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Work package 5 « Regional studies » :

Regional intermediate report: Tyrol

1. Introduction (max. 3 pages) - goals of the WP 5 and of this report Same for all partners (Procedure: BČM, US and French team write text for this chapter and send it for revision comments to responsible WP5 persons in each partner region) - Output 1 - goals and methodology Same for all partners Output 2 - goals Same for all partners

Methodology The survey of East Tyrolean residents and businesses (in the district of Lienz = PUSEMOR test area) was conducted in the form of telephone interviews. Private users of public services were polled in July and August 2005, and company proprietors or managers in September 2005. The random sample can be considered representative in terms of the parameters age, gender and spatial distribution, as well as the range of business sectors. The questionnaire comprises a general and a more specialised section. The general part contains questions relating to the accessibility, quality and use of six consolidated fields of public service. The specialised section contains similar questions on four telecommunications services and additional questions relating to the respondents’ interest in the content of the Internet as well as problems encountered in its use.

- Output 3 & 4 - goals and methodology Same for all partners - Structure of the report Same for all partners

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2. Country profile - Territorial organisation The Tyrol is a province of the democratic Republic of Austria (created 1918, re-established 1945). The Austrian constitution (dating back in its basics to 1919) provides for a tripartite state structure with federal, regional and local authorities. The legislative power is vested in the federal authority in a number of defined fields such as public safety, transport, postal services and telecommunications, etc. and in the regional authorities for all other matters, e.g. environmental protection, health and social services, spatial planning, etc. State administration is divided up between the three levels of public authorities in their respective territorial areas. Executive power can be exercised directly at the federal level, or through the agency of the regional authorities or within the sphere of action of the local authorities. In implementation of the law, the administrative authorities are empowered to issue ordinances. All agencies of the federal, regional and local authorities have a duty of mutual assistance.

- A few words about spatial policies in the partner country Austria’s constitution defines the legal framework for spatial planning: the federal government, the regional and local authorities are actors in this sphere, albeit with varying scopes of competence. Therefore, the general nature of spatial planning is assigned to the Länder (regions), while the federal government has more influence at the political level of the factual conditions. With the accession of Austria to the EU, spatial planning and regional development have ceased to be a purely national issue. The new tier of actors has modified the interaction between the forces in play up to a stronger spirit of partnership.

- Roles and responsibilities in public services themes. Actions at the federal level regarding transport policy, funding for research, education on university level, energy policy, as well as health and social policy have consequences of spatial relevance. However the main role on implementation of public services is run by regional and local authorities.

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3. Regional and test areas profile

Map of PUSEMOR test area: District of Lienz (East Tyrol)

3.1. Geographical situation The Tyrol is a completely mountainous region located in the Eastern Alps. North Tyrol constitutes by far the biggest part of the Tyrol with a west-east extension of over 200 km from the Canton of Grisons (CH) and the Province of Vorarlberg (AT) in the west to Salzburg Province (AT) in the east. From the main Alpine chain and the border to South Tyrol (IT), the average distance to the Bavarian Pre-Alps (D) is about 80 km. The waterways of the Tyrol comprise the River Inn (475 m above sea-level at Kufstein) and its tributaries with their high annual flows and also the River Lech. They discharge into the Black Sea via the Danube. Steep limestone mountains (up to 3000 m above sea-level) rise up steeply north of the River Inn, while to the south stand gentler slate mountains and less erosive and partly glaciated granite and gneiss massifs (up to 3700 m high). At 1370 m above sea-level, the Brenner Pass is the lowest crossing over the Alps and was thus much frequented in historical times already.

The smaller and – for historical reasons – more isolated part of the Tyrol called East Tyrol (PUSEMOR test area) occupies an inner Alpine location south of the main Alpine chain (bordering on Salzburg Province to the north). The youthful River Drau (650 m above sea-level at Lavant) and its biggest

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tributary the Isel carry the run-off from the glaciated massif of the Hohe Tauern (Grossglockner 3800 m above sea-level) through the neighbouring province of Carinthia (AT) and on to the Black Sea. To the south the Lienz Dolomites (limestone mountains) form a natural border, while the Pustertal leads to South Tyrol (IT) in the west.

The Tyrol covers a total of 12,648 km², but only a small portion of that area, namely 12.2 %, is available for intensive use for human settlement, transport infrastructure and farm-centred agriculture (the valley floors and terraces). 36.8 % of the area of the Tyrol, in particular the mountain slopes, is covered by forest (mainly coniferous), with alpine grazing areas (26.9 %) located above the forests. Almost one quarter of the total area (24.2 %), primarily at high altitudes, is covered by rock and glaciers. The district of Lienz – East Tyrol (PUSEMOR test area) covers an area of 2,020 km², i.e. almost one sixth of the total area of the Tyrol. Only 8.2 % of that area is subject to intensive use, while the shares of the forests (39.6 %) and mountain pastures (32.0 %) are above average for the Tyrol as a whole.

