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Jahrbuch Für Antike Und Christentum Titel_Bd_61_JbAC 23.02.2020 10:49 Seite 1 JAHRBUCH FÜR ANTIKE UND CHRISTENTUM JAHRGANG 61 · 2018 ASCHENDORFF VERLAG MÜNSTER WESTFALEN Titel_Bd_61_JbAC 23.02.2020 10:49 Seite 2 BEGRÜNDET VON THEODOR KLAUSER, EDUARD STOMMEL, ALFRED STUIBER FORTGEFÜHRT VON ERNST DASSMANN, JOSEF ENGEMANN, ALFRED HERMANN, KLAUS THRAEDE HERAUSGEGEBEN VON GEORG SCHÖLLGEN, CHRISTIAN HORNUNG, SIBLE DE BLAAUW, WINRICH LÖHR REDAKTION: SABRINA TATZ ANSCHRIFT DER REDAKTION: F. J. DÖLGER-INSTITUT, OXFORDSTRASSE 15, D-53111 BONN TELEFON 00 49-(0)228-73 61 77 · TELEFAX 73 61 81 · E-MAIL: [email protected] ES WIRD GEBETEN, BESPRECHUNGSEXEMPLARE NUR NACH RÜCKSPRACHE MIT DER SCHRIFTLEITUNG EINZUSENDEN ABKÜRZUNG: J bAC DIESE PUBLIKATION UNTERLIEGT EINEM PEER REVIEW-VERFAHREN. THIS PUBLICATION IS PEER REVIEWED. DIESE PUBLIKATION WIRD VOM VEREIN ZUR FÖRDERUNG DES F. J. DÖLGER-INSTITUTS UND DER RICHARD UND ANNE-LIESE GIELEN-LEYENDECKER-STIFTUNG GEFÖRDERT. © 2020 ASCHENDORFF VERLAG GMBH & CO. KG, MÜNSTER DAS WERK IST URHEBERRECHTLICH GESCHÜTZT. DIE DADURCH BEGRÜNDETEN RECHTE, INSBESONDERE DIE DER ÜBERSETZUNG, DES NACHDRUCKS, DER ENTNAHME VON ABBILDUNGEN, DER FUNKSENDUNG, DER WIEDERGABE AUF FOTOMECHANISCHEM ODER ÄHNLICHEM WEGE UND DER SPEICHERUNG IN DATEN - VERARBEITUNGSANLAGEN BLEIBEN, AUCH BEI NUR AUSZUGSWEISER VERWERTUNG, VORBEHALTEN. DIE VERGÜTUNGSANSPRÜCHE GEMÄSS § 54 ABS. 2 URHG WERDEN DURCH DIE VERWERTUNGSGESELLSCHAFT WORT WAHRGENOMMEN. PRINTED IN GERMANY GEDRUCKT AUF SÄUREFREIEM, ALTERUNGSBESTÄNDIGEM PAPIER ćȍ ISSN 0075-2541 ISBN 978-3-402-10713-3 C:/_mbsl/Werke/JbAC/Bd_61/003-004_Bd_61.3d vom 21.2.2020 Seitenformat: 192,00 x 275,00 mm INHALT Nachruf Rotraut Wisskirchen . ............ 5 Aufsätze Wolfgang Hübner Γνῶσις und ἀγνωσία. Zwei christliche Interpretationen des arateischen Sternhimmels 9 Francesco Lubian Teaching through Images Between claritas and obscuritas. Christ’s Meta-Didactic Speech on Parables in Juvencus’ Evangeliorum libri 2, 755/74. 824/8 . 37 Markus Mülke Bibelstudium und Freundschaft. Seneca, Cicero und Ausonius bei Hieronymus (ep. 53 an Paulinus) . ............ 54 Jutta Dresken-Weiland Das Holzrelief mit der »Befreiung einer belagerten Stadt« im Museum für Byzanti- nische Kunst in Berlin. Eine neue Deutung . 71 Achim Lichtenberger / Rubina Raja From Synagogue to Church. The Appropriation of the Synagogue of Gerasa/Jerash under Justinian . ............ 85 Tagung Dämonische Orakel oder göttlicher Hinweis? Transformation divinatorischer Praktiken im spätantiken Christentum des Westens, Internationale Tagung an der Universität Siegen 24./25. 7. 2018 Ulrich Huttner Engelsmagie und Engelsvisionen in der Spätantike . 101 Karen Piepenbrink Zur Rezeption der Sibyllen-Gestalt und der sibyllinischen Orakel in christlichen Texten des spätantiken lateinischen Westens . 117 Maijastina Kahlos Christian Emperors, Divination, and curiositas ............133 Christoph Michels Der christliche Kaiser und die Wahrsager . ............148 Andreas Hoffmann »Oraculum«. Beobachtungen zu Konstanz und Wandel des Begriffs im antiken Christentum des lateinischen Westens . ............175 Cristina Vultaggio Vom furor zur ecstasis. Augustins Ekstase-Konzeption (Gen. ad litt. 12) im Kontext antiker / spätantiker Divination . ............208 C:/_mbsl/Werke/JbAC/Bd_61/003-004_Bd_61.3d vom 21.2.2020 Seitenformat: 192,00 x 275,00 mm 4 Inhalt Paula Rose Veracissima enim sunt angelica et prophetica oracula. Augustine on Divination and Prophecy . ............231 Bart J. Koet »Homines per homines discunt«. No Divine Revelation without Human Learning. Augustine’s Use of Scripture in the Prologue to De doctrina christiana . 246 Christian Hornung Divination in der kirchlichen Disziplin des spätantiken Westens. Überlegungen vor dem Hintergrund des Identitätsdiskurses ............262 William E. Klingshirn The Science of Sortilege. Divinatory Truth in the Late Roman and Early Medieval West . ............276 Besprechungen Nils Arne Pedersen / René Falkenberg / John Møller Larsen / Claudia Leurini, The Old Testament in Manichaean Tradition Besprochen von Manfred Hutter .............287 Michael Vollstädt, Muße und Kontemplation im östlichen Mönchtum Besprochen von Karin Schlapbach .............290 Johannes G. Deckers / Guntram Koch, Repertorium der christlich-antiken Sarkophage 5 Besprochen von Philipp Niewöhner .............292 Galit Noga-Banai, Sacred Stimulus Besprochen von Fabrizio Bisconti .............295 Mark J. Johnson, San Vitale in Ravenna and Octogonal Churches in Late Antiquity Besprochen von Vladimir Ivanovici .............297 Berichte für das Jahr 2017 Franz Joseph Dölger-Institut zur Erforschung der Spätantike . 