4I47 Sorry.

4?B
:?<
EHK4.8
:4K?4I4E*
KI4?
F4@ F44*M8
BA98E8A6<4
:*KBI*
@B5E.4A78* I’m Irakli Rukhadze. The scientific conference is beginning tomorrow at 3 o’clock. Come along please, if you can.
:@47?B5*
@BI4?
4H64E:47
5E.4A785B78* Good bye.

152 IHF@8A
@8
@4F –I am listening. @8F@

Present Tense Present Tense % IHF@8A %+ .& IHF@8A* %+ % @8F@

% IHF@8A %+ (I’m listening to him) % :

Examples in Sentences Examples in Sentences 6H747
@8F@4F I don’t hear well. I’m listening to music. K@4@4(?4
8*
4E
@8F

I4KG4A:@4
74?

@B@4E:47

LHE47(854 Pay attention.

153 G4DF<)< In a Taxi

:4@4E=B54*
)8:<.?<4*
J4:I

4IGB5HF)< On a Bus

E4
(4E:<
:@47?B5* OK, thank you.
EB746E4I47
45E.4A785<* Excuse me, are you getting off?
4E4
@8
)8@78:
:48E854M8
4I7

154 Conjugation of verbs:

 I4@5B5
@8
@4F (I’m saying something)-a bi-personal verb

 I8H5A85<
@8
@4F
@4F (I’m telling him something) -a tri-personal verb

 I?4C4E4>B5
@8 (I’m talking) - a mono-personal, but sometimes may be also a bi-personal verb.

 I8?4C4E4>85<
@8
@4F I’m talking to him - bi-personal, but sometimes may be also a tri-personal verb.

Basic Forms:

Present Tense: Past Imperfect:

 I4@5B5   I4@5B57<   I8H5A85<    I8H5A85B7<    I?4C4E4>B5  I?4C4E4>B57<  I8?4C4E4>85<   I8?4C4E4>85B7< 

Future Past Perfect:

 I85  I8  74I8?4C4E4>85<   74I8?4C4E4>8 

II Subjunctive

 I*DI4   IH*KE4    IB  74I8?4C4E4>B 

155 T-30 F4D4E*I8?B
H.I8?8F<
>H? Georgia is a country with an GHE4?HE<
A<@H)8 territory of Georgia as a 5<
MB:<8E*<
@4*:4A<
*4E<( consequence of archaeological 7854
I J
4(E<6KI4@78
BE< excavations. Some of them date 4*4F<
J?<*
8F
8DFCBA4G85< back to the second millennium .

1 2 3

1. Gold sculpture of a lion. The end of the III millennium B .C. Tsnori 2. Gold goblet. First half of the II millennium B.C. Trialeti 3. Gelati tondo with representation of St. Father, silver, XI c. 4. Tsilkani icon of Mother of God, IX c. 5. Cross with presious stones of Queen Tamar XII c.

4 5

156 1. Kintsvisi Angel. Wall painting in the church. 1207

2. Saint Nino

1 2

T31
D4E*I8?85<
@4E*?@47<78 337 in the time of King Mirian. According to 58?<
DEI4E)<
@BA4*?8F 4(7:B@4 D4E*I8?854547B><8?< important religious feasts are Christmas and Christianity was announced as a State religion in Easter.

Vocabulary

!") 
*( church, temple ( monk  cross  nun  icon   
 holy father   candle  a believer   Catholicos   baptism, christening   
  priest  god-child  confessor   god-father  deacon   god-mother   
 clergyman

157 «My Pearls and Rubies I Offer to the Virgin of Khakhuli» - From the testament of King David the Builder.

The «Khakhuli Triptych». Gold (1,47 X 2.02). Displays 115 samples of medieval cloisonne enamel (XII c I half). The central icon - Mother of God (1,16 X 0,95). Is executed on gold plate from pink enamel with lilac and violet tints in some places. Fragments are shown later.

158 7874D4?4D)< In the Capital

A4A4
7(8F
@4E:< J4I<78* @8 7(8F 4E - Well, let’s go. I’m not going to work today. I have a @4E:47 the city well. First we’ll go by the underground to 74:4*I4?<8E85?8F<4 EHF*4I8??8F<4)<
)8I<78* F4A*8?<
4I4A*B*

EHF*4I8?M8
:H)@4B7 beautiful and broad avenue. 94E*B
CEBFC8DG<4

4< .I8? *5< I?8F
@B874AM8
>498)<
)8 Square. The sulphur bath- houses are also here, in I<78*
:B:8?< "D4E*?8544
*H
:H A8)<4
4:85H?<
4I<78*

4E4
@8
7EB
4E4
@4DIF - No, I don’t have time. Mum gave me a parcel for 78748@@4
4@4A4*<
:4@B@4G4A4 her friend. I should deliver it today. *4I

159 HA74
@

><
M87
4J8E<4
F45HE*4?B - Yes it’s written on it. Vaja-Pshavela Avenue, V block, I4#4 9)4I8?4F
CEBFC8DG<
@8KH*8 III building, II entrance, IV floor. How can we get >I4EG4?<
@8BE8
>BECHF<
@8B there? E8
F474E54MB
@8F4@8
F4E*H ?<

4@
4(@4E*F
4I@4B7 - It’s quite far. - How many stops?

E4@78A<
:48E8544 - I don’t know exactly. We’ll ask and they’ll say.

MHFG47
4E
I<6<
I<><*KB* 74
:I8GLI<4A - How much time will we need?

E4@78A<
7EB
74:I,4E:< - OK.

H>46E4I47
8F
@8KH*8
>I4E - Excuse me, is this the V block? G4?<4

7<4K - Yes.

@8BE8
>BECHF<
EB@8?<4 - Which one is the II building?

C<*K4I
LI8?4
F<4@B Here is the II building. IA85<*
:BECHF<6

D4E4
4@B7<
4D
74:8?B - Come back soon. I’ll be waiting for you here. 785<

>4E:< - Well. - (How soon have you returned? - l.t.)You didn’t take

E4
@4?8
745EHA7<
)<
D4E4
4IGB5HF<
@B - Yes, quick. A bus is coming. 7

160 Part IX

Attending Shows and Sightseeing T32

:4@B@68@?B54 «@8E4A<
@E85H?<6
><
4H64E:<
>E85H?<4 Yes we’ll go without fail. I am very interested. There is also a collection of verses by young
J4:<><*K4IF
E4<@8
*4A4@8 Georgian poets on sale.I’ll give you a copy. It’s a 7EBI8
D4E*H?<
?<*K4I
4E
J4@<><*K4IF* Thank you. I’ll read it with pleasure. No, I have not.
HA74
J4<><*KB
*4A4@87EBI8 @J8E?85E85H?<4
<*K8
.4?<4A F4

*4E
J4@<><*K4IF –I have not read. This verbal form indicates an action which did not happen 2) The action was not completed, as a result - the in the past and the result of which is seen in the present. house was not built. Let us consider such an example: I4AB
4)8A8574
F4K?F I4ABF
4)8A85H?<
4E4
4DIF Vano was building a house. F4K?< 4)8A8574 –is a simple predicate that is expressed Vano’s house is not built. by the simple form of the verb in the past imperfect tense. The action that took place in the past could have the following results in the present. 1) The action is completed, as a result the house is built.

I4ABF
4)8A85H?<
4DIF
F4K?< Vano’s house is built.

162 The meaning of these sentences is conveyed by means of a compound predicate: 4)8A85H?<
4DIF
4)8A85H?<
4E4
4DIF (in I person it will be @8
4)8A85H?< @4DIF
F4K?<
@8
4)8A85H?<
4E4
@4DIF
F4K?<). The auxiliary verb @4DIF has an objective order and this determines the construction. The basic person stands in the Dative case and the non-basic in the Nominative case. In the above mentioned sentences, the com- pound predicate may be substituted by a simple one that will be expressed by the simple form of a verb, so called I resulting. This form of the verb expresses an action which happened in the past but the result of which is seen now. The verbal construction remains the same i.e. the verb will be in the objective order.

.& 4@<)8A85<44"9-** 7&/ 4:I<)8A85<4 4"9-* (I have built a house) &/ 4:<)8A85<4 4"9-* 27&/ 4:<)8A85<4* 4"9-* ."4 4H)8A85<4 4"9-* ." 4H)8A85<4* 4"9-*

.& 74@

These are forms of I resulting from active verbs. Passive verbs form I resulting by means of an auxiliary verb I4E. For example:

@8 :4 I ME7

Forms of I resulting with a negative particle 4E are not as categorical as negative forms of other tenses and again it is apparently caused by the fact that in this case the form indicates the result of an occurred action and not the action itself.