The last fifty years have witnessed pronounced suburban settlement developments in the central area of the Tyrol (lower Inntal and the environs of Innsbruck). These developments have mainly taken the form of new detached housing within established village structures. In the last fifteen years, however, this trend has clearly abated and growth has shifted to the central towns and cities (Innsbruck) and the fringes of the central area. In the peripheral areas of the Tyrol, including East Tyrol, settlement growth has been strongest in the last few decades in the main towns and their surroundings (Lienz Basin) and in the tourism resorts. In the less attractive rural communities, the authorities are encouraging young people to remain by providing them with building land for housing at preferential prices.

In terms of spatial planning it must be said that – in spite of the availability of the relevant legal instruments (mandatory zoning plans for municipalities) – it has not been possible to prevent urban sprawl. This growth in the size of the built-up area has led to a pronounced increase in the volume of traffic to the workplace, places of learning and retail outlets in the main centres. As a result of the spread of the local settlement areas, the relative accessibility of central amenities and the availability of public transport services have tended to decrease, while there has been a dramatic increase in the volume of individual car traffic.

In spite of Innsbruck’s dominant role as a central city of national significance, the other urban centres of the Tyrol are well distributed throughout the region. The main towns of all administrative districts are well provided for (in terms of public and private services) with average centrality. In addition, the region has a number of centres of employment in which key industrial facilities have been established, while the main tourism resorts also have a certain supply function for their surrounding areas. In East Tyrol (PUSEMOR test area) the centrality of Lienz as the main town is very pronounced. Together with the surrounding municipalities, Lienz forms the main centre of settlement and business activity in the district with a clear lead in terms of development over the remoter municipalities. Matrei i.O. in the Iseltal and Sillian in the upper Drautal are two lower-level central communities that are of some importance for the surrounding areas.

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3.2. Demography and Human potential

Demography Test area Region Nation District of Land Republic Lienz Tirol Austria Population Population 2001 50.330 673.504 8-020.946 Change of population 1981 - 2001 + 6,1 % +14,8 % + 6,2 % % of population >65 years 2001 14,9 % 13,4 % 15,5 % % of population <20 years 2001 26,6 % 24,8 % 22,9 %

Taken as a whole, East Tyrol is a region with a tendency to out-migration . This development relates directly to the region’s isolated Alpine location and consequent below-average economic development. Individuals with a higher education are particularly affected (brain drain) as the region has few jobs for young graduates.

Within the district there are clear migratory movements to the central and economically better developed locations, especially to the Lienz Basin, as well as to the Drautal around Sillian, and to Matrei/Osttirol. The source communities are mainly peripheral and high-altitude communities in the side valleys. Areas with any significant degree of tourism are significantly less affected by out-migration.

As a result of recent sociological developments, what was once a high rate of natural increase – especially in the rural communities – has fallen and is now only slightly above the average for the Tyrol as a whole.

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Compared with the rest of the region, the level of education in East Tyrol is significantly lower in terms of university qualifications. That is not a sign of inferior intelligence, of course, but a consequence of the structure of the regional labour market. Many graduates from East Tyrol fail to find a suitable job in their home region. The distribution of people with a higher education in the district itself reflects the structure of the main settlements with their central functions. The population of the Lienz Basin includes an above-average number of people with a higher education.

The character of the East Tyroleans – especially in the inaccessible side valleys – reflects the remote location they live in, with a high level of independence and personal responsibility accompanied by traditional thinking and some caution against future. The people have a strong sense of regional identity, for example in their emotional dissociation from Innsbruck as the administrative centre of the Tyrol or the neighbouring province of Carinthia. With their high degree of common interests, the East Tyroleans’ representatives are usually able to

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speak with one voice in communicating the region’s interests to the outside world. There are also some emotional and cultural poles within the district itself, for example between various areas (Oberland, Unterland, Iseltal) and especially between the rural areas and the main urban centre (Lienz).

3.3. Socio economic situation

Economy Test area Region Nation Republic District of Land Tirol Austria Lienz Persons in Employment 2001 22.201 320.314 3.860.735 Changes 1981 - 2001 +12,9 % +25,5 % + 13,2 % Sectors of economy Persons in Employment 2001 Primary sector 1.407 9.003 149.540 Changes 1981 - 2001 - 49,0 % - 44,1 % - 48,5 % Secondary sector 7.338 92.016 1.131.046 Changes 1981 - 2001 + 8,5 % 0,0 % - 4,8 % Tertiary sector 13.456 219.295 2.580.149 Changes 1981 - 2001 + 32,8 % + 49,0 % + 49,8 % Unemployment rate 2004 9,6 % 5,6 % 7,1 % Tourism Overnight stays 2001 1.948.285 40.509.408 115.110.700 Changes 1981 - 2001 - 13,8 % - 0,9 % -5,1 %

The primary sector (7.2 % of total employment) and trade and industry (31.2 %) play a greater role in East Tyrol than in the rest of the Tyrol, while the service sector (60.9 %) is well below average for the region.

Agriculture and forestry and the related processing industries operate under difficult natural and structural conditions. Through their role in maintaining the cultural landscape, their importance goes far beyond the production aspect.

The industries of East Tyrol are located primarily on the valley floor of the Lienz Basin and – with strong links with South Tyrol – in the upper Drautal around Sillian. The main companies are Liebherr (domestic appliances) in Lienz, EGO Austria (components for electrical goods) in Heinfels, Euroclima (air-conditioning) in Sillian, Durst Optik in Lienz, Loacker (foodstuffs) in Heinfels and a big sawmill in Assling. A mechatronics cluster has been created to reinforce the initial steps already taken in the development of a high-tech industry.

