HTTPS://JOURNALS.KU.EDU/REPTILESANDAMPHIBIANSTABLE OF CONTENTS IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANSREPTILES • VOL &15, AMPHIBIANS NO 4 • DEC 2008 • 27(3):485–486189 • DEC 2020 IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS CONSERVATION AND NATURAL HISTORY TABLE OF CONTENTS TwoFEATURE InstancesARTICLES of Tail Regeneration and . Chasing Bullsnakes (Pituophis catenifer sayi) in Wisconsin: On theOne Road to Understanding Case the Ecology ofand Conservation Tail of the Midwest’s Bifurcation Giant Serpent ...................... Joshua M. inKapfer 190 . The Shared History of Treeboas (Corallus grenadensis) and Humans on Grenada: AdultA Hypothetical Excursion Eastern ............................................................................................................................ Blue-tongued RobertLizards W. Henderson 198 RESEARCH ARTICLES (Tiliqua. The Texas Horned Lizardscincoides in Central and Western Texas ....................... scincoides Emily Henry, Jason Brewer,) Krista in Mougey, Australia and Gad Perry 204 . The Knight Anole (Anolis equestris) in Florida .............................................Brian J. Camposano, Kenneth L. Krysko, Kevin M. Enge, Ellen M. Donlan, and Michael Granatosky 212 Matthew Mo CONSERVATION ALERT P.O. Box A290, Sydney South, NSW 1232, Australia ([email protected]) . World’s Mammals in Crisis ............................................................................................................................................................. 220 . More Than Mammals ...................................................................................................................................................................... 223 . The “Dow Jones Index” of Biodiversity ........................................................................................................................................... 225 number ofHUSBANDRY reptilian and amphibian taxa can regrow Aamputated tails. Captive (Lozito Care of theand Central Tuan Netted 2016; Dragon .......................................................................................................Baddar et al. Shannon Plummer 226 2019). Tail amputationPROFILE may occur from various causes. In caudal autotomy,. preyKraig Adler:species A Lifetime exhibit Promoting an Herpetologyanti-predator ................................................................................................ strat- Michael L. Treglia 234 egy in which a portion of the tail can be voluntarily shed to COMMENTARY distract predators and facilitate escape (Gilbert et al. 2013). The Turtles Have Been Watching Me ........................................................................................................................ Eric Gangloff 238 This mechanism has been most frequently reported in liz- ards and salamandersBOOK REVIEW(Bateman and Fleming 2009; Lewis . Threatened Amphibians of the World edited by S.N. Stuart, M. Hoffmann, J.S. Chanson, N.A. Cox, and Sullivan 2020), but also in tuataras (e.g., Hoare et al. R. Berridge, P. Ramani, and B.E. Young .............................................................................................................. Robert Powell 243 2006) and certain snakes (e.g., Fitch 2003; Bowen 2004). Alternatively, tails CONSERVATION may be amputated RESEARCH by REPORTS:predators Summariesor com of- Published Conservation Research Reports ................................. 245 petitors (e.g., Itescu NATURAL et al. 2017). HISTORY RESEARCH REPORTS: Summaries of Published Reports on Natural History ................................. 247 NEWBRIEFS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 248 In taxa exhibiting tail regeneration, a new tail may EDITORIAL INFORMATION ..................................................................................................................................................... 251 develop even when FOCUS the ONoriginal CONSERVATION tail is not: entirely A Project Youdetached, Can Support ............................................................................................... 