The Kano Chronicle Author(s): H. R. Palmer Source: The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 38 (Jan. - Jun., 1908), pp. 58-98 Published by: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2843130 Accessed: 18-12-2015 10:19 UTC

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THE KANO CHZRONICLE.

TRANSLATED,WITH AN INTRODUCTION,BY H. ZR. PALMER.

[WITH PLATES IX, X.] INTRODUCTORY. THE Hausa states,which form a large portionof the countrynow called Northern Nigeria,have been rutledsince the beginningof the nineteenthcentury by Fulani,' who,under their chief Othman Dan Hodio, about the year 1807, ousted the former Hausa rulerson the plea of a religious revival. As it was known that Arabic literatureand the Moslemafaith had been introducedin the fifteenthcentury at latest,it was naturalto supposethat some recordshad been kept of the reigns of the Hausa kings(Sarkis). Little,however, has hithertocollme to light except for two MSS. whichDr. Barth discoveredin Borlnudealing with that couintry,and the Karo Chtronicle,of whichthere are several copies in existence,and which is imentionedby Lady Lugard (Tropical Dependency,p. 236). The copy, however, to whichLady Lugard alludes is not colmlplete,since onilyforty-two kings are mentioned. The MS., which I have attemptedto translate below, was found at Sabongari, near Katsina, and goes down to, and breaks off in, the time of MohamlmiedBelo, the forty-eighthking. The MS. itself is of no greatage, and must on internal evidence have been writtenduring the latterpart of the decade 1883-1893; but it probablyrepresents some earlierrecord which has now perished. It is said, and no doubt with sonle truth,that the Fulainiin theirfanatical zeal, destroyedmany old recordsand books, on the ground that they were the books of " Kafurai," for their cctsUsbelli was that the Hausa Sarkis were-infidels,and as such deservedto be destroyedwith all theirworks. The recordson whichthe Chr-oniclemust be based were apparently an exception. The authorshipis unknown,and it is very difficultto make a guess. On the one hand the general style of the compositionis quite unlike the usual "note" struckby the sons of Dali Hodio, Abdulahi and Mohammed Belo, and imitatedby otherFulani writers. There is an almostcomplete absence of bias or partizanship. It is hardly possible that a Fulani mallam of the time of Dan Hodio, or even of the presenttime, could have relatedthe expulsionof Mohanmnma Alwali, the last Hausa Sarki,without betraying his race. On the other hand the style of the Arabic is not at all like that usually found in the compositionsof Hausa Mallamasof the presentday; there are not nearlyenough " classical tags," so to speak,in it. A youngArab in the employof the writer,who, though he can read and write colloquial Tripoli and Ghadamis Arabic,finds it difficult,and in fact impossible,to construe the Arabic books whichare mostconmmonly found in Hausaland, read and tianslated the MS. without difficulty.Kano was always 1 The author considers Filane to be the correct spelling; the more generally accepted forml is retained to avoid confusion.-ED.

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visited by mallamnsfrom differentparts of the Sahara and Barbary, and they often resided there for long periods. That the author of the work was thoroughlyau fait with the Kano dialect of Hausa, is evident from several phrasesused in the book,for instance used in a sense peculiar to Kano of

CC perforce." The originalmay perhapshave been writtenby somestra.nger from the northwho settledin Kano, and collectedthe storiesof formerkings handed down by oral tradition. The Chroniclehas been translatedas it stands,with the marginalnotes of the text,in foot-notes. The names of the Sarkis (given in the marginby the author) are miierelyfor convenience of reference. I have added approximatedates worked out by sinmplyreckoning back fromthe lengthof reigns given, assumlingthe date of the Fulani entry into Kano as September of A.D. 1807 (A.H. 1222), which a carefulcomparison of variousaccounts has led me to believeis about the rightdate. In themselvesthe lengthsof the variousreigns as given in the text would not carrymuch weightperhaps. There is, however,some confirmationin one or two cases whichmakes one inelinedto believe in theirsubstantial accuracy. In a workattributed to Shehu Dan Hodio, he quotes Abdu Rahamnanes Suyuti in a workon the Sudan called Risalcatul Muluk as writinga letterto variouskings, among whom were Mohamma Ibn Matafa,Sarkin Agades,and Sarkin Ibrahimof Katsina. Suyuti died in 1505, and is knownto have been acquaintedwith Abdu'l Magili Ben Marhili of Tuat. The latter is generally regarded as one of the first maraboutsof importancewho visitedHausaland, and is almostcertainly the Abdu Rahaman or Karimi of the narrative,who visitedKano in the reig,nof Rimfa. A tradition,quoted by Dr. Barter,and generallystated to be correct,makes Magili visit Katsina in the time of Ibrahim. There is also a general agreement that Ibrahimand Rimfawere contemporaries,and that Magili visited both Kano and Katsina. Again,in the same work,Dan Hodio quotes a letter fronmAbdul Magili to Abi Abdulahi Dan Umoru Mohamma,''written in A.H. 897, A.D. 1492, in reply to a letter from " Dan Umoru," who must be Mohamma Rimfa, asking for an abridgededition of the XMlhtassar of Sidi Khalil. The reckoningbased on the length of reigns as given by the text makes MViohammaiRimfa reign A.H. 867-904 (A.D. 1463-1499), which exactly fits in with the factsmentioiied above (cf. Cherbonneau,Jomwnal Asiatique, Ser. v, vi, 391). The Chroniclesays that in the time of Yaji (A.D. 1349-1385) the Wongarawa (Mandingoes)came fromMelle bringingwith themthe Moslem religiom. Now the-great king of Melle, Mansa Musa, nmadehis pilgrimageto Mecca in 1326, and in 1373 the Wazir Mari Jatah of Melle coniqueredTekidda (near Asben). It would be extremelyprobable that about this date the rise of Mandingo powershould make itself felt. There seems no reason why the introductionof Islam into Hausaland should not have taken place at the date ascribedto it in the text,though Lippert and otherscholars seem to think that Magili was the first

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Muhammadan missionaryto reach Kano (cf. Journal of the African Society, July,1905). Again the BornitChronicle (as abridgedby Barth,vol. ii, p. ii) makes Othman Kalnama take refugein Kano in A.D. 1432. In Dauda's time (A.D. 1421-1438) a great Borllu prince called Daaachi (which simnplymeans ruler or king) arrives in Kano and settles with a large following. The circumstancesmake it very probablethat Dagachi is OthmanKalnama. The variousreferences in later reignsto Gobir, Zamfara, the Kworarafa,and Nupe are all chronologicallycorrect approximnately. It seems thereforehighly probable that, except for the very early kings, the Chronicleis roughlyaccurate. The question of who the race were, who are describedas conqueringthe primitive inhabitants of Kano, is somewhat diffictult.On the other hand, the descriptioniof the Dalla stock seenmsto leave no doubt that theywere full-blooded negroes. Assuming thlat the meni of Dalla were of the tall negro type, ail interestingcomparison might be made between them and the people of the HomnboriHills whomM. Desplaglnescalls " Habbe " in Le Plateau CentrctlNigrien. Roughly speaking,three very distinctinfluences have acted on the country whichwe call Hausaland-that is to say, the Emiratesof Kano, Katsina, Zamfara, Gobir,Daura, Zaria, anid the smallerstates which were ancientlycalled Unguruor Birami. These influenieesmay be inidicatedbriefly by the wordsSemitic, Hamitic, and Negro. The Semitic influenceshave been, at all events, within the later historic period,indirect. The negro,on the other haiid,divided by most ethnologistsinto short-legged pronouncedprognathous, and tall slightlyprognathous varieties, is necessarilythe starting-pointof any inquiry. It is upon these two types of negro that the various invaders fromnorth and east-whom we miayloosely termn Hamitic-have acted and produced the mixtureof races and ideas whichcharacterize HIausaland. There is considerableevidence that the negro,at a not verydistant time, extended much furthernorth than at present, and that it is only within the last thousand years that he has been pushed so far south. Various gtiesseshave been made at the compositionof the invadingpeoples fromthe north,and the part they played in the prehistorichistory of the Sudan. There are, no doubt,strikino re- semblancesbetween the pre-dynasticcustoms of the inhabitantsof Egypt and some modernHausa customs: the shape of variousagricultural implements is identical; "triads" of deities are commionto both. As yet,however, the data are iinsufficient to warrantaniy very definite theory being held-and thetruth, if it is everdiscovered, can only be traced by workil, back fromthe historicand knownto the unknown. The often quoted story of Herodotus about the young Nasamonians, if true, means that in 500 B.C., the negro and negrito peoples were, as yet, not displaced fromthe Upper Niger The firsthistorical kingdom of the West Sudan is that of Ghana-a Libyo-Berbercivilisation which apparentlyflourished early in our era. M. Desplagnes recentlyexcavated tombsor tumulion the Niger

This content downloaded from 134.129.120.3 on Fri, 18 Dec 2015 10:19:07 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions H. R. PALMER.- The Kano Chronicle. 61 which seem to have beenierected by these people,and are of constructionsimnilar to those describedby El Bekri in his accountof G-hana,and to otlhersexamined by the writerin the rivervalleys of Kano and Katsina. It would appear,therefore, that fromsome date between500 B.C. and A.D. 400, if not before,the inihabitanitsof Hausaland were subjectto Libyo-Berberinfluences. The next kingdomwhich comes into historyis Bornu-according to Barth about the ninth centuryA.D.-situated at that time to the east of Lake Chad. Tribes comningfrom the east conquiered the inidigenousnegroes. Native traditionsays these tribes were Arabs and came fromYemen. The love of a Yemenite origin is a comnmonifailing of historiansevenr- more reliable than the Bornii Chronicler,but the miioremodern history of Darfur and Wadai shows that the storydoes not lack probabilityas regardsthe race of the invaders. The countriesbetween Ghana and Bornu are not mentionedby El Bekri or Edrisi-it is not unitilthe time of Leo Africanusthat Kano and Katsina were importantenough to be knownto the outsideworld. B1ut between A.D. 900 and A.D. 1513, the date of Leo's visit to the Sudani, certain peoples representedin the text by Bayajidda arrived at Daura and conquieredthe indigenousinhabitants of the Hausa States. The native tradition as to who they were,varies. The Fulani Sarkin,Muslimi MohammedBello, says (see Denhaim,and Uhapperlon,ii, 399) that they weie "slaves of the Sultan of Bornu." But this statelnentis made on the authorityof MohammedEl Bakkri-a Kanuri! The well-knowniDaura legend, pireservedin writing,says they came froinBagdad, and initroducedthe horseinto Hausaland. Bayajidda,the ancestorof the Kinigsof Hausaland, mentionedin the footnote,p. 64, is represented as having arrived in Daura, slain a snake which inhabited a well, anid married the Queen of 1)aura. He had previouslyescaped fromthe treacheryof the Suiltan of Bornu, who, havinigtampered successfully with the loyalty of his men, was plottingagainst his life-when he fled. This storywould mlakeBagoda and his mneliHamites. Other mallams maintain that the invading people were Teterre (Tatars). M. Desplagnes has a theorythat Mongols formedan element in the tribes which overthrewGhana about A.D. 1230. It is possible that a western migration of peoples of mixed oriain accounts for the two stories, and that the saine causes whiclhpresumably led to an advance in civilisationin Kano, degraded the Libyo-Berbereivilisation of Ghana. Vast ethnographicalchanges must have resultedfrom the rise of the Fatimids in North Africa about A.D. 900, and the disordersof A.D. 968, in Eaypt, drove thouisandsof the mixed populationinto flight. Again the pressure of the Seljuks and otherTurkmans abouLt this time,may wvellhave given rise to displacementsof whichwe have here a far-offecho. The only certainfact, however, is that about A.D. 1000 the Hausa States were occupiedby an aliell race comiiigfrom the east. This race or people ruled,though at differentperiods tributaryto Sonighayand Bo-rnu,until displaced by the Fulani in 1807. It is they who are often called Habe, a word of which the

This content downloaded from 134.129.120.3 on Fri, 18 Dec 2015 10:19:07 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 62 H. R. PALMER.-The Kano Chronicle. singular is Kado. The name does as well as any other to express this people, but it by no means followsthat the people of the Homboriregion west of the Niger, called Habe by the Fulani, are connectedwith them-for the Fulani called any conquerednegro people " Habe." For this reasonit seems betterto keep the word Hausa to expressthe post- A.D. 1000 and pre- A.D. 1807 inhabitantsof Hatsaland, providedthat it is not used indiscriininatelyof any peopleswho speak the" Hausa " language. In fact,Habe is a far widerword than Hausawa, and practicallyrmeans any negrorace. The primitivepeoples of the Homboriand the Dalla stock of Kano may both be convenientlycalled " Habe.". The name in itselfproves nothing. Now the clanisfrom the east which laid waste the kingdomswest of the Niger during the twelfth century were of the eponym "Serpent" (-Sa) (Desplagnes, lie Plateatu Central NX#rien, p. 178 sq.) They become in various places, Susu, Sarrakole, Sauke, Sissoko, etc. We find that in 1346-1349 or (of. Barth, ii, 638) an early Sultan of Bornu fightsthe Sau So (.,) "the original inhabitantsof the greater part of the country between the Wau and Shari." The Kano Chroniiclerexpresslv states that the Emir Abdulahi Burja,who ruled about A.D. 1438, was thefirst Hausa Sarki to pay tributeto Bornu; while in 1421, as has beenllmentioned, a chief who veryprobably was OthrnanKalnamna, fledto Kano, when a revoltexpelled him fromBorlnu. We findtherefore that when the Bornu princes began to extend their empire west of Tchad about 1346 they were opposed by a people called Sau, whomthey had apparentlybeen fightingfor years: that a snake-killinghero is supposed to have foundedthe so-called" Hausa " dynasties: that about 1200 therewas a great conquest by Sa (Serpent Clans) west of the Niger; and finallythat, after the Sultans of Borilu became paramountover Hausa about A.D. 1438, thereis no more mentionof So or Sau. The plural of Kado is Habe; possiblythe plural of Sa or Sau is Hausa or Sausau ? It is also curious that west of the Niger these Sousou or Serpentclans are representedas brinoingthe "horse " witlhthem (Desplagnes, op. cit.,p. 483) as in the Daura legend. It may also be added thatsome form of serpent is the " totem" of nearlyevery non-Moslem iausa comnmunit-yat the presentday. But whateverthe originof the invaders,they foutnded the Hausa " bokkoi" or sevenHausa states,and continuedto rule all exceptGobir, where the reigning families are said to be of Coptic origin. If we may trustthe Chroniclethe primnitiveKano people had already advanced fairlywell in arts and trades beforethe advent of the invaders. The conquerors'religion seems by iinplicationto have beenMuharmimadan, and their chiefsare representedas suppressingpagan observances-a storywhich is difficultto believe; but in any case they soonilapsed into the same practicesas theirsubjects, and the Wongarawa are later olncredited with introducing Islam. I can hardlyhope that the renderingis entirelyadequate-the general sense is seldomiobscure, but the slipshod characterof the writingoftell leaves minor points doubtful. I am indebted to Mr. C. L. Temple, Resideiit of Sokoto, Dr. D. Alexainder,W.A.M.S., and Mr. W. Reid of Tripoli, for kind help in revisingmany parts of the translation.