The importance of the service sector in the Tyrol is due to the strength of the tourism industry. In East Tyrol, however, tourism is less well developed, especially with regard to winter tourism, which is booming and generating significant revenues in the rest of the Tyrol region. Programmes to develop green tourism in the National Park region have generated little increase in visitor totals. Measures are now being taken to develop tourism offerings primarily for the Italian market (cycling holidays, events, Italian courses for employees in the tourism industry).

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In East Tyrol unemployment (9.6 %) is significantly higher than the regional (5.6 %) or national average. This is due to the limited availability of jobs in the region, the remoteness of the locations and the concentration patterns on the regional labour market.

Distribution of the jobs remaining in the primary sector has a clear basis in the realities of the natural space. In both trade and industry and the service sector, Lienz as the administrative centre of the district is very much the dominant location , accounting for more than 50 % of the workforce (compared with less than 25 % of the residential population for the district as a whole). The secondary sector has a certain importance on the valley floor of the Lienz Basin (Nussdorf-Debant, Dölsach), a few locations in the upper Drautal (Assling, Heinfels, Sillian) and in Matrei i.O. in the Iseltal. The level of concentration among workplace locations is even more pronounced in the tertiary sector. In addition to the above mentioned communities, St. Jakob im Defereggen and Virgen have a certain quantitative importance thanks to tourism.

This high and increasing level of concentration in employment locations means a correspondingly high level of commuting . In the Lienz district 11,970 persons in gainful employment (58 %) had to commute to work from their home community in 2001. The town Lienz alone attracts 5,850 commuters every day, which is 62 % of the local workforce. In the remote valleys, the share of workers who do not return home from their workplace every day is still high.

In a socio-economic study published by the Tyrolean regional authority in 2004, the results vary for the three East Tyrolean regions (Lienz basin, Iseltal, Pustertal) but are poor in general. With reference to the indicators inconvenient commuting (i.e. commuters who do not return to their homes every day or travel more than 30 minutes in one direction), migration balance and unemployment rate, the Iseltal finished in the bottom of six classes, the upper Drautal in the fifth class and the rest of the Drautal (Lienz) in the third class. That was the worst district result in total for the Tyrol as a whole.

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4. The Public services in the test areas: Description, evaluation, problems, perspectives

4.1. General situation for each public service themes

- Public transport: buses, rail Responsibility for public transport has been transferred from the federal to the regional and municipal authorities. The regional authority of the Tyrol has assigned the task of organising public transport services to a company by the name of Verkehrsverbund Tirol VVT GesmbH . The service providers in the public transport sector include former state- owned enterprises that have now been privatised (ÖBB, Postbus) plus an increasing number of private operators.

East Tyrol has four operators in the public transport sector, with a route length of 200 km by bus and 30 km by rail. Lienz urban public transport and regional public transport are both operated as demand-oriented services. These services are being continually reduced in response to increasing costs for the local authorities. In the case of rail, the reduction from three to two daily through-services to Innsbruck via Italian territory has led to increased use of private motor cars, while the extremely poor bus services to the ends of the various valleys (Pustertal, National Park region) – even in the main tourism season – is in clear contradiction to the declared policy of attracting more tourists to the region.

- Public administration

Police The maintenance of public safety is the responsibility of the federal authority. At the present time the two types of police in Austria ( Gendarmerie and Polizei ) are being merged to create a single force with a leaner organisation. In East Tyrol there are eight police stations that are staffed around the clock. With a current strength of approx. 70 officers, the police force just has enough human resources for the workload involved.

Health care With regard to medical services, hospitals are the responsibility of the regional and local authorities, while the social security organisations are responsible for a basic network of doctors operating within the national insurance schemes. With a well equipped district hospital in Lienz (only the Department of Psychiatry is still being developed) and an adequate number of decentral general practitioners and specialists, medical services are available throughout the district.

Social services and care for elderly people Social services in the framework of old people’s care is the responsibility of the local authorities (residential and nursing homes), while ambulant care is provided through a network of social units (non-profit organisations) supported by the regional and local authorities. In many fields, social services are provided by local offices of the regional authority. There are many self-help groups and welfare associations. For

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example, Lebenshilfe Tirol (care for the handicapped) is active in three locations in East Tyrol. East Tyrol is divided up into eight social service units, and their total capacity is in line with the needs of the district as a whole.

Advisory In addition to the offices of the regional corporations (village renewal in the rural space), specific advisory services are also provided by non-profit companies founded for that purpose such as the Zukunftsstiftung (foundation for economic and technological development in the Tyrol) and regional management associations ( Regionsmanagement Osttirol RMO ).

Education: kindergartens and statutory primary schools, basic opportunities for professional and personal training

The legal framework for kindergartens and statutory schools is defined by the regional authority. The staff are the responsibility of the local authorities in the case of kindergartens and of the regional authority in the statutory schools. The buildings and cost of materials are the responsibility of the local authorities (also in school districts). Continuous education and vocational training are provided for by the relevant chambers in the form of specific vocational training organisations (BFI, WIFI). Adult education is offered by a variety of non-profit educational institutions.

