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The Kano Chronicle Author(S): HR Palmer Source The Kano Chronicle Author(s): H. R. Palmer Source: The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 38 (Jan. - Jun., 1908), pp. 58-98 Published by: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2843130 Accessed: 18-12-2015 10:19 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/ info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Wiley and Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 134.129.120.3 on Fri, 18 Dec 2015 10:19:07 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 58 THE KANO CHZRONICLE. TRANSLATED,WITH AN INTRODUCTION,BY H. ZR. PALMER. [WITH PLATES IX, X.] INTRODUCTORY. THE Hausa states,which form a large portionof the countrynow called Northern Nigeria,have been rutledsince the beginningof the nineteenthcentury by Fulani,' who,under their chief Othman Dan Hodio, about the year 1807, ousted the former Hausa rulerson the plea of a religious revival. As it was known that Arabic literatureand the Moslemafaith had been introducedin the fifteenthcentury at latest,it was naturalto supposethat some recordshad been kept of the reigns of the Hausa kings(Sarkis). Little,however, has hithertocollme to light except for two MSS. whichDr. Barth discoveredin Borlnudealing with that couintry,and the Karo Chtronicle,of whichthere are several copies in existence,and which is imentionedby Lady Lugard (Tropical Dependency,p. 236). The copy, however, to whichLady Lugard alludes is not colmlplete,since onilyforty-two kings are mentioned. The MS., which I have attemptedto translate below, was found at Sabongari, near Katsina, and goes down to, and breaks off in, the time of MohamlmiedBelo, the forty-eighthking. The MS. itself is of no greatage, and must on internal evidence have been writtenduring the latterpart of the decade 1883-1893; but it probablyrepresents some earlierrecord which has now perished. It is said, and no doubt with sonle truth,that the Fulainiin theirfanatical zeal, destroyedmany old recordsand books, on the ground that they were the books of " Kafurai," for their cctsUsbelli was that the Hausa Sarkis were-infidels,and as such deservedto be destroyedwith all theirworks. The recordson whichthe Chr-oniclemust be based were apparently an exception. The authorshipis unknown,and it is very difficultto make a guess. On the one hand the general style of the compositionis quite unlike the usual "note" struckby the sons of Dali Hodio, Abdulahi and Mohammed Belo, and imitatedby otherFulani writers. There is an almostcomplete absence of bias or partizanship. It is hardly possible that a Fulani mallam of the time of Dan Hodio, or even of the presenttime, could have relatedthe expulsionof Mohanmnma Alwali, the last Hausa Sarki,without betraying his race. On the other hand the style of the Arabic is not at all like that usually found in the compositionsof Hausa Mallamasof the presentday; there are not nearlyenough " classical tags," so to speak,in it. A youngArab in the employof the writer,who, though he can read and write colloquial Tripoli and Ghadamis Arabic,finds it difficult,and in fact impossible,to construe the Arabic books whichare mostconmmonly found in Hausaland, read and tianslated the MS. without difficulty.Kano was always 1 The author considers Filane to be the correct spelling; the more generally accepted forml is retained to avoid confusion.-ED. This content downloaded from 134.129.120.3 on Fri, 18 Dec 2015 10:19:07 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions H. R. PALMER.-The Kctno Chronicle. 59 visited by mallamnsfrom differentparts of the Sahara and Barbary, and they often resided there for long periods. That the author of the work was thoroughlyau fait with the Kano dialect of Hausa, is evident from several phrasesused in the book,for instance used in a sense peculiar to Kano of CC perforce." The originalmay perhapshave been writtenby somestra.nger from the northwho settledin Kano, and collectedthe storiesof formerkings handed down by oral tradition. The Chroniclehas been translatedas it stands,with the marginalnotes of the text,in foot-notes. The names of the Sarkis (given in the marginby the author) are miierelyfor convenience of reference. I have added approximatedates worked out by sinmplyreckoning back fromthe lengthof reigns given, assumlingthe date of the Fulani entry into Kano as September of A.D. 1807 (A.H. 1222), which a carefulcomparison of variousaccounts has led me to believeis about the