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THE KANO CHRONICLE. In thename of God,the, merciful, the compassionate. May Goclbless the noble Prophet. This is the historyof the lords of this countrycalled Kanio. Barbushe,once its clhief,was of the stock of Dalla,l a black man of great stature and might,a hunter,who slew elephantswith his stick aindcarried them on his head about nine miles. Dalla was of unknownrace, but came to this lanid,and built a house on Dalla hill. There he lived-he and his wives. He had seven children-fourboys and three girls-of whom the eldest was Garageje. This Garageje was the grandfatherof Buzame, who was the fatherof Barbushe. lBarbushesucceeded his forefathersin the knowledgeof the lore of Dalla, forhe was skilledin the various pagan rites. By his wonders and sorceriesand the power he gained ov7erhis brethrenhe becamechief and lord over them. Among the lesser ehiefswith him were Guiizago,whose house was at the footof Gorondutseto the east. After him came Gagiwa,father of Rubu, who was so strongthat he caught elephantswith rope. There were also Gubanasu, Ibrahim, Bard6je, Nisau, Kanfatau, Doje, Janbere, Gaiuakira, Safataro,Hangogo, aiid Gartsangi. These were next to Barbushe in rank. Tsanburo lixed at Jigiria,and Jandarmisaat Magum. The last named was the progenitorof the Rumawa. From-Gogau to Salamta the people traced their descent fromRuma, and were called RurmlAwabecause thley became a great people. Hambaro's house was at Tanagar. Gambarjado,who lived at Fanisau, was the son of Nisau. All these and maniymore there were- pagans. From Toda to Dan Bakohshiand fromDoji to Dankwoi all the people flockedto Barbushe on the two nights of Idi-for he was all-powerfulat the sacrificialrites. Now the name of the place sacred to theirgod was Kakiua.2 The god's name was Tchunburburai. It was a tree called Shamuti. The man who remained near this tree day and nightwas called Mai-Tchunburburai. The tree was surrounded by a wall, and no man could come within it save Barbushe. Whoever else entered,he enteredbut to die. Barbushe never descended fromDalla except on the two days of Idi. When the days drewnear, the people camnein fromeast and west and south and north,m-en and women alike. Some broughta black dog, some (a blak fowl,others a black he-goat,when theyinet togetheron the day of Jajibere at the foot of Dalla hill at eve. When darknesscame, Barbushe went forthfrom his house with his drummers. He cried aloud and said: " Great father of Jimuna,we have come nigh to thy dwellingin supplication,Tchuburburai," and the people said: "Look oni Tchuburburai,ye miieniof Kano ! Look towardDalla." Then Barbushedescended, and the people wenitwith him to the god. And wheni theydrew near, they sacrificed that whichthey had broughitwith tlhem. Barbushe

1 The name of a rock and also a man. 2 Otherwise called Kagua.

This content downloaded from 134.129.120.3 on Fri, 18 Dec 2015 10:19:07 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 64 H. R. PALMER.-The Kano Chronicle. entered the sacred place-he alone-arid said: "I am the heir of Dalla, like it or n1o,follow ine ye must,perforce." And all the people said: "Dweller on the rock, Lord of Mamale, we followthee perforce." Thus theyspoke and marched round the sacred place till the dawn, when they arose, naked as they were, and ate. Then would Barbushe come forthand tell themof all that would befall through the coming year, even concerningthe strangerwho should come to this land, whethergood or ill. And he foretoldhow theirdominion should be wrestedfrom them,alnd their tree be cast down and burnt,and how this miosque should be built. "A man shall come,"said he, " to this land with an army,and gain the masteryover us. They answered,"Why do you say this ? it is an evil saying." Barblusheheld his peace. " In sooth,"said he," you will see llimin the sacred place of Tchunburbiirai; if he comes not in yourtime, assuredly he will come in the time of your ehildren,and will conqtuerall in this country,and forgetyou and voturs and exalt himselfand his people for years to come." Tlheniwere theyexceeding cast down. They kinewwell that he did not lie. So theybelieved hin, and said: "Wlat can we (loto avert this oreat calainity?" He replied,"There is no cutre buttresigiiation." They resignledthemselves. But the people were still grieving over this loss of dominioinat soiiie clistanttime, when Bagoda,l a generatiolllater, came with his host to Kano. There is a dispute,lowever. Some deny this,and say thatit was Bagoda's grandson2 whofirst reached Kano, and that he3and his son4 died at Sheme. He, at all events,entered Kanio territory first. Wheinhe came,he found none of Barbushe's men, save Janbere,Hambarau, Gertsanigi,Jandamnissa, and Kanfatau. 'These said, "Is this man he of whom Barbushe told us ?" Janberesaid, " I swear by Tchububuraiif you allow this people withiniour land, -verilythey wvillrule you, till youi are of no accounit." The people refused to hearkento the wordsof Janbere,and allowed the strangersto enter the country, saying: " Where will Bagoda fincdstrength to conquerus ?" So Bagoda and his hostsettled in Gazarzawa and builthouses there. Afterseven months,they moved to Sheme. The districtfrom Jakara to Daimiarguwas called Gazarzawa; fromJakara to Santolo was called Zadawa; fromSantolo to Burku was called Fongui; fromBanfai to Wasai was called ZauLra. FroiymWateri to the rock of Karia was called Dundunzuru: from Santolo to Shike, Shiriya: from Damlargu to Kazaur., Shenie: from Burku to Kara, Gaud6: from Kara to Amiiagu, Gija: from Kairmashe to Ringim, Tokawa. Now the chiefs whom Bagoda found holding sway over this land acknowledgednio suprenmelord save Tchunburburaiand the groveof Jakara. Jakarawas called " Kurmin Bakkin Rua," becauimeits waterwas black, and it was surroundedby the grove.5

1 Bagoda. He was son of Bauwo son of Bayajidda, of thestock of Ham the son of Noah. It was by reasornof his highlineage, that Bauwo conquered all Hausaland-he aindhis six sons. The firstof them was Kazura: then came Bagoda, Ubandoma, Gamgania,Kumaio, and Kasanki. When Bauwo died, Kazura became Emnirof Daura. Bagoda went to Kano, Ubandomato Kobir, Gamngamato Zakzak,Kumnaio to Kashina, and Kasanki to Kur or Nero. This is a reliableaccoui-t in a book of the inamesof the Emirs of Kaiio. 2 Gijinmasu. 3 Bagoda. 4 Warisi. 5 The " Ghailata " means trees.

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The pagans stood in awe of the terrors of their god and this grove,which stretchedfrom Gorondumasa to Dausara. The branchesand limbs of its treeswere still-save, if troublewere comingon this land, it would shriekthrice, and smoke would issue forthin Tchuburbiirai,which was in the midst of the water. Then theywould bringa black dog and sacrificeit at the footof Tchuburburai. They sacrificeda black he-goat in the grove. If the shrieks and snlokecontinued, the troublewould indeed reach them,but if theyceased, then the trouble was stayed. The narne of the grove was Matsama and the name, of Tchunburburaiwas Randlaya. The greatestof the chiefs of the country was Mazauda, the grandfather of SarkinMakafi. Gijigijiwas the blacksmitlh:Bugazau was thebrewer: Hanburki doctoredevery sickness: Danbuntuiiia,the watchmanof thetown at night,was the progenitorof the Kurmawa. TsoronMaje was " Sarkin Samiri,"and Jandodowas " Sarkin Makada Gundua da Kuru." Beside these there was Maguji, who begot the Maguzawa, and was the minerand smelteramong them. Again there was Asanni the forefatherof minstrelsand chief of the dancers. Bakonyakiwas the arclher. Awar,grandfather of the Awrawa,worked salt of Awar. He was Sarkin Rua of this whole country. In all there were eleven of these pagan chiefs,and each was head of a large clain. They were the originalstock of Kano.

I. BAGODA, SON OF BAUWO. A.H. 389-455. A.D. 999-1063. Then came Bagoda with his host,and was the firstSarki of this land. His name was Daud. His inother'sname was Kaunasu. He began by occupying Dirani fortwo years. Thence he moved to Barka,and built a citycalled Talutawa, wherehe reignedtwo years. The names of the pagan chiefswhom Bagoda met,were Jankare;Biju, Buduri (who had nmanychildren-about a hundred)and Ribo. Bagoda overcame them, and killed their leader Jankare. Then he camneto Sheme,and found Gabusani, Bauni, Gazauri, Dubgege,Fasataro, anid Bakin Bunu there. He conquered them all, and btuilta city,and reignedat Sheme sixty-sixyears.

IT. WARISI, SON OF BAGODA. A.H.455-488. A.D. 1063-1095. The second Sarki was Warisi son of Bagoda. His mother's name was Saju. Those who were near him were Galadima Mele, Barwa Jimra,Buram (so called because he was the Sarki's son), Maidawaki Abdulahi, Sarkin Gija Karmayi, Maidalla Zakar, Makuwu, Magaaiki Gawarkura,Makama Gargi,Jarumai Goshin Wuta, Jarmai Bakushi,Bardai Duna, and Dawaki Surfan. These were the most importantchiefs, but there were many more. G-awarkurasaid, " 0 Sarki of this land, if you wish to govern it, east an(dwest and south and north,keep close to Gazarzawa,since it is the key Qfthe country,and has nota stronggod. When you VOL. XXXYJT1. F

This content downloaded from 134.129.120.3 on Fri, 18 Dec 2015 10:19:07 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 66 H. R. PALMER.-The Kano Chqronicle. come there, beguile the chiefs with gifts, and so rule them and their god." The Sarki replied," No, I have notthe strength;I am tooold." Warisi ruledKano thirty-threeyears.

III. GijiMASU, SON Or WARISI. A.H. 488-528. A.D. 1095-1134. Gijimasuison of Warisi was the third Sarki. His mother'sname was Yanas. When be came to powerhe leftSheme and wentto Gazarzawa. Soine,however, say thatit was his son Tsarak.iwho came to thisplace and built a city. The latteris the better version. It was here he ruled. Mazada said, " This Sarki has come here in orderto destroyour god and our groveof sacrifice." The people said, " He has not power to destroyour god,in our time at least." So Gijimasu and his people built a house in Gazarzawa. He beguiledthe elders withgifts, till by his gifts he obtaineddominion over them. They said, " What a good man this is! how well he treats us! " Mazuda said, " I want to give my daughterto his son in marriage." But Btugazauprevented him carryingout his plan. The Sarki conisultedthe people about buildinga city. The people agreed: " Comrae,"they said, " let us build,for we have thepower ancl thestrength." So theybegan to buildthe city. Theybegan the wall fromRaria. The Sarki slaughtereda hunldredcattle on the firstday of the work. They conitinuedthe work to the gate of Bazugar,and fromthere to the water gate and on to the gate of Adanma,and the gate of Gudain: then past the gates of Waika, Kansakali, and KaWLungarias faras the gate of Tuji. There were eight gates. SarkiniRanio built a citycalled Zamnagaba. He began buildingfrom Rlmnin Kira, and carriedthe wall throughWawan Toro,Tafasa, Kusarua, and Kadabba to the gate of Bai. He ruled all the countryas far as the lands of Sarkiii Gano, Sarkin Dab, SarkinDebbi, SarkiniRingiirn, and Dan Bal.onyahi. Santoloalone stood out against him,for its people were many and pagans. No one was able to rule over them. The Sarkis of Ganio,Dab, and Debbi came to Hausalalnd nine years before Bagoda. But Buram, Isa, Baba, Kududufi, Akassan, and otlhersof the Kano chiefs,men of the princelyclan,' came with Bagoda. Gijimasu ruled forty years-then he died.

IV. NAWATAAND GAWATA. A.H. 528-530. A.D. 1134-1136. The rule of the twinsNawata and Gawata,childreni of Gijiimasu,was the fourth reign Theirmother was Munsada. Togetherthey ruled the city of Kano forseven months; then one of them died; the other was left. The remaitinigone ruled one year alndfive months, and then he died. Altogetherthey ruled two years.

For this reason all theirdescendants were called afterthese, their forefathers,and the nameshave remainedas " titles" of princesto thisday. Stichtitles are Dan Buram,Dan Isa, Dan Baba, Dan Akassan,Dan Kududiifiand others?like Dan Dermaiand Dan Goriba.

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V. YUSA OR TSARAKI,SON OF GIJIMASU. A.H.530-590. A.D. 1136-1194. The fifthSarki was Yusa, called Tsaraki. He was the son of Gijimasu. He it was who completedthe walls of Kaano,as is well known. He raided Karaie, and camped at Badari five rnonthstill the inhabitantssubmitted to him. From Gurmaito Farinruathe people paid him tribute. Then he returnedto his country. His inightymnen of war were Tuje, Fasau, Tyagari,and Kamfaragi. All these had no fear in war. In Yusa's reign shields (Carklwa) were firstused. He reigned sixtyyears. The nanmeof his motherwas Yankuma or Yankuna. He died.

VI. NAGUJI,SON OF TSARAKI. A.H. 590-645. A.D. 1194-1247. The sixth Scarkiwas Naguji. His mother'sname was Yankuma or Muntaras. He was generous,but a man of violent passions. From Kura to Tsanlgayahe ravEagedthe country,and forcedthe people,willing or unwilling,to follow him. He camped at Basema two years forthe purposeof attackingSantolo, but he was worstedin thlewar and returnedto Kano. He found the pagans there on the verge of revolt; so he cajoled themwith talk, and executedtheir leader, Samnagi, the son of Mazadau, Dorinisoil of Bugazau, BurtsarGanguta son of TsoronMaje, and Buzuzu son of Jandodo. When theywere dead the rest of the people said, "We, are willinigto follow you, 0 Sarki,because we miiust."The Sarki said to them, "If you are willingto followime show me the secretsof this god of yours." Eut theyreplied, "We will not show you the secretsof our god." So the Sarki puLnishedthem. Naguji was the firstSarki who collecteda laindtax of onle-eighth of the crop fro(mall husbandmen. He ruled all the land of Kano save Santolo whichstood out against him. He ruled fifty-fiveyears.

VII. GUGUA, SON OF GIJIMASU. A.H. 645-689. A.D. 1247-1290. Gugua was the seventh Sarki. His mother's name was Munsada. He was a man of much tact alnd subtlety. He had a face remarkable for its expressioni. He was liberal,eloquient, wise, and magnanimous. All these qualities he turnedto accountin rulingthe pagans and in discoveringthe mysteriesof their god. They hated him. When he knew that theyhated him he said to his men, " How shall I plan to get the betterof these pagans and destroytheir god." Ture and Galadina Bangare and Berde Kilmo said, " There can be no plan betweenthem and us, nothilngbut war; we will conquer them and theirgod." When the pagans heard of this theysaid in secret,"When the ears hear,then is the body saved." The chiefpagans asseinbled at dead of night,forty in number,at the foot of the sacrd tree. Allah alom.eknows what too- place there. They came forthwhen F 2

This content downloaded from 134.129.120.3 on Fri, 18 Dec 2015 10:19:07 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 68 H. R. PALMER.-The Kano Chronicle. the sun rose and went to the Sarki. They said, " 0 Sarki, when the night of Idi conies we will tell you the mysteriesof our god." He agreed,for he was glad at heart,aind gave themngifts abundantly. That niightan apparitionappeared to the Sarki in his sleep-a man with a red snake in his hand. He struck the Sarki with the snake and said to him," Of two things choose one. Either thou mayestknow the mysteries,in whichcase thou wilt die, or thou mayest not know the mysteries,in which case thou wilt not die." The Sarki said, " No ! No!' No! " Now when the Sarki rose fromihis sleep he told his men what he had seen in the vision. They said to him," What do you see in it ? " He said, " What do yout see ? " They said, " We see war ? " The Sarki said nothing,he spoke not a word, but suddenlyhe was struckblind. He remainedblind formalny years. He ruled Kano forty-fouryears. Twenty-twoyears he saw, and twenty-twohe was blinid. Then the powerpassed froii him.

