DOCSLIB.ORG

Primary Mouse Keratinocyte Cultures Contain Hair Follicle Progenitor Cells with Multiple Differentiation Potential

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Primary Mouse Keratinocyte Cultures Contain Hair Follicle Progenitor Cells with Multiple Differentiation Potential Primary Mouse Keratinocyte Cultures Contain Hair Follicle Progenitor Cells with Multiple Differentiation Potential Jun Kamimura,*i" David Lee,* Howard P. Baden,* Janice Brissette,* and G. Paolo Dotto* *Cuwneous 13io logy ltese>1 rch Center, Massac husetts General Hospital and Harva rd Medica l School, C harl estown, M arylond, U .S. A.: and ·j·S hiseido R.esca rch Centre, Yokohama, Japan The interfollicular epidermis contains a single type of reassociation of cells. Instead, the reconstituted inter­ tenninally differentiated keratinocytes, whereas hair follicular epidennis contained distinct colum.nar units, follicles are composed of a minimum of six or seven comprising all the overlying layers and most likely derived distinct types. Whether or not these various populations from a single progenitor cell. In contrast, hair follicles of terminally differentiated keratinocytes originate from were found to be composed of cells of multiple origin, one or more progenitor cells has not been established. A with each population showing a striking localization related and in1portant question is whether keratinocyte to a separate concentric region. The vast majority of reconstituted progenitor cells with a pluripotent potential, able to follicles appeared to derive from a n1initnutn of two or, in a significant fraction of cases, form. not only epidern1is but also hair follicles, can be three progenitor cells, one for the generation of the shaft maintained i11 11itro for any period of time. We have (cuticle, cortex, and n1edulla), one for the inner root addressed these questions using skin reconstitution assays sheath, and the third for the outer root sheath. The with adrnixed populations of genetically labeled, cultured general implications of these findings for epidermis and keratinocytes. Examination of reconstituted epidennis hair follicle fonnation and for keratinocyte sten1 cell and hair follicles showed that neither was composed of cultivation are discussed. Key words: dermal papilla cells/ a random mixture of differently labeled keratinocytes, as J•etJ•olliral geue tmnsfer I stem cells I tissue reco ustitution. J bwest would be predicted if they originated from a random Dermatol 109:534-540, 1997 ike o th er terminall y differentiating ti ss ues, the epidermis is (medulla, cortex, and cuticle), three of th e inner r oot shea th (TR.S) likely to contain a compartment o F cells that are ca pable (H enlt! 's and Huxley's la yers, the c uticle), and the one or mo re of the of continuo us self-renewal and that can repl enish th e o mer root sheath (ORS). Whetb er or no t these va rious populations populations of keratinocytes that are los t dLI!;ng clifferenti­ of terminall y differentiated k eratinocytes Oti gin ate frotn one or more ati o n. Stem cells sho uld have two fundamental pro perties: progenitor cells has not been established. Finally, an important and as L(i) a n indefi nite life spa n, a11d (ii) t he ca pabili ty to give ri se to all o ther yet unsolved ques tion is w hether keratinocyte s tem ce!Js with a types of partia ll y committed and differentiated ·ells. The existence of pluripotent differentiation potential, able to form no t o nl y e pidermis keratin ocyte subpopul ations with increased proliferative po tential has but also hair follicles, can be maintained i11 tlitm for any length of time, been well establi shed, rtven if their precise locali zation and functional thus a!J owin g additional and mo n:: direct exp erimental evaluatio ns. role is still a matter of so me debate (Cotsarelis ct a/, '1990; Ya ng et a/, As stem cells of th e bo ne marrow, k eratinocyte progenitor cells a re 1993; Kobayas hi et a/, 1993; Jahoda and R eynold s, 1993; R oc!Jat et nl, th o ught to be tightly regula ted and dependent on signals produced b y 1994; Moll, 1995; Jones et a/, 1995). By contrast, evidence fo r closely juxtaposed stromal cells (Sengel, 1990). This is particularly keratinocyte progenitor cell s with a broad differentiation