The Plains Sioux and US Coloniali

Cambridge University Press 0521793467 - The Plains Sioux and U. S. Colonialism from Lewis and Clark to Wounded Knee Jeffrey Ostler Index More information

Index

Act of March 2, 1889. See treaties and American Fur Company, 28, 30, 31 agreements American Horse, 110n.4, 110n.5, 139n.39, Adams,David Wallace, 153 364n.8 Adas,Michael, 250 at Carlisle, 155 Afraid of the Enemy, 348 and Crazy Horse, 100, 101 Afraid of Hawk, 197n.12 and 1889 agreement, 237, 238 Agard,Louis, 227n.28 and Ghost Dance, 272, 310, 310n.62, agencies 311 Indians’ perceptions of, 54 and McGillycuddy, 204, 205 purposes of, 54 and Red Cloud, 203, 205 see also names of specific agencies and Wounded Knee, 346, 365–6 agency bands. See nonmilitants American Horse,Robert, 152 Agency Council. See Pine Ridge Agency American Indian Movement, 363n.5 Council Anderson,Gary, 121 agents Anderson,Harry H., 78 colonial tools of, 159, 164, 166, 174–6, annuities 177, 204, 278 control of, 204 contradictory acts of, 196 and Crook Commission, 234 goals of, 54 in 1868 Treaty, 50, 129 resistance to, 54 problems with, 130 agriculture. See farming antelope. See small game alcohol Apaches, 60 Americans’ abuse of, 215 Apiatan, 254n.29 and fur trade, 29–30 Arapahoes, 34, 45, 52, 59, 60, 69, 102 Sioux fears of, 215 and Ghost Dance, 243, 246, 279 at Wounded Knee, 336, 352 Arikaras, 22, 25, 32 Allen,Alvaren, 214 army officers Allison Commission, 61 attitude toward reformers of, 47, 120 Allison,William B., 61 “mastery” of “savagery” by, 94 allotment and western army in 1880s, 304–5 in Dawes Severalty Act, 221 see also names of specific officers Sioux opposition to, 221–2, 231–2 Arrow Creek,battle of, 53 Sioux support for, 230–1 artifacts see also Dawes Sioux Bill acquisition of, 146 Ambrose,Stephen, 92 Ash Hollow, 41, 42, 43

371

372 Index

assimilation Big Head, 216, 234 in American thought, 13, 15, 39, 127, Big Mane, 364n.8 130, 149–50 Big Road, 110n.4, 110n.5, 364n.8 through education, 152–3 and Big Foot, 327 failure of, 55–7, 153 and Canada, 121 and farming, 137 and Crazy Horse, 83, 104 and Indian medicine, 183 diplomacy of (1890), 331 Indians’ rejection of, 117, 134, 156 and Hump, 328–30 and Sioux political leadership, 194, 201–2 impact of Wounded Knee on, 357 and U.S. policy, 8, 193 opposition to 1868 Treaty of, 51 see also Indians,Americans’ ideas about; surrender of (1890), 316 missionaries; United States Indian Big Star, 197n.12 policy Big Turkey, 235, 317–18 Assiniboines, 22 Biolsi,Thomas, 174 Atkinson,Henry, 32 bison bones of, 148 Baldwin,Frank D., 75, 346, 353 decline of, 43, 53, 57–8 band. See tiyospaye impact of Oregon Trail on, 33 Bannocks, 251, 364n.6 “last hunt” of, 128 baptism. See Christianity,Sioux return of, 268, 269–70, 364 conversion to and trade, 28–9 Bartlett,George, 296n.22 in Sioux culture, 26–7, 267–8 beadwork, 146 Sioux dependence on, 22, 215 Bear Comes and Lies, 330 see also White Buffalo Calf Woman Beard,Dewey, 327, 330, 335–7, 350n.34 Bissonnette,Joseph, 34 and Wounded Knee, 340, 344, 348, Black Buffalo, 20 349–50 Black Coal, 110n.4 Bearface,Rosa, 143n.57 Black Coyote, 329, 348 Bear’s Rib, 42 Black Crow, 155 Beede,Aaron McGaffey, 192–3 Black Elk beef distribution, 131–3, 234 and Ghost Dance, 253n.25, 270–1 Belknap,William W., 61 and ghost shirts, 280, 284, 285, 363 Bell,J. W., 185 performance of vision by, 267–9 Belt,R. V., 300 vision of, 266–7 Benedictines, 57, 161, 190 and Wounded Knee, 271, 284, 285, Benton,Thomas Hart, 38 361 Big Foot Black Elk Speaks, 361 army interception of, 335–6 Blackfeet. See Sihasapas army perceptions of, 326, 332–4 Black Hair,Joseph, 341 army surveillance of, 328–30 Black Hills arrival at Wounded Knee of, 336 gold in, 58, 60 career of, 327 miners in, 61 disarming of, 338–43 Sioux efforts to regain, 70, 117, 365 journey toward Pine Ridge of, 330, 335 theft of, 8, 66–7 and Ghost Dance, 277–8, 316, 319 U.S. policy toward, 59, 61–2 in Great Sioux War, 68–9, 77, 327 value to Sioux of, 58–9 Pine Ridge Indians’ invitation to, 327, Black Hills (person), 324n.38 330 Black Horn, 197n.12 pneumonia of, 329, 330, 335 Black Moon, 51, 121 and Sitting Bull refugees, 326, 327–8 Black Road, 267 see also Wounded Knee Black Shawl, 102 Big Foot Memorial Ride, 368 Black Shield, 72