VIII. SHEKKARAU,SON OF TSARAKI. A.H. 689-706. A.D. 1290-1307.- The eighth Sarki was Shekkarau. His mother'sname was Auta. When he became Sarki his men said to him, "Sarkiii Kano, what do you see in the talk of the people of this city?" He said, " I see nothingbetween us except thingswe can settle withoutfighting." They replied,"If you try to make peace with the people theywill say that you are afraid. If theycome to you and niake smlooth talk, turn away frointhem; then you would not be acting wrongly. If muatters do not fall out thus we will fightthem, and if we prevail over thenmwe will cut the throats of all their chief men aiid destroytheir god." These counsels pre- vailed. All the pagans came to the Sarki with manypresents anid said, " Sarki, and Lord overus, we cometo youto say to you one word: do not take noticeof what we have done,we prayyou, but put away the slanderouscounisel of youradvisers. If the domains of a rulerare wide,he should be patient; if theyare not so, he will not obtain possession of the whole countryby impatience." The Sarki said to them, "Your talk is true," and left themntheir custonmsand power. They said, " Were it inotfor fear of what may resultwe would have told the Sarki the secrets of our god." The thief of them, Samagi, said, " If we show him the secrets of our god we shall lose all our power, and we and our genierationwill be forgotten." So the disputecontinued till the Sarki died. Shekkarauwas Sarki seventeenyears.

IX. TSAMIA, SON OF SHEKKARAU. A.H. 706-743. A.D. 1307-1343. The ninthSarki was Tsamia, called Barandamasu. His mother's name was Salniata. In his time the cult of Tchibiriwas firstpractised. When he canmeto the thronehe assembledthe pagans and said to them, "Love trausnlitslove, and hate transmitshate; there is nothingbetween us except bows and spears aud

This content downloaded from 134.129.120.3 on Fri, 18 Dec 2015 10:19:07 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions R. R. PALMER.-1he Kano Chronicle. 69 swordsand shields; thereis no deceit and no deceiver except he who is afraid." Tsamia excelled all men in courage, dignity,impetuosity in war, vindictiveness, and streDgth. He had nine men who were equal to a thousand. The greatest was Madawaki Bajeri, and after him Bturdi-Kunkuru,Dan-kududufi-Tanko, Dan Burran Bakaki, Jarumai Garaji, Mak-ama Gumki, Danunus Baurire, Sarkin Damargu Gabdodo and Jekafada Masabi. When these men came to the battle- fieldwith theirSarki theyfeared nothing,but were ever victorious. Now when the pagans of Kano heard the wordsof their Sarki,fear seized theirhearts. They assemnbledat the place of theirgod and prayedto be showinwho would gain the meastery,they or the Saiki. It was foretoldthem that they would be overcome. They knew that their god would not lie. Their chief said, "I see nio means of deliverancefrom the Sarki except we pay him money." His men said, "We agree." So theywere miade to pay jizia. They collectedtwo hundredslaves within seven days and took themnto the Sarki. The Sarki said, " I do iiot wanltyour slaves." So theyreturned home. Now oin a certain Saturday the Sarki sent a messenoercalled Marukarshito themsaying to him: " Tell themthat on ThursdayI amncoming to Kagwa,l if Allah so wills, that I may elnter,and see whatis inside. I will destroythe wall and burnthe tree." So the messengerwent anid told them. When theyheard the word of the Sarki, theyassemnbled oni the Thursday at the place of their god, pagans of town and country alike-a crowd as liad never been seen before, Of drumsand cynmbalsthere were a thousand and four hundredand morethan- four hundred captains of spearmen. They marchedround the place of theirgod fromevening unitil the miorning.When the morningbroke Sarkin Kano came forthfrom his house,and went to the place of the god. In frontof him were seventylmlein, each with a shield made of elephanlt'shi(le. When the Sarki camlenear to the place of the god he preventedthe pag,ansenterilng. As the fightwaxed hot,the Sarki cried," Where is Bajeri ? " Bajeri lheardthe words of the Sarki, and took a spear and rushed into the battle,cuitting his way until he reachedthe wall of the sacredplace. He entered,and seeing,a man with his back against the tree holdinga red snake, attackedhim. The man leapt up anndma(le a greatshout; firebreathed fromhis mouth until smoke filled the whole place roundabout; lie rushedout; and, in his attemptto flee,made for the water-gate, followedby thneSarki, and plungedinto the water. The Sarki and his followers stayedhunting for the mianin the water,but he escaped and wenitto Dankwoi, wherethey left him. Hence it is that if any warriordrinks the water of Dankwoi he does not prevailin battle. The Sarki returnedto the tree,and destroyedthe wall togetherwith all else connectedwith " Tehibiri" whichwas beneath the tree. All tlle pagans had in the meantime fled, except Makare Dain Samagi and Dunguzu Dan Dorini. The Sarki said to thenm," Why do you not runiaway ?" They said, " Where werewe to run to ? " " Praise be to God,"said the Sarki. " Tell me the secretof yourgod." They told him. Whenihe had heard,the Sarki said

I The place of theirsacrifices.

This content downloaded from 134.129.120.3 on Fri, 18 Dec 2015 10:19:07 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 70 H. IR. PALMER.-TheeKano Chronicle. to IDanguzu,"I make you Sarkin Tchibiri." He said to Makare, "I make you Sarkin Gazarzawa." He said to Gamazo, "I make you Sarkin Kurnmi." In the time of this Sarki long,horns were firstuised in Kano. The tune that they played was " Stand firin,Kanio is your city." He reignedthirty-seven years.

X. OSUMANU ZAMNIGAWA,SON OF SLIEKKARAU. A.H. 743-750. A.D. 1343-1349. The tenthSarki was Zamnagawa,called Osumanu. The namneof his mlotlher was Kumyerku. He was called Zamrna-gawabecause he killed Tsaituia. He shut the doorsof the palace and remainedin his house forseven days. After that day he went out. It is not known how Tsamia was inade away with; whether Zanmnagawaate him or buried him,no one knows. In the time of Zamnagawa, therewas no war in the land, east and west,north and south. All was peace. The Maguizawaleft the city and went to live in the countryat Fongni. The Runiawa came in a body to the Sarki. They said to him, "You are our Sarki, you have made a Sarkin Gazarzawa and a chief of the Kurmawa,make us a chief also." The Sarki said, "I hear." So they went back to their homes. The Sarki thcnl took counsel with his men and said, " I want to give my son the chieftainlshipof the Rumawa." And all his men said, " We agree." So he gave his son the chief- tainship of the IRumawa,whose town had become greatand populous. Zarnnla- gawa ruled seven years.

XI. YAJI, SON OF TSAMIA. A.H. 750-787. A.D. 1349-1385. The eleventh Sarki was Yaji, called Ali. His motherwas Maganarku. He was called Yaji because he had a bad temperwhen he was a boy,and thenamie stuck to him. He drove the Serikin iRanofrom Zamna Gaba, went to Rano,and reigned at Bunu two years. Then he removedto Kur togetherwith the Ajawa and Worjawa and Aurawa. He stayedthere. In Yaji's tiue tle Wongarawacame fromMele, bringingthe Muhammnadanreligion. The name of theirleader was Abdurahaman Zaite. Otherswere Yakubu, Mandawali,Famori, Bilkasirn, Kanaji, Dukere, Sheshe, Kebe, Murtuku,Liman JibjinYallabu, the fatherof SerikinPawa, Gurdumlius,Auta, Laual, Liman Madatai and others-about fortyin all. When theycame they commanidedthe Sarki to observe the timesof prayer. He complied,and made Gurdamus his Limnan,and Laual his Muezzin. Auta cut the throatsof whatever fleshwas eaten. Mandawaliwas Liman of all theWongarawa and of the chiefmeni of Kano. Zaite was their Alkali. The Sarki commandedevery towln in Kano countryto observethe timresof pmayer. So theyall did so. A mosque was built beneath the sacred tree facing east, and prayerswere made at the fiveappoilnted timesin it. The Sarkin Gazarzawa was opposed to prayer,and wlhenlthe Moslenms after prayinghad gone home,he would comnewith his men and defilethe whole

This content downloaded from 134.129.120.3 on Fri, 18 Dec 2015 10:19:07 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions H. El. PALMER.- Yhe Kano Clhronicle. 71 mosque and coverit with filth. Danbugi was told off to patrol roundthe mosque with well-armedmeni from evening until mnorning.He kept up a constanthalloo. For all that the pagans tried to win him and his men over. Some of his men followed the pagans and went away, but he and the rest refused. The defile- mentcontinued till Sheslie said to Famori, " There is no cure for this but prayer." The people assenited. They gathered togetheron a Tuesday in the mosque at the eveninghour of prayerand prayedagainst the pagans untilsulnrise. Theyonly came away when the suniwas well up. Allah receivedgraciously the prayersaddressed to hiim. The chiefof the pagans was struck blind that day,and afterwardsall the pagans who were presentat the defilement-theyand all theirwomen. Afterthis theywere all afraid. Yaji turnedthe chiefof the pagans out of his officeand said to himn," Be thotuSarki amongthe blind." In the days of Yaji, it is said, Sarkin Debbi, Sarkin Dab and Sarkin Gano brouighthorses to Kano, but this storyis not worthyof credence. Yaji said to the Wongarawa," I want you to make prayerso that I may conquerthe ciiieiof Santolo,for if I conquerSantolo everytownl in the countrywill followme, since Santolo is the key of the souith." They said, " We will pray foryou-but we will not pray except beside the moat of Santolo itself." So the Sarli set forthtogether with the Wongarawa,and they went to Santolo. He had with hima hundredand eleven men. Fiftyof theniwere in frontof' the Wongarawaand sixtv in frontof himnself.The chiefamiiong his men were Jarumai GobarraDagga Samma, JakafadaKulli, RiagumarGiwa, Makama Butache, Maida- waki Koamna, Berdi Sheggi,Sarki Zaura Gamati. iDan lBuramGantururu, Dan Makoo Dagazo, Galadima Tuntu and Sarkin Surdi Maguri. Others were Gauji, Garoji, Tanlkarau,Kargagi, Karfasha, Kutunku Toro, Kampachi, Gorongiwathe Galadimna,lZaki, B3amboliand others-altogethersixty. Now when he caine to Santolo,the Sarki campednear Duji. Duji was thenalmfe of a mlan. In the dead of nightthe Wongarawa went to Santolo togetherwNith Yaji and mnarchedrounid the city anid prayed till daybreak. Whenl the day broke theyreturned to their camp. When the sun was up they returnedto Santolo eager forbattle. The men of Sauitolocame out of the townanda met theinin the open. Fightingwent on fromlmiorning until night. Neither side prevailed. The Kanawa retiredto Duji; the men of Santulu returnedto theirhomes. The Sarkinz Kano was verysore at heart. Famori said, "Do nlotbe, grieved! if Allah so wills we will defeat them." The Sarki was pleased with his talk. Kosa, the Sarki's slave, said, "My lord,I will tell you the secretsof the eniemy; thereare eightmen inside the city and no one can pass ths rnoatuniless he kills them." Famori said, " Do you know theirniames ? " He said, " I know --them."So Famori said, " What are theirnames? " And Kosa replied," The name of the greatest is Hamnbari,and after him Gwoshin Bauna, Kafiwuta, GurgurraKarifi, Gandar Giwa, Hamburkini Toka, Zan Kaddakere and GumbarWakke. Gwoji said, " If I see HarmbariI will kill hiim,if Allah so wills." At sunrisethe Sarkireturined to the attack on Santolo

Fromthis all Galadimasare called Gorongiwa.

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XII. BUGAYA, SON OE TSAMIA. A.H. 787-792. A.D. 1385-1390. The twelfthSarki was Bugaya, called Mohammed. He had the same father and motheras Yaji. The name of his motherwas Maganarku. The reason lhe was called Bugaya was as follows. After Zamnagawa killed Tsaniia, he made overtures to his widow Maganarku, but she said, "I am with child." So Zamnagawa gave her drugs, without her knowledge,to procure an abortion. In spite of this, however,she gave birth to a living child, and gave himiithe naine of Bugaya. It was this Sarki who orderedthe Maguzawa to leave the rock of Fongui and scatter themselves throughthe country. IHe then gave all

I Hence the Madawakin Kano is sung as Gwoji Maikwngi, Kosa as Kosa Maibarandami, arid Guraguias Guragu of the Meri. AfterwaVdsKosa was given the titleof Dawaki, aiid Guraguthat of Dan Maji-thus it is related.

This content downloaded from 134.129.120.3 on Fri, 18 Dec 2015 10:19:07 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions R. PR. PALMER.-The Kano Chronticle. 73 power into the hands of the Galadima,and soughtrepose. The countrywas now peacefuil,and regulartribute wvas paid to the Sarki. No one knew anythingof his charactereven to the day of his death. He reignedfive years. When he died the Liman Madatai was ordered to pray over his body and Lowal to wash it anid Turbana,Jigawa and Kusuba to help him. They washed the body and put it ill a shroud,and took it out to burial. The Liman prayedover the body. Bugaya was the firstSarkin Kano who was buriedat Madatai.