The Lienz district is well served by kindergartens and schools of a high standard. The current total is 46 kindergartens and 46 primary schools, six secondary modern schools, three pre-vocational year schools and a vocational training school. In the side valleys, the school infrastructure is also utilised as far as possible for adult education purposes. East Tyrol’s continuous education facilities are concentrated in Lienz as the administrative centre of the district. In the field of adult education, accessibility and the resulting costs can be a barrier to attendance. The offering can be considered balanced. If a course is not available in the district itself, the remoteness of the location will normally make it impossible to attend the course elsewhere.

Telecommunication: telephony, Internet, TV and radio This sector is completely privatised. The market is dominated by the formerly state-owned organisations (Telekom Austria, ORF), although private operators are now moving up quickly. The availability of telephone, TV and radio can be considered adequate throughout the district. Radio Osttirol as the district radio station can be received almost everywhere, although there are some minor problems in the upper reaches of the Villgratental, Virgental and Lesachtal. In most areas of East Tyrol broad-band Internet is not yet available. The connections to be made available for all 33 municipalities in the framework of a broadband initiative launched by the Tyrolean regional authority will meet requirements with the exception of a few remote areas, but complete coverage throughout the region will not be achieved.

Everyday needs: food and non food items, fuel, postal service Postal services (letters, parcels) have been privatised in the last few years. All other services have always been part of the private sector.

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Food The Lienz district has an above-average number of branches of food store chains with a reasonable total sales area. The increasing number of attractive retail outlets in the main centres of population around Lienz, Nussdorf/Debant, Sillian and Matrei, however, has led to a situation in which ten of the 33 municipalities of East Tyrol no longer have a food store. An image campaign run by the Chamber of Commerce and Regionsmanagement Osttirol over the last three years has only been able to mitigate the general trend.

Postal service Postal deliveries in East Tyrol are handled via three distribution centres in Heinfels, Lienz and Matrei. In the last few years post office locations have been subjected to profitability auditing by Post AG, and this process is not yet complete. Only in one municipality has it been possible to recruit a postal services partner in support of the process of reorganisation.

Fuel The district’s sixteen petrol stations have all been receiving their fuel supplies by road tanker since the mid 1990s, when the regional storage depot was closed. Heating oil for the district is supplied by two regional operators.

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4.2. The current difficulties/worries and perspectives, with the emphasis on services in focus

- Overview of the results of the survey

In summary the following conclusions can be drawn in an initial evaluation of the results of the survey for private users of public services : • Public services are easily accessible to a very high degree. • Local shops attract high scores with high rates of use. • Telecommunications facilities, including the Internet, are used frequently and receive high scores except for Internet services. • Health and social services (including care for the elderly) do well in terms of quality. • Educational facilities take longer to reach; quality is considered good – as in the case of public administration. • Public transport is used relatively little and receives low scores.

Accessibility (availability [telecom.]) in test area Lienz district

Can you reach .... within 15 minutes out of 15 minutes

Public transport 92,4 7,6 Health care 87,5 12,5 Social care (even for elderly) 82,9 17,1 Education 74,8 25,2 Public administration 91,9 8,1 Every day needs 92,4 7,6 Telecommunication 100,0 0,0

- Structure of survey and interpretation

The survey of East Tyrolean residents and businesses (in the district of Lienz = PUSEMOR test area) was conducted in the form of telephone interviews, with Regionsmanagement Osttirol RMO responsible for the organisation. Private users of public services were polled in July and August 2005, and company proprietors or managers in September 2005. Apart from the question of the respondent’s or company’ status, the questionnaire prepared by the Tyrolean Regional Government’s Department of Spatial Planning - Statistics was identical in either case.

The random samples taken from the electronic telephone book totalled 450 persons (approx. 1 % of inhabitants above the age of 10) and 240 business proprietors or general managers (approx. 10 % of the total). Thanks to a high response rate of 95 % (433 valid interviews with private individuals and 221 with the business community), the sampling error is just 4.7 % (at a confidence level of 96 %). The sample can be considered representative in terms of the parameters age, gender and spatial distribution, as well as the range of business sectors.

The questionnaire comprises a general and a more specialised section. The general part contains questions relating to the accessibility, quality and use

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of six consolidated fields of public service. The specialised section contains similar questions on four telecommunications services and additional questions relating to the respondents’ interest in the content of the Internet as well as problems encountered in its use.

The questions relating to accessibility are comprised of mobility mode (on foot or by car), the time required (in minutes) and personal satisfaction (on a scale of 1 to 5). The quality of the services was assessed in terms of subjective satisfaction (on a scale of 1 to 5) and use in terms of frequency (5 levels). Respondents were also able to name specific public services requiring improved accessibility and quality or deserving more intensive use.

The results of the survey are presented on a integrated basis in the overview in Section 1. The compact cross-comparisons between the data and assessments for public services would seem to be more meaningful. The detailed discussion of the results in Section 2 sheds light on the individual public services, with the results discussed on the basis of three spatial types (municipalities by migration balance) and social groups (women - men, old - young).