For example:

Questions: Negative Answers:

Past Perfect I resulting (Categorical Negation)

  $  "  ( # $  )."    " ( # !(,) ! $  !   "$  ( # .*,) )+(      "  ( # #  )#"   #  "  ( #%# *$  - $  " #  " " ( #%# ')%,  - $

163 It should also be mentioned that the negative form of I resulting comprises also the idea of categoricality in itself, but for a precise elucidation an additional question (why?) is needed. For example:

Question Answer Question Answer

4E

74J8E8 4E 74IJ8E8 (did not write) (categorical)

74I4?854 4E

74@

I8E

74J8E8 I8E 74IJ8E8 (could not write

:4@B98A4M8 At the Exhibition

)8F4A<)A4I<
:4@B98A44 - The exhibition is wonderful. I am delighted. I would

4(G4685H?< I4E F<4@B buy several pictures with pleasure, but unfortunately IA85<*
I<.8

.4?<4A
@B@JBAF
@

164 T-33

KI4?
EHF*4I8?M8
F4@K4GIEB @B
9Niko Pirosmani, Lado Gudiashvili artists which opens tomorrow in the Art Gallery and Elene Akhvlediani. in Rustaveli Avenue. Do you want to go?
>4E:<
J4I<78* >< .4?<4A @H*E85<*

«Winter in Signagi» by E. Akhvlediani

«Deer» by N. Pirosmani

«N. Pirosmanishvili» by L. Gudiashvili 165 F4H54E<
*84GE?< Talking about Theatre How did you like the play?
E4
FC8DG4>?<4
7(8F
EHF*4
.4?<4A @B@8JBA4
FC8DG4>?F I8?I8 JBAF LI8?4
:4L<7H?<4 I don’t like her style of acting. Tickets are expensive. Besides they are all
@8
C?M8 Have you been to the play? Vocabulary

C<8F

#,(
(%" )
#)(+"" appearing, starring ##"
( )%( producer !") !+(
#+) ! )
!%$(* concert of classical music .".+(
#+) ! )
!%$(* concert of folk music ))*(%
#+) ! )
!%$(* concert of pop music

The orchestra «Akhali Taoba»

166 :H?)8@4G>

KI4?
98K5HE*I4E8
8@<
4K?B everybody in the team. @8:B54E<4
LI8?4F
I<6AB5 

I < A
4 E< F
* 5 < ? < F< F - Who is the coach of « Dynamo Tbilisi»? «74E:
FCBEGH?
9BE@4)<4

@8GBD8*4
>4E)<
5HE*< The goal into the net of the opponent was scored ?8I4A
<H4@
:4

  
  penalty kick dajarimda Was fined

T er T met met r iani d ar t yma penalty kick

T a ma S g a r e md g o ma r eo b a upside miiR o per s o nal u r i S eniS vna a personal remark mo i g o Won waago lost

S ej i b r eb a i w yeb a The competition is beginning f iniS T an pir vel i mivid a He reached to the finish first sportul i darbazi a gymnasium

167 FCBEG

.+( football #"%)$ weight - lifter !"+( basketball ($+( volley-ball -/"+( water polo ."+( handball #  )
%+( table tennis %+( tennis .+(" football player ($+(" volley-ball player !"+(" basketball player ."+(" handball player -/"+(" water polo player %+(" tennis player #  )
%+(" table tennis player  % wrestling (! chess !( , boxing *$,(  gymnastics +(, swimming . "#+( 
)( " skiing #%(! chess player #"%)$% weight - lifter #% , wrestler #%!( , boxer #%+(, swimmer *$#%,(  gymnast #% +(, skater #%. "#+( skier

«Dynamo» Tbilisi

Gudauri. Georgia’s most famous ski resort

Georgian women chess champions

168 MBBC4E>)< At the Zoo

.,"
,,
0%%&(!
+$ ! ,
(
.%," 
,$) -, /,$% 0%%&(!  Tomorrow we should take the children to the zoo. What other animals are there in our zoo?
#("
(
!( 
(+"
.%," 
(+" Really? That’s good. ( $,"
,,
0%%&(!
&*( )& "%
#% /,$)
( ) #%,$ 
 $ ! $

,,)
+$
,,$% Wild animals, wild birds. Children love going to " $
,(
.".
#  ) the zoo. 0%%&(!
&*(
)& "%) )$., A little elephant has been brought from Africa and I want to show it to the children. A lot of people come to the zoo to look at this little elephant. Vocabulary

)

" dog 4EJI< puppy LI4I< crow >4G4 cat @8E6K4?< swallow >AHG< kitten *B?<4 sea-gull 6K8A< horse 58(HE4 sparrow >I<6< foal @GE87< pigeon I4E< spider @8?<4 fox B5B54 @4<@HA< monkey HE7(8?< hare :I8?< snake KI?<>< lizard 54L4L< frog > H turtle

169 LI4I

LI4IH*E85<* EB@8?< LI4I<
8F
*4<:H?<
@B:JBAF ?85<
:<
.4?<4A
?4@4M<4
LI8?4M8 @8G47 @8AF *4<:H?<4 Thank you, the bunch is very beautiful.

Vocabulary:

LI4I

<4 violet I4E7< rose @< carnation G8F4A8 forget-me-not

«Chuqurtma» by Gudiashvili 170 T-34

@8
)8A
.4?<4A
@B@JBAK4E
)8A
8@<
4(4E
:8F@

Vocabulary

@B@JBAK4E I like you
" $
"#0
.( @B6A4 kiss
)
!
" $
 . @B98E854 caress This dress suits you. (4?4G< betrayal
(
"#0
#
',) F

171 Conjugate verbs: IHLHE85 IH6D 8E  Conjugate verbs: IH@M8E – I look at (bi-personal verbs) I K874I
@ I see (bi-per- sonal verb). Basic forms are given: Basic forms are given:

Present Tense Present IHLHE85   IK874I   IH6D8E   IH@M8E   Past Imperfect IK874I7< Past Imperfect IHLHE857< Future IH6D8E7< )8IK874I IH@M8E7< 74I

Future Past Perfect )8IK874I )8IK878 74I

II subjunctive I resulting. IHLHEB )8@

I resulting @B?8*85 I watch TV. (present tense) I’ll see what you will do. :B?

172 *84GE)< At the Theatre

A4E:<
@4)B@CBM4E:<
FC8D staged. They say the opera is good. Nodar G4>?<4B
@4@4>46?<

)I<7
F44*M8
8DIF
F44*M8 - At 7 o’clock, I’ll by car at 6.30. Be ready. 74
B6744*
JH*M8
:4@B:< I?<
@4AD4A<*
)8A
@M47
4E:<
@BI8* - Well, that’s fixed, good-bye. A4KI4@7

@4C4G<8
74@4:I<4A74 - Sorry I’m late.

4E4 H)4IF
@86
6BG4
74 - It doesn’t matter. I was late a bit too. I think @4:I<4A74
@8
@:BA<
@BI4FJE8 we’ll be on time. There are still 15 minutes 5*
FC8DG4>?<78I
*KH*@8G<
JH*<4

F47
4E46E4I47
*H
)8<.?854 - Excuse me, let us pass, our seats are in row I, :4:I4G4E8*
I8A<
47:I8
EB@
74>4I85H?<4 - But they are already occupied .

H>46E4I47
54GBAB
@4:E4@ - Excuse me, but these are our seats. Check your 8F
I8A<
47:<78I tickets once more 8E*K8?
)84@BJ@8*
*DI8A<
5< ?8*85<

@4C4G<8*
5B7<)F
I4E:<
@B@(8E4?<4
.?<8E< - I like Tsitsishvili very much. He is a good 74
?4@4M<
K@4
4DIF
D4??< >4>454.8
4K4?:4ME - Irakli Kakabadze, - a gifted young artist. The 74
A<,<8E<
@K4GI4E<4
FC8D performance is staged by the well-known G4>?<
747:4
6AB5498)<
4 - Two. Let’s go to the cafe in the interval and I<78*
A4L4E:< FC8D (I received great pleasure - l.t.), I liked the G4>?<4 opera. The performance is wonderful.

@86
.4?<4A
587A<8E<
I4E I’m very happy too. The evening is wonderful >4E:<
F4(4@B4
74
E46
@*4 and what is most important is that you are I4E<4
)8A
8@*4A
K4E
AI8
:I<4A44
F4K?)< - But it’s already late, I have to go home. Mother HA74
J4I<78
7874
<(8?I85F will worry. Good bye. A4KI4@74I - I’ll phone you tomorrow. 174 1

2

3

1. Ancient masks from Vani Vc.b.c. 2. Uplistsikhe-Theatre I- II centuries B.C. 3. Berikaoba - Festival of Masks. Sculptor A.Monaselidzc, Tbilisi. 175 4 5

6 7

4. Rustaveli Theatre, Tbilisi. 5. «The Tree of life». Sculptor Z.Tseretcli, in Khobi. 6. «Muse». Sculpter M. Berdzenishvili, Tbilisi. 7. Philharmonic Hall. Architect I.Chkhenkeli, Tbilisi.