X[II. KANAJEJI,SON OF YAJI. A.H. 792-812. A.D. 1390-1410. The thirteenth Sarki was Kanajeji. His father's name was Yaji. His mothier'snaiime was Aunaka. He was a Sarki who engaged in manywars. He hardly lived in Kano at all, but scoured the countryround and conquered the towns. He lived for some tinmenear the rock of Gija. He sent to the Kworarafa and asked why theydid. not pay him tribute. Tliey gave him two hunidredslaves. Then he returnedto Kano and kept sending the Kworarafa horses while they continued to send him slaves. Kanajeji was the firstHausa Sarki to introduce "Lifidi" and iron helmzetsand coats of mail for battle, They were iintroduced because in the war at Umbatu the losses had beeinso heavy. He visitedKano and returnedto Umbatu the next year,but he had no success in the war. He returned a second time to Kano, and again went out the followingyear. He again failed, but said, " I will not returnhonie, if Allah wills,until I conquer the enemy." He remainedat Betu two years. The inhabitants,unable to till theirfields, were at lengthstarved out, and had to give in to hini. They gave him a thousandmale, and a thousand female slaves, their own childreni. They also gave him another two thousand slaves. Then peace was made. The Sarkin Kano said: "No one shall again conquerUmibatu as I have conquered it, though he imaygain spoil." In the followingyear the Sarki made war on Zukzuk and sat down in Turunku. The meinof Zukzuk came out and defeated the Kano host, sayinig,"What is Kano! Kano is 'bush."' The Sarkin Kano went back to Kaiio in a rage and said: "What shall I do to conquertlhese meii of Zukzuk ?" The Sarkin Tchibiri said: "Re-establish the god that your fatheranid grandfather destroyed." The Sarki said: " True, but tell me what I am to do with it." The Sarkin Tehibiri said: " Cut a branch fromthis tree." The Sarki cut offa branch. When it was cut, the Sarki found a red siiake in the branch. He killed the snake,and made two huft with its skin. He theii made four dundufaand eightkountakurn from the branch. These objects he took to Dankwoi and threwthem inito the waterand went lhome. After waiting fortydays he caine back to the water,and removed the objects to the house of Sarkin Tchibiri. Sarkin Tcliibirisewed the rest of the snake's skin roundthe drunisand said to Kanajeji, " Whateveryou wish forin this world,do as our forefathersdid of old." Kanajeji said: " Show me, and I will do even as they did." The Sarkin Tchibiritook offhis robe and put on the huftiof

This content downloaded from 134.129.120.3 on Fri, 18 Dec 2015 10:19:07 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 74 H. Pt. PALMER.-TThe Kano Chronicle. snake's skin and walked roundthe tree fortytimes, singing the song of Barbushe. Kanajeji did as Sarkin Tchibiri did, and walked roundthe tree fortytimes. The next year he set out to war with Zukzuk. He encampedat Gadaz. The Sarkin Zukzuk came out and they fought; the men of Kano killed the Sarkin Zukzuk. The Zukzuk men fled,scattered in ones and twos,and the chiefsof Zukzuk were killed. The Sarkin Kano enteredZukzuk and lived thereclose to the Shika eight inoliths. The people gave Ihima vast amnountof tribute. Becauiseof this feat the song of Kallajeji was sung, which runs: " Son of Kano, lhturlerof the keere, Kanajeji, drinkerof the water of Shika, preventerof washing in the Kubanii, Lord of the town, Lord of the lancl." Kanajeji returnedto Kano. AMong his great meinof war were Berdi Guitu,Jarumai Sabbo, Maidawaki Babaki, Makaina Toro, Dan BurramnJatau, Jakafada Idiri, Jambori Sarkin Zaura Bugau, Lifidi Buzuzui an(l Dail Akassan Goderi. He reignedtweiity years.

XIV. UMARU, SON OF KANAJEJI. A.H. 812-824. A.D. 1410-1421. The fourteenitlhSarki w;is Umaru. He inother'sname was Yatara. He was a mallam earnestin prayer. He was a pupil of Dall Gurdamus Ibrahimruand a friendof Abubakra. When lhebecame Sarkin Kano, his friendupbraided aind lefthim and went to Bornu,where he remaiinedeleveni years. Oil his return to Kallo, filndingUmiiaru still Sarkin Kano, he said to hiim: " 0 Umaru,you still like the fickledaine who has played you false,with whom better reflectionrefuses to be troubled. In time you will be disgusted,and get over your liking for her. Then regretwill be futileeven if you do regret." He preachedto him about the iiext worldand its pains and punisliments. He reviled this world and every- thing ill it. Uiiiarti said, " I accept your admonition." He called tog,etherall the Kanawa, .andsaid to tlhem:"This hiiglhestate is a trap for the erring: 1 wash imyhands of it." Then hieresig,ned, and went away, with his friend. He spent the rest of hlislife in regretfor his actions while he had been Sarki. Hence he was called "Dan Terko." He ruledtwelve years. In his timethere was no war and lo robbery. The affairsof Kano were put into the hands of the Galadima. For this reason it was said of the Galadima iDana that he was the " Trustedguardiall of the city,the dust-heapof disputes."

XV. DAUDA, SON OF KANAJEJI. A.H. 824-841. A.D. 1421-1438. The fifteenthSarki was Dauda Bakon Damnisa. His motherwas Auta. In his time DagacIIi, a great piince, came from Soutlh Boinu with iimanymeni aiid imallams. He brouiglhtwith him horse-drumsand trumpetsand flags and guns. When he came he sat dowii at Bomfai. The Sarkin Kaiio went to see him. When he saw that he was indeed a great prince,he returnedhome and took

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counsel withhis men and said, "Where is this man to stay?" The Galadima Babba said, " If you let him settleelsewhere thaii in Kano townl,he will soon be masterof that part of the country." The Sarki said, "Where can he stay here withhis army-Kano is full of men-unless we increasethe size of our townl?" The Galadima was sent to see Dag,achiand returnedwith him,and built a house for him and his men at Dorai. The Sarki said to his men, "What shall I give hiimto please him, and to make his lheartglad?" The GaladimraBabba said, " Give himnwhatever you wish,you are Sarki,you own everything." The Sarki said nothing. At that time he was about to startfor war withZaria, so he said to Dagachi, " When I go to war I will put all the affairsof Kano into your hands, citv and countryalike." So the Sarkin Kano went to war and leftDagachi in the town. Dagachi ruled the town forfive months and became very wealthy. Then the Sarki returned. At this time Zaria, under Queeni Amina,conquered all the townsas faras Kworarafaand Nupe. Everytown paid tributeto her. The Sarkin Nupe sent fortyeunuchs and ten thousand kolas to her. She firsthad eunuchs and kolas in Hausaland. In her time the whole of the productsof the west were broug,htto Hausaland. Her conquests extended over thirty-fouryears. I will leave now the story of Ainina and return to Sarkin IKano. Dauda Bakon Dainisa ruled Kano seventeenyears.

XVI. ABDULAHI BURJA, SON OF KANAJEJI.

A.H. 841-856. A.D. 1438-1452. The sixteelnthSarki was Abdulahi Burja. His mother'sname was Tekidda. There was no one like him forgenerosity. He was the firstin Hausaland to give Bornu "tsare or gaisua." He opened roads fromBornu to Gwanja. He was the firstto owrncamnels in Hausalalnd. Sarkin Bornu lefthis countryat this tinmeanld went to attack Asbeni,but as he could not finidany water forhiis armlly he returned home. The next year every town in the west paid him "tsare." The Sarkin Kano wenitout to Khudl and encamped there one year and six nonths. The Galadima Daudu went to wage war in the south. In Burja's time Karmashi conqueredthe Migawa. The Sarki went to Dussi. The GaladimiaDaudui said to him," Returnto Kano, I will do foryou whateveryou want done,and defeat your enemies." So the Sarkin Kano returnedhome. When he arrived in Kano, he foundthat Iagachi had assumed great power in the town, and collected wealth withoutend, anld had built houses from his house as far as Salamta. It was Daaachi who made the market of Karabka. All this timiethe Galadima Daudu was in the south making war on the pagans every day, conqueringthem and takingthlem as slaves. Ev ery lmionithhe sent a thousand slaves to Sarkin Kano. All the people of Kanloflocked to him. There was no one leftin Kano except the Sarki and very old mnen. Every day the Sarki sent to the Galadima horses, clothesand horsetrapping.

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The Galadima was sung as follows:- Gathererof the axes of the south Gathererof the youthof the south Drunmof Wealth,Galadima: Drunmof Land, Galadinia. He stayed seven years in the south. Slaves becanmevery nunmerousin Kano. The Sarki senitto him to tell him to come back, so he returned. When he was returning,he stopped every three miles,and built a town. He left at each a thousaildslaves, five hundred males, and fivehundred females. He thus founded twenty-onetownls, before he came to Kano. On arrivingthere he gave the Sarki threethousand slaves and said to Ihim," I have foundedtwenty-one towns, and in each I have lefta thousand slaves, all yours." The Sarki asked him,"What are the names of the towns you have buiilt? " The Galadima said, "Their names are Ibdabu." The Sarki said, "1 mnakeyou ruler of all these towns and their domains." Because of tllis the Galadima was called " Daudu, the strengthof the city." The next year the Sarki sent to Dussi to ask fora wife. He was the first Sarki who marrieda dauighterof Sarkin Dussi, Sarkin Sliirraand Sarkin Rano, and also a daughterof the Galadima. He ruled fifteenyears.

XVII. DAKAUTA,SON OF ABDULAHLBURJA. A.H. 856. A.D. 14.52. The seventeeinthSarki was Dakauta. He was dumrib.The people said, "If he becomes Sarki he will be able to speak." Whienihe had been made Sarki,arid afterone nightdid not speak, they turnedhim out again.

XVIII. ATUMA,SON OF DAKAUTA. A.H. 856. A.D. 1452. The eighteelntlhSarki was Atuma,son of Dakauta. He was king forseveni days oilly. He was turnedout of the officeof Sarki, for fearof trouble with the Galadiina Dauda.

XIX. YAKUBIJ, SON OF ABDULAHI BURJA. A.H. 856-867. A.D. 1452-1463. The nineteenthSarki was Yakubu, son of Tasafi. He was a good Sarki. In hiistimiie Agalfati camie to Kano; he was Sarkiii Gaia, and son of Sarkin Machina. Gaia canmewith his tlhreebrotllers who became Sarkiti Hadeijia, Sarkin Dal ald Sarkin Gaiain. The Sarkin Hadeijia became Sarkin Gabbas, and was given Hadeijia. The Sarkiii Gaia came to Kanio and was given Gaia. The Sarkin Dal came to Kano and was given Dal. Sarkin Gaiam went to Zaria and was given Gaian. In Yaktubu's time the Ftulani came to Hausaland fromMele, bringing

This content downloaded from 134.129.120.3 on Fri, 18 Dec 2015 10:19:07 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions H. R. PALMER.-The Kctno Chr-onicle. 77 with them books on I)ivinity and Etymology. Formiierlyour doctors had, in addition to the Koran, only the books of the Law and the Traditionis. The Fulani passed by and went to Borlnuleavinig a few men in Hausalanld,together withsome slaves and people who were tired of journeying. At this time too the Asbenawa canie to Gobir, and salt becaine commiionin Hausaland. In the followingyear merchantsfrom Gwanja began coiinigi to Katsina; Beriberi camie ini large numbers,and a colony of Arabs arrived. Somiieof the Arabs settled in Kano and some in Katsina. There was no war in Hausalaindin Yaktibu's time. He sent ten horses to the Sarkin Nupe in order to buy eunuchs. The Sarkin Nupe gave him twelveeunuels. Yakubu ruled Kano eleven years.

XX. MOHAMMARIMFA, SON OF YAKUBU. A.H. 867-904. A.D. 1463-1499. The twentiethSarki was Molhanma,son of Yakubu, commonlycalled Rimfa. His mother'sname was Fasima Berana. He was a good mnan,just and learned. He can have no equal in migh,,from the time of the foundingof Kano, until it shall end. In his time the Sherifscanme to Kano. They were Abdu Rahanliallaiid his people. There is a storythat the Proplhetappeared to Abdu Rahainaiiin a dream and said to him, "Get uip and go west and establish Islam." Abdlu Rahaman got up and took a handfulof the soil of Medina, and put it in a cloth, and broughtit to Hausaland. Wheneverhe came to a townl,he took a handfulof the soil of the countryand put it beside that of Medina. If they did not correspondhe passed that town. So he journeyeduntil he cameto Kano. And whenhe comparedthe soil ofKano with Mediiia soil theyresemtibled one anotheraiid became as one soil. So lie said," This is the countrythat f saw in iny dream." And he took uiphis abode at Pailisau. Then he selit in to the Sarkin Kano. The Sarkin Kano Rinifawent out together withhis inen,and escortedAbdu Rahaman back to the citytogether with hiisimlen, of whomthe chief were Hanatari, Gemindodo,Gadangamni, Fokai and others,ten in all. Abdu Rahanian lived in Kano and establishedIslam. He broughtwitlh him manyboolks. Hie ordered Ptimfato build a. imlosqutefor Friday, and to cut down the sacred tree and build a miiinareton the site. And whel he had established the Faith of Islam, and learned meii had grownlnumerous in IKano, and all the countryround had accepted the Faith, Abdu Karirmiireturned to Massar, leaving Sidi Fari as his deputyto carryon hi.s work. Rimfa was the author of twelve innovationsin Kano. He built the Dakin Rimfa. The next year he extenidedthe walls towards the Kofan Mata fromthe Kofan Dagachi anld continued the workto Kofail Gerlawasa anldKofan Kawayi, and fromthe Kofan Naissa to the Kofan Kansakali. The next year he enteredhiis house. He established the Kurmi Market. He was the first Sarki who used " Dawakiii Zaggi " itl the wvarwitli Katsina. He was the firstSarki who practised " Kaiiie." He appointedDurman to go roundthe dwellingsof the Indabawa and

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take everyfirst-born virgin for hiiml. He was the firstSarki tohave a thousand wives. He began the custom of "Kulle." He began the "Tara-ta-Kano." He was the firstto have "Kakaki" and "Figinni,"and ostrich-feathersaidals. It was in his reignthat the Sallam Idi was firstcelebrated in Kano at Shadakoko. He began the custom of giving to eunuchs the officesof state, among them, Dan Kustnba,Dan Jigawa, Dan Tarbana, Sarkin Gabbas, Sarkin Tudu, Sarkin Rua, Maaji, Sarkin Bai, Sarkin Kofa. There were four eunuehs leftwithout a title. He said to them, "I make you chiefsof the Treasury." The namneof one was Turaki,another was Aljira; the names of the othertwo were Al-Soro and Kashe Kusa. The Galadima Dabuli built a house at Goda, and the Madawaki Badosa built a house at Hori. Chiroma Bugaya built a lhouseat Dabazaro. Sturelythere was no Sarki more powerful than Rimfa! He was .sung as: "The Arab Sarki, of wide sway." In his tiiiie,occurred the firstwar with Katsina. It lasted eleven years,without either side winning. He ruled tlhirty-sevenyears.

XXI. ABDULAHI, SON OF MOHAMMARIMFA.

A.H. 904-914. A.D. 1499-1509. The twenty-firstSarki was Abdulahi. His motber'snlame was Auwa. Her influencewas very strono aniong the rulersof the day. She built the house at Doseyi, hence its naine, "Giddan Madaki Atwa." In his time Ahmedu,who was afterwardsLiinan of Kano, arrived. Abdulahi coinqueredKatsina. He adv,anced as far as KatsiDa itself aDd encamnpedon the rivernear Tsagero. He remaiined four months at Tsagero and then went to Zukzuk and miiadewar there. After conquerinTgthe men of Zaria lhewent oii to Kadauiraand to Kalaii and nmadewar on the inhabitaiits,after whlichhe returnedto Kano. Oii his arrival home he found that Dagachi was preparingto revolt,and that the Madaki Auwa alone hlad preventedserious trouble,as her illfluenlcewas verygreat in Kano. This was the reason that Sarkin Bornu came to attack Kalno,and camped at Gunduawa. The Sarkin Kano went out to meet himntogether with his mallaiiis and humiibled himselfbefore him. The SarkiniBornu went back to his country. As soon as he was gone,Abdulahi beguiled Dagachi into submissionand then turnedhimii out of his officeand gave his own slave the title. He ruled Kano ten years.

XXII. MOHAMMA KISOKI, SON OF ABDULAHI.

A.H. 914-972. A.D. 1509-1065.