potential, evident in hair follicl es, yvhere cycles of keratinocyte growth (a nagen) able to reconstitute o n their own interfo Lli cul ar epidermis as well as and regression (ca tagen and tdogen) appear to be determined by th e hair folli cles, is stil.l lack in g. underl ying dermal papilla cells (Stenn el a/, 1991; Hardy, 1992) . The interfo lli cular epidermis contains a sin gle type of terminally .Epitheli al- mesenchymal interactions also play an essen tial role in th e differentiated ke ratin ocyres, whereas hair fo llicl es are composed of a inducti on of hair follicle formation during development. Three distinct minimum of seven distinct t ypes (S tenn et a/, 199 1; R.eynolds and sigmls are involved in this process (H ard y, 1992). A ftrst "dermal Jahoda, 1993). T hese include the three cell types of th e hair shaft message" fr om relatively undifre rentiated mesenchymal cell s induces a condensation of th e overl ying e pidermis. The epidermal condensa ti o n in turn produces an "epitheli al message" leading to dermal papil.l a cell formati on. Dermal papilla cells then release a "second dermal message" Manuscript received 1\pril 30, 1997; revised June 20, 1997; accep ted fo r that instructs th e overl ying epidermal condensation (hair bud) to fo rm pu bli cation June 27, 1997. a hair fo llicle. T his sequence of events c an be reproduced by a very P...eprint requests to: G .l'. Dotto, Bl"tC, MG H Eas t, 13th St r c~ t , elegant hair reconstitution C harl es town, MA 02 129. assay that bas been r ecently developed T hi s paper is dedicated to the mem01y of Dr. Jun l<a 1nimura who di ed in a (Weinberg e/ a/ , 1993; Lichti et a/ , 1993) . U sin g this assay, we now n1oumain cl imbing accident o n August 25, 1995. show that epidermis and hair follicl e progenitor cells with a broad but Abbreviations: AP, alka line phosphatase; EPU, cpid ennal pro liferati ve tlllit; di stin ct differentiation potential exist, and that th ey can be maintained in I R.S, inner root shea lth ; M 1-IC, major histocompatibility cornplex; OR.S, outer culture for at leas t a week. In particular, the reconstituted interfollicular root shca lth ; P13S, phosphate-buffered sa line. epidermis was found to contain distinct columnar units, each ori ginating 0022-202X/ 97/$ 10.50 · opyright © ·1997 by T he Society fo r Investi gative D ermatology, In c. 534 S VOL. 10'.1, NO. -1 OCT OUER 1997 KER.AT INOCYTE/ H A IR FO LLI C LE P I ~OGEN IT OR CELL 535 from a single cultured progenitor cell . [n contrast, hair fo Lli cl es appear in cubation w ith rh o daminL·-conjug3tcd goat anti- rabbit itnmunoglobulin G I 00 dilution in buffer A, Sigma, St. Louis, MO) and flu orescein -conjugated to derive fi·om a nunimum of two o r, in a significant fraction of cases, (I: strepra vidin ( I: I 00 in buffer A, Amershalll , Boston, MA) for I h in a li ght­ three progenitor cells, one for the generation of the shaft (cuticl e, right hlllnidificd box at room t e mp ~ ratur e. Fo ll owing in cubation with the a), o ne for the IRS, and th e third for the OR.S. cortex, and medull secondary antibodi es, secti o ns were washed exrensivcl y w ith PBS ~llld n1 0 U11ted fo lli cle T he general i.mplications of these findings for epidermis and hair in ·1% n-propylga ll are in glycerol. Comrol experim ems we re performed to formation and for keratinocyte stem cell cultiva tion are discussed . ve ri fY spec ificiry of antibody recognition of 13A LB /c versus C57BL/ 6 and nude (Swiss) mouse skins. MATEI:tiALS AND METHOD .RESULTS Cells and viruses Mouse prima1y keratinocytes we re iso lated fi·om 1-2-d­ old newborn Sencar, C57BL/6, or BALB/c mi ce and cultured in minimal Hair forming capability of cultured primary k eratinocytes essential n1 ediun1 at lovv ca lcium concentratio ns (0 .05 mN1; lo\v ca lciun1 The hai r reconstitution assay developed b y Li chti eta/ (1993; Weinberg ith 4% Chclex-treated feral calf serum and epid t!nnal medium) supplemented w et a/, 1993) is based on the grafting of hair buds (hair follicle precursors growth r.1ctor (10 ng per ml ; olbborative l:tesearch In c.) as previ ously present in newborn mo use skin as specif1 c ke ratinocyte aggregates) described (Hennings ct ril, 1980; Datto et nl, 1988) . Hair bud and interfolli cula r o nto n ude mice together with hair-inducing dermal papilla cell s keratin ocyte preparations were obtain ed as described by Weinberg el nl ( 1993) . mbinacion, Bri eAy, the epid ermis of '1 -2-d-old newborn mi ce was se parated fi·om th e (de ri ved fi·01n rat vibrissae) . These two components in co underl ying dermis by overni ght trypsin or dispase treatmellt at -l °C, fo ll owed but not eithe r one se parately, result in the formation of full y differe nti­ by sepa ration of the hair bud and interfo l.li cular fra ctions by two consecmive ated a nd o rga ni zed hair fo lli cl es. lmeres ti ngly, th ese authors reported Fi co ll gradi ent purifica tion steps.