Write the theme «Journey in Georgia» - in about 250 words 176 Part X

Business Affairs F4@H)4BM8
@BJLB54 Getting a Job

*DI8A
5E.4A785<*
:4M8* - Are you the director - in -chief of the «Kviris «>I<*K8
:4A - I’ve read an advertisement in your paper that 6K47854
EB@
:,H?G8G<
4E:<
I8A
FJBE87 - Very well. We need just such a specialist. 4F8*<
FC86<4?I8G4
)8@BBA G E4 DG F
8E *< for one year. J?<*

E4
F45H*85<4
F4,4E:<
:@47?B5*
>4E:47 - Well, thank you. Good bye. 5E.4A785B78*
A4KI4@7< ...... and others). There may be no conjunctions. Complex sentences are composed from non-equal sentences one of which is the main clause, the other a subordinate clause. They are joined by means of subordinative conjunctions or conjunctive words (EB@
EB:BE6
EB@8?<6
E47:4A46 F4746
EB78F46
<@

LI8?4
F45H*<
:4DI*
74547854E:4 2. Your papers are lost. *DI8AF
:4A6K47854F
74785<*< 3. Positive instructions appear on your E8MB?H6<4
7487B application form. *DI8AF
:4A6K47854F
H4ELB9<*< 4. Negative instructions have been appended on E8MB?H6<4
7487B your application. :4A6K47854
)8HG4A8*
94I85H?<4
I8E
@<:<(85*
@B<* can’t receive you. Wait. @8G4 7. Fill in the questionnaire. *DI8A
KB@
4E
)8:<.?<4*
74@8K 8. Could not you help me? @4EB* .4?<4A
:*KBI*
74@8K@4E8* 9. Please, (help me, I ask you very much -l.t.) help me. F45H*85<
744@BJ@85B 11. Can you bring a letter of recommendation? @8A746

**)8@B

@8 @B@L4IF < F @8 @BI

:4M8* «>I?<
:878I4A<)I

:
4
A
6
K
4
7
8
5
4

@B:4KF8A85*
EB@

J8?F
J4EH?G8G<

   8
BE58?<4A<

A Sample Application

To the director - in - chief of the «Kviris Palitra» newspaper. Mr. Irakli Gedevanishvili

From a resident of the city of Tbilisi Elene Orbeliani (1 .t)

Application

I wish to inform you that in 2010 I graduated with distinction from the TSU Faculty of Humanities specialising in the English Filology. I apply for the post of interpreter in your newspaper.

02.12.2010 Applicant: E. Orbeliani

180 4IGB5

@8
8?8A8
?B Humanities student at the English filology ?4
<@4I8
J8?F
:4IK7<
*FH H?G8G

7874

A

@4@4
?<
E8MBF
.8 Father - Irakli Orbeliani - Director of the BE58?<4A<
>4E7

74
D8*8I4A
?

D@4E<
:

)I


J




8
BE58?<4A< 2010 E. Orbeliani

181 74K4F<4*854 Reference

8?8A8
?H?G8G<
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9?B5F
IH?G8G4A<
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<
:8?BI4A< of TSU, Professor I. Gelovani.


J

Georgia - the Country of Tourism

Shatili - medieval tower 182 CE

EB:BE
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<@4E:47 of privatization? 4G4E78F

J8GHE<
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C4FHK shares) should be paid to the National Bank of Georgia )<
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@BF4K?8B54 population society 54A>< bank F4MB:47B854 5EB>8E< broker >BA:E8F< congress 5H(4?G8E< book-keeper K8?)8>EH?854 agreement 5I8*4 order @B:854 income F4BA>HEF< competition :E87BAGE4DG< contract CE8M8AG46<4 presentation 4ABA< law H4E< refusal 94G< certificate C4G8AG< patent JBA>HE8A6<4 competition 54#< duty >B@C8AF46<4 compensation commodity circulation >B@8E6<4 commerce F4DBA8?5EHAI4 F4>H*4E< own F4K4MH*E8 owner I4?785H?854 treasury obligations >8E.B private K8?94F< salary F454#B customs )EB@

@HEA4?B The therapeutic effect of mineral waters has been *I46B5EH*E85<*
@7<74E<4
@HEA4 «Borjomi» mineral water begins B.C. ?B7
@HEA4?B7

>H,H?<
>4G4E< 1. Chronic catarral gastritis  >H,H?< 3. Chronic cholecystitis 4A*854 5BE=B@

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A4I*B5F478AEH?854*4
C4 Black Sea (on the territory of Georgia) was signed on >8GF «@4FC<

185
E4F
<*I4?EH?854*4
C4>8G< agreements?

4(A<)AH?
K8?)8>EH?854*4
C4>8 - The building and transport (transit) of oil through G<
<*I4?I8H?<
@ BAFGEHD 6<4  terminals on the left bank of the River Supsa at the )8@78:
><
4K4?<
H5A85EH?85B@C4A<4

IEH?85B@C4A<4
74 «F4D4E*I8?BF
@B@C4 «Georgian Pipe-Line Company». A<4»

IB@C4A<85*4A
8E*47
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EB@8?<6
FJBE87 created and was the main participant of this agreement. 4@
K8?)8>EH?85<*KI8* M8

186 TERMINAL IN SUPSA

Terminal in Supsa

Sea-shore in Poti Ferry terminal. Vocabulary    raw materials  barytes    oil   copper ! petrol  iron ! 
   diesel fuel   steel     pipe-line  cast iron      mine   territory   tunnel    building    tunnel-building    operation (exploitation)    enterprise (factory)    reconstruction   
   mechanical (machine)   mounting factory    marble 
   heavy industry  tufa  
   light industry    coal  
   food industry     manganese   
   textile industry  metal    production  gold   shop, section    silver ! machine-tool

187 D4E*H?<
I4M<
74 Georgian Vines and Georgian Wines D4E*H?<
(I46H?GHE4
4E4 remember this well. It was also well-known to enemies @87
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@ and on the walls of majestic churches decorated with ?BE)<
@8 of industry, power and beauty. 7?85M8
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188 1

2

Vocabulary I4M< vine I8A4K< vineyard 3 @I8*< plot LHE.8A< grapes @G8I4A< branch FBEG< kind (sort) A8E:< saping @4E4A< marani (a place for the keeping of wine) DI8IE< kvevri (a wine jar buried under ground) >4FE< barrel 7BD< jar L4AJ< horn (I

1. Churchkhela - a sweet - a children’s favourite 2. Marani (kvevri - place for wine storage) 3. Georgian wine, cognac, vodka, champagne 4. Mtskheta, Svetitskhoveli, Representation of vine on the west front

«Shen khar venakhi» («you are the vine»). Performed by Rustavi Ensemble, art supervisor A. Erkomaishvili 4

189 Exersises Part I

WRITING OF GEORGIAN LETTERS

Georgian letters are written in a fourlined net as in English, but the letters have no slope. Some of the Georgian letters exceed the line upwards or downwards. Two letters exceed both up and down. The letters are shown not in alphabetical order, but according to the similarity of their outlines. i o On the line are written: t

One is located on the line, two exceed it upwards: a p’ h

Are on the line and exceed it upwards:

190  (dz)  š(sh)

s x

  z

r č (ch)

b

191 Begin on the line and go downwards:

  


ž

Begin below the line and exceed upwards onto the line:  γ () 

Begin on the line and go down:  

Exceed the line upwards and downwards: k 

192 Part II


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220 Dictionary Structure of the Dictionary

All parts of speech that are met in this book are included in the dictionary as independent lexical units. Lexical units are situated in alphabetical order and have appropriate characteristics, namely it is indicated to which parts of speech they belong. Words, which change, are given in their several forms. Nouns are presented in the Nominative case, singular and Genitive case form is indicated for those nouns the stem of which changes in declension. Adjectives are presented in the Nominative case. Verbs are mainly given in the present tense, III person and then follow the future and past perfect forms Verbal forms of the past perfect are given together with a pronoun if it stands in the Ergative case and if it does not, the pronoun is not indicated.

