Dakota Resources

Dakota Resources:

The Investigation of Special Agent Cooper and Property Damage Claims in the Winter of 1890-1891

R. Eu PAUL

The National Archives in Washington, D.C., holds over ten thousand cit- izen claims for property taken or destroyed by American Indians at war with the United States. The "Indian depredation" cases recorded in these claims span many decades, geographical regions, and cultural groups. Among some of the less well known records are the property claims made at the time of the Ghost Dance troubles on the Sioux Indian reservations, the Wounded Knee massacre, and the Sioux Campaign of 1890-1891- These records present an abundance of information about the people living in southwestern South Dakota at that time. In the fall of 1890, the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, the South Dakota home of five thousand Lakota, or western Sioux, five hundred Northern Cheyennes, and a handful of whites, saw a tremendous influx of invaders. On 20 November, about four hundred soldiers of the United States Army marched north from a Nebraska railhead to take control of Pine Ridge Agency, whose frantic agent had requested help in quelling the Ghost Dance. An assortment of hangers-on followed close behind^ozens of newspaper

The author presented another version of this study at the 1993 annual conference of the West- ern Histoty Association in Tulsa, Oklahoma, during a session entitled "The People of the Sioux Reservations: New Archival Sources for Plains Indian History." Special thanks go to the other participants—Thomas R. Buecker, John D. McDermott, and James E. Potter—for tJieir comments and to Jerome A. Greene, who shared information on this topic. Copyright © 1994 by the South Dakota State Historical Society. All Rights Reserved.

Dakota Resources 213 correspondents, enterprising photographers, local businessmen seeking lucra- tive contracts, supporters and critics of government Indian policy, public figures like showman William F. ("Buffalo Bill") Cody, and even one deluded man, an lowan by the name of A. C. Hopkins, who claimed to be the return- ing Messiah for whom the Indians danced.' From the east came still more people, some two thousand Lakotas of the Bruíé band who had virtually abandoned the Rosebud reservation after their agency also fell to army control. Unlike the other invaders of Pine Ridge, the Brûlés avoided the agency and congregated instead at Cuny Table, an isolated badlands feature well to the north that their military adversaries dubbed the "Stronghold." Credited to the Brûlés was a wake of destruction to the homes and property of reservation residents, Indian and white alike, who had heeded an army order to gather for protection at the Pine Ridge Agency. The last—and most unfortunate—group to descend on the Pine Ridge reservation came from the north. Big Foot led his people, a combination of fellow Miniconjous from his village on the Cheyenne River and neighboring Hunkpapas fleeing the Standing Rock reservation after the murder of Sitting Bull, southward to seek the comfort of their Oglala kinsmen. Rather, most met their deaths near Wounded Knee Creek on 29 December 1890, an ugly exclamation point to the so-called Chost Dance War. Hostilities between the enraged Lakotas and the army flared in the days following Wounded Knee. Many Oglalas living near Pine Ridge Agency joined the Brule Ghost Dancers at the Stronghold, and numerous skirmishes and further property damage at abandoned homes punctuated the days after the massacre. In reaction to the reservation violence, the command of Maj. Gen. Nelson A. Miles swelled to over three thousand men, efl^ectively sur- rounding the Indians. The combination of overwhelming force and Miles's diplomatic overtures proved compelling to Indian leaders, who were themselves debating the merits of peace. Armed conflict ended almost as quickly as it had begun. By mid-January, Ghost Dancers had abandoned the Strong- hold, white and Indian leaders had made mutually acceptable assurances, and the "war" came to a close. Although the lives lost at Wounded Knee always overshadowed other events, the subject of property loss came up in a January 1891 dispatch sent

I. The most recent studies of the Ghost Dance troubles of 1890-1891 are Richard E. Jensen, R. Eli Paul, and John E. Carter, Eyewitness at Wounded Knee (Lincoln; University of Nebraska Press, 1991); Philip S. Hall, To Have This Und.- The Nature of Indian/White Relations, South Dakota. ¡888-1891 (Vermillion; University of South Dakota Press, 1991); Alvin M. Josephy, Jr.. Trudy Thomas, and Jeanne Eder, Wounded Knee: Lest We Forget (Cody, Wyo.: Buffalo Bill His- torical Center, 1990); George R. Kolbenschlag, A Whirlwind Passes: Newspaper Correspondents and the Sioux Indian Disturbances of ¡890-189¡ (Vermillion: University of South Dakota Press, 1990); and John D. McDeimott, "Wounded Knee: Centennial Voices," South Dakota History 20 (Summer 1990): 245-98. Copyright © 1994 by the South Dakota State Historical Society. All Rights Reserved.