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Development and Maintenance of Epidermal Stem Cells in Skin Adnexa
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Development and Maintenance of Epidermal Stem Cells in Skin Adnexa Jaroslav Mokry * and Rishikaysh Pisal Medical Faculty, Charles University, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 30 October 2020; Accepted: 18 December 2020; Published: 20 December 2020 Abstract: The skin surface is modified by numerous appendages. These structures arise from epithelial stem cells (SCs) through the induction of epidermal placodes as a result of local signalling interplay with mesenchymal cells based on the Wnt–(Dkk4)–Eda–Shh cascade. Slight modifications of the cascade, with the participation of antagonistic signalling, decide whether multipotent epidermal SCs develop in interfollicular epidermis, scales, hair/feather follicles, nails or skin glands. This review describes the roles of epidermal SCs in the development of skin adnexa and interfollicular epidermis, as well as their maintenance. Each skin structure arises from distinct pools of epidermal SCs that are harboured in specific but different niches that control SC behaviour. Such relationships explain differences in marker and gene expression patterns between particular SC subsets. The activity of well-compartmentalized epidermal SCs is orchestrated with that of other skin cells not only along the hair cycle but also in the course of skin regeneration following injury. This review highlights several membrane markers, cytoplasmic proteins and transcription factors associated with epidermal SCs. Keywords: stem cell; epidermal placode; skin adnexa; signalling; hair pigmentation; markers; keratins 1. Epidermal Stem Cells as Units of Development 1.1. Development of the Epidermis and Placode Formation The embryonic skin at very early stages of development is covered by a surface ectoderm that is a precursor to the epidermis and its multiple derivatives.
    [Show full text]
  • Hair Histology As a Tool for Forensic Identification of Some Domestic Animal Species
    EXCLI Journal 2018;17:663-670 – ISSN 1611-2156 Received: June 28, 2018, accepted: July 02, 2018, published: July 06, 2018 Original article: HAIR HISTOLOGY AS A TOOL FOR FORENSIC IDENTIFICATION OF SOME DOMESTIC ANIMAL SPECIES Yasser A. Ahmed1, Safwat Ali2, Ahmed Ghallab3* 1 Department of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt 2 Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt 3 Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt * Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected] http://dx.doi.org/10.17179/excli2018-1478 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). ABSTRACT Animal hair examination at a criminal scene may provide valuable information in forensic investigations. How- ever, local reference databases for animal hair identification are rare. In the present study, we provide differential histological analysis of hair of some domestic animals in Upper Egypt. For this purpose, guard hair of large rumi- nants (buffalo, camel and cow), small ruminants (sheep and goat), equine (horse and donkey) and canine (dog and cat) were collected and comparative analysis was performed by light microscopy. Based on the hair cuticle scale pattern, type and diameter of the medulla, and the pigmentation, characteristic differential features of each animal species were identified. The cuticle scale pattern was imbricate in all tested animals except in donkey, in which coronal scales were identified. The cuticle scale margin type, shape and the distance in between were characteristic for each animal species.