Abbreviations person - pers. demonstrative pronoun - demonstr. pr. plural - pl. adjective - a. sungural - sing. participle - p. case - c. resent tense - pres. t. tense -t. past tense - past t. noun - n. future tense - fut. t. verb - v. inanimate - inanim. grammar - gram. animate - anim. adverb - adv. perfective aspect - perf. asp. interjection - int. ergative case - erg. c. conjuction-conj. nominative case - nom. c. compound verb - comp. v. vocative case - voc. c. interrogative pronoun - int. adverbial case - adv. c. negative pronoun - neg. pr. genitive case - gen. c. relative pronoun - rel. pr. negative particle - neg. part, imperative mood - imp. m.

221  !64/-!4) - shotmachine, submachine, !"! - now gun !"!:!.!
!"!:!.)3 - bathroom !64/./-)52) - autonomic !"!-3
-)!"!-3
-!.
-)!"! - she binds, she is binding, !64/2) - author $!!"!-3
-!.
$!!"!  she ties !64/2)4%4) - authority !"!./ - bath - house !:%2"!)*!.%,) - Azerbaidzanian !") - pill, tablet !:2)
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!:2) - idea, opinion, (in my !")452)%.4) - school- leaver opinion) !"2%5-) -silk !!6%"3
'!!!6%"3
-!. - he finishes, he ends, he is !"25.%"3

 
$!!"25.%"3 - he returns, he is returning, '!!!6! finishing  -!.
$!!"25.!  he sends back !!3) - thousand 
-!.
!"25.! !!3*%2 - thousand times !"2!.$%3
!"2!.$%"! - stand up, get up (imp. m) !%2%"3
'!!%2%"3
-!. - he whitens, he is !'!2 !+ ) - cottage, dacha '!!%2! whitening !'%"3  !!'%"3  -!. - he constructs, he is !6!,)%2%"3 -he surveys, he is !!'/ constructing, he builds $!!6!,)%2%"3
-!. surveying !'%"5,) - constructed $!!6!,)%2! - !'6)34/ - August !) ten - !'6)!.%"3
$!!'6)!.%"3
-!. - he is late !) here is, this is - $!!'6)!.! !)6!.) balcony - !'2%6% - adv. also !).4%2%3%"3 he is interested in - !'2/6%"3
-/!'2/6%"3
-!. - he collects, he is !)/ he took - -/!'2/6! collecting, he gathers !+!$%-)!
!+!$%-))3 academy - !'2/./-) - agriculturist !+!$%-)+/3) Academician - !'2%,%"3
'!!'2%,%"3 - he continues, it goes on !+!.+!,%"3 he trembles, he is trembling -!.
'!!'2%,! - !$!-)!.) - person, human, being !+%%"3
'!!+%%"3
-!. he does, he is doing !$'),) -place '!!+%! - - to get up, to stand up !+2!,6!
!+2!,6)3 prohibition, to prohibite !$'/-!
!$'/-)3 - !$%1) - stood up, got up (II pers. !+2!,5,) prohibited - past t.) stand up, get up !+5-5,!4/2) accumulator - (imp. m.) !,!'%"3
$!!,!'%"3
-!. he tidies up, he is tidying !$6),!$ - adv. easily $!!,!'! !$)3 - he goes upstairs, he !,"! - probably, perhaps climbs !,'%"2!
!,'%"2)3 - algebra !$-).)342!4/2) - administrator !,-!3) - uncut diamond !$2% -early !,5"!,)
!,5",)3 - cherry !%2)!.%"3
'!!%2)!.%"3 - he unites !,5-).) - aluminium -!.
'!!%2)!.! !,5!
!,5)3 - plum !%2/$2/-) -airfield !-
!-!.
!-!3 - this (short form of the !%2/0/24) - airport demons, pr.) !6!$!!
!6!$
'!8$%"!
!6!$ - he is ill, hi is sick !-!:% -about it, about this '!8$! !-!.!) - parcel !6!$-9/&) -s ick !-)3
'!2$! - -besides this !6!, -1 will go upstairs (I pers. !-"!6)
!-")3 - news fut. t.) !-"/"3
)496)3
-!.
16! - he says, he is saying !6!.% - I switched on, I lit !-$%.) - so much (many) !6$%1) -1 got up !-:!$%"3
-/!-:!$%"3
-!. he prepares, he is preparing !6$)6!2 -1 am going upstairs, I am -/!-:!$! climbing !-!62%"3
$!!-!62%"3 - he finishes, he is !6%$) I went upstairs, I climbed -!.
$!!-!62! finishing, he ends !6%*) - furniture !-)%2+!6+!3)! - Caucasus !6) - furious !-).$) - weather !6)!#)!
!6)!#))3 -aviation !-)3!.! -pr. such !63%"3
!!63%"3
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!!63/ - he fillls, he is filling !-)36)3 - pr. for this !64/")/'2!&)! - autobiography !-)4/- - adv. because of, that's !64/")/'2!&))3 why, therefore !64/"53) - bus !-/6$)6!2
!-/6!, -1 am going upstairs, I am !64/-!.1!.!
!64/-!.1!.)3 -c ar !-/6%$) ascending (comp. v. I pers. pres. t.) 222 !-/2%6!
!-/2%6)3 - to ellect, to choose, !342/./-)! -Astronomy election !342/./-))3 !-/2%5,) - elected !35,) -daughter !-/#!.!
!-/#!.)3 -tusk !37/2%"3
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-!. - he corrects, he is !-/7-%"3
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-!. - he checks, he is checking, '!!37/2! correcting %!-/7-! he verifies !4!-)
!4-)3 - peach !-!-!$ - at present !5$)4/2)!
!5$)4/2))3 - auditorium !-4+)#%"3 - he proves, he is proving !5:) - swimming pool, !-&)%!42) -circle !5/%"3
$!!5/%"3
-!. - he irons, he presses, he is !-8!.!') -friend $!!5/! ironing !. - or !5#),%"%,) - necessary !."!.) - alphabet !5#),%",!$ - by all means, without fail !.!%"3
'!!.!%"3
-!. - he illuminates, he shines, !&!3%"3
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-!. - he appreciates '!!.!! he lightens $!!&!3! !.!,):) -analysis !&%.)! - it is spread, it is laid !.!.!3) - ananas !&)!1) -chemist's !.!4/-)!
!.!4/-))3 - Anathomy !&2%.!
!&2%.)3 -to fly !.'!2)) -account, bill !&2).$%"! - it will fly, it will take off !.'!2)/"3
)!.'!2)%"3 he counts, he is counting !&8!:%) - Abkhazia -!.
)!.'!2)! !1 -here !.').!
!.').)3 - quincy !1%"3
%!1%"3
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%!1/ - he praises !.$%2) - testament, will !1%$!. - from here !.%"!
!.%")3 - 1) to light, 2) !1%+%. - to this way inflammation !163 - he has (inanim) !.)! - it is lighted !1,%-) - camel !.+%4!
!.+%4)3 - form questionnaire !14) - act !.5 -or, i. e. !!2 - neg. part, not any more !0!4)%"3 -he will forgive !%"3
'!!%"3
-!. - he opens, he is opening !02),) -April '!!/ !2 - neg. part, not !-!2) - ascent !2! -no !-!4%"))
8!2)38) - superlative degree !2!6). - neg.pr. nobody, none !-!%.%"%,) - builder, constructor !2!6)3 - nobody !-/3!6,%) -The East !2!6)3) - nobody's !-/%.! - to discover, to be found, !2!-%$ -but to reveal, discovery !2!!.)
!2!.)3 - sour-cream !7%2!
!7%2)3 - to describe, description !2!&%2) - nothing !%.%"!
!%.%")3 -to build !2!9)
!29)3 - vodka !%.%"5,) - built !2$!$%'%") - holidays vacations !6%.%"3 - he shows, he points, he is !2)-%4)+!
!2)-%4)+)3 - arithmetics showing !2)3 - he, she, it is !1!2%"5,) - accelerative, hastened !23%"!
!23%")3 - being, creature !#6)! - he wears !23%")) - substantial !#8!$%"3
'!-/!#8!$%"3 - he announces, he declares, !249!-3
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-!. he hits, he kicks, he is -!.
'!-/!#8!$! he is announcing $!!249! kicking !#8/"3
'!-/!#8/"3
-!. -he bakes, he is baking !2%6! - to elect, to choose '!-/!#8/ !2# - part.s neither... nor !,%63 - she gives !27)6) - eagle !!2!
!!2)3 -Adjara !28) - canal, channel !8!,'!:2$! -young !3!+) -age !8!,'!:2$)3 !3!.) - match !8!,) -new !3% - adv. so this way !8!,/"),) --new born !3%6% - also, as well !8,! -adv. now !3%)  - such, this kind of !8,!.$%,) - adv. present !3) - hundred !8,!6% - adv. just now !3/ -letter !8,/
!8,/3 -adv. near !30%14) - aspect !8,/"%,)
!8,/",)3 - close (friend, relative) !325,%"3
%!325,%"3 - he executes, he fulfills -!.
%!325,! 223 "5:) -fly "!"5!
"!"5)3 -grandfather "5,"5,) - nightingale "!$2)*!.)
"!$2)*.)3 - eggplant "5,'!2%) - Bulgaria "!66) -child, kid "5.%"!
"5.%")3 -nature "!:!2)
"!:2)3 -market "52) -ball "!:2/"!
"!:2/")3 --fair "5&%4) -refreshment "!,)
",)3 -cherry "54) - bubble "!,)) - pillow  "!-"! -cotton '!'%"! - to understand "!.!/"! - to swim, to bathe, '!':!6.!
'!':!6.)3 -to send swimming '!$!6$)6!2 -1 am moving in "!.$%2/,) - parcel '!$)3 - he goes out, he is going "!.+) -bank out "!) -tax '!$!#%-!
'!$!#%-)3 - broadcast, transmission "!2!) -letter '!$!3!36,%,) - underground "!2') - luggage '!62#/"),)
7).!$!$%"! - complex sentence "!249) - nestling '!:!&85,) -Spring "!2!9) - thigh '!:%) - newspaper "!4+!.)
"!4+.)3 -lumb '!"/"!
'!"/")3 - heating, to heat "!4/.) - mister '!8/6%"!
'!8/6%")3 - to get married "!1!.)
"!1!.)3 - platform '!8/6),) - married "!) -garden '!+6%),) - lesson "'%2!
"'%2)3 - sound '!,%2%!
'!,%2%)3 - gallery "%")!
"%"))3 -grandmother '!-!2*/"! - hallo, good "%$) - fate, fortune, luck morning/afternoon/evening "%$.)%2) - happy '!-:)2) -avenue "%$.)%2%"!
"%$.)%2%")3 - happiness '!-/+,%"!
'!-/+,%")3 - deduction, to deduct "%62) - many, much, a lot of '!-/-#%-,/"! - publishing house "%,%4!) -first floor '!-/-#%-,/")3 "%.:).) -petrol '!-/-#86!2) -baked "%2) -monk '!-/3!85,%"! - reflection "%52!
"%52)3 - sparrow '!-/&%.!
'!-/&%.)3 - exhibition "%76) -fur '!-/%.),) - famous, outstanding, well- "%%$)
"%$)3 - 1. ring,2. stamp, 3. seal known "%*)) - dilligent '!-/#$!
'!-/#$)3 - examination ")",)/%+! - library '!-2!6,%"!
'!-2!6,%")3 - multiplication, to multiply ")",)/%+)3 -seller ").!
").)3 -flat '!-9)$6%,) '!-8$!2) - thin, lean, slim ")/'2!&)!
")/'2!&))3 - biography - education, to educate ")/,/')!
")/,/'))3 - Biology '!.!,%"!
'!.!,%")3 '!.6)!2%"! - development, to develop ")52/ - office, bureau '!.6)!2%")3 ")5*%4) - budget -wide ")#/,! - aunt (uncle's wife) '!.)%2) '!.-!6,/"!) -during ")!
"))!
"))3 - uncle - enlightener ")!6),) -cousin '!.-!.!,%"%,) '!.3!:62%"! - definition ")) -boy '!.3!:62%")3 ".%,) -dark - adv. especially, "/$)) - pardon, apology, excuse '!.3!+52%") particularly "/,) - bottle '!.3!+52%"5,) -special "/,/ -end '!.!7),%"!
'!.!7),%")3 - distribution, to distribute "/,/+) -radish '!.9/&),%"! - department, section "/34.%5,) - vegetable '!.9/&),%")3 "2),)!.4) -diamond '!.#8!$%"!
'!.#8!$%")3 - declaration "2).*) -rice '!2$!#6!,%"! - to die, death "2-! - blind '!2$!#6!,%")3 "2/7%5,) - ponegranate '!2$!)#6!,! -he died "25.6!
"25.6)3 - case, declension, to '!2% -outer decline '!2%-/%"!
'!2%-/%")3 - circumstance, case "2!.%"!
"2!.%")3 - to order, comment