252 leaving the animal with a seemingly forked tail (Ramadanović and Zimić 2019; Khandakar and Sultana 2020). This occur- rence, termed “tail bifurcation,” is relatively rare in the wild. However, it has been reported in a number of families, includ- Fig. 1. An Eastern Blue-tongued Lizard (Tiliqua scincoides scincoides) with Front Cover. Shannon Plummer. a bifurcatedBack Cover. tail Michael from Kurnell, Kern New South Wales, Australia. Photograph ing but not limited to the IguanidaeTotat et (Koleskavelleseque audant et al. mo 2017), byTotat the author.et velleseque audant mo Phrynosomatidae (Mata-Silva etestibus al. inveliquo2013), velique Tropiduridae rerchil estibus inveliquo velique rerchil erspienimus, quos accullabo. Ilibus erspienimus, quos accullabo. Ilibus (Martins et al. 2013; Passos et al. aut2014), dolor apicto Agamidae invere pe (Ananjeva dolum aut dolor apicto invere pe dolum and Danov 1991; Ofori et al. 2018),fugiatis maionsequatGekkonidae eumque (Kumbar Lizardfugiatis ( T.maionsequat s. scincoides eumque) found in southern and eastern Australia moditia erere nonsedis ma sectiatur moditia erere nonsedis ma sectia- et al. 2011; Monte de Andrade etma al. derrovitae 2015; Mariavoluptam, and as quos Al-Razi (Coggertur ma derrovitae 2018). voluptam, On 8 December as 2010, I encountered and mea- 2018), Phyllodactylidae (Koleskaaccullabo. 2018), Scincidae (Mitchell sured an adult (SVL 332 mm) exhibiting tail bifurcation (Fig. et al. 2012; Vrcibradic and Niemeyer 2013; Miles et al. 2020), 1). This lizard was found in dune vegetation adjacent to Wanda Lacertidae (Dudek and Ekner-Grzyb 2014; Kolenda et al. Beach, Kurnell, New South Wales, Australia (34.035081°S, 2017; Sorlin et al. 2019), Teiidae (Cordes and Walker 2013; 151.176229°E). The point of bifurcation was 120 mm from Pelegrin and Leão 2016), Gymnophthalmidae (Plessey et al. the base of the tail. The right division, presumably the original 2014), Anguidae (Conzendey et al. 2013), Plethodontidae that had partially broken, was smaller in width than the left and (Hartzell 2017), and Salamandridae (Henle et al. 2012). was curled in such a way that the acute tip permanently pointed The blue-tongued lizards (Tiliqua spp.), a genus compris- slightly upward when the lizard was on the ground. ing some of the largest members of the family Scincidae, are On 12 October 2012, I captured and measured another found exclusively in Australia, New Guinea, and Indonesia. The adult Eastern Blue-tongued Lizard (SVL 321 mm) exhibiting Common Blue-tongued Lizard (T. scincoides) is represented tail regeneration (Fig. 2). This lizard was in Turrella Reserve, by three subspecies; one of which is the Eastern Blue-tongued New South Wales, Australia (33.927408°S, 151.138677°E), Copyright is held by the authors. Articles in R&A are made available under a 485 Reptiles & Amphibians ISSN 1098-6324 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license. MO REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS • 27(3):485–486 • DEC 2020 tology of caudal autotomy and regeneration in lizards. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 86: 631–644. Hartzell, S.M. 2017. Tail bifurcation in a Northern Dusky Salamander, Desmognathus fuscus (Caudata: Plethodontidae). Herpetology Notes 10: 181–182. Henle, K., B. Mester, S. Lengyel, and M. Puky. 2012. A review of a rare type of anomaly in amphibians, tail duplication and bifurcation, with description of three new cases in European species (Triturus dobrogicus, Triturus carnifex, and Hyla arborea). Journal of Herpetology 46: 451–455. Hoare, J.M., S. Pledger, S.N. Keall, N.J. Nelson, N.J. Mitchell, and C.H. Daugherty. 2006. Conservation implications of a longćterm decline in body condition of the Brothers Island Tuatara (Sphenodon guntheri). Animal Conservation 9: 456–462. Itescu, Y., R. Schwarz, S. Meiri, and P. Pafilis. 2017. Intraspecific competition, not predation, drives lizard tail loss on islands. Journal of Animal Ecology 86: 66–74. Khandakar, N. and I. Sultana. 2020. A tale of two tails: Tail bifurcation in the Common House Gecko, Hemidactylus frenatus (Duméril and Bibron 1836), in Bangladesh. Reptiles & Amphibians 27: 255–256. Kolenda, K., M. Wieczorek, A. Najbar, B. Najbar and T. Skawićski. 2017. Limb Fig. 2. Diagrammatic representation of an Eastern Blue-tongued Lizard malformation and tail bifurcation in Sand Lizards (Lacerta agilis) and Common (Tiliqua scincoides scincoides) from the Turrella Reserve, New South Wales, Lizards (Zootoca vivipara) from Poland. Herpetology Notes 10: 713–716. Australia, exhibiting some tail regeneration from an amputated stump. Koleska, D. 2018. First record of tail bifurcation in Asaccus gallagheri from the United Arabian Emirates. Herpetology Notes 11: 115–116. Koleska, D., V. Svobodová, T. Husák, M. Kulma, and D. Jablonski. 2017. Tail a small bushland remnant along Wolli Creek, 8 km southeast bifurcation recorded in Sauromalus ater. Herpetology Notes 10: 363–364. of the Sydney central business district. The tail had been bro- Kumbar, S.M., A.B. Ghadage, and V.M. Shndage. 2011. Hemidactylus flaviviridis ken 52 mm from the base but a regenerated portion measur- (House Gecko). Bifurcation. Herpetological Review 42: 94. ing 13 mm protruded from the tail stump. Given the urban Lewis, J.L. and A.M. Sullivan. 2020. Salamander stress and duress: the relationship between surroundings, the amputation