    [Show full text]
  • Vocabulario De Morfoloxía, Anatomía E Citoloxía Veterinaria
    Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) Servizo de Normalización Lingüística Universidade de Santiago de Compostela COLECCIÓN VOCABULARIOS TEMÁTICOS N.º 4 SERVIZO DE NORMALIZACIÓN LINGÜÍSTICA Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) 2008 UNIVERSIDADE DE SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA VOCABULARIO de morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria : (galego-español- inglés) / coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río, Servizo de Normalización Lingüística ; autores Matilde Lombardero Fernández ... [et al.]. – Santiago de Compostela : Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, 2008. – 369 p. ; 21 cm. – (Vocabularios temáticos ; 4). - D.L. C 2458-2008. – ISBN 978-84-9887-018-3 1.Medicina �������������������������������������������������������������������������veterinaria-Diccionarios�������������������������������������������������. 2.Galego (Lingua)-Glosarios, vocabularios, etc. políglotas. I.Lombardero Fernández, Matilde. II.Rodríguez Rio, Xusto A. coord. III. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística, coord. IV.Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, ed. V.Serie. 591.4(038)=699=60=20 Coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río (Área de Terminoloxía. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela) Autoras/res Matilde Lombardero Fernández (doutora en Veterinaria e profesora do Departamento de Anatomía e Produción Animal.
    [Show full text]
  • Neural Control of Facial Sweat Gland Secretion in Horses
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Creative Components Dissertations Fall 2019 Neural control of facial sweat gland secretion in horses Lu Liu Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/creativecomponents Part of the Comparative and Evolutionary Physiology Commons, and the Systems and Integrative Physiology Commons Recommended Citation Liu, Lu, "Neural control of facial sweat gland secretion in horses" (2019). Creative Components. 455. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/creativecomponents/455 This Creative Component is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Creative Components by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Neural control of facial sweat gland secretion in horses Lu Liu 2019.11.26 BMS 599 Creative Component Biomedical Sciences Department Iowa State University Abstract: For sweat glands, it has been shown that sympathetic neurons express a cholinergic/noradrenergic co-phenotype in their innervation in the trunk of mice.(Schütz et al. 2008). It is unknown if facial sweat glands are innervated the same way. Gustatory sweating is an abnormal sweating condition. People can sweat profusely when eating or drinking, or even thinking about eating or drinking. We hypothesize that the facial sweat glands are controlled differently and can be related to parasympathetic neurons from cranial nerves. Some samples from human donors have been tested, but few sweat glands can be targeted since the donors were older people. Thus, it was decided to use horse tissue for this project to obtain greater numbers of sweat glands on the face.
    [Show full text]
  • The Integumentary System
    CHAPTER 5: THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. OVERALL SKIN STRUCTURE 3 LAYERS Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.1 Skin structure. Hair shaft Dermal papillae Epidermis Subpapillary vascular plexus Papillary layer Pore Appendages of skin Dermis Reticular • Eccrine sweat layer gland • Arrector pili muscle Hypodermis • Sebaceous (oil) gland (superficial fascia) • Hair follicle Nervous structures • Hair root • Sensory nerve fiber Cutaneous vascular • Pacinian corpuscle plexus • Hair follicle receptor Adipose tissue (root hair plexus) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. EPIDERMIS 4 (or 5) LAYERS Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.2 The main structural features of the skin epidermis. Keratinocytes Stratum corneum Stratum granulosum Epidermal Stratum spinosum dendritic cell Tactile (Merkel) Stratum basale Dermis cell Sensory nerve ending (a) Dermis Desmosomes Melanocyte (b) Melanin granule Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. DERMIS 2 LAYERS Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.3 The two regions of the dermis. Dermis (b) Papillary layer of dermis, SEM (22,700x) (a) Light micrograph of thick skin identifying the extent of the dermis, (50x) (c) Reticular layer of dermis, SEM (38,500x) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.3a The two regions of the dermis. Dermis (a) Light micrograph of thick skin identifying the extent of the dermis, (50x) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Q1: The type of gland which secretes its products onto a surface is an _______ gland. 1) Endocrine 2) Exocrine 3) Merocrine 4) Holocrine Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Q2: The embryonic tissue which gives rise to muscle and most connective tissue is… 1) Ectoderm 2) Endoderm 3) Mesoderm Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Nomina Histologica Veterinaria, First Edition