224 '!2%5,) -wild $!",! -below '!2%#86!
'!2%#86)3 -to wash $!"2!.$) - sit down (II pers. imp. '!3!36,%,) -exit m.) '!3!%") -key $!"25.$! - he returned, he came back. '!36,!
'!36,)3 - to go out $!'6)!.%"!
$!'6)!.%")3 - to be late coming late, '!58/6!2) - single, maiden delay '!5-!2*/3 - long live $!$'%.),%"! - decision, decree '!52%#8!6) -unwashed $!$'%.),%")3 '!/2%"5,) -divorced $!$%")) -positive '!%2%"!
'!%2%")3 - stop, station, to stop $!$)3 - he goes '!6%.%" -I will show you $!6!,%"!
$!6!,%")3 - homework, obligation '!51%" -1 will present you $!6!,)%2%"! - survey, inspect, '!#)%"5,) - to be cold $!6!,)%2%")3 inspection '!#./"!
'!#./")3 - acquaint $!6) -bear '!9)$6!
'!9)$6)3 -to sell $!+!6%"5,) - arrested, to be busy '!9)$5,) - -to be sold $!+2!,6!
$!+2!,6)3 - funeral '%-) - sheep $!-!2#8%"!
$!-!2#8%")3 - defeat, to defeat '%-/ -taste $!-&5.%"%,) - founder '%-/6.%"! -taste $!-&5.%",)3 '%.!#6!,% -1 would take your troubles $!-7%2,/"! - writing '%/'2!&)! Geography $!-7%2,/")3 '%/-%42)! Geometry $!.!
$!.)3 - knife '6!2) - surname $!0!4)%"!
$!0!4)%")3 - invitation, to invite '6%,) - snake $!2"!:) -hall '6%2$) -side $!249-!
$!249-)3 - hit, strike '6)!. - adv. late $!3!6,%) -the West '6)2),!
'6)2),)3 -daisy $!36%.%"!
$!36%.%")3 - to rest, rest ':!
':)3 - road, way $!3!36%.%"%,)
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$2!-)3 -drama 6!+!#) - manly man, a brave man $2!-!452') - playwright, dramatist 6!2 - I’am $2/ - time 6!2$) -rose $%
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$!)6!2#8.)3 - she combs, she is combing %6:) -fish $!)6!2#8.! %2$%"! -it is becoming white )6,)3) -July %2%5,) -linen )6.)3) - June %2) - white ):/-!63
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-!. - he is buttoning, he buttons %163-%4) - sixteen %)+2! %/ -ham ))3&%2) - violet 6!,) -eye )-
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6)3 -month )-%2%,) -Imeretian 6) - hemself, itself )-)3) -his, her 6)-&2).!6) -airplane )-)4/- - adv. because of that, 6)/. - pr. himself, myself, because herself )-9/&%"! - he is, it is 62!-%4) -eighteen ).',)3%,) -Englishmen )) - finger, toe ).',)3) -England )2+-%,) -kidney ).',)352) - English -!
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).).2)3 - engineer 52-% - it appears, it seems 227 ).34)454) - institute +!./.) -law ).4%2%3) - interest +!.&%4) - sweet, goody ).452)34) -intourist +!2!$!
+!2!$)3 - bookcase, dresser )/$) - iodine +!2!1) - butter )2!.) -Iran +!2"52!4/2) - carburattor )2'6,)6 - around +!2'!$ -adv. well )2%-)
)2-)3 - deer +!2') -good )3% - adv. so, so that +!2$)/'2!-! - cardiogram )3%6% -also +!2) - door )3%) - such, that kind of +!24/&),) - potato )3).) -they +!4!
+!4)3 -cat )3-%.3 - he listens, he is listening +!4!,/') - catalogue )30!.!8) -spinage +!&% - cafe )34/2)!
)34/2))3 - history +!.% - scarf )4!,)!
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+%$,)3 -wall )1)$!. - adv. from there +%),) -kind )1) - adv. that way, there +%26!
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-!. - he colours, she dyes, she %+%2! %)%"! is colouring +%2) - dish, portion )%"3
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!)/ - 1. he takes, he is taking; 2. +%2/ -private he receives +%3!.% - forget me not )9!6) -you were +%4!63
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+)")3 - stair )79%"3
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-!. - he begins, he starts, he is +)$%6 -also, again $!)79/ beginning +)86!
+)86)3 -question )8$)3

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7!)+)8!63 - he is reading, he reads '!$!)8!$!