The twenty-secondSarki was MohammaKisoki. He was the son of Abdulahi and Lamis, who built a house at Bani-Buki and established a miiarket there,and was the motherof Rabkare Pan Iya. Kisoki put him in the " Kano

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nine," and for that purpose expelled Berde. Kiso1i was an energetic Sarki, warlike andl masterful. He ruled over all Hanisalandeast and west,and southand north. He waged war on Birnin Unguru because of Agaidam. When he entered the town, Sarkin Kano took his seat beneaththe " ktuka" tree,at the Kofan Fada, and assembling the inhabitanitsof the town at the KofaniBai, reduced themto terrifiedsubmission. He gave orders that no men were to be made prisoners,but that oinlyclothes and horseswere to be takeni. Then he left Unguruand lived for a month in the bush. The SarkiinBoinu sent to hiimand said: ' What do yoli mean by makinigwar?" Kisoki replied: " I do not know,but tle cause of war is the ordinanieeof Allalh." The Sarkin Bornu said niotlhingmore. The metiof Kano returned to Kano. In the next year the Sarkin Bornu came to attack Kano, but coIuld inot take the towlnand returnedhomne. Then Kisoki said to one of his -nen, Duinki, " Mouint the wall, and sing a song in praise of the Sarki and his miielnof war." Duniki went. The song that he sung was this: " Kisoki, physicof Boiniia1, and the Chiratawa." He sung it againi and again,arnd after that he praised all those who were presentat the fight; as Galadima Bawa, Mai-Dawakin Maisanda, Mai-Dawakin Gawo Magani, Dan Kudu Dufi Koanna, Makama Abdulahi, Makama Atuman,Dan Yerima GajereniDanmisa, Dan Buram Sagagi, UmiioiruD)an Maji, Dan Makoiyo Jigu,Dan Goriba Jar Garma,Dan Darmenkorauand Gaji Dan Bauni and many others,about fortyin all. Dunki sanigtheir praises forforty days on the to) of the wall. After these he celebrated anyone else he thougYht worthy,as Madaki Koreinma,Dagachi, Alkali Musa Gero,Sarkin Kasua, Limuan Kano, SarkiinBai, Danl Maji, SarkiniYara, the euinluchsaind San Turaki. The Madaki Anwa, lecause she was grandmotherof Abdulahi,was also celebrated,in a song beginninig:" Mother! Kano is your country. Mother! Kano is your town. Old lady with the swaggaeringgait, old lady of royal blood, guarded by men-at-arnms."Others there were too-thirty-fourin all. In Kisoki's timiieSlhehu Tunus, who brouightEshtifa to Hausa, camiieto Kanio. Dan-Goroii-Duiniaalso came, and Shehu Abdu Salam, who broughtwith hiimthe books fada/1wwanna, Jam 'as-saghir and Samrarkandi. In the next year Tubi came fioin Zuikzukto learn from Shehu Tunus and became his chief disciple in Kano. ShehuiTulnus told Kisoki to build a Friday Mosque forthe Ptumcnawa.Kisoki built it. A certain mallam named Shehu Karaski, and Maguni and Kabi came fromBornu. They were brothers. Kisoki took a likinigto Shehu Karaski and asked him to becolmie Alkali. He refused,and suggested his brotherMagurni. Maoumi agreed,and built a portico at the Kofan Fada. In Kisoki's time, Zaite, Tammla,Buiduru, anid Koda came to Kano. Kisoki ruled the townwith his motherIya Lamis and his grandmiotherMadaki Auwa, anidGuli, the brotherof Madaki Auwa. Guli was much respected by the Sarki; he camiieto have power over the whole counltry This is the reason every counsellor is called Na-Guli, Kisoki ruled Kanio fifty-eightyears,

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XXIII. YAKUFU,SON OF KISOKI. A.H. 972-973. A.D. 1565. The twenty-thirdSarki was Yakufu. His mother'sname was Tunus. He was Sarkin Kano fourmonths and twentydays. Guli deposed him. The Galadiman Kano Sara Katunia and Guli carriedon civil war. There was fortydays' fighting in Kano beforethe Galadiina overcame and killed Guili anid determinedto re- establishYakufu on the throne. Yakufu refused,and returnedamong the learned men to study. So he went and lived in the countrywhich bears the name of Yakufawa. He was the fatherof Mohamma Shashere,Dauda Abasamia,Sarkiin Taura, Buduru,Sarkin Majia, Sarkin Gilima,Sarkin Kazura and Sarkin Gwunaka.

XXIV. DAUDA ABASAMA,SON OF YAKUFU. A.H. 973. A.D. 1565. The twenty-fourthSarki was Dauda Abasama. His mother's name was Zuhara. He ruled one monthand twentydays before he was turned out. His brothers,Kazura, Majia, and his sister, Buduru, so called because she was unmarried,Gilinia, Taura anidGwunka, the youngest,joined him in his exile at a place called Karmashe. Dauda settledthere and a house was built for him. The brotherseach chose a place to live.

XXV. ABUBAKR KADO, SON OF RIMFA. A.H. 973-980. A.D. 1565-1573. The twent\-fifthSarki was Abubakr Kado, son of Rimfa and full brotherof Abdulahi. His mother's name was Auwa. In his time the men of Katsina worstedthe men of Kano until theycame to the verygates of Kano. They encampedat Salamta. The men of Kano wenltout to fight,but they were beaten and scattered,and had to take refugein tie town. Devastationwent on, and the countrywas denudedof people. The only place whereanybody was found was in walled townsor rocks,as Karayi, Gwan-gwam,Maska, Tariwa,or any other rockyplace. AbubakrKado did nothingbut religiousoffices. He disdained the duties of Sarki. He and all his chiefsspent their time in. prayer. In his time eunuchs and mallarns became very numerous. Kano was filled with people. Mallam Sherif,Tamma, Gesui and WVuricame to Hausa fromLagoni. Some people say theycame fromBagarmi. Tamma was the greatest of theni. When they firstcame they lived in Katsina land. For this reasonithe place where they lived is called Tamma. Afterwardsthey moved to Kano and settled at Godia. The town was called Godia aftera certainwoman, a harlot. She and the Sarki reignedjointly over the town. The Sarkin Godia said to Tamma, "Settle at Godia." So Tamma settled at Godia and nirarriedGQdia, Abubakr was the firstSarki who read the book

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called Eshifa at the house of Dan GorondumaKursiya. He was the Sarki who niade the princeslearn the Kioran. This he did because of his ownsons. Theyread the Koran well, and the readingwas in the middle of Shaaban. Every morning after sunrise the princes assembled. The Sarki came out after early morning prayer. He had seven sons,each of whichread a seventhof the Koran. He gave his soils great wealth. The eldest of them was Abdulahi, otherwisecalled Dan Kado Kisoki; Chiroma Yan Sarki was another; then Daiida Tsaga, Dan Ashia (Ashia was the Sarki's sister),Dari, and Tella. The Sarki built Goron Pugachi forthe readingof the Korall. He began readingJa'm 'as-satyhir.He ruled Kano seven yearsand six monthsanid then was deposed.

XXVI. MOHAMMASHASHERE, SON OF YAKUFU. A.H. 980-990. A.D. 1573-1582. The twenty-sixthSarki was Mohamma Shashere, son of Yakufii. His mother'sname was Fasuina. He was unmatchedfor generosity among the Sarkis of Kano. He was the firstto give a eunuichthe title of Wornbai(the eunuch was called Damu). He also gave to a eunuch called Dabba the title of Sarkin Dawaki. He gave to allothereunuch called Mabaiyi the title of Dagachi. He determiniedon an expedition against Katsina. He said to the Alkali Mohamma the son of Tanko, the son of Jibril,the son of Mugumi: " Find me an Alkali to take with me to war with Katsina. When I go to the war, I shall liot returnalive unless I beat the Katsinawa." The Alkali gave him his pupil Musa, whose mother'sniame was Gero. The Sarki inade Musa Alkali. Now when he came to Katsina, the men of Katsina came out to fight. The armies met at Kankia and foughtthere. The Katsinawa won because they were superior in numbers. The Kanawa ran away-deserting their Sarki-with the exceptionlof San Turaki Mainya Narai, San Turaki Kuka Zuga and Dan Dumpki. Hence the songs "'Narai the wall: ready to answeraniy challenge;" "Zuga does not run away." These returnedhome together with theirSarki and entered Kano with him. The Sarki was verygrieved. His men said to him, "Lay aside your grief,next year we will defeatthe Katsinawa, if Allah wills." But meantimehis brothers were treacherouslyplannitng to kill hiim. San Turaki Narai heard of theirplans, and told the Sarki, saying,"Do nlotgo outside your house, you or youirLiman, to-day,or you will be killed." So the Sarki remained in his house, while San Turaki acted as Sarki. When the conspiratorscaime in the evening, they found San Turaki with his slaves in the mosque,and, thinking lie was the Sarki,attacked him. He had with him nine of his own slaves, anideighteen of the Sarki's house- hold. The nine slaves were killed. Twelve of the others were killed and six captured. The names of the six were Burimah, Jigo, Adam, Wukarka, Tukuki and Sarkin Wawayi. The new Sarki MohaminaZaki intended to kill these six, but theyprayed and beggedWini saying: "Spare us and we will be your slaves, we VYL, XXXVIII, G

This content downloaded from 134.129.120.3 on Fri, 18 Dec 2015 10:19:07 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 82 H. R. PALMER.-The Kanao chronicle. are yourgrandchildren." So the Sarki spared them,but each of themchose a task as a price of theirlives. San Turaki Narai was buriedin the mosque' in whichhe was killed. For this reason Mohamma Zaki made Aderki build Serikin Jarmai a house inside the Sarki's compound. The " zowre" of Turaki Mainya was also builtnear the mosque, as also Yan Sintali's house and the houses of Turaki Kuka and Mai-Sliikashikai. The site of the mosque was changed. On account of this occurrenceTuraki Mainya had the honourof actingfor the Sarki,if he were absent,in the time of Mohamma Zaki, but afterwardsthe riglhtlapsed. Shashereruledc nine years and fourmnonths and twenty-fourdays. Then he was deposed.

XXVII. MOUIAMMAZAKI, SON OF KIsOKI. A.1I. 990-1027. A.D. 1582-1618. The twenty-seventhSarki was Molamnnia Zaki, son of Kisoki. The name of his motherwas Hausatu, the daughter of Tan-ia. When Mfohamrnma became Sarki, Tamma came to live at Kaiio together with his meni, the Kartukawa. In the time of MohamnmaZaki "Tchukana " and "Dirki "2 were begun. The Sarki's men kept saying to him, "Sarkin Kanlo, if you leave the Katsinavwaalone, theywill beconmemasters of all Kano and you will have nothincr to rullebut a little." The Sarki said, "I will conquer the Katsinava if Allah wills." At this time the Sarkin Kworarafacame to attack Kano. The people of Kano left tle city and went to Daura, with the resultthat the Kworarafawaate up the whole countryand Kano becam-ievery weak. The men of Katsina kept on harryingKano. If it had not been for the sake of the mallams in Kano, they would have enteredand destroyedthe city. There was a greatfamine which lasted eleveniyears. The Sarki called all his men and nmallaimistogether and said," I have called you togetherto take counsel with me, How are we to stay this calamity?" Shehu Abuibakrthe Maohrebinesaid: "If you wish to repel the men of Katsina, I will give you somethingrto do it with, but if youL do repel them, you will never returnto Kano." The Salrkisaidl, " I agree." He gave Shehu gTreatwealthl and the mallamsmany gifts. Shlelludid as he promisedto do. The Sarki left Kano oni the 22nd day of Ptamaidan,and arrivedbeneath the walls of Katsina at daybreak on the day of the Salla. The men of Katsina came out to battle beforethe hour

I The mosquewas not rebuilttill the timeof Abdulahi Dan Dabo, a Fulani. The Turaki Mainya did not again have suchprestige till the timeof MohammedBelo, who made his son ZacchariTuraki Mainya. Historvrepeats itself. 2 Thlatis to say,the Koran coveredwith goat's skin. Afterwardscow hide was used forthe purpose,as manyas ten skins beingused, and evenforty in latertimes. In Alwali's time,the practicehad goneto such a ridiculouslength that he stoppedit altogether. The peoplesaid, " If you stopthis practice, God will bringevil fortuneupon you." Alwali replied,"IDirki is nothing btutthe Koran: I swear I will openit anidexpose its contents." So he orderedyoulng men to take axes atndopen " Dirki." Theydid so. Alwali foundthe Koran inside,and tookit to his house. The peoplesaid, " You will be expelled fromthis lanid evenas you lhaveexpelled the Koran fromDirki," Alwali was afterwardsdriven out of Kanio,

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of the feast. The battle took place at Guraji. The men of Kano defeated the men of Katsina. The men of Katsina dispersedand fled, and the Kainawa took much spoil. They took fourhundred horses, and sixtysuits of horse armour. No one knows the amount of the spoil or the nunmberof the slain. The Sarki returnedto Karayi, wherehe died. His captains in war were eight in number: Madawaki Shaduka, Makama Babba, Jaruinai Kaiotau, Atimain,Yanka Shaida, Burdi Hako, Dawaki Marku and Butali. He ruled Kano thirty-sevenyears and fivemonths.

XXVIII. MOHAMMANAZAKI, SON OF ZAKI.

A.H. 1027-1032. A.D. 1618-1623. The twenty-eighthSarki was Mohamma Nazaki. His nmother'sname was Kursu. When he became Sarki he sent mnessengersto make peace with Katsina. Sarkin Katsina refusedhis termsarid invaded Kano. The Kanawa came out, and a battle took place at Karayi, in which the Kanawa defeated the Katsiniawa. They then returnedto Kano. Next year the Sarkin Kano went to Kalam. He leftthe Wombai Giwa behindat Kano because he was sick. When the Wombai recoveredhe said, " What can I do to please the Sarki? " His men said, " Add to the city." He said, " Very well." So lie built a wall fromthe Kofan Dogo to the Kofan Gadoiikaia,and fromithe Kofan Dakawuyia to the KofanKabuga, and to the Kofan Kansakali. He spent an enormousamount of moneyon this improvement. Every morninghe broughta thousand calabashes of food and fiftyoxen for the workmentill the work was finished. Every man in Kano went to work. No man surpassedthe Womiibaiin benevolenceto Moslemsand thepoor. The day when the workwas to be finishedthe Wombai Giwa distributedamong the worknmena thousand" tobes." He slaughteredthree hundred cows at the Kofan Kansakali and gave the mallamsmany presents. When the Sarkin Kano returnedfrom war, the Wombai gave him a hundredriding horses. Each horsehad a mail coat. The Sarki was very pleased. He said, "What shall I do for this man, to miake his heartglad?" His men said, "Give him a town." So the Sarki gave him KaIrayi. Hence the song: " ElephantLord of the town,Abdullah foe of the bull hippopotamus,whose chains fortaking captive women are hoes and axes." The Wombai left Kano and weiit to Karayi. Every day he fought the Katsinawa and took nmuchspoil from them in war. He became master of a hundredmailed horsemenand a thousandhorses. He was sung as " The elephant wlhoreduces his neighboursto servitude." He became so mighty that it was fearedhe would revolt. Hence he was turned out of his officein the time of Kutumbi. MohammaNazaki ruled Kaino fiveyears anidone month.