    NOMINA HISTOLOGICA VETERINARIA Submitted by the International Committee on Veterinary Histological Nomenclature (ICVHN) to the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists Published on the website of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists www.wava-amav.org 2017 CONTENTS Introduction i Principles of term construction in N.H.V. iii Cytologia – Cytology 1 Textus epithelialis – Epithelial tissue 10 Textus connectivus – Connective tissue 13 Sanguis et Lympha – Blood and Lymph 17 Textus muscularis – Muscle tissue 19 Textus nervosus – Nerve tissue 20 Splanchnologia – Viscera 23 Systema digestorium – Digestive system 24 Systema respiratorium – Respiratory system 32 Systema urinarium – Urinary system 35 Organa genitalia masculina – Male genital system 38 Organa genitalia feminina – Female genital system 42 Systema endocrinum – Endocrine system 45 Systema cardiovasculare et lymphaticum [Angiologia] – Cardiovascular and lymphatic system 47 Systema nervosum – Nervous system 52 Receptores sensorii et Organa sensuum – Sensory receptors and Sense organs 58 Integumentum – Integument 64 INTRODUCTION The preparations leading to the publication of the present first edition of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria has a long history spanning more than 50 years. Under the auspices of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists (W.A.V.A.), the International Committee on Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature (I.C.V.A.N.) appointed in Giessen, 1965, a Subcommittee on Histology and Embryology which started a working relation with the Subcommittee on Histology of the former International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee. In Mexico City, 1971, this Subcommittee presented a document entitled Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft as a basis for the continued work of the newly-appointed Subcommittee on Histological Nomenclature. This resulted in the editing of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft II (Toulouse, 1974), followed by preparations for publication of a Nomina Histologica Veterinaria.
    [Show full text]
  • Experimental Model of Cultured Skin Graft1
    Experimental model of cultured skin graft1 Alfredo Gragnani2 Jeffrey R. Morgan3 Lydia Masako Ferreira4 ________________________________________________________________________________ Gragnani A, Morgan JR, Ferreira LM. Experimental model of cultured skin graft. Acta Cir Bras [serial online] 2004 Vol 19 Special Edition. Available on URL: http://www.scielo.br/acb. ABSTRACT - One of the most used animal models of cultured keratinocytes autografting is based on xenografting of human keratinocytes to the rat or athymic mice, immunological neutral recipient that acts as biological carrier. It could be studied in this model many facts that occur after transplant without the ethical aspect in the clinical study. The proposition of the experimental model is related to the sequence of the total or partial skin transplant, as autografting or xenografting, cultured or not, to the back of athymic mice. The model presents the possibility of study in vivo athymic animal, when the in vivo study in anima nobili is not ethical. It permits the xenografting evaluation of cultured cells graft or of the genetically modified cells and of the association of the cultured cells and the dermal substitutes, the composite grafts, and of the autografting. KEY WORDS – Keratinocytes. Dermis. Skin transplantation. Cells, Cultured. Athymic mice. ________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction The possibility of using pure epidermal sheets or epithelial cell suspensions or associated with dermal analogues as grafts was first investigated in animal models over 40 years ago1. Thus, animal models for cultured keratinocyte grafting may now include autografts or allografts in many species. In addition, cultured human epithelial xenografts can be transplanted to immunodeficient athymic mice or rat as a model of human autografting.