- Overview incl. explanation of services in focus

-- Summary of results for private users

With regard to the mode of mobility used to reach public services, we can distinguish two types. Public transport, public administration and local shops are largely accessible on foot. In the case of health and social services and educational facilities, on the other hand, more than half of users take their cars.

... is reachable on foot ... is reachable within ... minutes

Public Transport Public Transport 100,0 20 75,0 15 Every day needs 50,0 Health Care Every day needs 10 Healt h Care 25,0 5 0,0 0

P ubl ic Social/ Elderly Public Administration Social/Elderly Care Administ rat ion C a r e

Education Educat ion TirStat TirStat

The time required to reach public services is short, with an average of less than 10 minutes except in the case of educational facilities. Over 95 % of inhabitants can reach the public services within 20 minutes (45 minutes for educational facilities).

In general, the level of satisfaction with the accessibility of public services is high (about 1.5). Although it has the lowest time requirement, public transport does not score so well with regard to accessibility (2.1). That is even lower than the score for educational facilities (1.8), which are much more difficult to reach.

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Contentedness with accessibility Contentedness with quality

Public Transport Public Transport 2,5 3,0 2,0 2,0 1,5 Every day needs Health Care Every day needs Healt h Care 1,0 1,0 0,5 0,0 0,0

Public P ubl ic Social/ Elderly Social/Elderly Care Administration Administ rat ion C a r e

Education Educat ion TirStat TirStat

The question of satisfaction with the quality of the services produced very good scores for local shops, and health and social services. The assessment was also good for public administration and educational facilities. Public transport did not do so well, however, with 40 % of inhabitants dissatisfied with the quality of this service.

There are big differences with regard to the frequency of use for public services. 95 % of the population make frequent use of local shops (at least once a week). Educational facilities are used frequently by one fifth of the population, and public transport by 15 % (almost all of them commuting pupils and students). The other public services have rates of use of less than 10 %.

Satisfaction with telecommunications facilities is generally very high. The scores for the quality of these facilities vary. Broadband technology received a very good assessment, followed by mobile telephony. The scores were good for the quality of radio and television, whereas private users tend to be dissatisfied with normal Internet services.

Contentedness with quality (in marks 1- Frequency of use (at least weekly) 5)

Radio/TV 100,0 3,0 75,0 2,0 50,0 25,0 1,0 High-speed Mobile 0,0 0,0 Internet Telephony

Internet TirStat TirStat

The frequency of use of telecommunications facilities varies widely. Radio and television are used frequently by 99 % of respondents, and 70 % make at least weekly use of mobile telephony. The frequency of use for the Internet is 46 % of private users, but only 19 % have access to broadband.

In summary the following conclusions can be drawn in an initial evaluation of the results of the survey for private users of public services:

• Public services are easily accessible to a very high degree. • Local shops attract high scores with high rates of use.

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• With the exception of broadband, telecommunications facilities are used frequently and receive high scores except for the quality of narrowband Internet services. • Health and social services (including care for the elderly) do well in terms of quality. • Educational facilities take longer to reach; quality is considered good – as in the case of public administration.

-- Summary of results for business

With regard to the business community, the results of the survey generally paint a more positive picture of the services provided and the resulting level of satisfaction compared with private users of public services. With the exception of tourism business and the public sector, this is mainly due to the geographical concentration of businesses in central locations.

Accessibility on foot is particularly good for public transport and, with the exception of educational facilities, that is largely the case with other services, too. This is reflected in an average time requirement of between 5 and 12 minutes and a very high level of satisfaction with the accessibility of public services.

Apart from public transport, the quality of public services attracts good to very good scores. This distinction is reflected in the limited use of public transport (19 %), whereas businesses make very frequent use of public administration facilities (41 %) and facilities providing everyday necessities (88 %).

Contentedness with quality Telecommunication: Frequency of use (in perc.)

Public Transport 4,0 Radio/TV 3,0 100,0 75,0 Every day needs 2,0 Healt h Care 50,0 1,0 25,0 0,0 High-speed Mobile 0,0 Internet Telephony P ubl ic Social/ Elderly Administ rat ion C a r e

Educat ion Internet TirStat TirStat

Telecommunications facilities are rated very highly by the business community with regard to both availability and quality. With a frequency of use of 79 % (including 51 % via broadband), the Internet has a higher level of penetration for the business community than mobile telephony (72 %).

In summary the following conclusions can be drawn in an initial evaluation of the results of the survey for business users of public services:

• Public services are easily accessible for businesses to a very high degree. • With the exception of public transport, the level of satisfaction with the services provided is very high.

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• The frequency of use is high for telecommunications, with a surprisingly high level of penetration and range of applications for the Internet (79 %) and broadband technology (51 %).

- Results of all other questions

-- Detailed results of the survey of private users

In this section the results of the survey of private users are differentiated in terms of spatial and social distribution . Spatial differentiation is achieved by contrasting ten municipalities with a clear pattern of outgoing migration (Region 1) with the ten municipalities of East Tyrol with incoming migration (Region 3). Region 3 comprises the central area of East Tyrol around Lienz, while the municipalities in Region 1 are mostly located in the remote side valleys or less attractive sections of the main valleys.

