Cambridge University Press 0521793467 - The Plains Sioux and U. S. Colonialism from Lewis and Clark to Wounded Knee Jeffrey Ostler Index More information Index Act of March 2, 1889. See treaties and American Fur Company, 28, 30, 31 agreements American Horse, 110n.4, 110n.5, 139n.39, Adams,David Wallace, 153 364n.8 Adas,Michael, 250 at Carlisle, 155 Afraid of the Enemy, 348 and Crazy Horse, 100, 101 Afraid of Hawk, 197n.12 and 1889 agreement, 237, 238 Agard,Louis, 227n.28 and Ghost Dance, 272, 310, 310n.62, agencies 311 Indians’ perceptions of, 54 and McGillycuddy, 204, 205 purposes of, 54 and Red Cloud, 203, 205 see also names of specific agencies and Wounded Knee, 346, 365–6 agency bands. See nonmilitants American Horse,Robert, 152 Agency Council. See Pine Ridge Agency American Indian Movement, 363n.5 Council Anderson,Gary, 121 agents Anderson,Harry H., 78 colonial tools of, 159, 164, 166, 174–6, annuities 177, 204, 278 control of, 204 contradictory acts of, 196 and Crook Commission, 234 goals of, 54 in 1868 Treaty, 50, 129 resistance to, 54 problems with, 130 agriculture. See farming antelope. See small game alcohol Apaches, 60 Americans’ abuse of, 215 Apiatan, 254n.29 and fur trade, 29–30 Arapahoes, 34, 45, 52, 59, 60, 69, 102 Sioux fears of, 215 and Ghost Dance, 243, 246, 279 at Wounded Knee, 336, 352 Arikaras, 22, 25, 32 Allen,Alvaren, 214 army officers Allison Commission, 61 attitude toward reformers of, 47, 120 Allison,William B., 61 “mastery” of “savagery” by, 94 allotment and western army in 1880s, 304–5 in Dawes Severalty Act, 221 see also names of specific officers Sioux opposition to, 221–2, 231–2 Arrow Creek,battle of, 53 Sioux support for, 230–1 artifacts see also Dawes Sioux Bill acquisition of, 146 Ambrose,Stephen, 92 Ash Hollow, 41, 42, 43 371 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521793467 - The Plains Sioux and U. S. Colonialism from Lewis and Clark to Wounded Knee Jeffrey Ostler Index More information 372 Index assimilation Big Head, 216, 234 in American thought, 13, 15, 39, 127, Big Mane, 364n.8 130, 149–50 Big Road, 110n.4, 110n.5, 364n.8 through education, 152–3 and Big Foot, 327 failure of, 55–7, 153 and Canada, 121 and farming, 137 and Crazy Horse, 83, 104 and Indian medicine, 183 diplomacy of (1890), 331 Indians’ rejection of, 117, 134, 156 and Hump, 328–30 and Sioux political leadership, 194, 201–2 impact of Wounded Knee on, 357 and U.S. policy, 8, 193 opposition to 1868 Treaty of, 51 see also Indians,Americans’ ideas about; surrender of (1890), 316 missionaries; United States Indian Big Star, 197n.12 policy Big Turkey, 235, 317–18 Assiniboines, 22 Biolsi,Thomas, 174 Atkinson,Henry, 32 bison bones of, 148 Baldwin,Frank D., 75, 346, 353 decline of, 43, 53, 57–8 band. See tiyospaye impact of Oregon Trail on, 33 Bannocks, 251, 364n.6 “last hunt” of, 128 baptism. See Christianity,Sioux return of, 268, 269–70, 364 conversion to and trade, 28–9 Bartlett,George, 296n.22 in Sioux culture, 26–7, 267–8 beadwork, 146 Sioux dependence on, 22, 215 Bear Comes and Lies, 330 see also White Buffalo Calf Woman Beard,Dewey, 327, 330, 335–7, 350n.34 Bissonnette,Joseph, 34 and Wounded