Index 373

Black Twin, 51 Bull Ghost, 321 Bland,Cora, 208 Bullhead,Henry, 235, 320–1, 323, 324 Bland,Thomas Augustus, 207–9, 221 Bull Man, 172 Blue Arm,Charlie, 341 Burke,Daniel W., 102 Blue Horse, 100, 177, 204 Burning Breast, 197n.12 Blue Whirlwind, 362 Illus. 16 Blunt Horn,John, 356 Caddoes, 279 boarding schools Calico, 49, 85, 327n.47 impact of, 160 Calls on the People, 201 limited beneﬁts of, 158 Camp,Walter, 324n.38 number of Sioux students at, 159 Campbell,Walter, 322, 324n.38 on-reservation, 160–4, 234 Canada. See Crazy Horse,Sitting Bull practices of, 152–3, 161–2 capitalism, 14 Sioux objections to, 156, 158 and destruction of bison, 57–8 see also names of boarding schools Captain Dick, 249 Board of Indian Commissioners, 220, 221 Carignan,John, 323 boosters, 217 Carlin,W. P., 174 Bordeaux,James, 33 Carlisle Indian Industrial School, 142, Boucher,F. C., 110n.4 149 Bourke,John G., 81, 146, 173, 174 and assimilation, 152 Box Elder, 70 death of students at, 156–8 Boxer Rebellion, 260 founding of, 150 Bozeman Trail, 45–6, 50, 59 number of Sioux students at, 159 Bradley,Luther P., 98, 103, 104 students’ travel to, 151–2 Brave Bear, 37n.64, 40 visit of Sioux parents to, 155–6 chosen as “head chief,” 37 see also boarding schools Brave Bear (ghost dancer), 243n.2 Carr,Eugene, 333 Brave Bull, 197n.12 Casey,Edward, 160, 359 Brave Eagle, 234 Catch the Bear, 321, 324–5 Brave Wolf, 243n.2 Catholics, 188–9 Bray,Kingsley, 24, 84 rivalry with Protestants of, 189 Breaks the Pot on Him. See Mash the Kettle see also Benedictines; Jesuits Broken Arm, 243n.2 Catlin,George, 58, 181, 282 Brooke,John R. cattle attitude toward Ghost Dance of, 310 Sioux ownership of, 139 and Big Foot, 332–4 and Sioux values, 139 diplomacy of, 317–18 cattle hides. See hides and Drexel Mission ﬁght, 358 cattle raising and McGillycuddy, 309 agents’ attitudes toward, 138 willingness to use force of, 319–20 and non-Indian trespass, 140, 202 and Wounded Knee, 351–2 growth of, 138 Brown,Dee, 261n.51 Indians’ attitudes toward, 138 Brughier,John, 78 census Brules´ Indians’ opposition to, 55 as subdivision of Tetons, 22 Chandler,Zachariah, 61 Buchanan,James, 41 Chapman,Arthur, 249 buffalo. See bison Charger, 138, 142, 148, 272 Buffalo Bill. See Cody,William F. Charging Horse, 77 buffalo soldiers, 358 Charging Thunder, 311 Bull Bear, 30, 72n.27 Chase,Horace R., 158 Bull Dog, 317–18 Chasing Crow, 235 Bull Eagle, 68, 121, 219n.7 Chatka,David, 278

374 Index

Cheyennes, 34, 45, 52, 58–9, 60, 102, 220, and killing of Spotted Tail, 201 327 and law, 202 and alliance with Sioux, 24, 25 as political process, 3, 5 and Ghost Dance, 246, 251, 289–90 possible end to, 369 in Great Sioux War, 69, 70–1, 78–80 and treaties, 37, 54 at Little Bighorn, 63 unacknowledged in U.S. political theory, removal to Indian Territory of, 88 17 Cheyenne River Agency, 57 and Wounded Knee, 350 census of, 133 see also assimilation; United States Indian establishment of, 54 policy Chicago,Milwaukee and Saint Paul colonization Railroad, 217 definition of, 2 Chicago and Northwestern Railroad, in U.S. history, 14–17 217 Comanches, 60 Chief Joseph, 289 commissions. See names of specific chiefs commissions and Sioux political organization, 24 Congregationalists, 57, 161, 188, 309 Chivington,John, 45 conquest, 14–17 cholera, 33 see also imperialism Christianity Cook, 235 Sioux conversion to, 57, 187, 189–92 Cook,John, 175, 196–8, 199, 201–2 Church,Louis K., 226 Council Fire, 207 Clark,William. See Lewis and Clark courts. See Indian courts expedition Cowgill,T. G., 203, 206 Clark,William P. (army officer), 99, 103, Cox,Jacob, 51 110, 117, 118–19 Craft,Francis, 343 career of, 93 Crazy Horse and Crazy Horse, 83, 91, 94–5, 96, 98, arrest of, 103 99, 104 attitudes after surrendering of, 86–7, and dog feast, 93–4 88–9, 91–2 and 1877 delegation, 112 body of, 119 Clear Blue Earth, 30, 37n.64 and Canada, 77, 91, 100 Cleveland,Grover, 209 and Clark, 94, 96, 98 Cleveland,William J., 198, 199 and Crook, 86–7, 90, 91 and Pratt Commission, 223 and decision to go to Spotted Tail Agency, Cloud Horse, 243n.2 102–3 Cloud Shield, 205 desire for northern agency of, 86–7, Clow,Richmond, 199, 363 91–2 Cody,William F., 144–6, 214, 215, 270, and Dull Knife’s people, 71 300, 359, 360 and 1877 Sun Dance, 89–90 attempt to arrest Sitting Bull of, 313–16 in Great Sioux War, 70, 72, 75–6 Colby,Leonard W., 354 impact of Ash Hollow on, 42 Collins,Mary, 131 importance of 1877 buffalo hunt to, 91 and Indian medicine, 183 and invulnerability, 282 and Sitting Bull, 193, 215 killing of, 8, 85–6, 103–4 colonialism opposition to 1868 Treaty of, 51 definition of, 2 and Red Cloud, 84, 92 and education, 158–9, 168 rejection of Washington trip by, 91 as fact of U.S. history, 3, 17 and Sitting Bull, 76, 77 and Ghost Dance, 250, 261–2 as source of inspiration after death of, and Indian factionalism, 91, 139–40, 194, 120–1 201 surrender of, 82, 83–4 and killing of Crazy Horse, 86, 105 theories of conspiracies against, 85, 92–3

Index 375

use of akicita by, 75, 77 and “Last Stand” myth, 300 as war leader, 52 spirit of, 73–4 Crazy in Lodge, 197n.12 and Wounded Knee, 351–2 Crazy Walking, 278 Crees, 28 Dakota (dialect), 1n.1, 21 Crook Commission, 229–38, 292n.11 Dakotas. See Sioux Crook,George, 67 Dakota Territory and battle of Rosebud, 62, 68 settlement of, 217 and Black Hills, 61 dances,social, 181–2, 234 and Crazy Horse, 81, 86, 87, 89, 90, Daniel,Z. T., 183–4 95–6, 98, 99, 100, 105 Dawes Committee, 219, 220, 221 death of, 289 Dawes,Henry L., 208, 219, 220 and disarming of Red Cloud and Red Leaf, Dawes Severalty Act, 207, 221 68–9 Dawes Sioux Bill and dog meat, 93–4 passage of, 207, 221 and 1876 winter campaign, 69, 70 revisions to, 228 and 1877 delegation, 111–12 Sioux opposition to, 208, 222–3, 224–5, and 1889 land commission, 230, 231, 226, 227–8 232–4 terms of, 224 after Little Bighorn, 64–5 see also Pratt Commission and negotiations in Great Sioux War, 80, day schools 81–3 number of, 164 and relocation of agencies to Missouri Sioux attitudes toward, 165–7 River, 120 U.S. officials’ views of, 164–5 and removal of Cheyennes to Indian death rate,in 1880s, 187 Territory, 88 deer. See small game rivalry with Miles of, 67, 80, 81 Deloria,Ella, 134, 162–3, 167, 191 Sioux attitudes toward, 232–3 Deloria,Francis, 189–90 Crow Creek Agency Deloria,Vine,Jr., 190 establishment of, 54n.40 Deloria,Vine,Sr., 189–90 Crow Dog DeMallie,Raymond J., 264, 269 appointed police captain, 196 Denig,Edwin, 31 background of, 194 Densmore,Frances, 184 and Ghost Dance, 287 De Smet,Pierre-Jean, 56 and ghost shirts, 363n.4 Digmann,Florentine, 162, 181, 189, and killing of Spotted Tail, 198–9, 235 200–1 disease. See names of specific diseases and Spotted Tail, 197, 198, 200 Dog Chief, 341 in Stronghold, 316–17, 318–19 Draper,Julia, 206n.44 surrender of (1890), 319, 326 Drexel Mission fight, 357–8 Crow Dog,Mary, 265 Drum on His Back, 71–2, 73 Crow Foot, 324–5 Drum,William F., 325 Crow King, 213 Dull Knife, 70–1, 84 Crows (tribe), 22, 25, 42, 73, 243, 301n.35, Dunn,John, 329–30 327 Dyer,Edward A., 254n.30 and relationship with Sioux in early reservation period, 177, 178, Eagle Hawk, 92 221–2 Eagle Man, 174 Cuny Table. See Stronghold Eagle Pipe, 77 Custer,George Armstrong Eagle Shield, 76 defeat at Little Bighorn of, 62, 63 Earnest,C. A., 296n.22 and discovery of gold in Black Hills, 60 Eastman,Charles A., 162, 186, 310, 346, and 1873 expedition, 53 349