In the spatial type with outgoing migration (Region 1), inhabitants make frequent use of their cars to reach public services (health services 84 %). Nevertheless, the average time requirement is up to 50 % higher, especially for health and social services and educational facilities. This fact has no influence on the level of satisfaction with these geographical user groups, however, and even the quality of public transport is rated higher than average. The frequency of use of public services is usually higher, except for education, local shops and broadband Internet (for lack of infrastructure).

... is reachable on foot (in percent) Public Transport 100,0 Every day 75,0 50,0 Health HighCare Migration needs 25,0 Loc. Public 0,0 Migration Loc. Social/Elderly Administratio CareImmigration Loc. n Education TirStat

In the central area of East Tyrol with incoming migration (Region 3), public services can largely be reached on foot (health services 64 %), and the time requirement is generally lower at an average of between 5 and 10 minutes. User satisfaction with the accessibility and quality of the public

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services is only average, however, with a slightly better score for health services and slightly lower assessment for social services. Nor are there any significant deviations for frequency of use in this spatial type. Public transport is used even less than in the normal case for the region as a whole, while the use of broadband Internet is above average (thanks to its greater availability).

The differences in the results of the survey for women and men relate to accessibility and use. Women make more frequent use of their cars but still have a greater time requirement. Men tend to make less use of public services but more use of public administration, mobile telephony and broadband Internet.

Young people make particularly frequent use of public transport (42 %), educational facilities (93 %) and all telecommunications services (mobile telephony 84 %, both Internet technologies together 58 %), but almost no use at all of health and social services. It takes them a relatively long time to reach their educational facilities (17 minutes on average). Young people have an above-average level of satisfaction with the accessibility and quality of public services.

Frequency of use (at least weekly) Frequency of use (at least weekly)

Public Young Persons Young Per sons Transport Seniors Senior s 100,0 Every day 75,0 50,0 Health Care Radio/TV needs 25,0 100,0 0,0 75,0 Public 50,0 Social/Elderl High-speed 25,0 Mobile Administrati y Care 0,0 on Internet Telephony Education TirStat Internet TirStat

Senior citizens are more dependent on their cars than average to reach public facilities. Nevertheless their time requirement is also significantly higher. Senior citizens make especially frequent use of health services (25 %) but almost none of educational facilities. They are also clearly less frequent users of modern telecommunications media (mobile telephony 29 %, both types of Internet together 8 %).

The question of better accessibility for specific public services attracted frequent responses for the following: Hospital (16 % of all respondents) Bus (15 %) Food store (11 %)

The question of quality improvements for specific public services attracted frequent responses for the following: Bus (17 % of all respondents) Radio and television (13 %)

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Rail (9 %)

The question of more frequent use desired for specific public services attracted frequent responses for the following: Continuing education (7 % of all respondents) Bus (7 %) Adult education (5 %)

The question relating to obstacles to a higher level of acceptance for the Internet produced high scores for lack of user know-how (40 %) and fear of critical content (41 %). User know-how is a problem for senior citizens in particular (80 %) and also for women. The financial requirements (cost of PC, cost of Internet connection, provider charges) are a problem for one quarter of all respondents. Private use of the Internet is not available to 42 % of all respondents, although the figure is lower in the central area of East Tyrol (34 %). Three quarters of all senior citizens do not have private access to the Internet. Only one eighth of the population (one quarter of all senior citizens) attach no importance to Internet content.

Barriers of Internet access (in percent) Content is not interesting me 80,0 Protection from 60,0 I have no Internet- critical contents 40,0 Connection 20,0 0,0 Too less Don't have a knowledge Computer

Running-costs Connection-costs too high too high Young Persons Seniors TirStat

For private users, the useful functions of the Internet relate primarily to information (58 %) and communications (48 %). Services and entertainment via the Internet are of interest to one tenth of private users.

-- Detailed results of the survey of businesses

The detailed results of the survey for the business community are presented on the basis of the sectoral classification in the NACE code. The businesses are grouped in a productive sector (NACE C-F), service sector without tourism (NACE G, I-K), tourism (NACE H) and the public sector (NACE L-O). Farming and forestry are not included as they are covered by the survey of private individuals.

In the case of productive sector , public services are much less accessible on foot, although the time requirement is still only average. The use made of

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public transport (3 %) is negligible, whereas contact with educational facilities and public administration facilities is above average. With regard to telecommunications (Internet 82 %), the frequency of use is also above average, and broadband is used by 56 % of these businesses. The overall impression is therefore that of a rather innovative business sector.

Businesses in the service sector enjoy fast and very convenient access to public services. Above-average use is made of health services, and educational facilities and public administration facilities. The frequency of use of the Internet (85 %) is the highest of all business sectors.

As a result no doubt of their largely decentral structure, tourism businesses report a below-average situation in terms of the accessibility of public services on foot. And even where the motor car is the main form of transport used, considerably more time is spent on travel, e.g. almost 20 minutes to reach educational facilities. This sector produces the lowest score of all (3.3) for the quality of local public transport. Tourism businesses make above- average use of most public services, although they are lagging behind with regard to the use of the Internet, especially with broadband technology (only 44 %).