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-!. - he is asking, he asks )86) -duck (+)8! )852!63
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-!. - he puts on +)6) -kiwi $!)852! +),/ - kilogram )*!2!
)*!2)3 - lease, rent +),/-%42) - kilometre )*$! - he was sitting, he sat +)./ -cinema  +)3%2)
+)32)3 -neck +!"!
+!")3 -dress +)42) - cucumber +!6+!3)!
+!6+!3))3 - Caucasus +,!63
-/+,!63
-!. - he kills +!/,)+/3) - Catholicos -/+,! +!%$2!
+!%$2)3 -chair +,!3) -class +!+!,)
+!+,)3 - nut +,!3)+52) - classical +!+!/ - cacao +.54) - kitten +!,!"52) - basketball +/6:) - spoon +!,!-)
+!,-)3 -pen +/-"/34/ - cabbage +!,-!8) -trout +/-%2#)5,) - commercial +!.$)$!4) - kandidate +/-0/:)4/2) -composer +!.) -skin +/-) - quince +!.+!,%"3 - he trembles, he is +/.'2%3) - congress trembling +/.6%24) - envelope 228 +/.+52%.#)! - competition  +/.+52%.#))3 -!' - demons, pr. that +/.+523) - competition -!'!,)) -example +/.34)45#)! - constitution -!')$!
-!')$!3 -table +/.34)45#))3 -!')342!452! - magistry +/.&%2%.#)! -conference -!')342!452)3 +/.&%2%.#))3 -!'.)4/&/.) - tape recorder +/.#%24) -concert -!'2!- - but, however +// - mosquito, gnat -!$,/"!
-!$,/")3 - thanks +/#.!
+/#.)3 -kissing -!:,) - brother-in-law +/#.)3
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-!. - he is kissing, he kisses -!:5) - black mineral oil !+/#! -! - pers. pr. them, they +/2053) - building -!%-!4)+!
-!%-!4)+)3 - mathematics +/&!
+/&)3 -blouse -!) -their +5 -tortoise -!)-5.) -monkey +5,452!
+5,452)3 -culture -!).# -part, yet +50% - compartment -!)3) -May +52$%,)
+52$,)3 --hare -!)/.%:) -maionese +52/24) -resort -!)352) - vest, shirt +523) -course -!+!2/.) - macaroni +5) - stomach -!,!-/ -ointment, remedy  -!,% - soon ,!"!$!
,!"!$)3 -overcoat -!-!
-!-)3 -father ,!,) -ruby -!-!+!#) -man ,!-!:) - beatiful, pretty, handsome -!-!,) -cock ,!0!2!+)
,!0!2!+)3 - talk, conversation -!-!-),) -father-in-law ,!0!2!+/"3
),!0!2!+%"3 - he speaks, he talks -!-)$! - aunt ),!0!2!+! -!-)$!6),) -cousin ,!2) -Lari -!-).!#6!,)
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,%13)+)3 - vocabulary -!.1!.!
-!.1!.)3 - car ,%13)+/.) - dictionary -!.),) - distance ,%14/2) - lecturer -!2!.)
-!2.)3 - wine-cellar ,%1#)!
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-!2+)3 -stamp ,)-/.) -lemon -!2+)!.) -stamped ,).'6)34) - linguist -!2-!2),/ -marble ,)4%2!452! - literature -!24) - March ,)4%2!452)3 -!24)6) - simple, easy, prime ,)42) - litre -!24/ -only ,/")/ - bean -!2#6!,) - sillable ,/')+!
,/')+)3 -logic -!2#8%.! -left ,/').) -bed -!2#8.)6 - on the left, to the left ,/$).) - expectation -!2796) -strawberry ,/-) - lion -!2*6%.! - right ,/!
,/)3 - box -!2*6.)6 - on/to the right ,/9! --cheek -!30).%,)
-!30).,)3 -hostess, host ,/#6!
,/#6)3 --prayer -!37!6,%"%,) - teacher ,/#5,/"3 - -he prays, he is praying -!37!6,%",)3 ,/#!63
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-!. - he blesses, he is blessing -!4!2%"%,)
-!4!2%",)3 -train $!,/#! -!!:)!
-!!:))3 -shop ,5$) - beer -!!,) - tall, high ,52*) -blue -!!2/ -mine, pit 229 -!). -then -)$)8!2 -you go -!#)6!2)
-!#)62)3 -frige -)%#) - 1. you gave him (II pers. -!7/.)
-!76.)3 -sour milk past t.); 2. give him (imp. -!*!
-!*)3 -wrist m.) -'%,)
-',)3 -wolf -)6! - he will go there, he will -':!62) - passenger, traveller come there -'/.)! - it seems to be, I think -)6!, -I will come there -$'/-!2%/"! - situation -)6$)6!2 -I am going -$%"!2%/"3 - situated -)6%$) -I came there -$)$!2) - rich, wealthy -)6)$! - he came there -$)6!.)
-$)6.)3 - secretary -)6,).%"!
-)6,).%")3 - business trip -$).!2%
-$).!2)3 -river -):!.) - aim, purpose, target -$/'6) -mustard -):%:) - reason, cause -% -I -))26) -help yourself -%!% -the tenth -).!.1!2) -enamel -%"!2'5,) - porter -).$! -I want -%"!%
-%"!)3 -gardener -).$/2)
-).$62)3 - field -%'/"!2)
-%'/"2)3 -friend -).%2!,52)
79,%") - mineral waters -%'2%,) - Mingrelian -)3!-!2) - address -%$!,)
-%$,)3 - medal -)3!%") - reception room -%%:/6%
-%%:/6)3 -yardman -)3) -his, her -%:/"%,)
-%:/",)3 - neighbour -)3#! - he gave him -%:6!52) - sailor -)&2).!63 - it flies, it is flying -%+!2%
-%+!2)3 - goalkeeper -)96!23 - I love, I like -%,! -fox -)3#! - he gave -%/2% - second -)3#%-3 - he will give -%2% - then, after -)%#) - give him (II pers. imp. m.) -%2#8!,)
-%2#8,)3 - swallow -)7!
-)7)3 - ground -%28) -desk -)7!79!,) - territory -%3!!%
-%3!!)3 - watch-maker -)7)316%! - underground -%3!+52%
-%3!+52)3 -owner -)8!+) - pink, carnation -%4!$ -more -)86!, - you will come -%4)3-%4!$ -rather, too -)86%$) -you came -%4/1%
-%4/1)3 - rival, competitor -)(1/.$! - he was taking -%42) -metre -+,!6) -arm -%42/ --subway -+!#2) - severe, strict -%5,%
-%5,)3 - -spouse -+%2!6) - tailor -%&%
-%&)3 - -king -+%2$) - breast, chest -%#!$).%/"! - -study, to study, classes -+6$!2)
-+6$2)3 -dead -%#!$).%/")3 -+6%2) - sharp, acute -%#!$).%/"3
)-%#!$).%"3 - he studies, he is studying -+)86%,) - reader -!.
)-%#!$).! -+2!,) -pale -%#.)%2) - scientist -/'%"!
-/'%")3 - profit, win -%85% -the fifth -/$!
-/$)3 -fashion -:!$
-:!$
9/&.! - to be ready - come here (II pers. fut. -the sun -/$) -:%
-:)3 imp. m.) - sunflower -:%35-:)2!
-:%35-:)2)3 -/$)3 - he is coming - sunny -:)!.) -/$)8!2 - you are coming -mountain -!
-)3 -/%$!.)
-/%$.)3 -square -main -!6!2) -/6! - he will come - government -!62/"!
-!62/")3 -/6!, - I will come - interpreter, translator -!2'-.%,) -/6$)6!2 -I am coming - whole, entire -%,) -/6%$) -I came - the moon -6!2%
-6!2)3 -/6)$! - he came, he has come - he takes there, he is -)!163 -/%2/ - whitish taking there -/+)86!
-/+)86)3 - greeting -)!.)! - he considers -/+,% -short -)$!-/ - environment -/+2)6%
-/+2)6)3 - boxer -)$)3 - he goes (there) 230 -/,!0!2!+%"! - negotiation -5!/"3
)-5!6%"3
-!. -he works, he is working -/,!0!2!+%")3 )-5!6! -/,!2%
-/,!2)3 - cashier -5#%,) - abdomen -/,/$).) - expectation -58,) - knee -/-3!852%"! - service -6$%,)
-6$,)3 -priest -/-3!852%")3 -9)$6%,) - buyer, customer -/-%2!,) -singer -%.%"%,)
-%.%",)3 - builder -/.!:/.)
-/.!:6.)3 -nun -6%.)%2) - wonderful -/.!34%2)
-/.!342)3 -monastery -6)$/"!
-6)$/")3 - peace -/2)'%
-/2)')3 -on duty -6)$/") - good bye -/2%.!
-/2%.)3 - recovery, cure -)! -1 am hungry -/2%") - you will recover -/"%,) - parent -/27-5.% - beliver -/",)52) -native -/3!:/-%"%,) - fitting-room -#%.!2%
-#%.!2)3 -plant -/3!-!2,% - judge -#)2% - small, tiny -/3!-!2,)3 -#8/62%") - inhabitant -/3!-3!852% - servant, office-worker -)6%") - beads -/3!-3!852)3 -)-% - heavy, hard -/3!76%6) - invitation -7!2% - bitter -/3!8,%/"! - population -7%2!,)
-7%2,)3 - author, writer -/3!8,%/")3 -7%2) - insect -/37!6,%
-/37!6,)3 -pupil -76!$) -shashlik -/1!,!1%
-/1!,!1)3 - citizen -76!.% - green -/1!.$!+% - sculptor -76!.),) - greens -/!,!4%
-/!,!4)3 - traitor -762.%,) - coach -/96)!,/ - yellowish -7952)! -I am thirsty -/!.3 - it appears, it seems -!$) - maize -/#%+6!6%
-/#%+6!6)3 - dancer -8!2%
-8!2)3 -side -/2!/"!
-/2!/")3 - action, movement -8!2)
-82%") - shoulder -/6!2) - confessor -8!46!2)
-8!462)3 - painter, artist -/!$2!+%
-/!$2!+)3 -chess player -8%#) -beast -/)$!6%
-/)$!6)3 - wrestler -8/,/$ -only -/8!25,) - boiled  -/8$! - -it happened, it has .!6/") -oil happened .!63!$'52) - port, harbour -/8$%"! - it will happen .!:) - tender, delicate -/86!, - you will come .!%,) - clear, light -/86%$) - you came, you have come .!%3!6) - relative -/85#) -old .!,)$%$!