376 Index

Eastman,Elaine Goodale. See Goodale, Miles’s condemnation of, 353–4 Elaine and disarming of Big Foot, 338–43 Edgar,J. G., 206n.44 investigation of, 353 Edmunds Agreement. See Edmunds Forts and posts Commission Bennett, 326 Edmunds Commission, 218–19, 220–1 Bidwell, 248 Edmunds,Newton, 218, 220 Buford, 51 education C. F. Smith, 48 in 1868 Treaty, 50 Hall, 251, 253 Sioux perceptions of, 117, 158, 168 Keogh, 289–90 see also boarding schools; Carlisle; day Laramie, 34, 36, 40, 41, 43, 48–51 schools; Hampton Leavenworth, 34, 41, 43, 301 Episcopalians, 57n.48, 161, 188, 189, 192, Logan, 301 356 Meade, 320 Evans,Jo, 249 Niobrara, 301 Ewers,Ezra P., 316 Omaha, 301 Ex parte Crow Dog, 202n.32 Phil Kearny, 48 extermination, 13, 15, 46 Pierre, 36, 41 Reno (cantonment), 67 factionalism Rice, 48–51 and colonialism, 86, 91, 194, 237–8 Riley, 301 between Crazy Horse and Red Cloud, 85, Robinson, 55, 103, 301 89–90 Stevenson, 51 between Crow Dog and Spotted Tail, 194, Sully, 326 201 Tongue River (cantonment), 67 and Ghost Dance, 311 Totten, 51 scholars’ interpretations of, 7, 194–5 Wingate, 301 Sioux efforts to overcome, 116–17, 211, Foster,Charles, 230, 232, 235 237 see also Crook Commission and Sioux strategies, 7, 212 Foucault,Michel, 153 between Sitting Bull and Bullhead, Four Horns, 121 320–1 Four Robes, 323n.35, 325 and violence, 8 Fox,Andrew, 321, 322 farming freighting, 141 encouraged by 1868 Treaty, 50 Friday, 110n.4 problems with, 56, 138, 239 “friends of the Indians.” See reformers Sioux attitudes toward, 43, 137 Frog, 339 Sioux practices of, 137–8 fur trade, 8, 28–32, 135 see also stockraising Fast Thunder, 70, 104–5, 139n.39, 331, Gall 364n.8 and 1889 agreement, 234 Fellows,Corabelle, 142 and Ghost Dance, 272 Fetterman,William J., 45 as leader in 1880s, 216 Few Tails, 359 and McLaughlin, 213, 234 Fire Lightning, 364n.8 and Pratt Commission, 227 Fire Thunder, 66–7, 311 as war leader, 52 Flat Iron, 243n.2 Gallagher,Hugh D. Fletcher,Alice, 149, 173, 220 and Agency Council, 211 Flood,Ren ee´ Sansom, 343n.13 appointment of, 211 Fool Bear, 73–5 and 1889 agreement, 236–7 Forsyth,James W., 344, 352 and Ghost Dance, 273, 274–5 arrival at Wounded Knee of, 336 and Spirit Keeping Ceremony, and Drexel Mission ﬁght, 358 180–1

Index 377

Garnett,William, 89, 92, 97, 99, 110n.4, Ghost Dance (Sioux),military campaign 178–9, 204 against Garnier,Baptiste, 318 and Big Foot Genoa Indian Industrial School, 158, 159 army focus on, 326, 328–30, genocide, 5, 15, 39, 308, 359–60 332–4 cultural, 168 interception of, 335–6 see also extermination orders to disarm, 334 Gentles,William, 104 conclusion of, 360 Geronimo, 289 diplomacy in Ghost Dance, 1 by army, 313–19, 360 as anticolonial movement, 250, 261–2 by Sioux leaders, 331, 360 apocalyptic dimension of, 247–9, effect of 261 on agency employees, 309 and Christianity, 254–5 on missionaries, 308, 309 flexibility of, 260–1, 279 on settlers, 306–8 and Mormonism, 255n.31 on Sioux, 310–12 persistence of, 364 impact of Wounded Knee on, as revitalization movement, 262 356–9 scholars’ interpretations of, 244–7 and killing of Sitting Bull, 320, 326 Sioux responses to, 264, 271–3 massiveness of, 288, 301 tribes’ names for, 251n.18 reasons for, 302–6 U.S. response to, 278–9 orders for, 293 see also Ghost Dance,Sioux; Wovoka problems with, 312, 326 Ghost Dance,Sioux rashness of, 300 apocalyptic dimension of, 255–6, 261 reasons for, 298–300 and Christianity, 193, 253–5 and role of settlers, 217–18, 298, assessments of 306–8 by Indian agents, 291, 292 strategies of, 312, 313, 319–20 by U.S. officials, 292–3 U.S. justifications for, 293–7 circular form of, 265 as violation of 1868 Treaty, 300 conditions for emergence of, 238–9 see also Wounded Knee continued hope in, 331–2 ghost shirts. See Ghost Dance,Sioux; description of, 256–60 Wounded Knee and deviation from Wovoka, 260–1, 263, Godfrey,Edward S., 345, 346n.25 287–8 Godfrey,William J., 237 divisions within, 318–19 Gonzalez,Mario, 343n.13, 368 ghost shirts and dresses in, 280, 283–5, Good Back, 311 363 Good Boy, 139 growth of, 274 Goodale,Elaine, 130, 143, 222 inauguration of, 256 and day schools, 166, 167 invulnerability in, 261, 280–8, 343, 349, and Ghost Dance, 254, 259, 311 363 on hunting expedition, 136 and Lakota culture, 264–71, 280–2 Good Thunder, 243n.2, 254, 255, 258n.41, and “outbreak,” 293, 294–7 274, 342n.12 persistence of, 363 Good Voice, 110n.4, 110n.5, 197n.12 and raids against nonghost dancers, Grandfather (Tunkasila) 311–12 as Lakota name for President, 112 repression of, 273–8 Grand Partisan, 37n.64 scholars’ interpretations of, 1–2, 260, Grand River Agency, 56, 57 285 Grant,Ulysses S. songs in, 257 and Black Hills, 60, 61–2 visions in, 258–9, 265–6, 280 and peace policy, 48, 188 see also Wovoka Grass Dance. See Omaha Dance