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XXIX. KUTUMBI, SON OF MOHAMMANAZAKI. A.H. 1032-1058. A.D. 1623-4648. The twenty-ninthSarki was Kutunitibi,the son of MohainmaNazaki, otherwise called MohammaAlwali. His mother'sname was Dada. He was a great Sarki. He had a friendwhose name was Kaliria Atumnan,to whomnhe entrustedgreat power. No one would believe the extent of his power except one who saw it. He ruled over Kano townand countryuntil his powerequalled that of the Sarki, while the Sarki was like his Wazir. This Kalina Atuman was in power for twelveyears. Then be died. Afterhis death one of his men, Dawaki Kwoshi, came to the front. He too became so powerful that he seemed likely to revolt. He went to a place called Bakin Karre and was there for seven days. Afterthis he went to Yankwosa, wherehe remained three days, and afterwardsto Rimin lKwoshe,the Sarki's farm. All the chief men of the town flockedto hiisstandard. He had been therenine days when the Sarki inducedhim to come back with fine words. Then he returnedto Kano. He was celebratedin the song: "See yourprophet, ye Princes! You lookedfor a blackdog, and did iiotfind it at the hearth stones. Dawaki can put to flighta hostwith a shieldof lotus. Dawaki the son of the greatDayi, the boaster." Dawaki was the son of Turaki Kuka Allandayi. Thus it is that if the. Sarki is sung,no one nmaybe mentionedbut him. During the time of Kutumbi the sayinlg, " 0 God greatand loving! The greatman haththe spleen," originated,because of Allandayi'sanger when the Ungwa KofaniKabagga was taken fromhini. No man of that tine in Kano had accumulatedsuch vast wealth,anid so many eunuchs and ornaments. Hence he was sung ill the song, " Great God, lightof the town,0 star!" Kutumbi was the fatherof Bako. No prince could comparewith him. In everything,in doing good, or doin-gill, in courage,anger, and genierosityhe was like a Sarki even while he was only a prince. He had six- hunldredhorses and ninietymailed horsemen. He went to lKurminDan Ranko to war anld took mtlch spoil. When he returnedto Kano he was given the title of Jarumiaifor this exploit. Afterwardshe prayed to die and died, for fear of civil war after his father'sdeath. In the titne of Kutumbi, SarkiniDawaki Magara went to war with I3auchiand oil his returnbuilt a towiiat Gaiijua and settled there. lIe sent to Kano two thousand slaves. IKutumbiwas veryangry about this. Next year he mounted his horse and wenitoff to war there. The people paicl him Jizia. Then he returned to Kano leaving there five hundred slaves. The place was called Ibdabu since the people were all the slaves of the Sarki. The next year Kutumbi went to war with Katsina. He was victorious,and took much spoil. He camped at IDugazawafor nine months,during which time inoone could venture out of Katsina. From this siege comes the song: "Alwali shutter of the great gate, Kimbirmi,shutter of the great gate." Of K-4tupjbi'swarriors the greatest

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was Madawaki Kimbirni. Then came Makama Banki, Dan Maji Jartake, Jarmai Garaje, Berdi Kaimioku,Gorib-a Babba, Dan Kanfache Zabarau, Dan Ataman Babakke, Gwoto,Kaderko, Dawaki Sun Kuche and Daln Makoo Makere (so called because he always fought with a kere). There were othersbeside, and theyfeared nothing but God. Kutumbi returnedto Kano, and the next year went to fightwith Gwombe,wlhich he sacked. He was the firstSarki of Kano who collected the Jizia from the Fulani which is called Jangali. He collecteda hundredcows fromithe Jafunawa,the chiefclan of Fulani,seventy from the Baawa, sixtyfroni Dindi Maji, fiftyfrom the Danneji, and otherstoo numerousto mention. When he had collected the cattle he said to his slave Ibo, " I make you Sarkin Shanu." Hence the latter was called "Iblo na Kutumbi." He said to Manidawali, "You are Sarkin Samri,because you have charge of all the youths among my slaves." He called the slaves Kirdua. He said to Gumki," I make you Sarkin Dogare." He said to Buayi, "You are Sarkin Shamaki." This manl was called Buayi because he was a " black sheep." His lianae was Agurimaji. Kutumbi turnedthe Sarkin Surdi out of his house,and told him he had appointed another to his office. Sarkin Surdi built a house for himself. Whenever Kutulmbiwent to war or to Salla, he was followedby a hundredspare horses. Forty drumswere in front of him,and twenty-fivetrumpets, and fiftykettle-drums. He was the first Sarki to create a "Berde Kererria." He was always followedby a hundred euniuchswho were handsomelydressed and had gold and silver ornaments. He built a house at Gandu, and anotherat Tokarawa. In the latterhe lived when he went to war,and waited there until his armyhad assembled before setting out. When he returiiedfrom war he encampedat Gandu,where he would spend the night. Kutumbi was a verymighty Sarki in Hausaland. He went to war with Katsina and encampedclose to the westerngate of the city. The Katsinawa came out in the nightanid a battle took place beforedaybreak. The Katsina army surprisedthe Kanawa; the whole of the Kanawa ran away. A man called Kumaza poised his spear and smote at Kutumbi,blut Dan Maji Zartaki rushed in and killed him. Hence the song," Rafterof iron,stronger than 'seri' wood." Sarkin Kano mountedhis horse and retreatedtogether with the few men wlhowere with him. The men of Katsina pursuedthe retreatinigKanawa and harriedthem until theyreached Yashi. As regardsSarkin Kano some people say he was killed in Katsina, others say that he died at Kano. The latteris the better account. In any case he died within three days of the battle. He ruled Kano twenty-sixyears.

XXX. AL HAJI, SON OF KUTUMBI. A.H. 1058-1059. A.D. 1648-1649. The thirtiethSarki was Alhaji Dan Kutumbi. His mother's lname was Fadiima. He ruled Kano eight months and twenty-fourdays, then he was deposed-the reason, I do not remember. He went into the countryto live at a place called Dan Zaki.

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XXXI. SHEKKARAU, SON OF AL HAJI.

A.H. 1059-1061. A.D. 1649-1651. The thirty-firstSarki was Shekkarau,the son of Alhaji and Fari. In his time peace was made between Kano and Katsina. The peacemakerswere Shehu Ataman, Mallam Bawa and Liman Yaindoiya. Shehu Atarnansaid: " In future, whoever is the aggressorbetween you shall never prevail,if Allah wills,till the day of Judgment." About this timeDan Tamma Maji went out with Sarkin Gesu Salimanu to Godia. Shekkaro ruled one year and seven monthsand twenty-four days.

XXXII. KUKUNA,SON OF AL HAJI.

A.H. 1061-1062. A.D. 1651-1652. The thirty-secondSarki was Mohamma Kukuina. His mother's name was Goro. After he became Sarki he ruled oine year. The Madawaki Kuma turned him out, and gave the powerto his sisterFasurna's son Soyaki.

XXXIII. SOYAKI, SON OF SHEKKARAU.

A.H. 1062. A.D. 1652. Soyaki was the thirty-fourthSarki. His mnotherwas Fasuma. Kukuna fled to Zukzuk. Soyaki had been reigningthree mnonths when the chiefsof Kano met together and held a consultation about him. The chief of them were the GaladirnaWari, the grandfatherof Kofakani Dan Iya Babba, Makania Mukhtari and Sarkin Dawaki Gogori. They sent messengerssecretly to MohammaKukuna, who at once set out for Gaiya. The Sarkin Gaiya joined him in his marchto Kanio. The Madawakin Kano heardof this,assembled the miienof IIano, and told them the news. They said, "We hear." He said, "What do you propose?" They said, " Shall we not go out beforethey get close to the city." The Madawaki said, " Very well." A battle took place at Hotoro. The Kano men ran away and desertedthe Madawaki Kuma. Kukuna.attacked hinm with a spear. He fearedto be killed, and tried to escape. Kukuna followedhirn. The Madawaki made for the Kofan Kawayi and shoutedto the people to close the gate behindhim, so that Mohamnia Kukuna should not enter. Kukuna, however,got in beforethe gate was shut and reached the palace. He fouiid the Sarki Soyaki at the Giddan Ma-Shikashikai,together with his eunuchs. So he seized the swordfrom the hand of Soyaki and cried, " Allahu, Akbar,You, Sarki of a day! Go out! If you do not go I will cut yourhead off." The Sarki went out. A house was built fol him at Dukarawa, wherehe lived and died.

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XXXIV. MOHAMMAKUKUNA (RESTORED). A.H. 1062-1070a. A.D. 1652-1660. MohammiaKukuna then eniteredthe Giddan Rumnfaand lived sixty days there. After this he arrestedthe Madawakin Kanio. Then he assemiibledmany maidens,put the Madawaki on a donlkey,and handed it over to the mnaidensto driveround the town. Theydid as he commanded. The Madawaki died of chagrin. Kukuna droveaway Fasunma,the wifeof Shekkarauand motherof Soyaki,because of the grtidgehe bore her son. She btuilta house at DuruminYer Madawaki. Next year Sarkin KworarafaAdashu came to attack Kano. Sarki Kanlo went to Yan Magada, wherehe stayed seven days,and then to Auyo and Abewa, whlerehe remainedforty days. On his return to Kano he found that the Kworarafahad battereddown the Kofan Kawayi. He waited seven days, then marched round the city on a Saturday, entered his lhouse,and stayed there two days. On a Monday he went to the Kofan Kawayi and buiiltit up. From the firstof these episodes he was called " Gewayer Garu,"from the second " Na chin Kassa." On the same Monday he called all the Marguzawa to the city to salute him. They remained twenty-onedays, and played a game in which they beat 'each otlher's heads with iron. The Sarki gave them many gifts,and asked them who was theirchief. On their saying it was Zanku, the Sarki said to him, "Next year come again,and let all your men come with their'hauyias' on their shoulders." " If you do so,Zanku," said Kukana, " God willing,no SarkinKano will be drivenout again." Afterwardshe sent forthe LinmanYandoiya, and aftergiving, him many presentssaid, " I want you to give me a charmwhich will prevent any Sarki from being again driven out of Kano." The Liman said, "Very well, but you must increase your presents." Kukuna did so, and gave him silver and gold. The Liman gave him what he gave him. The Limanitold Kukuna to buryone charm in the Turaki Mainya's house,another in the house of Turakin Kuka, and another in the " Treasury" of Kano; and he furtheradded that a firemust be keptburining, everyday above the charms,and assured the Sarki that if his instructionswere carried out no Sarki would ever be again deposed. Kukuna did so, and ruled eight years and seven monthsin addition to the year that is mentionedabove. Then he was deposed.

XXXV. BAWA, SON OF MOHAMMA KUKUNA. A.H. 1070-1081. A.D. 1660-1670. The thirty-fifthSarki was Bawa. His mother'sname was Lamis. He was a learned,just, and good Sarki. In his time there was no war in Kano land, east and west,south and north. Goron Pugachi, which Abubakr Kado, the son of MohammaRimfa, had built forhis sons,had falleninto ruins,so Bawa repaired it. Bawa fashionedthe chair which is placed in the house ofthe greatTuraki, that he mightsit on it. He built Pugachin Kishi as a school. He had a friend

This content downloaded from 134.129.120.3 on Fri, 18 Dec 2015 10:19:07 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 88 H. B. PALMER.-TYhe Kano Chronicle. who was callecl Dan Mallani Ali Diko. This Diko receivedst-ch honour that a house forhinm was built in the palace called Soron Diko-in such honourwas he held. He and the Sarki were inseparable. They rode togethereven at the Salla or elsewhere,since theyhad been the closest of friendsfroim the timebefore Bawa had becomieSarki. They had studied together. Diko always said his morning prayers at the Sarki's house, and never returnedhonme until afterthe evening prayer. In Bawa's time Abdulahi,a great student of the Koran, came to Kano with his friends. He had a wonderfullycaptivating voice when readinig. He took a house niearDiko's and preachedafter evening prayer. Diko asked, " Who is that man?" and was told it was Abdulahi,a stranger. The next morninigDiko sent to Abdulahi,and when he came, took him to the Sarki and told himlto read to the Sarki. So he read the appointed portion of the Koran. After the Sarki had listened he would not let.him go away, but built hirma house near to the gate of Turaki Mainya. He was wont to amuse the Sarki at nightby reading. During Ramadan Abdulahi preached to the Sarki during the vigils. When )Dan Lowan died the Sarki said to Abdulahi,"I nmakeyou Dan Lowan, and you will call to prayer." In Bawa's time therewere many holy nlen. He ruled Kano ten years, fourmonths anid twenty days.

XXXVI. DADI, SON OF BAWA. A.H. 1081-1114. A.D. 1670-1703. The thirty-sixthSarki was Dadi. His n-other'sian-e was Ka Iya Gari. He wished to enlarge the city of Kano, but Shehu Mohaimia preventedhim. The next year Sarkin Kworarafacame to fightwith Kano. The Sarki wishedto go out and fighthim outside,but the chiefs of Kano demurredand he remainedin his house. The Kworarafaientered Kano by the Kofan Gadon Kaia, slaughteredthe inen of Kano, and reached Bakinruia. The GaladitnaKofakani said to the Sarkin Kano, who was in the Pugachin Kishi with his Jarutlnai:"Establish 'Tchibiri' at Toji, and ' Bundu' at Rimi Bundu." The Galadima said to the Sarki,"Rise up! The Kworarafaihave destroyedthe best part of yourtown and have killed many m-ien! They have penetratedto the Kurmi,and will attack the 'palace.'" The Sarki mounted his horse and went out, and came to the Kofan Fada with the Galadin-a aind eunuehs and Jaruilai. There he met all the Kanawa. He went to Rimin Bundu, took the " Bundu " and gave it to Dan DurmnaMazza Mazza, and thencehastened to Kofa Bai. He foundthe Kworarafa had comenear the " Tchibiri," but everyoneof them who came close died at once. The Sarkin Kworarafa told Ihis people to take away the " Tehibiri." The Kworarafaitried to charge,but they failed to seize it. The Sarki Kiano canmeto the "Tehibiri,"and took it. On his right lhandhe had a hundred warriors,in frontof himzninety-niine ehiefs, all of themnmallamns, aind on his left hand a hundred warriors. They were all slaughtered by the Kworarafai; only a fewwere left alive. Sarkin Kano fled to Daura. The Kworarafai followed him, to Jelli and then returiied. Of the

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miienwho weire killed in this battle the chief were Dan Janbori,Dan Barra, Sarkin Buzza, Sarkin Durra, Dan Tanadi, Bundu, Sarkin Zabro,Magagi Bugaji, Sarkin Marua, Dan Garadu, Dan Raguma Giwa, Magaji Butachi,Dan Koamila, Magagi Sheggi, Dan Gamaji, Magaji Gantururu,Dan Dagazo, Magagi Tuntu, Sarkin Magturi,Dan Gauji, Magagi Garogi, Dan Tankaro,Dan Kargagi, Magaji Karfassa,Dan Kutuntu,.Dan Toro,Dan Zaki Mazawa, Dan Bambawri,Kioto and otlhers-in all ninety-sevenSarkis. In the time of Dadi the Sarkin Gaiya revolted. His name was Farin Dussi, the father of Mariamma. He was three years without paying the Sarkin Kano Jizia. Then the Sarkin Kano enticed him to a,n interview and killed him, some say with a razor, some at "Baura." In consequenceof this revoltSarkin Dawaki Debba (called Kamna) went out and became Sarkin Aujera. The Sarki said to him, " I am miakingyou Sarkin Aujera because I am afraid of Miga, Dussi and Gaiya revolting." Dadi ruled Kano thirty-threeyears and eight months.