.!,)$%$)3 -godmother -2!6!,) -many, much .!,)-!-! - godfather -2'6!,) - round, circular .!,/"!
.!,/")3 - baptism, christen -2%#8!6) - laundress .!,5,) - godson, goddaughter, -3!8)/") - actor, actress godchild -3!852) - servant .!52!
.!52)3 -bulb -3!*) - referee .!-#86!2) -cake -3'!63) - similar .!0)2) - shore, coast -3/&,)/ -the world .!6%,)
.!6,)3 -grief - bought -35"51) - light, slight .!9)$) -38!,)
-38,)3 - pear .!9).) -ice-cream -4%6!.)
-4%6.)3 - bunch of grapes .!#2)3&%2) -gray -4%2)
-42)3 -enemy .!7!2-/%") - literary work, work -42%$) -pigeon .!7),) -part - intestine -5$!- -always .!7,!6) -5:%5-) -museum .!%2)
.!2)3 - piece -5,) - sister-in-law .!8!4) - drawing, picture -52!"!
-52!")3 -jam .!8% - you saw, you have seen -53)+!
-53)+)3 -music .!8%6!2) -half -51) -dark, murky .!86! - to see, to visit -5!/"!
-5!/")3 -to work .!85,/"3 - he visits 231 .!86!-$)3 - good bye 0!2+) -park .!8)2) -coal 0!2,!-%.4) -parlament .$/-!
.$/-)3 - to wish, desire 0!24%2) - stall .%"!26! - permission 0!24)!
0!24))3 -party .%$,%5,) -raw material 0!30/24) - passport .%+.) -rib 0!358) - answer, reply .%,! -slowly 0!4!2! - small, little .%,) -slow 0!4!2!,)
0!4!2,)3 -bride .)'/:)
.)'6:)3 - nut, valnut 0!4)%"3
$!0!4)%"3
-!. - he invites, he is inviting .)6) - thing $!0!4)! .)+!0) - chin 0!42/.) - owner, master .)-5) - model, example 0!42/./"3
50!42/.%"3 - he owns, he protects, he .)3,) -fog, mist 50!42/.! bosses .)!.)
.).)3 -sign, mark 0%0%,!
0%0,)3 - butter-fly .)) - talent, gift, capacity 0%2!.') -shirt .))%2) - talented, gifted 0)%3!
0)%3)3 -play ./%-"%2)
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02/'2!-)3 -programme /2!3) - two hundred 02/30%14) -avenue /2'!./ -organ 02/&%3)! -profession /2) -two 02/#%.4) -percentage, percent /2)6% - both -bread /2-/#) -forty 052) /23!25,)!.) -two storeyed  /2!"!) - Monday ),%4) - waistcoat /2#8/"),! - biscuit 52.!,) - journal, magazine /2*%2 -twice 52.!,)34) - journalist /3%) -Oseti - official /&)#)!,52)  /12/ -gold 2!
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0!-)$62)3 often -wake 0!.!6)$) 2!3!+6)26%,)! -of course -grandfather 0!0!
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3!.,)3 - candle 258) -grey 3!/#2!$ - wonderfully 2!,)
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2)3 - milk 3!0/.) -soap - floor, storey  3!25,) 3!!6!$-9/&/ - hospital 3!2+%
3!2+)3 - mirror 3!!) - 1. hour 2. clock, watch 3!3!$),/ - dining-room 3!"!.)
3!".)3 - blanket 3!3!8,%
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3/&,)3 - village, country 3!9%,/ - collar 30%#)!,)34) - specialist 3!9).5,% - ice-box 30),%.) - copper 3!952%
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3!512)3 - present, gift 32)!,) - sliding 3!#)6) - satsivi (Georgian meal) 325,)!$ - entirely, completely, 3!#/,%
3!#/,)3 -bride absolutely 3!7!2-/ -enterprise 34!$)/.) - stadium 3!7/,) -bed 34!&),/ - carrot 3!-%,)
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3!8)3 - face, image 345$%.4) -student 3!8%,) -name 345-!2)
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3)'!.)3 -width 35&! - clean 3)'2%
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3)496)3 -word  3)96!25,) -love 4!.) - body, trunk 3)5-%
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3))3 -son-in-law 4%2&) - foot 3)8!25,) -joy 46).) -brain 3+!-) -chair 4),/ -louse 234 4)2)3
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49)3 - forest, wood &),/,/')52) - philological 49%-!,)
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5"%$52%")3 - misfortune, unhappiness &)12) -n. thought 5"%$52) -unhappy &)12/"3
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&/34)3 - post-office 5+6% - already &/34!4%,%'2!&) - post-telegraph 5+2!63
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1!-)3 -hen 5#/,/ - single, unmarried 1!,!
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16)3 -stone 2-! - deep 16!.!8)2) -coal 25"%,) - cloud 16%6)$!. -from below 25",)!.) -cloudy 16%62) - kvevri (a wine jar buried 2),) -gum under ground) 5-%,) -stove 16%9!.!
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15,)3 - point, pass mark 9).5,) -ice 152!
152)3 -forge 9./3!63 - he smells 1521) - furcoat 9/6%,'!. -everywhere 15!
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%+6%)3 - order, to book )2) -dried fruit %+6%),) - ordered, booked )4) -bird %+)86! - question /'"52) -tennis %-$%' - then, after 5-!$ - silently, quietly %-$%') - following, next 1!2! -quickly, fast %-86%6!
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7).!$!$%")3 -sentence )2) - root, bottom 7).! - formerly, before, ago )2)!$!$ - fundamentally, mainly, 7).!.$%,) -previous, former principally, particularly 7).!0!2)
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7.%6)3 - pressure 7!$) go (imp. m.) 7/,!
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7!-,)3 - medicine, remedy 758%, - adv. last night 7!-) - second 7583 - he worries 7!-7!-) -eye-lash 79!,)
79,)3 - water 7!2") -eye-brow 79!,3!$%.) - waterpipe 7!235,) -past 79!2/ - spring, source 7!27%2!
7!27%2)3 - inscription, to inscribe 79,%") - waters 7!86!, - you will go 79,5,) - ulcer 7!86%$) -you went 79.!2) - quiet, silent 7%62) -member 7%63 - it lies, he lies  7%68!2 - you lie !$2!+) -chess 7%,)
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8%28%-,)3 -spine 8!:) - line 86!, - tomorrow 8!,!) - dressing-gown 86!,).$%,) - tomorrow's 8!,)!
8!,))3 - carpet 86!,)3!6)3 - for tomorrow 8!,8) - people 86%6!
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8!.2)3 -fire 8),) -fruit 8!.*!,)
8!.*,)3 - daggar 8).+!,)
8).+,)3 - khinkali (Georgian meal) 8!2 -you are 8-!
8-)3 - voice, tone 8!2) -bull 8-!-!,! - loudly 8!2)38) - degree, grade 8-!$!",! - in a low voice 8!2)38)!.) - qualitative 8-!,)
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$!8!2*!63
-!. -he wastes 8/2#) meat $!8!2*! 8/8/") - pheasant 8!3)!) -character 83/6.!
83/6.)3 -memory 8!46!
8!46)3 -to draw, to paint 85) -five 8!4!63
$!8!4!63
-!. -he draws, he paints, he is 852$!
852$)3 -change $!8!4! drawing 85#%3) -priest 8!4) -icon 8!) -khashi (Georgian meal)  8!!052) - khachapuri (cheese cake) *!:) -jazz 8!/ - curds, cottage-cheese *!-) -bowl, basin 8!,!-! - khashlama (Georg. meal) *!.-2%,) - healthy 8!86) -onion *!.-2%,/"! - health 8"/ -culf *!.-2%,/")3 8$%"! - it happens *'5&) -group 
7!8$! 1. it spoiled *$/-!
*$/-)3 -to sit 
'!8$! 2. she lost weight *%-) -jam 
'!8$! 3. she became *%2 - yet, still 
-/8$! 4. it happened *6!2)
*62)3 -cross 8%
8)3 -tree *62)37%2!
*62)37%2)3 - engage 8%$!63
%8%$!63
%8%$! - he sees, he looks *)"%
*)")3 - pocket 8%$) - view, prospect *),$/ - reward, prize 8%,"52%,) - handballer 8%,"52) - handball  8%,!-!.) -gloves (!%2) -air 8%,) -hand (!6!
(!6)3 - climate 8%,)3'5,) -palm (!,3458) - tie 8%,)3
-/7%2! - to sign ('!63 - he looks like 8%,)35&,%"! - government ('/.)! - it seems to him 8%,)35&,%")3 (16)! - it is called, its name is, his 8%,-7)&%
8%,-7)&)3 - king, prince, tzar name is 8%,.!7%2) - manuscript (1/.$! - he had (inanim.) 8%,/6!.) - artist (painter, actor etc.) (1/.)! - he would have (inanim.) 8%,/6.%"!
8%,/6.%")3 - art, skill (9!63 - he has (anim.) 8%,/6.52) - artificial (9/,)! - he would have (anim.) 8%,/3!.)
8%,/3.)3 - workman 8%,3!8/#) -napkin 8%,&!3) - salary 8%,%+25,%"!8%,%+25 - agreement, contract ,%")3 8%,!.!
8%,!.)3 - handbag 8%/"!
8%/")3 -gorge 239 PART IV