378 Index

Grass,John, 364n.8 High Forehead, 40 and Ghost Dance, 272 High Hawk, 232, 234, 364n.8 as leader in 1880s, 216 High Horse, 364n.8 and Pratt Commission, 224–6, 227–8 High Pipe, 317–18, 364n.8 and Sioux Commission, 231, 236 Hinman,Samuel, 221 Grattan,John L., 40 see also Pratt Commission Gray Eagle, 323n.35 Hodgkiss,Joe, 234 Gray Horse, 243n.2 Hollow Horn Bear, 110n.4, 272, 364n.8 Greasy Grass. See Little Bighorn Holman,William S., 209–11 “Great Father.” See Grandfather Holy Rosary Mission, 161, 317 Great Sioux Reserve. See Sioux reservation(s) see also Drexel Mission ﬁght Great Sioux War Horn Cloud,Joseph, 327n.47, 330, 348, assessment of, 84 350n.34 historians’ interpretations of, 63, 75 and Wounded Knee, 339–40, 341, 342, Gresham,John C., 347 349–50 Grinnell,Fordyce, 206n.44 Horned Cloud, 337 Grouard,Frank, 97–8 horses in early reservation period, 140 Hairy Dog Bear, 142 Sioux acquisition of, 22 Halsey,William, 227n.28 Horse Creek Treaty. See treaties and Hampton Institute, 143 agreements, 1851 number of Sioux students at, 159 Hotchkiss guns, 335, 336, 338, 343–4, 356, and Pratt, 150 367 see also boarding schools houses, 133–4 Handsome Lake, 262n.53 and tuberculosis, 187 Hare,William H., 155 Howard,Oliver O., 95–6 Harney,William S., 41–2 Howard,Scott, 192 Harrison,Benjamin, 230, 238 Howe,Oscar, 366–7 and Ghost Dance, 292, 293, 299 “humanitarians.” See reformers and Wounded Knee, 300–1, 353 Hump, 79, 80n.49, 326, 364n.8 Harrison,William Henry, 299 and Big Foot, 328 Harvey,Thomas H., 32 and Ghost Dance, 278, 292 Haskell Institute, 158 opposition to 1868 Treaty of, 51 Haslan,Robert, 314 and Sitting Bull refugees, 326, 327–8 Haworth,J. M., 125 surrender of (1890), 316, 319 Hayes,Lucy, 113 Hunkpapas, 22 Hayes,Rutherford B., 88 Hunts the Enemy. See Sword,George and 1877 Sioux delegation to Washington, Hurst,Joseph H., 328 112, 113–14, 115–16 Hyde,George, 33, 91, 155, 189, 199, 201, Hayt,Ezra A., 112, 124, 125 202, 219, 233, 235 He Crow, 139 He Dog, 83, 91, 92, 110, 110n.4, 110n.5, Ice. See White Bull 205, 243n.2, 364n.8 imperialism Help Them, 348, 349 Americans’ ideas about, 13–17, 27 Henry,Guy V., 333 deﬁnition of, 2 Heyoka Ceremony, 191 in 1840s, 35, 38 Hidatsas, 22 and nationalism, 14–15 hides (of animals), 132–3, 135 and the Plains, 35, 217–18 High Bald Eagle, 282 and Wild West shows, 145 High Bear, 201 see also colonialism High Dog, 283 Important Man, 73–5 Higheagle,Robert, 137 Indian agents. See agents

Index 379

Indian Bureau. See Indian Office Kearny,Stephen W., 34–5 Indian courts, 175–6 Kelley,William, 351 Indian Office,operation of, 175 Kennington,James, 103 Indian George, 248–9 Kent,J. Ford, 353 Indian police, 140, 166, 174–5, 234 Kicking Bear, 243n.2 and Ghost Dance, 274–5, 277, 278 and Crazy Horse, 102 and killing of Sitting Bull, 320, 321, as Ghost Dance organizer, 274, 278 324–5, 326 and Ghost Dance teachings, 254, 255–6 struggle for control over, 196–7 impact of Wounded Knee on, 356–7 Indian Peace Commission (1867–68), 48 in Stronghold, 316–17, 331 Indian Rights Association, 207, 220 surrender of (1890), 331–2, 334 Indian Sam, 249 Kicks Back, 244n.2 Indian Territory, 36 Killdeer Mountain, 44 as possible site for removal of Sioux, 70, Kills Close to Lodge,Bertha, 341 82, 87, 101, 109, 116 Kills Plenty. See Standing Bear,Luther removal of Cheyennes to, 88 King,Mathew, 104 Indians,Americans’ ideas about, 13, 15–17, Kiowas, 22, 60, 279 39, 128, 299–300, 361 Kuwapi, 256, 297n.23 influenza, 167, 187, 239, 265, 266 intancan. See chiefs labor. See Sioux; women Interior Department La Flesche,Susette, 334n.70 and control over Indian affairs, 47, 290, Lakota (dialect), 1n.1, 20, 21, 167 305–6 Lakotas. See Sioux; Tetons see also Indian Office Lamar,L. Q. C., 211 Iowas (tribe), 22 Lame Deer, 72, 80n.49 Iron Crow, 110n.4, 110n.5 Laravie,Helen, 92 Iron Hail. See Dewey Beard Larson,Robert, 113 Iron Hawk, 81 Leavenworth,Henry, 32 Iron Horse, 174 Lee,Jesse M., 98–9, 102, 103, 117, 118, Iron Shell, 41 123, 248–9 Iron Wing, 155 Lewis and Clark expedition, 2, 19–21, 334 Irwin,James Lewis,Meriwether. See Lewis and Clark and Crazy Horse, 88, 90, 91, 101 expedition and 1877 delegation, 110, 111–12 Lincoln Institute, 159 and relocation of agencies to Missouri Ling-Vannerus,Ragnar, 345 River, 119, 120, 122, 126 Little, 293, 310 Itazipcos. See Sans Arcs Little Assiniboine, 325 Iverson,Peter, 138 Little Bear, 31 Little Bighorn,battle of, 62, 63, 89, 222, Janis,Antoine, 110n.4 313, 351–2, 358 Jefferson,Thomas Little Big Man, 83, 104, 110n.4, 110n.5, 113 and Louisiana Purchase, 13–18 Little Finger,John, 346n.24, 347–8 as theorist of empire, 13–17, 35 Little Hawk, 83, 110n.4, 110n.5 Jesuits, 56–7, 189 Little Killer, 92 Josephy,Alvin, 96, 98 Little No Heart, 232–3, 364n.8 Jumping Shield, 104 Little Scout, 155 Jutz,John, 237, 317–18 Little Thunder, 41, 43 Little Wolf, 77, 79n.48 Kadlecek,Edward, 119 Little Wound, 72n.27, 91, 110n.4, 110n.5, Kadlecek,Mabell, 119 219, 364n.8 Kagama decision. See United States v. at Carlisle, 155 Kagama and Crazy Horse, 100