XXXVII. MOHAMMA SHAREFA, SON OF DADI. A.H. 1114-1143. A.D. 1703-1731. The thirty-seventhSarki was MohamnmaSharefa, son of Dadi. His mother's name was Marianima. She was tlle daughterof Sarkin Gaiya Farin-Dussi. In Sharefa's time,the men of Gaiya becamievery influenltial in Kano. Sharefa was a powerful Sarki. He introducedseven practices in Kano all of which were robbery,namely, Karo, Rinsua, Matafada, Yan Dawaki, Kuaru, Jizia of maidens on marriage,and Jiziani Kasua Kiurmi. He invented many other miethodsof extortion. Sharefa sent Wombai Debba to war. The Wombai left Kano for Kirru,and making war on it capturedmuch spoil and nmanymen. News came to Sharefa that the Wombai had sacked Kirru and that there was niothingin the town but ashes. Sharefa said niothing,but when the Wombai Debba returnledto Kano asked him what he meant by such work. The Wombai said, " I like Kano," speaking in riddles. In Sharefa's tilmiethe Sarkin Jamiifara,Yakubu Dan Mazura, came to make war on Kano. A battle was foughtat Yergana in whiclhthe men of Jamfaradefeated the men of Kano. The men of Kano fied and deserted the Sarki,who was leftwith NasaniKanni, Kasheka Bugau, the Turaki Mainya Allah Nikimaiyi,Berdi Kereria Yashibka and Dogara Gateri. They all lost theirheads. Sharefa said to them, "Does not a single one of you know the way back to Kano ?" They said, "No." NasaniKanni said, " I know the way to the city." The Sarki said to him," Show me the road." So he showed the Sarki the road until theycame to the RiminiBugunsua. The Sarki entered the town and his house,and nloone was allowed to see him,so great was his wrath. Nasan Kanni Bugau,Allah Nikimaiyiand Yashibka obtailnedgreat honour from the Sarki because of the fightat Yergana. Afterthis the Sarki sent out Sarkin Gaiya Jan Hazo, and told him to put a wall round Gaiya. Walls were built, too, at Tarkai, Tsokkua, Gano, Dawaki and many other towns. Whenl Bugau became Turaki

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Kuka he senit messenigersto Sarkin Yawuri to ask him for "Algaitas." The Sarkin Yawuri gave him teinAlgaitas, and three " Kurra-Kurra." The messenger came with themto Turaki Bugau. Bugau kept themthree months, and sent them to the Maidaki Mariamma,since she was a greatpersonage. There was no woman like her in the seven Hausa states. In Sharefa's time cowries firstcame to Hausaland. The Sarki was a mightywarrior. Among his captains were Sarkin Dawaki Sodi, Dan Iya Maji Kudu, Dan Iya Mallam Shadti, Sarkin Jarumai, Mallam Bawa, Sarkin Jarumai Akwuria, Dan Iya Dashina, Sarkin Jarumai Ibrahim, Limanin Beradai Dodo, Berde Ba Kuddu, Sarkin Jarumai Abdullah, Galadima Kofa-Kanni. These all foughtunder Dadi. There were also Maidawaki Magani, Dan SucduDurramain, Ali Ubain Darn Kurkuti, Yahaya Uban Dan Maji Babba, Sarkin Damargu Gabo, Sarkin Fulani Bebeji Abdua, Sarkin Fulani Dania, Sarkin Fulani Bugai Beriss, Sarkin Gaiya Alwali, Sarkiin Fulani Sankara Dubai, Berde Alhaji, Madawakin Gawo Bajiddah and others. When they went to war theynever ran away, but always were victorious,even thoughthe Sarki were not present. Sharefaruled Kano twenty-eightyears and ten miionths.

XXXVIII. KUMBART, SON OF SHAREFA. A.H. 1143-1156. A.D. 1731-1743. The thirty-eighthSarki was MohamnmaKumbari, the son of Sharefa and Duki. He was a liberal Sarki but quick to anger. His counsellorsliked him,but the commonpeople hated him. In his time therewas fiercewar betweenKano and Gobir. The name of Sarkin Gobir was Sobah. If the Gobirawa defeatedthe Kanawa one day, the Kanawa defeated themtlhe next. This state of affairscontinued for a long time. In Kumbari's time Sarkin Bornu May-Ali came to Kano to war. He encampedat Faggi forthree nig,htswithouit a battle being fought,since Shehu Tahiru and Shehu Bunduu prevented it. He returned to Bornu. Kumbari went to war with Dussi in the time of Sarkin Dussi Makuri and verynearly enteredthe townithrough the fiercenessof his attack,but his advisers prevented him entering,the town,saying to him,"Sarkin IKano,you have won the day, oo home." He listened to their advice and went home. In the Dussi war Sarkin Aujera Bugau was killed. Kumbari returnedto Kano. In his time shieldswere firstbrought from Nupe, whichwas then ruled over by Sarkin Nupe Jibrila. Guls were also brought. MohammnaKumbaii was active in collecting,Jizia fromthe Kasua Ku-rmi,so that the marketwas lnearlykilled. The next year he collected Jizia in Kano and made eveni the mallamspay. Therewas so much disturbance that the Arabs leftthe town and went back to Katsina, and mnostof the poorer people in the town fledto the country. Turaki Kuka Tunku said to Kumbari,"Sarki, if you do not let this Jizia alone,there will be nioone leftin the town but yourselfand your servants." The Sarki listelied to him. Kumbari made war against Kuddu Baudam. When he

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went out to Zanga he was advised to mnakehaste, for it was said, "If you do not make lhasteyou will not conquerBaudamn, becauise there are many warriorsin the town." He said, "I hear." Whenihe came near the gate of the town,an arrow was launched at him and a battle ensued between the Kanawa and Kudawa. When Kumbari saw that the battle was growinighot, he took a spear in his hand and attacked the wall of the town. The men of Kano followed him under a shower of arrows. The Ktudawa slaughtered the Kanawa, and the Kaniawa slaughteredthe Kudawa, until Kurmbarireached the gate of the town. Had not the gate been closed he would have got in. The Kudawa ran away in a body to theirhouses. Kumbari carnped at Zongon Dan Ingarma. Afterwardsternms of peace were arrangedand Kuinbari returnedto Kano. His captains were fifty-two men who knew no fear: Sarkin JarumaiAidajika, Berde Duguru,Dan Iya Tefiwa, Dan Iya Gajigi, Sarkin Majia Dandawa, Dan Tama Daan Arkaya, the Maji Yakufawa called KunikurtiDageza, Dan Berde Madawaki Yabo, GaladimnaDan Faramu, SarkiinDawaki Mallam Bawa, Berde Sokana, Sarkin Jarumai Akallam, Jarmai Tugwai, Dan Hamuda, Dan Tankari Hamadi, Dan Tara-Tara Abbas, Sarkin Gano Bako, DandanmaKanwa Chilaya, Makama Chikudu,Lifidi Sayadu, Dan Maskara, Maidawaki Berde Dan Ashifu, Sarkiii Damargu Baji Dan Gaba, Sarkin Bebeji Zakkari, Dan Bugai Chusa, Dan Beras, Sarkin Ringim Ada, Al-Berka,Sarkin Tsekkia Atoro,Dani Farzaki, Sarkin BurlkuMuni, Dan Sainayila Chikewa, Jarumai Raadu, Gashin Baki Tsofo, Makarma Della, Dan Ajibiji Kakwoshi Magani, Dan Sharnono,Dan Ali Duka, anid others. Each one of them had no fearin fight,but Kumbari thoughtthere was no one equal to himself. He ruled thirteenyears.

XXXTX, ALHAJI KABE, SON OF KUMBARI. A.H, 1156-1166. A.D. 1743-1753. The thirty-ninthSarki was Alhaji Kabe. His mother'sname was Zama. She was also called Zenabu. He was a Sarki of maniywars and terrible. From the time he obtainedthe kingdomhe did not reinain five months in his house withoutgoing to war or sendingout his Sarkis to fight. Sarkin Gobir sent to try and make peace with him but Kabe refused. He selntto Sarkin Gobir Barbari, sayinlg," I have a cap to fit anyone's headl." Barbari said, " I hear." The next year Barbari came to Kano to war. A battle ensued between him and Kabe at Damiii. The Kanawa ran away, because of the "mmagic " whichBarbari possessed. The Kanawa leftKabe alone with the Dogarai and Kwinkele,and Sarkin Dawaki Kinku Aimimiand Turaki Kuka Yadoka. The whole armyof the Gobirawacame chargingup to the Sarkin Kano. The Kwinkele withstoodthem until their chief was killed. Then Yakidoka said, "Sarkin Kano, all the mienof Kano have run away and leftyou alone with your slaves." Sarkin Kano returned to the town togetherwith his slaves (some say with the Kanawa) sick at heart. The Gobirawa went on slaughteringthe Kanawa, and the Kanawa slaughteredthe Gobirawa in

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frequentwars until Kabe's death. No recordcaii be kept of the fightingbetween thenmin Kabe's time or the numberof wars in whichKabe engagedor whichhe ordered. No one gave presentsto the mallamsso much as Kabe did,for he sought a rewardin the next world. There was no man of his age who was so ruthless in killing mienas Kabe. There was no peace in Kano, only trouble after trouble what with the war with Gobir and other wars. Sarikin Dawaki Ali, Jarumai Tugwai Dal Bajidda, Sarkin JarumnaiSalihu, Lifidi Abubakr, Berdi Bakana, Makama Bagwinki, Lifidi Sawani, (Ganda Faria, Magajin Kan-Kama, Doro, Lifidi Jedi Kwoma, Makama Almajir,Galadima Guraguri,Galadima JarmiawaAli, Berde- Kunda, Burde Bakudu, Sarkin Daniargu Buzu Dan Barji, Sarkin RingimKwirudu, Burdi Shahu, and others,were Kumibari'swarriors, and fought forKabe. Kabe ruled nine years and seven months.

XL. YAJI, SON OF DADI. A.H. 1166-1182. A.D. 1753-1768. The fortiethSarki was MohamrnaYaji, son of Dadi. His mother'sname was MariamIma. He was a just and good Sarki,and a nmanoI mild disposition. Oil account of this his wives called him " Mallam Lafia." In his tinlethere was no trouble. He ruled in harmoilywith his brothers,the sons of Bauwo. There was no difficultyeither with his Sarkis or his chief slaves,or his household,or aily one. Many men came and settledin Kano-land in his reign. He reigned fifteenyears and ten months.

XLI. BABBA ZAKI, SON OF YAJI. A.H. 1182-1190. A.D. 1768-1776. The forty-firstSarki was the son of Yaji, called Babba Zaki. His mother's name was Yerduna. He was an able Sarki, of great strength,renowned for his memoryand eloquence. He was called Babba Zaki. He made war on Birnin Auyau in the time of Sarki Abubakr. If it had not been for Madawaki Kano Dandawa, Sarkin Gaiya Gajigi anld Sarkin Jafun Furtumi,the Kanawa would have enteredthe cityof Auyau and destroyedthe town. Yaji built a house at Takai and almost lived there,but the courtrefused to live there. He made war on Burumburumii,and took the town by assauilt,capturing many of the inhabitants and cutting the throats of some,whilst the othersfled. He curbedthe power of theSarkis and head slaves and plunderedthem every day. He forcedthem to give presents under compulsion,and to go to war unwillingly. Hence he was called Jan Rano, well narnedthe disturberof elephants." In. war he forced them tc' fight against their judgment. He was the first Sarki who had a guard of musketeersat Kano, a practicewhich has obtained ever since. He imitatedthe Arabs of Kano in almost evervthing. His war eanti.inmworp five i

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Sankara Nagerki,Sarkin Bebeji Dembo, Sarkin Majia KimnfirmiMakama Bobawa, Sarkin JarumaiAchukur, Sarkin Dawaki Maina. The great men in his time were forty-two:-Dawaki Tokara, Bawa, Madawaki Dundurusu, Lifidi Gabjin, Galadiman Shamaki Alwali, Tunku, Yakufu, Berka Wuta, Bagarami, Berka. These were all slaves. Among the mallams were: Alkali Abbas, Alkali Makam, LimaniiiKano Aburaufand his sons,Abubukr Dan MallamnBohari fromYanldoto, and Husaini fromTarkai. The greatmen anmon(gthe Arabs were: SherifHassaD, Hajariki, SherifHamad, SherifDahab, and others. Among the Sarki's sons weie: Dan Iya, Mallam Osuman, Choka,Daka and Nafata. Amonghis eunuchswere: Sarkin Dawaki Muradi,Turaki Mainya Munaga Allah, Turaki Kuka Kasan Allah, Turaki Kuka Ka-nem-Kiwo, Gwoninka Jephar,who was of the same people as Sherif Hassan and others. The chief of these were Dan Maji Babba, Hanigaza anidDani Zanko Jibril. In all therewere forty-two. Each of themthought he was greaterthan the rest in the Sarki's eyes. Thus the Sarki planned. Babbaii Zaki ruled Kano eightyears.

XLII. DAUDA ABASAMA,SON OF YAJI. A.H. 1190-1195. A.D. 1776-1781. The forty-secondSarki was Dauda Abasama, the son of Yaji. His mother's naimiewas Baiwa. He was a Sarki of good character,reticent and wise, generous and popular. He was prudentand at the same time warlike, and kept his w\ord. H:e had a mindabove favouritismor revenge,anid took the Galadima Makarna's advice in everythinig.The Galadima Makarna was like a Sarki, while Daucdawas like his Wazir, because he was so forbearing. There was no war in his reign or rebellion. He ruled Kano fiveyears and fourmonths.

XLIII. MOHAMMA ALWALI, SON OF YAJI. A.H. 1195-1222. A.D. 1781-1807. The forty-thirdSarki was MohammaAlwali, son of Yaji. His mother'sname was Baiwa. As sooii as he became Sarki he collected stores of "Gero" and "Dawa" in case of war and fanmine.Nevertheless famine overtook him. His chiefs said to him, " Sarkin Kano, why do you refuse to give cattle to Dirki ? " The Sarki said, " I cannot give you fortycattle for Dirki." They said, "What preventsyou ? If any Sarkin Kano does not allow us cattle for Dirki, we fear that he will come to some ill." Alwali was very angry and sent youngmen to beat " Dirli " with axes until that which was inside the skins caimieout. They founda beaultifulKoran inside Dirki. Alwali said, " Is this Dirki ?" They said, "Who does not know Dirki ? Behold here is Dirki." Dirki is nothilngbut the Koran. In Alwali's time the Fulainiconquered the seven Hausa States on the plea of revivingthe Muhammadanreligion. The Fulani attackedAlwali and drovehim frQmKano, whencehe fledto Zaria. The meiI of Zaria said, " Why have yo lQeft

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Kano ?" He said, " The same cause whichdrove me out of Kano will probably drive you out of Zaria." He said, " I saw the truthwith my eyes,I leftbecause I was afraidof my life,not to save my wives and property." The men of Zaria drove hiin out withcurses. So lie fledto Rano, but the Fulani followedhiin to Burumn- Burum aiid killed him there. He ruled Kano twenty-sevenyears, three of wllich were spentin fighting,the Fulani.