T-17 -with grammar and conjugation of the verbs ."274
.:"74 in the past imperfect and future tenses. 2-3 days Declension of qualifying words in pair before/after a noun and vocabulary (parts of a body). 3-4 days T-18 - with grammar 2-3 days Texts «At a Chemist’s», «At a Dentist’s» with vocabulary 2-3 days Texts «Ambulance», «At the Patient’s» with vocabulary 2-3 days

PART V

T-19, T-20 - with grammar and vocabulary 2-3 days T-21 - with grammar 2 days Text «In the Shop» with vocabulary 2-3 days T-22 and text «At the Market» with grammar and vocabulary 3-4 days Text «In a Shopping Centre» 3-4 days

PART VI

T-23 - with vocabulary 2-3days T-24 - with grammar 2-3days T-25 - with grammar and vocabulary 3-4 days T-26 with grammar, T-27 and text «Invitation to a Wedding» with vocabulary 3-4days Text «On a Visit» 3-4days

PART VII

Text «Bus Travel» with grammar 2-3days Text «At the Booking-office» with grammar 2-3days Texts «Travelling by Car», «Air Travel» with grammar and text «Inquiries» 2-3days

240 Texts «Television», «What is the Weather Like?» with phrases 2-3days Texts «Hotel Services», «At the Hair-dressing Salon» and «At the Restaurant» with phrases 2-3 days

PART VIII

Text «In Tbilisi» T-28 with grammar and vocabulary 3-4 days T-29 and text «Phone Dialogues» with grammar 2-3 days Texts «In a Taxi», «On a Trolley-bus» with grammar and vocabulary T-30, T-31 with vocabulary 3-4 days Text «In the Capital» 2-3 days

PART IX

T-32 with grammar 2-3 days Text «At the Exhibition», T-33 and text «Talking About Drama» with vocabulary 2-3 days Text «Fans» with phrases, vocabulary and text «At the Zoo», with vocabulary 3-4 days Text «At the Flower Shop» with vocabulary and T-34 with grammar and vocabulary, phrases 2-3 days Text «At the Theatre» 2-3 days

PART X

Text «Getting a Job» with grammar and phrases 2-3 days Texts «A Sample Application», «Autobiography», and «Reference» 2-3 days Text «Privatization» with vocabulary and phrases 2-3 days Text «Borjomi Mineral Water» 2 days Text «The Pipe Line» with grammar and vocabulary 2-3 days Text «Georgian Vines and Wines» with vocabulary 2 days

241 CONTENTS

By the Author 3 General Characteristics of the Georgian Language 4,5,6 About Georgia 7,8,9

PART I Reading and Writing 11 Georgian Alphabet 13 Writing of Georgian Letters 14,15 Countries of the World 20 Cities of the World 20 Cities and Resorts of Georgia 21 Regions of Georgia 21 Rivers of Georgia 21 Georgian Surnames 22 Outstanding Georgian Writers and Poets 22

PART II Acquaintances 23 T-l 24 T-2 28 T-3 32 T-4 35 T-5 35 T-6 36 T-7 38 T-8 39 T-9 40 «Getting to know you» 42,43 (Personal and Possesive Pronouns. The Table of Subjective and Objective Person Markers. Basic and Non-basic Person of the Verb. The Numerals).

PART III Studying and Education 45 T-10 46 T-ll 50 T-12 52 T-l3 53 T-l4 56 What Time is it? 61 T-15 62

242 T-16 63 At a Public Library 64,65 A Dialogue with School Leaver 66,67,68 (Declension of Noun. Formation of the Past Imperfect and the Future Tenses. Preverbs)

PART IV At the Doctor’s 69 T-17 70 T-18 78 At a Chemist’s 86 At the Dentist’s 88 Ambulance 90 At the patient’s 91,92 (Dynamic Passive Verbs. Declension of Qualifying Words in Pair Before/After a Noun. Formation of the Past Perfect and II Subjunctive.)

PART V Trade 93 T-19 94 T-20 95 T-21 98 In the Shop 100 T-22 102 At the Market 103 In a Shopping Centre 106,107,108 (Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives. Declension of the Demonstrative pronouns. Version of the Verb. The Infinitive Forms of the Verb).

PART VI Visits 109 T-23 110 T-24 113 T-25 117 T-26 12 T-27 121 Invitation to a Wedding 122 On a Visit 125,126,127,128 (Forms for the Respectable Addressing. Postpositions. Participles)

PART VII Travel 129 Bus Travel 130

243 At the Booking-office 132 Travelling by Car 134 At the Auto-service 134 Air Travel 135 Inquiries 137 At the Airport 137 In Another Town 138 At the Hotel 138 Description of a Picture 138 Television 141 What is the Weather Like? 142 Hotel Services 143 At the Hair-dressing Salon 143 At the Restaurant 144 (Word-building. Adverb. Contact. Compound Words. Static Verbs).

PART VIII In the Capital of Georgia 145 In Tbilisi 146 T-28 148 T-29 151 Phone Dialogues 152 In a Taxi 154 On a Trolley-bus 154 T-30 156 T-31 157 (Structure of a Sentence. Predicate).

PART IX Attending Shows and Sightseeing 161 T-32 162 At the Exhibition 164 T-33 165 Talking About Theatre 166 Fans 167 At the Zoo 169 At the Flower Shop 170 T-34 171 At the Theatre 173,174,175 (Formation of the I Resulting).

244 PART X Business Affairs 177 Getting a Job 178 A Sample Application 180 Autobiography 181 Reference 182 Privatization 183,184 «Borjomi» Mineral Water 185 The Pipe-line 185,186,187 Georgian Vines and Wines 188 (Compound and Complex Sentences). Part I 190 Part II 193 Part IIII 195 Part IV 198 Part V 201 Part VI 203 Part VII 207 Part VIII 222 Part IX 213 Part X 217

Right forms 219 Dictionary 221 Structure of the Dictionary 221 Abbreviations 221 Plan of Studies 240, 241 Contents 242,243,244,245

245 We welcome any comments. Please note my address 11 Zurab Chavchavadze st., Tbilisi, Georgia, or Phone: (+995 99) 438-160 Prof. Meri Nikolaishvili (+995 32) 295-20-58 Prof. Nino Bagrationi

GEORGIAN NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

52, Rustaveli Ave., Tbilisi, Georgia 2012