380 Index

Little Wound (cont.) McLaughlin,James, 128, 144, 168, 222 and day schools, 167 career of, 212–13 diplomacy of (1890), 331 and Crook Commission, 234 and 1889 agreement, 236 and Dawes Sioux Bill, 226 and establishment of Pine Ridge Agency, and Ghost Dance, 278, 284, 292, 294, 322 127 and missionaries, 189 and Ghost Dance, 258n.41, 259n.44, 284, and Sitting Bull, 213–16, 292 291, 311 arrest of, 314–16, 320, 321–4 impact of Wounded Knee on, 357 killing of, 325–6 and McGillycuddy, 204 McLaughlin,Mary, 213 and Spirit Keeping, 180 measles, 33, 187, 266 and Sun Dance, 170, 177 Medicine Bear, 199 surrender of (1890), 316 Medicine,Beatrice, 7, 30 Lone Horn, 327 Medicine Bull, 364n.8 Loneman,John, 324 medicine,Indian, 186 Long Hair (medicine man), 73–5 American views of, 183–4 Long Holy, 283 see also war medicine Looking Horse,Arvol, 368 Mellette,Arthur C., 298 Lost Bird, 354–6 Merivale,James, 110n.4 Louisiana Purchase, 13–18 Merriam,Henry C., 326, 328, 333 Lower Brule´ Agency, 54n.40 Mexican War, 38 “middle ground,” 4 Mackenzie,Ranald S., 70–1, 84, 88 Miles,Mary, 67, 353, 359 Mad Bear, 216, 234, 364n.8 Miles,Nelson A. Maji Maji Rebellion, 250 attack on Crazy Horse by, 75–6 Major Crimes Act (1885), 202n.32 attitude toward Ghost Dance of Make Them Stand Up, 77 before military action, 272–3, 289–91, Man Afraid of His Horses, 88 302 Mandans, 22, 31 after military action, 295, 302–3, manifest destiny, 5, 27, 38–9, 62, 305 105 as critic of Indian Ofﬁce, 290, 302, 303, and race, 38–9 306 Mann,James D., 341 early career of, 67 Manypenny Commission, 66, 227 later career of, 289 Manypenny,George, 66 and negotiations in Great Sioux War, Martin,Marty M., 190 68–9, 78–9 Mash the Kettle, 244n.2 rivalry with Crook of, 67, 80 Mason,Julius W., 80 and Royer, 291, 333 Mayhugh,John, 248 in Sioux Ghost Dance campaign McChesney,Charles, 182, 222 attitude toward Big Foot of, 326, McGillycuddy,Julia, 161, 179–81 332–4, 354 McGillycuddy,Valentine, 161, 219 broader goals of, 303–6, 360 and Bland, 208–9 and Cody, 313 business ventures of, 309 and decision to disarm Big Foot, 334, dismissal of, 210–11 354 and Ghost Dance, 309–10 diplomacy of, 316, 360 investigations of, 209–10 at Pine Ridge, 358–9 and social dances, 182 punitive impulses of, 312, 326, 334 and Red Cloud, 203–7, 209, 210, role in forming strategy of, 302 211 strategies of, 312, 313, 319–20 reappointment of, 209 and Wounded Knee, 351–2, 353–4, and Sun Dance, 173, 176–9 360

Index 381

militants nonmilitants anger at signers of 1876 agreement of, strategies of, 43–4, 53–4, 84 117, 195 see also militants decision to surrender of, 77–8, 81–2, “nonprogressives,” 147, 207, 212 84 see also “progressives” debates among, 71–3 Northern Paciﬁc Railroad, 50, 52–3 ﬂight to Canada of (1877), 119, 121 No Water, 205, 208, 327 political organization of, 52 Nowland,Henry J., 345 strategies of, 42–3, 44–5, 52–3 see also non-militants Oahe Mission, 161 Milk, 149 O’Beirne,James, 127 Mills,Anson, 64 Oberly,John N., 165 Minneconjous Oglalas origins of name of, 137 as subdivision of Tetons, 22 as subdivision of Tetons, 22 Oklahoma. See Indian Territory and peace with Crows, 25 Old Clown, 234 missionaries Oldham,James F., 206n.44 and boarding schools, 161 Olson,James, 207 in 1870s, 56–7 Omaha Dance, 181 in 1880s, 187–93 One Bull, 52, 213, 254n.26, 323, and Ghost Dance, 308, 309 324–5n.38 Missouri Fur Company, 28 One Side, 268, 269 Missouri River Ooehununpas. See Two Kettles as possible location for Oglalas and Oregon Trail, 32–4, 45–6, 48 Brules,´ 82, 87, 101, 109, 113–16 Osages, 25 move of Oglalas and Brules´ to, 117 Otis,Elwell S., 68 Missouris (tribe), 22 Otoes, 22 Mitchell,David D., 30, 37 oyate Modocs, 60 and Sioux political organization, 23, 37 Mooney,James, 244–7, 260, 262, 295–6 Pai Mairire movement, 250 Morgan,Lewis Henry, 246n.5 Painter,Charles, 220 Morgan,Thisba Hutson, 163 Paiutes, 248n.13, 243–51, 253, 278 Morgan,Thomas Jefferson, 194, 365 Palliday,Leon, 110n.4 Mormons, 32, 40 Palmer,Perain, 277–8, 292, 294–5, 297–8, and Ghost Dance, 255n.31, 285n.61, 316 304n.42 panic of 1873, 59, 60 Parker,Mrs. Z. A., 272 Narcelle,Narcisse, 328 Parkman,Francis, 30, 34, 58 National Indian Defence Association, 207, Partisan, 20–1, 22 221, 222, 292n.11 Pawnees, 22, 25, 34, 69 Neihardt,John, 268, 271, 361 peace policy, 54, 188, 220 Neolin, 248–9 beginnings of, 48 Newell,Cicero, 198 retreat from, 60 “new Indian history,” 4–5 Pearman,James, 234 New Zealand, 250 Perrig,Emil, 308 Nez Perces,´ 95–6, 298 Pettigrew,Richard F., 159, 218, 275n.33 Nicholson,W. J., 347 Philip,James, 296n.21, 306 Nicollet,Joseph N., 25 Phister,Nathaniel P., 248–9 Noble,John, 238, 292 Pine Ridge Agency No Flesh, 178–9, 204 censuses of, 133 No Neck, 318–19 establishment of, 126