rightdate. In themselvesthe lengthsof the variousreigns as given in the text would not carrymuch weightperhaps. There is, however,some confirmationin one or two cases whichmakes one inelinedto believe in theirsubstantial accuracy. In a workattributed to Shehu Dan Hodio, he quotes Abdu Rahamnanes Suyuti in a workon the Sudan called Risalcatul Muluk as writinga letterto variouskings, among whom were Mohamma Ibn Matafa,Sarkin Agades,and Sarkin Ibrahimof Katsina. Suyuti died in 1505, and is knownto have been acquaintedwith Abdu'l Magili Ben Marhili of Tuat. The latter is generally regarded as one of the first maraboutsof importancewho visitedHausaland, and is almostcertainly the Abdu Rahaman or Karimi of the narrative,who visitedKano in the reig,nof Rimfa. A tradition,quoted by Dr. Barter,and generallystated to be correct,makes Magili visit Katsina in the time of Ibrahim. There is also a general agreement that Ibrahimand Rimfawere contemporaries,and that Magili visited both Kano and Katsina. Again,in the same work,Dan Hodio quotes a letter fronmAbdul Magili to Abi Abdulahi Dan Umoru Mohamma,''written in A.H. 897, A.D. 1492, in reply to a letter from " Dan Umoru," who must be Mohamma Rimfa, asking for an abridgededition of the XMlhtassar of Sidi Khalil. The reckoningbased on the length of reigns as given by the text makes MViohammaiRimfa reign A.H. 867-904 (A.D. 1463-1499), which exactly fits in with the factsmentioiied above (cf. Cherbonneau,Jomwnal Asiatique, Ser. v, vi, 391). The Chroniclesays that in the time of Yaji (A.D. 1349-1385) the Wongarawa (Mandingoes)came fromMelle bringingwith themthe Moslem religiom. Now the-great king of Melle, Mansa Musa, nmadehis pilgrimageto Mecca in 1326, and in 1373 the Wazir Mari Jatah of Melle coniqueredTekidda (near Asben). It would be extremelyprobable that about this date the rise of Mandingo powershould make itself felt. There seems no reason why the introductionof Islam into Hausaland should not have taken place at the date ascribedto it in the text,though Lippert and otherscholars seem to think that Magili was the first This content downloaded from 134.129.120.3 on Fri, 18 Dec 2015 10:19:07 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 60 H. R. PALMER.-The Kano Chronicle. Muhammadan missionaryto reach Kano (cf. Journal of the African Society, July,1905). Again the BornitChronicle (as abridgedby Barth,vol. ii, p. ii) makes Othman Kalnama take refugein Kano in A.D. 1432. In Dauda's time (A.D. 1421-1438) a great Borllu prince called Daaachi (which simnplymeans ruler or king) arrives in Kano and settles with a large following. The circumstancesmake it very probablethat Dagachi is OthmanKalnama. The variousreferences in later reignsto Gobir, Zamfara, the Kworarafa,and Nupe are all chronologicallycorrect approximnately. It seems thereforehighly probable that, except for the very early kings, the Chronicleis roughlyaccurate. The question of who the race were, who are describedas conqueringthe primitive inhabitants of Kano, is somewhat diffictult.On the other hand, the descriptioniof the Dalla stock seenmsto leave no doubt that theywere full-blooded negroes. Assuming thlat the meni of Dalla were of the tall negro type, ail interestingcomparison might be made between them and the people of the HomnboriHills whomM. Desplaglnescalls " Habbe " in Le Plateau CentrctlNigrien. Roughly speaking,three very distinctinfluences have acted on the country whichwe call Hausaland-that is to say, the Emiratesof Kano, Katsina, Zamfara, Gobir,Daura, Zaria, anid the smallerstates which were ancientlycalled Unguruor Birami. These influenieesmay be inidicatedbriefly by the wordsSemitic, Hamitic, and Negro. The Semitic influenceshave been, at all events, within the later historic period,indirect. The negro,on the other haiid,divided by most ethnologistsinto short-legged pronouncedprognathous, and tall slightlyprognathous varieties, is necessarilythe starting-pointof any inquiry. It is upon these two types of negro that the various invaders fromnorth and east-whom we miayloosely termn Hamitic-have acted and produced the mixtureof races and ideas whichcharacterize HIausaland. There is considerableevidence that the negro,at a not verydistant time, extended much furthernorth than at present, and that it is only within the last thousand years that he has been pushed so far south. Various gtiesseshave been made at the compositionof the invadingpeoples fromthe north,and the part they played in the
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