    [Show full text]
  • Keratinocyte-Specific Ablation of the NF-&Kappa
    Cell Death and Differentiation (2011) 18, 1845–1853 & 2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 1350-9047/11 www.nature.com/cdd Keratinocyte-specific ablation of the NF-jB regulatory protein A20 (TNFAIP3) reveals a role in the control of epidermal homeostasis S Lippens1,2, S Lefebvre3, B Gilbert1,2, M Sze1,2, M Devos1,2, K Verhelst1,2, L Vereecke1,2, C Mc Guire1,2, C Gue´rin1,2, P Vandenabeele1,2, M Pasparakis4, ML Mikkola3, R Beyaert1,2,5, W Declercq*,1,2,5 and G van Loo1,2,5 The ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20 (tumor necrosis factor-a-induced protein 3) serves as a critical brake on nuclear factor jB (NF-jB) signaling. In humans, polymorphisms in or near the A20 gene are associated with several inflammatory disorders, including psoriasis. We show here that epidermis-specific A20-knockout mice (A20EKO) develop keratinocyte hyperproliferation, but no signs of skin inflammation, such as immune cell infiltration. However, A20EKO mice clearly developed ectodermal organ abnormalities, including disheveled hair, longer nails and sebocyte hyperplasia. This phenotype resembles that of mice overexpressing ectodysplasin-A1 (EDA-A1) or the ectodysplasin receptor (EDAR), suggesting that A20 negatively controls EDAR signaling. We found that A20 inhibited EDAR-induced NF-jB signaling independent from its de-ubiquitinating activity. In addition, A20 expression was induced by EDA-A1 in embryonic skin explants, in which its expression was confined to the hair placodes, known to be the site of EDAR expression. In summary, our data indicate that EDAR-induced NF-jB levels are controlled by A20, which functions as a negative feedback regulator, to assure proper skin homeostasis and epidermal appendage development.
    [Show full text]
  • Índice De Denominacións Españolas
    VOCABULARIO Índice de denominacións españolas 255 VOCABULARIO 256 VOCABULARIO agente tensioactivo pulmonar, 2441 A agranulocito, 32 abaxial, 3 agujero aórtico, 1317 abertura pupilar, 6 agujero de la vena cava, 1178 abierto de atrás, 4 agujero dental inferior, 1179 abierto de delante, 5 agujero magno, 1182 ablación, 1717 agujero mandibular, 1179 abomaso, 7 agujero mentoniano, 1180 acetábulo, 10 agujero obturado, 1181 ácido biliar, 11 agujero occipital, 1182 ácido desoxirribonucleico, 12 agujero oval, 1183 ácido desoxirribonucleico agujero sacro, 1184 nucleosómico, 28 agujero vertebral, 1185 ácido nucleico, 13 aire, 1560 ácido ribonucleico, 14 ala, 1 ácido ribonucleico mensajero, 167 ala de la nariz, 2 ácido ribonucleico ribosómico, 168 alantoamnios, 33 acino hepático, 15 alantoides, 34 acorne, 16 albardado, 35 acostarse, 850 albugínea, 2574 acromático, 17 aldosterona, 36 acromatina, 18 almohadilla, 38 acromion, 19 almohadilla carpiana, 39 acrosoma, 20 almohadilla córnea, 40 ACTH, 1335 almohadilla dental, 41 actina, 21 almohadilla dentaria, 41 actina F, 22 almohadilla digital, 42 actina G, 23 almohadilla metacarpiana, 43 actitud, 24 almohadilla metatarsiana, 44 acueducto cerebral, 25 almohadilla tarsiana, 45 acueducto de Silvio, 25 alocórtex, 46 acueducto mesencefálico, 25 alto de cola, 2260 adamantoblasto, 59 altura a la punta de la espalda, 56 adenohipófisis, 26 altura anterior de la espalda, 56 ADH, 1336 altura del esternón, 47 adipocito, 27 altura del pecho, 48 ADN, 12 altura del tórax, 48 ADN nucleosómico, 28 alunarado, 49 ADNn, 28
    [Show full text]
  • A New Look Into an Old Problem: Keratins As Tools to Investigate Determmanon, Morphogenesis, and Differentiation in Skin
    Downloaded from genesdev.cshlp.org on October 10, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press A new look into an old problem: keratins as tools to investigate determmanon, morphogenesis, and differentiation in skin Raphael Kopan and Elaine Fuchs Departments of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637 USA We have investigated keratin and keratin mRNA expression during (1) differentiation of stem cells into epidermis and hair follicles and (2) morphogenesis of follicles. Our results indicate that a type I keratin K14 is expressed early in embryonal basal cells. Subsequently, its expression is elevated in the basal layer of developing epidermis but suppressed in developing matrix cells. This difference represents an early and major biochemical distinction between the two diverging cell types. Moreover, because expression of this keratin is not readily influenced by extracellular regulators or cell culture, it suggests a well-defined and narrow window of development during which an irreversible divergence in basal and matrix cells may take place. In contrast to KI4, which is expressed very early in development and coincident with basal epidermal differentiation, a hair- specific type I keratin and its mRNA is expressed late in hair matrix development and well after follicle morphogenesis. Besides providing an additional developmental difference between epidermal and hair matrix cells, the hair-specific keratins provide the first demonstration that keratin expression may be a consequence rather than a cause of cell organization and differentiation. [Key Words: Hair-specific keratins; keratin mRNA expression; hair follicle morphogenesis] Received September 28, 1988; revised version accepted November 22, 1988.