382 Index

Pine Ridge Agency Council, 177–9, 207, 211 see also beef distribution Pipe on Head,James, 368 Red Bear, 110n.4, 110n.5 Plains Sioux. See Sioux Red Cloud, 219 Plenty Horses, 160, 359 and Big Foot, 327 Plenty Lice, 53 and Bland, 208 police. See Indian police at Carlisle, 155 Pollock,William J., 124, 206, 236 and Crazy Horse, 85, 90, 91, 92, 100, Poncas, 22, 25, 220 105 Pontiac, 303 deposed as “head chief,” 69, 203 Porcupine, 254n.29, 261n.50, 289 disarming and dismounting of (1876), 69, Pourier,Baptiste, 99 140, 229, 238, 310 Powell,Frank, 314 and 1868 Treaty, 48, 51 Powell,John Wesley, 150, 246n.5 and 1876 agreement, 66 Powers,William K., 264, 272 and 1877 delegation, 110n.4, 110n.5, 111, Prather,W. H., 358n.56 113, 115 Pratt Commission, 223–8 and 1889 agreement, 236–37 see also Dawes Sioux Bill and establishment of Pine Ridge Agency, Pratt,Richard Henry, 154 127 and defense of Carlisle, 155 and Ghost Dance, 272–3, 290–1, 297n.23, and extension of students’ term, 156 310–11, 317 educational theories of, 150, 151 on history of U.S.-Sioux relations, and 1888 land commission, 223, 225, 124–5 228, 230 and location of Red Cloud Agency, 125 and founding of Carlisle, 150 and McGillycuddy, 203–7, 209, 211 and Hampton, 150 and missionaries, 188–9 recruitment of students by, 149, 151, and move to Missouri River, 119 156 and negotiations in Great Sioux War, 83 Pressler,Larry, 368 opposition to census of, 55 Pretty Camp, 200 and Spirit Keeping, 180 Pretty Eagle, 280 and Sun Dance, 177 Pretty Enemy, 172 western clothing of, 210 Pretty Owl, 237 and Young Man Afraid of His Horses, Price,Catherine, 35 211–12 Price,Hiram, 183 Red Cloud Agency, 57, 58 Primeau,Jennie, 139n.39 becomes Pine Ridge Agency, 126 Primeau,Louis, 315 censuses of, 55 “progressives,” 147, 205, 212 establishment of, 54 see also “non-progressives” and ﬂagpole incident, 54–5 Prophet. See Tenskwatawa move to Missouri River of, 118, 119 Pumpkin Seed, 270n.19 problems establishing a location for, 56, 88, 109, 113–16, 122–3, 125–6 Quick Bear, 197 and surrender of Crazy Horse, 83 Red Cloud,Jack, 272, 317, 331 race,Americans’ ideas about, 6, 15 Red Dog, 100, 155, 174, 267–8 railroads. See speciﬁc names Red Fish, 197n.12 ranching. See cattle raising Red Hawk, 286 Illus. 12 rations Red Horse, 77 in 1868 Treaty, 50 Red Leaf, 69, 229, 238, 295 in 1876 agreement, 129–30 red road problems with, 131, 133 in Black Elk’s vision, 267 reduction of (1889), 237–8 metaphor of, 28, 362 as weapon, 133, 159, 164, 166, 177, 277 Red Shirt, 155

Index 383

Red Skirt, 68 schools. See education Red Whirlwind, 170 Schurz,Carl, 111, 112, 114–15, 116, 120, reformers 124, 125, 197 and Black Hills, 60 Scott,Hugh L., 279 and Edmunds agreement, 219–20 scouts,Indian ideas of, 45–6, 48, 150 in Great Sioux War, 69–70, 73 see also peace policy Seen by the Nation, 323n.35 removal policy, 18, 35–6 Selwyn,William, 243, 297n.23 republicanism settlers and empire, 13–15 attitudes after Wounded Knee of, 359 reservations and Ghost Dance, 297, 306–8 origins of, 35–6 and opening of Sioux reservation, 217–18, see also Sioux reservation(s) 298 resistance, 7, 17 Seven Council Fires, 21–2 Reynolds,E. B., 275–6, 277, 292, 294 see also Sioux Ricker,Eli S., 350n.34 Seventh Cavalry Riggs,Louisa, 309 and interception of Big Foot, 335–6 Riggs,Thomas L., 57 and Little Bighorn, 63, 65, 351–2 Ring Thunder, 110n.4, 110n.5 in Ghost Dance campaign, 320 ritual,theories of, 268–9 see also Wounded Knee Rock, 110 Shaggy Feather, 330 Rocky Bear, 169, 171 Shangrau,John, 335, 340, 351 Rosebud Agency Shangrau,Louis, 318–19, 335 censuses of, 133 Shannon,Peter C., 218 establishment of, 124 Sharp Nose, 110n.4 Rosebud,battle of, 62 Shell Boy, 102 Rough Feather, 344 Sheridan,Phil Royer,Daniel F., 300 and Black Hills, 60, 61 appointment of, 275n.33, 291 and Great Sioux War, 67, 69 McGillycuddy’s assessment of, 291 and removal of Sioux, 87, 120 response to Ghost Dance of, 291, 293–4 Sherman,William Tecumseh, 47 Ruger,Thomas H., 305, 326 and genocide, 45, 359 Ghost Dance investigation of, 293 and Miles, 67 Running Antelope, 174, 183 and removal of Sioux, 87, 119–20 shirtwearers, 212, 266 Sahlins,Marshall, 270 Shooter, 186 Salaway,Frank, 41 Shoots Walking, 324 Sanborn,John B., 49 Short Bull Sand Creek, 45, 63 in Ghost Dance, 259, 273 Sandoz,Mari, 74, 77, 96 Ghost Dance “sermon” of, 295–7, 303 Sans Arcs impact of Wounded Knee on, 356–7 coming of White Buffalo Calf Woman to, and negotiations with Brooke, 317–18 26 and soldiers, 311 as subdivision of Tetons, 22 in Stronghold, 316–17, 318–19 Santees surrender of (1890), 330, 331–2, 334 as subdivision of Sioux, 22n.17, 24 visit to Wovoka of, 243n.2, 251–3, 254, Saones 256 as subdivision of Tetons, 22 Shoshones, 22, 69, 70, 243, 251, 359, Saville,J. J., 54–5 364n.6 Scare Them, 243n.2 Sibley,Henry H., 44 Scarlet Whirlwind, 325 Sicangus. See Brules´ Scatter, 243n.2 Sickels,Emma S., 253n.23

