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Marine Alligier La Costruzione Dell'opinione Pubblica Nel Caffè

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Marine Alligier La Costruzione Dell'opinione Pubblica Nel Caffè Marine Alligier La costruzione dell’opinione pubblica nel Caffè 1764-1766 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ALLIGIER Marine, La costruzione dell’opinione pubblica nel Caffè 1764-1766, sous la direction de Pierre Girard. - Lyon : Université Jean Moulin (Lyon 3), 2017. Mémoire soutenu le 05/07/2017. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Document diffusé sous le contrat Creative Commons « Paternité – pas d’utilisation commerciale - pas de modification » : vous êtes libre de le reproduire, de le distribuer et de le communiquer au public à condition d’en mentionner le nom de l’auteur et de ne pas le modifier, le transformer, l’adapter ni l’utiliser à des fins commerciales. Université Jean Moulin – Lyon 3 Faculté des langues Département d’italien Marine ALLIGIER La costruzione dell’opinione pubblica nel Caffaf è 1764-1766 Mémoire de Master Recherche Sous la directtion de Pierre GIRARD Professeur des Universités Année universitaire 2016-2017 Remerciements J’adresse mes sincères remerciements à Monsieur Pierre Girard pour ses conseils et ses remarques éclairantes, ses précieux encouragements et sa disponibilité. In copertina : « L’accademia dei Pugni » di Antonio Perego, Collezione Sormani Andreani, 1762. Da sinistra a destra: Alfonso Longo (di spalle), Alessandro Verri, Giambattista Biffi, Cesare Beccaria, Luigi Lambertenghi, Pietro Verri, Giuseppe Visconti di Saliceto. 2 Indice Introduzione ............................................................................................................................................ 6 I. L’origine dell’opinione pubblica nel Caffè ..................................................................................... 21 A. La Milano del Caffè .................................................................................................................... 22 1. L’appartenenza all’Illuminismo europeo ............................................................................... 22 2. Le specificità del contesto milanese rispetto al resto dell’Italia ........................................... 26 3. Un periodico fra gli altri ? ...................................................................................................... 32 B. Una concezione nuova dell’uomo ............................................................................................. 36 1. L’emergenza dell’uomo nella sua complessità ...................................................................... 36 2. La possibilità di diventare attore ........................................................................................... 42 3. Degli uomini considerati come cittadini ................................................................................ 45 C. Le nozioni di « pubblico » e di « opinione » nel Caffè .............................................................. 49 1. Il rapporto fra il « pubblico » e il « privato » ......................................................................... 49 2. Un uso politico dell’opinione pubblica .................................................................................. 54 3. Il pubblico del periodico ........................................................................................................ 59 II. I luoghi di costruzione dell’opinione pubblica............................................................................... 64 A. Le istituzioni ............................................................................................................................... 65 1. Il regime politico .................................................................................................................... 65 2. Il sistema legislativo e giudiziario .......................................................................................... 69 3. Le classi sociali ....................................................................................................................... 73 B. I campi pratici ............................................................................................................................ 78 1. L’educazione .......................................................................................................................... 78 2. La comunicazione .................................................................................................................. 83 3. L’economia ............................................................................................................................ 87 C. Scienza e cultura ........................................................................................................................ 92 1. La scienza di Galileo Galilei .................................................................................................... 92 2. La questione della lingua ....................................................................................................... 97 3. Le arti ................................................................................................................................... 103 III. Le condizioni di possibilità di un’azione concreta .......................................................................... 110 A. Gli ambiti razionali ................................................................................................................... 111 1. Un uso pratico della ragione ............................................................................................... 111 2. Una struttura sociopolitica chiara ....................................................................................... 114 3. La morale ............................................................................................................................. 118 3 B. Passioni e sentimenti ............................................................................................................... 122 1. Le passioni e gli errori .......................................................................................................... 122 2. I sensi corporali e le sensazioni ........................................................................................... 126 3. La fantasia ............................................................................................................................ 130 C. Il linguaggio ............................................................................................................................. 134 1. Il foglio periodico ................................................................................................................. 134 2. La cornice ............................................................................................................................. 137 3. Stile e retorica ..................................................................................................................... 141 Conclusione ......................................................................................................................................... 145 Bibliografia........................................................................................................................................... 148 4 « I fogli periodici debbono essere una miniera di tentativi e di suggerimenti, scritti in maniera che lusingando l’amor proprio de’ lettori lascino ad essi il merito più che si può dell’invenzione. L’agricoltura, le arti, il commercio, la politica sono quelle cognizioni che ogni cittadino non manuale dovrebbe meno ignorare; feconde di nuove produzioni possono appagare la curiosità di ciascuno, e più universalmente coltivate conducono alla felicità d’uno Stato. » Cesare Beccaria1 1 Il Caffè (1764-1766), a cura di G. Francioni e S. Romagnoli, Torino, Bollati Boringhieri, 2005, p. 415. 5 INTRODUZIONE Affrontare la questione dell'opinione pubblica in relazione al periodico del Caffè, ossia brevi e vari discorsi distribuiti in fogli periodici2 può sembrare paradossale, ma proprio per questo risulta interessante. Il fatto stesso che gli articoli del Caffè siano pubblicati presuppone che ci sia un pubblico già costituito a cui rivolgersi ma allo stesso tempo si vede un’evidente volontà di costruzione di un’opinione pubblica come se non esistesse ancora e come se potesse essere costruita secondo il solo volere dei giornalisti milanesi. Inoltre, ci si chiede se si tratti di una scoperta dell’opinione pubblica o della modificazione di un’opinione pubblica già esistente. Infatti, ci si chiede se si tratti di una costruzione vera e propria di un’opinione pubblica e, addirittura, se una costruzione, processo che implica una volontà esterna che fa da guida, possa essere ritenuta possibile. In altri termini, ci si può anche domandare se è possibile o meno agire su un’opinione pubblica. In questa prospettiva, è interessante cercare di capire se il pubblico destinatario dell’opinione pubblica risulti identico all’ipotetico pubblico preesistente, quale sia la sua natura sociale e se il pubblico sia omogeneo o meno. Inoltre, ci si domanda quale sia il modo di raggiungere questo pubblico, cioè quali siano gli argomenti e come siano trattati, e se non sarebbero i soli argomenti a permettere di raggiungere il pubblico ma anche la struttura retorica dell’opera. Inoltre, nel Settecento, l’Italia geopolitica è frammentata e per lo più sotto dominio altrui, anche se partecipa
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