Knee, 340, 344, 348, Black Buffalo, 20 349–50 Black Coal, 110n.4 Bearface,Rosa, 143n.57 Black Coyote, 329, 348 Bear’s Rib, 42 Black Crow, 155 Beede,Aaron McGaffey, 192–3 Black Elk beef distribution, 131–3, 234 and Ghost Dance, 253n.25, 270–1 Belknap,William W., 61 and ghost shirts, 280, 284, 285, 363 Bell,J. W., 185 performance of vision by, 267–9 Belt,R. V., 300 vision of, 266–7 Benedictines, 57, 161, 190 and Wounded Knee, 271, 284, 285, Benton,Thomas Hart, 38 361 Big Foot Black Elk Speaks, 361 army interception of, 335–6 Blackfeet. See Sihasapas army perceptions of, 326, 332–4 Black Hair,Joseph, 341 army surveillance of, 328–30 Black Hills arrival at Wounded Knee of, 336 gold in, 58, 60 career of, 327 miners in, 61 disarming of, 338–43 Sioux efforts to regain, 70, 117, 365 journey toward Pine Ridge of, 330, 335 theft of, 8, 66–7 and Ghost Dance, 277–8, 316, 319 U.S. policy toward, 59, 61–2 in Great Sioux War, 68–9, 77, 327 value to Sioux of, 58–9 Pine Ridge Indians’ invitation to, 327, Black Hills (person), 324n.38 330 Black Horn, 197n.12 pneumonia of, 329, 330, 335 Black Moon, 51, 121 and Sitting Bull refugees, 326, 327–8 Black Road, 267 see also Wounded Knee Black Shawl, 102 Big Foot Memorial Ride, 368 Black Shield, 72 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521793467 - The Plains Sioux and U. S. Colonialism from Lewis and Clark to Wounded Knee Jeffrey Ostler Index More information Index 373 Black Twin, 51 Bull Ghost, 321 Bland,Cora, 208 Bullhead,Henry, 235, 320–1, 323, 324 Bland,Thomas Augustus, 207–9, 221 Bull Man, 172 Blue Arm,Charlie, 341 Burke,Daniel W., 102 Blue Horse, 100, 177, 204 Burning Breast, 197n.12 Blue Whirlwind, 362 Illus. 16 Blunt Horn,John, 356 Caddoes, 279 boarding schools Calico, 49, 85, 327n.47 impact of, 160 Calls on the People, 201 limited benefits of, 158 Camp,Walter, 324n.38 number of Sioux students at, 159 Campbell,Walter, 322, 324n.38 on-reservation, 160–4, 234 Canada. See Crazy Horse,Sitting Bull practices of, 152–3, 161–2 capitalism, 14 Sioux objections to, 156, 158 and destruction of bison, 57–8 see also names of boarding schools Captain Dick, 249 Board of Indian Commissioners, 220, 221 Carignan,John, 323 boosters, 217 Carlin,W. P., 174 Bordeaux,James, 33 Carlisle Indian Industrial School, 142, Boucher,F. C., 110n.4 149 Bourke,John G., 81, 146, 173, 174 and assimilation, 152 Box Elder, 70 death of students at, 156–8 Boxer Rebellion, 260 founding of, 150 Bozeman Trail, 45–6, 50, 59 number of Sioux students at, 159 Bradley,Luther P., 98, 103, 104 students’ travel to, 151–2 Brave Bear, 37n.64, 40 visit of Sioux parents to, 155–6 chosen as “head chief,” 37 see also boarding schools Brave Bear (ghost dancer), 243n.2 Carr,Eugene, 333 Brave Bull, 197n.12 Casey,Edward, 160, 359 Brave Eagle, 234 Catch the Bear, 321, 324–5 Brave Wolf, 243n.2 Catholics, 188–9 Bray,Kingsley, 24, 84 rivalry with Protestants of, 189 Breaks the Pot on Him. See Mash the Kettle see also Benedictines; Jesuits Broken Arm, 243n.2 Catlin,George, 58, 181, 282 Brooke,John R. cattle attitude toward Ghost Dance of, 310 Sioux ownership of, 139 and Big Foot, 332–4 and Sioux values, 139 diplomacy of, 