Public sector businesses (i.e. all public services including public administration) have easy access to public services and make above- average use of them. What is surprising, however, is the fact that the public sector makes below-average use of the Internet (66 %).

The question of improvements in terms of accessibility and quality attracts a lower response from businesses than from private individuals. Most of the answers (9 % of all businesses) relate to improvements to the quality of public transport.

The most frequent response to the question of obstacles to a higher level of acceptance for the Internet is fear of the content of the websites (54 %), with a particularly dramatic score (90 %) from the public sector. No less than 30 % of all businesses say they have insufficient know-how in the use of the Internet. The financial burden is a problem for about 20 % of businesses. Only 13 % of all businesses (but 24 % in the public sector) have no Internet access. The relevance of the Internet for business operations is recognized by almost all businesses (98 %).

In comparison with private users, business users have a more pronounced and more differentiated view of the useful functions of the Internet . Its role as a communications tool dominates (84 %), with a clearly lower assessment from the public sector (66 %). Two thirds make use of the Internet as a source of information, and more than half (58 %) for services. The Internet is also employed for commercial purposes by 13 % of all business, especially in the service sector (21 %). The use of the Internet for entertainment in the tourism sector (8 %) is also worthy of mention.

Formatiert: Nummerierung und Aufzählungszeichen

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5. Best practices in the test area, their specifics and conditions for transferability

Title / name of your best practice in the provision of public services Gelöscht: ?

Broadband Initiative Tyrol

Area / areas of domain (i.e. which public service ? pls use the lowest level Gelöscht: ? from questionnaires)

Telecommunications, broadband infrastructure

Target group (Does it aim to general population or to specific group s? if Gelöscht: ? group - which ?) Gelöscht: (1 line)

Local populations (approx. 38,000 persons) and businesses (approx. 1,900) in remote and economically disadvantaged areas of the Tyrol

Territorial level or extent (i.e. is this service provided for just one settlement, Gelöscht: / for more, for one municipality, above municipal level?) Gelöscht: Is

Approx. 50 communities in remote and economically disadvantaged areas of the Tyrol, especially in the districts of Lienz (East Tyrol) and Reutte (Ausserfern)

For how long it has been running / operating?

2005 – 2006

Basic idea and aim of your best practice in the provision of public services?

The broadband infrastructure currently covers 88 % of the region, with gaps in remote and economically disadvantaged areas. Further additions to the infrastructure do not make economic sense for private broadband service providers. At the level of the infrastructure, the deficiencies of the markets can be overcome through pump-priming out of public funds. The objective is to achieve, as soon as possible, almost region-wide coverage with broadband (96 % of the total area of the Tyrol).

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Title / name of your best practice in the provision of public services Gelöscht: ? Small-group kindergartens

Area / areas of domain (i.e. which public service ? pls use the Gelöscht: ? lowest level from questionnaires) Dare care service, kindergartens

Target group (Does it aim to general population or to specific group s? if group - which ?) Gelöscht: ? Children from three to six Gelöscht: (1 line)

Territorial level or extent (i.e. is this service provided for just one Gelöscht: / settlement, for more, for one municipality, above municipal level?) Gelöscht: Is District of a municipality or a small municipality. Established in the Lienz area of East Tyrol in the following locations: Mittewald in the municipality of Anras; Burg in the municipality of Assling; municipality of Lavant; municipality of St. Johann i.W.

For how long it has been running / operating?

18 years

Basic idea and aim of your best practice in the provision of public services? Saving the children a long journey to a regular kindergarten at a more distant location

Background / main reasons for implementation of this particular Gelöscht: What was the service and how did the operation emerge? (e.g. following a Gelöscht: (i.e. feasibility study, the example from another territory?) Gelöscht: ) The system additionally prevents closure of a regular kindergarten where the number of children attending falls below the required minimum of ten. That also avoids the loss of jobs for kindergarten personnel. The service is also provided in remote parts of other areas of the Tyrol. In Austria, the small-group kindergarten model is to be found only in the Tyrol.

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Title / name of your best practice in the provision of public services Gelöscht: ?

Netzdienste Defereggen (Network Services)

Area / areas of domain (i.e. which public service ? pls use the lowest level Gelöscht: ? from questionnaires)

Telecommunications

Target group (Does it aim to general population or to specific group s? if Gelöscht: ? group - which ?) Gelöscht: (1 li Households, businesses and public institutions in the Defereggen Valley

Territorial level or extent (i.e. is this service provided for just one settlement, Gelöscht: / for more, for one municipality, above municipal level?) Gelöscht: Is

Defereggen Valley with 3 municipalities

For how long it has been running / operating?

December 2004 - spring 2006

Basic idea and aim of your best practice in the provision of public services?