XLIV. SULIMANU, SON OF ABAHAMA. A.H. 1222-1235. A.D. 1807-1819. The forty-fourthSarki was Sulimanu,SOli of Abahania,a Fulani. His mother's name was Adama Modi. When he became SarkiinKano, the FulaDi preventedhim fromentering the palace. He went into the house of Sarkin Dawaki's mother. One of the remainingKanawa said to Stilirnanri," If you do niotenter the Giddan Pimfa,you will not really be the Sarki of city aid country." When Sulimanu heard thi8he called the chiefFulani, but theyrefused to aniswerhis summons,and said, "We will Hot come to yotu. You must come to ut, tlhoughyou be the Sarki. If you will come to Mallam Jibbrin-'shouse we will assemnblethere." Sulimanu went to Jibbriin'shouse and called them there. When they had assembled,he asked themanic said, "Why do you prevent rie enteringthe GriddanRimfa ? " Mallam Jibbrimsaid, " If we enterthe Habe's houses and we beg,etchildren, they will be like these Habes and do like thein." Sulirnanusaid nothingbut set offto Shehu-Osuman Dan Hodio askinigto be allowed to enter the Giddan Ptinifa. Shehu Dan Hodio gave hIinia swor(danld a knife,land gave hirmileave to enter the Giddan Rimfa,telling him to kill all who opposedhim. He enteredthe house,and lived there. All the Kano townissubmitted to him, except Faggam, which he attacked. He took miajnyspoils there. On his way back to Kano the chiefsof tlle Fulani said to him," If you leave Faggam alone, it will revolt." So he divided it into two,and returnedhomne. In hiistime Dabo Dan Bazzo raised a revolt. He dared to look fora wifein Sokoto and was given one. Sarkin Kano said, " What do you mean by lookingfor a wifeat Sokoto ?" So Dabo was eaughltand bound. His relationsthe Danbazzawa, however,camne by nightand cut his bonds, and set him free. He rail to Sokoto with Sulinianufollowing him. At Sokoto they both went beforeDan Hodio. Dabo Dan Bazzo said, " I do not wish to marry your daughters,but I wish for a reconciliationbetween myself anid your Sarki Sulimaluu." So a reconciliationwas made and theyreuurned to Kano. Sulimanu sent the Galadima Ibrahima to Zaria to make war. Ibrahima conqueredZaria and took many spoils. He returned to Kano. Sulimanii was angry because of the Galadima's success, and had sinister designs against himiiwhen he died himself withotuthaving an opportunityof carrying them out. He ruled thirteen years.

I A flag was also given hinmas well as a knife and sword. He did not go to Sokoto, but senta message. Had he gonehimself, he wouldnever have regainiedhis position.

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XLV. IBRAHIM DABO, SON OF MOHAMMADU. A.H. 1235-1262. A.D. 1819-1846. The forty-fifthSarki was the pious and learned Ibrahim Dabo, son of Mohanmmadu,protector of the orphanand the poor,a mightyconqueror-a Fulani His mother'sname was Halimatu. When he became Sarki he enteredthe Giddan Rimfa. Dabo made Sani Galadiina. He, however,immiediately tried to raise a revolt and incite all the townisto disaffection.The country Sarkis assembled and becamne"Tawayi," fronmNgogu to Damiiberta,from Jirima to Sankara, and from Dussi to l3irnin.K-udu and Karayi. Daho said, "I will coniquerthem, if Allalh wills." He entered his house and remainiedthere forty days praying,to Allah for victory. Allah heard his prayers. He went out to hasten his preparationsfor war, and made a camp on Dalla Hill. Because of this he got the name of " The man who enicampedon Dalla." He spent many days on Dalla,I and then retuineed.homie. He sent SarkiniDawaki Manu Maituta to fight with Karayi. When the Sarkin Dawaki reached Karayi be sacked the town and returniedto Dabo. Dabo said, "Praise be to God," and preparedhimself to go out to war. He went to Jirimaand sacked that town anidaftlerwards sacked Gasokoli and Jijita. Hence he was knownias " Dabo, the sacker of towns." After he returnedhome he kept on sendingout imiento raid towns. He went in personto attack Dan Tunku and foundhim at Yain Yahiya. They fouglht. The Yerinmawa ran away, and desertedDan Tunlku,wlho fled to Damberta,arid tlielnce,Nvith Dabo followinghimi, to Kazauiri. When the Salki reachedthe Korenmmain ptursuitlie stopped,tuirned round again, and went back to Damberta,where he wrecked Dan Tunku's house. Dabo theniretturnied home. Dabo was celebratedin the song:-

"The sacker of towns lhas come: Kano is yourland, Bull Elephant,Dabo, sackerof towns." When he went to war the trumiipetsplayed: " The sackerof townsis mnoun-iting." He made war on BirninSankara and BirninPRano, took the town of PRano,and lived in the house of Sarkin Rano. After this exploit he shaved his head. He nevershaved his head except he sacked a town. When the Kano townssaw tllat Dabo wouildnot leave any town ulnconquerecl,thley all submittedto hilm,and his power exceededall otherSarkis. He had a friendwhose naiiie was Ango,o.When the Galadima Sani died, he made Ango Galadima,and as Galadima tlle latter reachedgreat powerthrougli his pleasantmanner and his persuasiveniess.In Dabo's time there was no foreign war and people had food in plenty. Dabo conquered ald spoiled Yasko. He lhadmaniy war captains,a few amolngwhom m-ay be mentioned as: Berde, Kano Buggali,Sarkin Dawaki Manu, Sarkin JarurmiaiDumina, Sulirnianu Gerkwarn Karifi (he it was who killed Tunari, the son of Sarkin Sanlkara), Juli Kuda, Lifidi,Maidawakin Gawo and manyothers. These warriorsof Dabo's time hbd no fear in war. When Dabo nmounltedto go to war no such duastwas I "iPerhapsforty, I am not sure."

This content downloaded from 134.129.120.3 on Fri, 18 Dec 2015 10:19:07 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 96 H. R. PALMER.-The Katno Chronicle. ever seen,so nmanywere his horses. The dust was like the Harmnattan.]Dabo was called " Majeka Hazo." His was a wonderfuland brilliantreign, but we will not say any morefor fear of " Balazi." He ruLledKano twenty-sevenyears and threemonths and nine days,his reign endingon the ninthof Safar.

XLVI. OSUMANU, SON OF DABO. A.H. 1262-1272. A.D. 1846-1855. The forty-sixthSarki was Osumanu,son of Dabo. His mother was Shekara. The firstact of his reign was to build a house for Shekara at Tafassa with a big room the like of which was never seen before. Shekara was called"the mistress of the big room." Osumanu was a learned and good man and generous. He was called " The skin of cold water." The Galadima Abduilahiobtained in his tiule almost as muuchpower as the Sarl]i, while Osumaanwas like his Waziri. There was no war in his time except with Hadeijia. He built a house at Gogel and had a farmthere. In his time mallainsobtained great honouir-amongthem Mallam Ba-Abseni,anid others. In Osumaniu'stime Sarkin Duissi Bello revolted, but the Sarki enticedhim to Kano and deposedhim. Highway robberswere very inumerousbecause Osumaii was so good-temperedaid merciful. He could not bring himselfto cut a man's lhandoff nor, because he was so pitifuil,couLld he cut a robber'sthroat. He was called " Jatau rabba kaya." There was no Sarki like him forgenerosity. He ruled Kano nilneyears and ten months.

XLVII. ABDULAHI, SON OF DABO.

A.H. 1272-1300. A.D. 1855-1883. The forty-seventhSarki was Abdulahi,son of Dabo. His mother'snamlie was Shekkara. When he became Sarki he set to workto kill all the robbersand cut off the hands of the thieves. He was called " Abdu Sarkin Yenka " because he was a strong-mlindedSarki, ruthless, and victorious. He was quick to depose chiefs,but kept hiisword to his friends. He never stayed long in one place but went from town to town. In his time therewas a verygreat famine,and the quarrel with Ulnibatugrew big fronmsmall beginnings. The Sarkin Kano was eager to make war upon Umnbatu. His firstmove was to attackKuluki. Dan Iya Lowal ofKallo died at Kuluki, whereuponlthe Sarki returliedhome himself,but senltAbdulahi Sarkiii Dawaki Dan Ladan and his son Tafidato war in Zaria country. They went to Zaria together. This was in the time of Sarkin Zari4 Abdulahi Dall Hamada. When theyreturned from Zaria it was niotlong beforeDan Boskorimade a descelnt upon Gworzo. Thie Sarkin Kaiio sent Sarkin PDawaki on ahead and followed himself personallyto meet Dan Boskori Sarkin Maradi, west of Gworzo. A battle took place. The Kanawa ran away, desertingthe Sarkin Dawaki Dan Ladan, I)an Boskori killed hiim. The Kanawa returniedhome in ones and twos,

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The Sarkin Kano was very angry. He gave orders that a house was to be built at Nassarawa for him to live in during the hot season; he also built a house at Tarkai for the war with Umbatu. He had a house at Keffin Bako where he lived almost two years because of Dan Maji the neighbour of Unibatu. He foughtwith Warji afterthe war with Kuluki, and took enorinous spoil. No one knows the amountof the spoil that was taken at a town called Sir. The corpsesof Warjawa, slaughteredround their camp, were about four hundred. The Sarki returnedhome. Aftera shorttime, the Sarki attackedWarji again,and once more took many spoils. Kanio was filled with slaves. Abdurlahiweint to Sokoto,leaving his son Yusufu at Tarkai. While he was there Dan Maji came to attack Yusufu. A battle was foughtat Dubaiya. The Kanawa fledand deserted Yusufu. Many men were slain and captured. After this Yusufu was made Galadima Kano, and hence acquired much power. Abdulahi sent him to Dal froln Tarkai to captuireHarulla, the son of Dan Maji. Yusiifu miet IHaruna at Jamilbo,anid a battle took place. The U"mbatawaran away, desertinigiaruna. Yustufukilled and took many nien. It is said that about seven hunidredwere killed. AfterwardsYusufu tried to stir up rebellion and was deprived of his officeand had to remain in chagrinand povertytill lie was penniless. Abdulahi turned the Sarkin Dawaki Abdu out of his office and with him Makania Gadodainasu, ChironiiaDiko, Dan Iya Alabirra, Galadima Abdul-Kadiri, and Galadima Ytusufu. Abdulahi killed the Alkali Kano Ahmedu Rufaiyi, anid degraded Maaji Sulimanlu,Maji Gajere, and San Kurmi Musa. He deprived Mallam Dogo of his officeof Waziri. The numberof people that he turnedout of officewas countless. Hen-cethe song- " Son of Ibrahim,a pick-axeto physichard ground."

He sacked many towns. He made a new gate, the Kofan Fada. In his father'stime it had been buiiltup. He rebuilt the mosque and house of the Turaki Mainya early in his reign. They had been in ruins for many years. In. his time Soron Giwa was built. At Woso he met Dan Maji in war. It was towardsevening when the battle was fought. Dan Maji retreated. If it had not been that the lightfailed he would have been killed. Abdulahi attacked Betu, but failed. Abdulahi used to have guns firedoff when he mountedhis horse,till it became a custom. His chief men were:-Sarkin Yaki, called Mallam Dogo, Mallam Isiaka, Mallam Garuba, Sarkin Gaiya, Mallam Abdu Ba-Danneji, Alhaji Nufu, his friendMallanm Masu, Tefida his soin, Shamaki Naamu, Manassara, Jekada of Gerko,and Dan Tabshi. Mallam Ibrahim was his scribe,and was made Galadinia. This man was afterwardsturned out, of officein the time of Mohammed Belo. Others were the Alkali Zengi and Alkali Sulimnaiu. Abdulahi went to Zaria and sat down at Afira,and then at Zungonaiya. The Madawaki Ali of Zaria was in revolt against Sarkin Zaria. The Sarkiti Kano made peace between them and returnedhome. In Abdulahi's tiine Saleinma Berka became great. In the time of MolhammedBelo this manirevolted and was VOL. XXXVIII. H

This content downloaded from 134.129.120.3 on Fri, 18 Dec 2015 10:19:07 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 98 H. R. PALMER.-The Kano Chronicle. degraded. In Abdulahi's time,too, the palace slaves became so great that they were like free men. They all rebelled in Mohammed Belo's time, but Allah helped MohammedBelo to quell the rebellion. There were many great captains of war in Abdulahi's time,men without fear-so many of them that theycould not be enumerated,but a fewmay be mentioned: Sarkin Yaki, Mallam Dogo and his son Dtiti, Jarumai Musa, Sarkin Bebeji Abubakr, Sarkin Rano Ali, Sarkin Gesu Osuman,Sarkin Ajura Jibbr. In this reignSarkin Damagaram Babba came as far as Jirimaand sacked Garun Allah. Sarkin Guminel Abdu Jatau came to Pogolawa to attack it. Sarkin Maradi Dan Boskori came to Katsina. Abdulahi went to meet him. They met at Kusada, but did not fight. For this reason the meetingwas called "Algish Bigish Zuru Yakin Zuru,"for they looked at each otherand weintback. There was also a fightbetween Barafia Sarkin Maradi and Sarkin Kano at Bichi. Barafia ran away and Abdulahi tookall the spoils. It is not knownhow many men were killed anidslaini. We do not know much of what Abdulahi did in the early part of his reign. He ruled Kano twenty-sevenyears and eightdays, and died at Karofion his way to Sokoto.

XLVIII. MOHAMMED BELO, SON OF IBRAHIM DABO. A.H. 1300-1310. A.D. 1883-1892. The forty-eighthSarki was Mohammed Belo, son of Ibrahim Dabo. His motherwas Shekkara. He was a very generous Sarki. He said to his friend Saikin Fada Dan Gatuma,"You are Waziri Kano; I place in your hands the managementof Kano." The SarkiniFada was unrivalledas a settler of disputes. Belo was like his Wazir, and SarkiinFada was like Sarki. When Sarki Fada died, MohammedBelo stretchedout his legs because he saw that now be must become Sarki in earnest. He expelled the Galadima Ibrabim fromhis officeand banished him to Funkui in Zaria, whencehis name," Galadima na Funkui." Belo gave the post of Galadima to his son Tukr,anid his son Zakari was nmadeSan Tiiraki. Anotherson Abubakr he made Chiromain place of ChiromaMusa. .

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:04~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I-777.. FIG.1.-AGE'OFTANOHRONICL. FIG. 2.-SACD C 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0

~~~44~ ~ ~ ~ 4 S t?~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1M KTN 1E A

% H HR

FIG. I.-PAGE OF THF, KANO CHRONICLE. FIG. 2.-SACRED CROCODILE, SAID TO BE 200 YEARS OLD, AT THE VILLAGE OF a MUSAWA, KAtTSINA. tLTHE ANIMAL HAS A RING FIXED THROUGH ITS NOSE. (p. 80.)

THE KANO CHRONTICLE.

This content downloaded from 134.129.120.3 on Fri, 18 Dec 2015 10:19:07 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Jol(rnalof the-RoyalA nthropologicalInstitute, Vol. XXXVI[I, 1908, Plate X.

FIG1 FIG. 2.

BAURA PLAYER: NOTE THE TIP OF THE SPEAR, AND THE IRON RINGS ON HIS WRISTS. (pp. 87, 89.)

'T00 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ H AN CHRONICLE. V;'

FIG. 3.-TOMB OF O-NE OF THE EARLY KINGS OF KATSINA, SIMILAR TO THOSE DESCRIBED BY EL BEKRI AT GHANA. (p. 61.)

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