317–18 cattle hides. See hides and Drexel Mission fight, 358 cattle raising and McGillycuddy, 309 agents’ attitudes toward, 138 willingness to use force of, 319–20 and non-Indian trespass, 140, 202 and Wounded Knee, 351–2 growth of, 138 Brown,Dee, 261n.51 Indians’ attitudes toward, 138 Brughier,John, 78 census Brules´ Indians’ opposition to, 55 as subdivision of Tetons, 22 Chandler,Zachariah, 61 Buchanan,James, 41 Chapman,Arthur, 249 buffalo. See bison Charger, 138, 142, 148, 272 Buffalo Bill. See Cody,William F. Charging Horse, 77 buffalo soldiers, 358 Charging Thunder, 311 Bull Bear, 30, 72n.27 Chase,Horace R., 158 Bull Dog, 317–18 Chasing Crow, 235 Bull Eagle, 68, 121, 219n.7 Chatka,David, 278 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521793467 - The Plains Sioux and U. S. Colonialism from Lewis and Clark to Wounded Knee Jeffrey Ostler Index More information 374 Index Cheyennes, 34, 45, 52, 58–9, 60, 102, 220, and killing of Spotted Tail, 201 327 and law, 202 and alliance with Sioux, 24, 25 as political process, 3, 5 and Ghost Dance, 246, 251, 289–90 possible end to, 369 in Great Sioux War, 69, 70–1, 78–80 and treaties, 37, 54 at Little Bighorn, 63 unacknowledged in U.S. political theory, removal to Indian Territory of, 88 17 Cheyenne River Agency, 57 and Wounded Knee, 350 census of, 133 see also assimilation; United States Indian establishment of, 54 policy Chicago,Milwaukee and Saint Paul colonization Railroad, 217 definition of, 2 Chicago and Northwestern Railroad, in U.S. history, 14–17 217 Comanches, 60 Chief Joseph, 289 commissions. See names of specific chiefs commissions and Sioux political organization, 24 Congregationalists, 57, 161, 188, 309 Chivington,John, 45 conquest, 14–17 cholera, 33 see also imperialism Christianity Cook, 235 Sioux conversion to, 57, 187, 189–92 Cook,John, 175, 196–8, 199, 201–2 Church,Louis K., 226 Council Fire, 207 Clark,William. See Lewis and Clark courts. See Indian courts expedition Cowgill,T. G., 203, 206 Clark,William P. (army officer), 99, 103, Cox,Jacob, 51 110, 117, 118–19 Craft,Francis, 343 career of, 93 Crazy Horse and Crazy Horse, 83, 91, 94–5, 96, 98, arrest of, 103 99, 104 attitudes after surrendering of, 86–7, and dog feast, 93–4 88–9, 91–2 and 1877 delegation, 112 body of, 119 Clear Blue Earth, 30, 37n.64 and Canada, 77, 91, 100 Cleveland,Grover, 209 and Clark, 94, 96, 98 Cleveland,William J., 198, 199 and Crook, 86–7, 90, 91 and Pratt Commission, 223 and decision to go to Spotted Tail Agency, Cloud Horse, 243n.2 102–3 Cloud Shield, 205 desire for northern agency of, 86–7, Clow,Richmond, 199, 363 91–2 Cody,William F., 144–6, 214, 215, 270, and Dull Knife’s people, 71 300, 359, 360 and 1877 Sun Dance, 89–90 attempt to arrest Sitting Bull of, 313–16 in Great Sioux War, 70, 72, 75–6 Colby,Leonard W., 354 impact of Ash Hollow on, 42 Collins,Mary, 131 importance of 1877 buffalo hunt to, 91 and Indian medicine, 183 and invulnerability, 282 and Sitting Bull, 193, 215 killing of, 8, 85–6, 103–4 colonialism opposition to 1868 Treaty of, 51 definition of, 2 and Red Cloud, 84, 92 and education, 158–9, 168 rejection of Washington trip by, 91 as fact of U.S.