Analogue and digital television programmes Broadband Internet Defereggen Channel (local information service) Telephony via the cable network

Background / main reasons for implementation of this particular service and Gelöscht: What was the how did the operation emerge? (e.g. following a feasibility study, the example Gelöscht: (i.e. from another territory?) Gelöscht: )

Pilot already running for some time in the municipality of Hopfgarten > now to be extended to the whole of the valley (broadband) Many small and highly dispersed settlements and farms Access to information for local population and tourists

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Title / name of your best practice in the provision of public services Gelöscht: ? www.osttirol-komm.at – Internet portal for commuters and East Tyroleans living outside of the region

Area / areas of domain (i.e. which public service ? pls use the lowest level Gelöscht: ? from questionnaires)

Telecommunications / mobility and transport

Target group (Does it aim to general population or to specific group s? if Gelöscht: ? group - which ?) Gelöscht: (1 line) a) Commuters and students who work/study outside of the district b) Population of East Tyrol c) East Tyroleans who have moved out of the district

Territorial level or extent (i.e. is this service provided for just one settlement, Gelöscht: / for more, for one municipality, above municipal level?) Gelöscht: Is

District of East Tyrol

For how long it has been running / operating?

Launched May 2005

Basic idea and aim of your best practice in the provision of public services?

Communication with commuters as a target group (municipalities) Target groups’ requirements of the municipalities and the district Car sharing - Social contacts - Online job mart, holiday job mart

2001 national census – approx. 11.000 commuters in East Tyrol Good standard of education in the district versus few jobs for highly qualified personnel > pressure to migrate (brain drain) Target groups polled > solutions found

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Title / name of your best practice in the provision of public services Gelöscht: ?

Virger Bürgermobil (Mobility in Virgen)

Area / areas of domain (i.e. which public service ? pls use the lowest level Gelöscht: ? from questionnaires)

Mobility and transport

Target group (Does it aim to general population or to specific group s? if Gelöscht: ? group - which ?) Gelöscht: (1 line) Households without a car, senior citizens

Territorial level or extent (i.e. is this service provided for just one settlement, Gelöscht: / for more, for one municipality, above municipal level?) Gelöscht: Is

Municipality of Virgen

For how long it has been running / operating?

Launched on 22.09.2005 (2005 Car-free Day)

Basic idea and aim of your best practice in the provision of public services?

Sustainable transport policy Collection service Mobility for senior citizens Mobility for households without a car Social contacts Increasing local value-added Improved level of road safety Reduction in environmental impacts e.g. savings in fuel

Questionnaire to assess demand for such a project, how much it can cost, and what the required destinations are Point of departure: distances up to 6 km from the village centre sparse provision of public transport mobility of individual residents inadequate large number of elderly persons in the village shift in traffic to the weekend Formatiert: Nummerierung und Aufzählungszeichen PUSEMOR REGIONAL REPORT_TEAM_TYROL.DOCMay 2006 Side 24

6. Conclusion and next steps

6.1 on the regional level The survey of the public services studied and the representative poll of the two user groups (private individuals and businesses) produce the following differentiated picture of public services in East Tyrol:

• By far the most of the services are found to be easily accessible, of good quality and can be expected to remain so in foreseeable future developments. • Access to education (especially higher and continuous education) is in need of improvement. • Local public transport services are not up to requirements (any more), but in the present situation improvements are hardly feasible. • If current obstacles to access are overcome and the necessary content development is undertaken, the region-wide availability of broadband technology will create new opportunities in telecommunications.

Table: Summary evaluation of the public services studied in East Tyrol

Public service Trend until now Status Future trend Main problem Public transport worse 3 same Quality Health care better 1 same Social/Elderly care better 1 same Education same 2 same Accessibility Public administration same 1 same Everyday needs better 1 same Telecommunication better 2 better Source: PUSEMOR fieldwork, 2005

Table: Specific evaluation of telecommunications services in East Tyrol

Public service Trend until now Status Future trend Main problem Radio/Television same 2 same Quality Mobile telephony better 1 same Internet same 2 same Quality High-speed Internet better 2 better Accessibility Source: PUSEMOR fieldwork, 2005

Next steps at the regional level

In the context of PUSEMOR, the main focus in the Tyrol is telecommunications with special reference to the broadband initiative launched by the federal and regional authorities. At the regional level, the main measures will be awareness-building for the use of this technology by private individuals and the business community as well as improvements in terms of content. Implementation of these strategies for telecommunications will be supported through a number of pilot projects in the test area of East Tyrol.

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The authors of the second interim report on the development of a mission statement entitled ZukunftsRaum Tirol (Future Space Tyrol) speak of the need for the Tyrol to achieve a leading position in Europe in the use of broadband technology. • In a first step the strategy is to overcome obstacles to access to the Internet and especially to broadband (pull strategy). • In a second step the strategy is to develop the content and make functional improvements in the use of the Internet ( push strategy).

The pilot projects planned for the test area of East Tyrol all relate to one of these two strategies for the use of broadband and are designed to check feasibility. A second principle in the choice of projects is maintaining a connection with public services at the level of content:

Priority 1 PP1: Overcoming obstacles to Internet access for senior citizens and non- employed persons PP2: Common Internet platform for the communities of the Defereggen Valley PP 3: Internet platform for regional produce

Priority 2 PP 4: Overcoming obstacles to Internet access for bed and breakfast establishments PP 5: Internet access to digital images of the villages and countryside from local archives

6.2 on the transnational level with an outlook on work package 6 and 8 (Procedure: BČM (WP 5) and TK (WP 6) and US (Technical Lead) write text for this chapter and send it for revision comments to responsible WP5 persons in each partner region)

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