299 Verein zur Förderung des Franz Joseph Dölger-Instituts der Rheinischen Friedrich- Wilhelms-Universität Bonn e.V. ............299 C:/_mbsl/Werke/JbAC/Bd_61/085-098_Bd_61.3d vom 26.2.2020 Seitenformat: 192,00 x 275,00 mm FROM SYNAGOGUE TO CHURCH The Appropriation of the Synagogue of Gerasa/Jerash under Justinian* This article focuses on the so-called Synagogue Church in Gerasa, one of the Decapolis- cities located in northern Jordan. During recent excavations a complex related to the church-phase of the ›Synagogue Church‹ was discovered. The complex held extensive mosaic floors with inscriptions dedicated by the Electi Iustiniani, special forces in the army of Justinian, a hitherto unknown unit of soldiers. In the light of this evidence, it is now possible to add details to the history of the church and its preceding phase as a synagogue and to discuss how the transition from synagogue to church might have taken place. In this article we revisit the evidence from earlier excavations in Gerasa related to the Synagogue Church and discuss the new archaeological evidence as well as comparative material from other parts of the Roman Empire relating to the conver- sion of synagogues into churches in order to place and discuss the broader phenome- non of conversions and appropriations of synagogues into churches within a Roman imperial framework. 1. Gerasa and the Jews of Gerasa Gerasa was one of the cities of the famous Syrian Decapolis, situated in the Northwest of present-day Jordan1. The Decapolis consisted of cities that were heavily influenced by Greek and Roman culture and therefore displayed typical Greco-Roman features (pl. 5)2. The city of Gerasa holds temples, theatres, colonnaded streets and other pub- lic monuments, which have been archaeologically investigated through excavations since the early 20th century. Gerasa was a Seleucid foundation, and the earliest archae- ological evidence from the site stems from the 2nd century BC3. Since the Hellenistic period, Gerasa aroused the interest of the expanding Hasmo- nean state. Josephus reported that Alexander Jannaios conquered the city4. It is not known whether the Hasmonaeans kept control of the city. At the latest in 64–63 BC, however, the city was conquered by Pompey the Great, who integrated the city into the * The authors would like to thank Rudolf Haensch, Forsk Award and the H. P. Hjerl Hansens Mindefon- AEK, Munich, Johannes Hahn, Münster University, det for Dansk Palæstinaforskning. Anna Maria Kaiser, Krems University, David Stott, 1 On the archaeology and history of Gerasa cf. Aarhus University, Oren Tal, Tel Aviv University Kraeling (ed.); Zayadine (ed.); Lichtenberger and Zeev Weiss, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, for 191/243; D. Kennedy, Gerasa in the Decapolis. A their valuable comments. Without Rudolf Haensch ›Virtual Island‹ in Northwest Jordan (London 2007) and his discussion of the inscriptions from the mo- 137/89. saic hall, the following contribution would not have 2 On the term ›Decapolis‹ cf. Lichtenberger 6/20. been possible. We also thank the Department of An- 3 A. Lichtenberger, Artemis and Zeus Olympios in tiquities of Jordan, Amman, for supporting the exca- Roman Gerasa and Seleucid Religious Policy: T. Kai- vations in the Northwest Quarter of Jerash and the zer (ed.), The Variety of Local Religious Life in the team of the Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quar- Near East in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods = ter Project. Further thanks goes to the funding RelGraecRomWorld 164 (Leiden 2008) 133/53. bodies of the project, namely the Carlsberg Founda- 4 Joseph. b. Iud. 1,104 and Joseph. ant. Iud. 13,393 tion, the Danish National Research Foundation (where Gerasa is named Essa). Cf. for that Kasher (grant no. 119), the Deutsche Forschungsgemein- 154f. schaft, the Deutscher Palästina-Verein, the Elite- C:/_mbsl/Werke/JbAC/Bd_61/085-098_Bd_61.3d vom 26.2.2020 Seitenformat: 192,00 x 275,00 mm 86 Achim Lichtenberger / Rubina Raja Roman province of Syria5. After this period, we have no information about Jewish pres- ence at Gerasa. Only at the time of the First Jewish revolt in AD 66/70, Jews emerge again in sources relating to Gerasa6. Around this time, a significant Jewish community must have existed in Gerasa. We know this from Josephus, who reports that although the city was attacked by Jewish rebels from neighbouring Judaea7, the inhabitants of Gerasa spared their Jewish citi- zens8. This underlines that a considerable amount of Jews lived in the city and that the Jews were respected by their pagan compatriots. Two further testimonies shed light on the Jews in Gerasa during this period: One of the leaders of the revolt, Shimon Bar Giora (»Simon son of the proselyte«) was born in a town named Gerasa, which could have been Gerasa of the Decapolis9. There is also other evidence stemming from Jo- sephus, which can be understood in a way that Gerasa or at least parts of the city’s society
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