    [Show full text]
  • Keratinocyte-Derived Follistatin Regulates Epidermal Homeostasis
    Laboratory Investigation (2009) 89, 131–141 & 2009 USCAP, Inc All rights reserved 0023-6837/09 $32.00 Keratinocyte-derived follistatin regulates epidermal homeostasis and wound repair Maria Antsiferova1, Jennifer E Klatte2,3, Eniko¨ Bodo´ 2, Ralf Paus2,4, Jose´ L Jorcano5, Martin M Matzuk6,7,8, Sabine Werner1 and Heidi Ko¨gel1 Activin is a growth and differentiation factor that controls development and repair of several tissues and organs. Transgenic mice overexpressing activin in the skin were characterized by strongly enhanced wound healing, but also by excessive scarring. In this study, we explored the consequences of targeted activation of activin in the epidermis and hair follicles by generation of mice lacking the activin antagonist follistatin in keratinocytes. We observed enhanced kerati- nocyte proliferation in the tail epidermis of these animals. After skin injury, an earlier onset of keratinocyte hyperproli- feration at the wound edge was observed in the mutant mice, resulting in an enlarged hyperproliferative epithelium. However, granulation tissue formation and scarring were not affected. These results demonstrate that selective activation of activin in the epidermis enhances reepithelialization without affecting the quality of the healed wound. Laboratory Investigation (2009) 89, 131–141; doi:10.1038/labinvest.2008.120; published online 15 December 2008 KEYWORDS: activin; dermis; epidermis; follistatin; wound healing Activins are members of the transforming growth factor-b study the role of the activin/Fst system in mature skin. In- family of growth and differentiation factors. They are dimeric terestingly, we and others previously demonstrated important proteins, consisting of two activin b subunits cross-linked by roles of activins, in particular of activin A, in tissue repair after a disulfide bridge.
    [Show full text]
  • Activation of Akt and Mtor in CD34+/K15+ Keratinocyte Stem Cells and Skin Tumors During Multi-Stage Mouse Skin Carcinogenesis
    ANTICANCER RESEARCH 26: 2805-2820 (2006) Activation of Akt and mTOR in CD34+/K15+ Keratinocyte Stem Cells and Skin Tumors During Multi-stage Mouse Skin Carcinogenesis NESRINE I. AFFARA1, CAROL S. TREMPUS2, BRANDON L. SCHANBACHER3, PING PEI4, SUSAN R. MALLERY4,5, JOHN A. BAUER3 and FREDIKA M. ROBERTSON1,5 1Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, 4Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry and 5The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; 2Cancer Biology Group, National Center for Toxicogenomics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709; 3The Center for Cardiovascular Medicine, Columbus Children's Research Institute, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, Ohio 43205, U.S.A. Abstract. Background: The goal of the present studies was to phosphorylation of mTOR at Serine-2448 (pmTOR). The cell localize two proteins known to be involved in regulation of cell populations examined included mouse keratinocyte stem cells proliferation and survival in specific cell populations in normal (KSCs) within hair follicles and preneoplastic papilloma cells. SENCAR mouse skin and during multi-stage skin carcino- Materials and Methods: Immunochemical staining analysis as genesis. The proteins evaluated included activated Akt, as well as triple color immunofluorescence in combination with defined by phosphorylation of Akt at Serine-473 (pAkt) and confocal microscopy were used to evaluate the presence of mammalian target of rapamycin (pmTOR), defined by activated Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in KSCs within the bulge niche of hair follicles, as identified by expression of the specific markers of mouse KSCs, CD34 and cytokeratin 15 (K15).
    [Show full text]