384 Index

Sihasapas illegal trespassing on, 140, 234 as subdivision of Tetons, 22 pressures for opening of, 217–18 Sioux Sitting Bull adaptability of, 134 attitudes in early reservation period of, after Wounded Knee, 361–2 129, 215–16 alliance with Cheyennes, 24, 25 attitudes toward Americans of, 214–15 American views of, 299–300 and Bullhead, 320 attitudes in early reservation period, 109, in Canada, 77, 120–1 117, 127, 129, 172–3 and Christianity, 192 attitudes toward education, 151 and Cody’s attempt to arrest, 315 and bison, 22 and Crazy Horse, 76, 77 and cattle, 138–40 and 1876 agreement, 66 and Christianity, 187, 189–93 and 1889 agreement, 235, 237 and colonialism, 54, 109 and Ghost Dance, 278, 303, 319, 322 cultural pluralism of, 174 killing of, 320–6 diet of, 131, 132, 136 as leader in 1880s, 216 diplomatic abilities of, 117 and McLaughlin, 213–16, 292, 322 and economic dependency, 57, 58, 129n.3, and Miles, 68 133, 148–235 and missionaries, 189 expansion of,compared to U.S., 23, 27–8 opposition to land cessions of, 221–2, and farming, 138 223 history of, 20–1, 22, 124–5 and Pratt Commission, 227 and horses, 22, 140 prophesies of, 62 humor of, 111, 189, 214–15 return to U.S. of, 213 ideas about disease of, 33–4 visit to Crow reservation of, 221–2 and invulnerability, 282–3 as war leader, 51 labor of, 141–4, 146–8 war shield of, 282 meaning of “civilization” to, 117 and Weldon, 292n.11 medical practices of, 184–5, 186 in Wild West shows, 144, 214 as middlemen, 19 Sitting Bull (Arapahoe), 254n.29 and Lewis and Clark, 19–21 Sitting Bull refugees, 326, 327–8, 332 name of, 21 Slim Buttes,battle of, 64–5 name for President of, 112 Small Bear, 68 perceptions of Americans, 33–5, 37, small game, 135–6 124n.39, 144 smallpox, 22, 31 perceptions of treaties, 49, 224–5 Smith,John Q., 112 political organization of, 21–2, 23, 37, Smohalla, 250 194, 202–3, 212 Smoke, 30, 72n.27 population of, 24 Smutty Bear, 37n.64 and relationship with Crows in 1880s, 178 Spirit Keeping Ceremony, 119, 157, 179–81 strategies of in 1880s, 193, 238–9 Spotted Eagle, 51, 52, 72, 219n.7 subdivisions of, 1n.1, 22n.17, 23n.21 Spotted Elk. See Big Foot survival of, 369 Spotted Elk (member of 1891 delegation), religion of, 25–7 364n.8 value of Black Hills to, 58–9 Spotted Horse, 311, 364n.8 Sioux reservation(s) Spotted Tail, 49 boundaries of appointed “head chief,” 69 in 1851, 37n.62 attitudes toward Americans of, 149 in 1868, 37n.62, 50 as Brule´ leader, 195, 196, 198 in 1876, 66, 224–5 Brule´ opposition to, 196, 197, 199–200 in 1889, 229 Map 4 at Carlisle, 155, 197 and Dawes Sioux Bill, 207 and Crazy Horse, 81–2, 90–1, 102

Index 385

and Crow Dog, 194, 198–9 Swift Bear,Maud, 157 and 1876 agreement, 66 Swift Bird, 142, 231 impact of Ash Hollow on, 43 Sword Bearer revolt, 301n.35 killing of, 199, 200–1 Sword,George, 364n.8 as member of 1877 delegation, 110, favors allotment, 230–1 110n.4, 110n.5, 111, 113, 114–15 in Great Sioux War, 80–1 and missionaries, 188–9, 198 and military intervention against Ghost and negotiations in Great Sioux War, 79, Dance, 310n.62 80, 81–2 as source for Ghost Dance, 253, 257n.39, opposition to living on Missouri River of, 274 124 and political battles with agents, 196–8 Tackett,Charles, 155 response to Sand Creek of, 45 Tanzania, 250 Spotted Tail Agency, 57, 58 Tavivo, 244 becomes Rosebud Agency, 124 Tecumseh, 250, 299, 303 establishment of, 54 Teller,Henry M., 208–9, 218 move to Missouri River of, 118, 119 Teller,James C., 218 problems establishing a location for, 56, Tenskwatawa, 250, 299 109, 113–16, 123–4 Terry,Alfred H., 64 Spotted Tail,Jr. See Young Spotted Tail Tetons St. Francis Mission, 143, 161, 162 as subdivision of Sioux, 22 St. John’s boarding school, 161 see also Lakotas St. Mary’s boarding school, 161 Thayer,John M., 298, 307 Standing Bear, 197n.12, 230, 235 They Chased After Him. See Kuwapi Standing Bear,Luther, 146, 151, 153, 156, Three Bears, 70, 100, 110n.4 160 Thunder Hawk, 196–7 at Carlisle, 152–3 Thunder Horse, 243n.2 life after Carlisle of, 160 tiyospaye Standing Rock Agency, 56, 57 instability of, 24 census of, 133 and Sioux political organization, 23 establishment of, 54 Tongue River Agency, 289–90 Stand,Peter, 337 Torn Belly, 276, 311 Stanley,David S., 52, 124 Touch the Clouds, 96, 97, 98–9, 102, 104, Stansbury, 33 110n.4, 110n.5, 121 Stephan,Joseph A., 174 Trager,George, 356, 366 stockraising, 56 treaties and agreements Stronghold, 316–17, 318–19, 326, 332, and Congress, 228 333 1825, 32 Sully,Alfred, 44 1851, 36–8 Sumner,Edwin V., 326, 328–30, 332–3, 351, 1868, 8, 48–50, 60, 66, 129, 224 353 and Black Hills, 59, 61, 117 Sun Dance, 31 and military action against Ghost compared to Ghost Dance, 265 Dance, 300 at Pine Ridge (1881), 169–74 and three-fourths provision, 66, 218, sponsored by Crazy Horse (1877), 89–90 220 U.S. suppression of, 174–9 1876, 66–7, 129–30, 224–5 Sundstrom,Linea, 58–9 1889, 229, 320–1, 327 Swan,Madonna, 136n.29 Sioux opposition to, 231–2 Swan,William, 181–2 treaty bands. See nonmilitants sweat lodge, 178, 179 Truteau,Jean Baptiste, 21, 25 Sweet Taste Woman, 78, 79 tuberculosis, 187 Swift Bear, 110n.4, 110n.5, 140, 198 Tunkasila. See President

386 Index

Turning Bear, 317–18 Wanka Tanka Turning Hawk, 310, 364n.8 concept of, 26 Turn Over Back, 243n.2 and Ghost Dance, 253 Twiss,Thomas, 41 War Department Twist Back, 243n.2 and control over Indian affairs, 47, 290, Two Bears, 216 305–6 Two Kettles war medicine, 282–3, 285 as subdivision of Tetons, 22 Ward,Henry, 209 Two Moons, 79, 80, 290 Warner,William, 230 Two Strike, 155, 162, 191, 198, 364n.8 see also Crook Commission and Ghost Dance, 311 wasicun,meanings of, 117n.21, 251n.20 and negotiations with Brooke, 317–18 Wazazas, 25 in Stronghold, 316–17, 318, 326 Weldon,Catherine, 292n.11 surrender of (1890), 319 Wells,Philip and Ghost Dance, 274–5, 298n.25 Uintah Agency, 243–51, 253 and Wounded Knee, 338, 340, 342–3, Union Pacific Railroad, 46, 50, 123n.35 343n.13, 349 United States Indian policy Welsh,Herbert, 220, 221 and allotment, 221 Welsh,William, 111–12, 113, 120, 220 contradictions within, 6, 18, 46–8, 194, West,Elliott, 27 210 Whipple,Henry B., 67, 113 in 1870s, 220 Whirlwind, 283 goals of, 8, 13, 15–17 whiskey. See alcohol and Indian medicine, 183, 185–6 White Bird, 364n.8 and killing of Crazy Horse, 86 White Buffalo Calf Woman, 26–7, 28, 129, and removal, 18, 35–6 269 and reservations, 35–6 White Bull (Cheyenne), 78, 79, 80, 290 and Sioux Ghost Dance, 288, 293, White Bull (Sioux), 283 300 White Crane Walking, 197n.12 see also assimilation; Black Hills; White Eagle, 77 colonialism; education; Indian Office; White Ghost, 182, 364n.8 Interior Department; peace policy; White Hawk, 80n.49 reformers; treaties; War Department White Horse, 139 United States v. Kagama, 228 White Lance. See Horn Cloud,Joseph Utes, 220, 243 White Plume,Alex, 368 Utley,Robert, 51, 121, 260n.49, White,Richard, 23 296 Whitestone Hill, 44 White Tail, 110n.4 Van Solen,Maria L., 153n.57 White Thunder, 102, 149, 155, 197n.12, Varnum,Charles A., 340, 341, 343 198 Vecsey,Christopher, 190 White Thunder,Ernest, 157 Vilas,William, 228 White Swan, 138, 231–2, 272 Viola,Herman, 112 Whitside,Samuel M. visions, 27n.33, 265–7, 283 and disarming of Big Foot, 338–9, 341 performance of, 267–9, 283 and interception of Big Foot, 335–6 see also Ghost Dance,Sioux Whittlesey,Eliphalet, 220 whooping cough, 167, 187, 239, 266 Wagon Box fight, 46 Wicasa Yatanpi. See shirtwearers Walker,James R., 185 Wild West shows, 144–6, 214, 270, 300, Wallace,Anthony F. C., 262 313 Wallace,George D., 340, 343 Wilson,David, 255n.31 Walsh,James W., 120 Wilson,Jack. See Wovoka

Index 387

Wind River Agency, 243–51, 253 survivors of, 354, 361–2, 367–8 winkte, 99n.39 women and children at, 341–2, 345 Winyan,Elizabeth, 191 Wovoka, 1 Wiping of Tears Ceremony, 368 biography of, 244 see also Spirit Keeping Ceremony Christian influences on, 255n.31 Wodziwob, 244, 250 and invulnerability, 285–7, 363 Wolf Mountains,battle of, 76 prophesies and teachings of, 9, 244, Woman’s Dress, 99–100 246–50, 251–3, 254, 262–3, 364 women Sioux rumors about, 243 in Ghost Dance, 266 see also Ghost Dance labor of, 29, 137, 143, 146, 257 Wright,J. George views on war of, 72–3 and Ghost Dance, 273, 276–7 visions of, 265, 266 Wright,James and Wounded Knee, 341–2 and Sun Dance, 175–6 Wood,W. H., 73 Wright,John V., 223, 225, 227 Woodburn,J. M., 184–5, 186 see also Pratt Commission Wooden Leg, 79 wotawe. See war medicine Yanktonais Wounded Bear, 181 as subdivision of Sioux, 22 Wounded Knee Yanktons alcohol at, 336, 352 as subdivision of Sioux, 22 atrocities at, 346 Young Skunk,Henry, 258–9 and burial of the dead, 356 Young Spotted Tail, 110n.4 centennial of, 1, 9, 368–9 Yellow Bear, 100, 110n.4, 110n.5 and colonialism, 350 Yellow Bird, 342n.12 compensation for, 354, 367–8 Yellow Breast, 243n.2 and court of inquiry, 346, 353 Yellow Ears, 37n.64 and disarming of Big Foot, 338–43, Yellow Hair, 219n.7 350 Yellow Hawk, 235 and 1891 delegation, 364–6 Yellow Knife, 243n.2 firing of first shot at, 343, 347–50 Yellowstone,battle of, 53 and ghost shirts, 347, 349, 356 Young Man Afraid of His Horses, 90, 101, impact on Wovoka of, 246, 254 110n.4, 139n.39, 327n.47, 364n.8 inexperience of troops at, 352–3 and Crazy Horse, 100 and killing of Sitting Bull, 320 and 1876 agreement, 66–7 as massacre, 343–6, 350 and 1889 agreement, 236 and medals of honor, 366 in flagpole incident, 55 medicine man’s actions at, 342–3, 349 and Ghost Dance, 272, 275, 310n.62, 317 and military intervention, 288, 300–1, 350 and McGillycuddy, 204 1973 occupation, 363n.5 as peacemaker, 212 and orders to disarm Big Foot, 334 and Red Cloud, 211–12 relics of, 354–6 and Spirit Keeping, 180 responsibility for, 350, 353 and Sun Dance, 177–8 as revenge for Little Bighorn, 351–2 after Wounded Knee, 360 Sioux fighting at, 344–5 Young Skunk,Henry, 331–2 Sioux interpretations of, 347–8, 349–50, Young Spotted Tail, 110n.4 365–7 Sioux nation after, 361–2 Zitkala-Sa,ˇ 152, 153