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from Pine Ridge Agency by Dent H. Robert, a correspondent for the Saint Louis Post-Dispatch. "One year ago, nine Indians out of every ten lived in houses," Robert reported. "To-day, every one is back in the tepees where they lived twenty years ago. . . . Homes have been destroyed, furniture and farm- ing implements broken to pieces out of pure deviltry, and thousands of beeves killed and wasted."- A more personal account of the devastation came from Emmy Valandry, a mixed-blood woman who recalled in her auto- biography, "My sewing machine, which I prized highly, since I had been the very first to own such a thing, had been dragged out to the water, and it stood in midstream now, utterly worthless, and rusty all over; evidently the raiders had not known just how to make other use of it. Then especially I did not like the hostiles at all. I cried and cried, until at last Imy husband] told me that I should have another sewing machine."^ The United States government responded in uncharacteristically quick fashion to the misfortunes of Valandry and others. In March 1891, Congress appropriated one hundred thousand dollars to compensate the "friendly" Sioux for property the Ghost Dancers had destroyed. This substantial expenditure mandated a careful assessment of damage claims, fitting work for Spe- cial Agent James A. Cooper of the United States Office of Indian Affairs, who had accompanied the initial contingent of soldiers to Pine Ridge in November.'' Cooper astutely observed that his work bettered government- Indian relations, especially in the immediate aftermath of the Ghost Dance War. "I think I am safe in saying," he reponed to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, "that as long as the investigation [of] claims continues that there will be no trouble as all the Indians of this tribe seem more interested in filing claims for losses than they are in stirring up strife." Concluding that the desire for money seemed to have supplanted the need to go to war. Cooper wrote, "I am a litde afraid this desire is going to be very ruinous to the $100,000 appropriated for this purpose."^ Even though his stint as a federal troubleshooter was a busy, high-profile one, biographical details about Cooper's life before and after his Indian Office career are lacking. In his short tenure as one of only five special agents in the bureau's employ, Cooper had proven his ability to handle special situa- tions. Before arriving at Pine Ridge, he had investigated the 31 May 1890

1. Saint Louis Post-Dispatch, 23 Jan. 1891. 3. Quoted in Julian Rice, Deer Women and Elk Men: The Lakota Narratives of Ella Deloria (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1992),p. 19, 4. Roben M. UtIey, The Last Days of the Sioux Nation (New Haven, Conn.: Yale Universiry Press, 1963), pp. 113, 116,274. 5. Cooper to Commissioner of Indian affairs (CIA), 16 May 1891, Special Case No. 188 (a compilation of correspondence relating to the Ghost Dance troubles). Records of rhe Bureau of Indian Affairs, Record Group (RG) 75, Narional Archives (NA), Washington, D.C. Copyright © 1994 by the South Dakota State Historical Society. All Rights Reserved.

Special Agent James A. Cooper (seated far right) poses with the press corps at Pine Ridge Agency in ¡89¡. murder of a Gros Ventre woman by a Mandan man at Fort Berthold, North Dakota. From there, he moved to the Tongue River Agency on Montana's Northern Cheyenne reservation, where he took charge after the agent resigned, investigating disturbances between the Indians and neighboring ranchers.*" Later that year, Cooper stood at the side of Agent Daniel F. Royer, the recent political appointee who had suddenly found himself at sea on the turbulent Pine Ridge reservation. The special agent served as the eyes and ears of his superiors in Washington, D.C, telegraphing news of the Wounded Knee massacre to Thomas J. Morgan, commissioner of Indian affairs. Cooper also helped to develop the official position of the Indian Office on the causes for the uprising, a party line presented to the newspapers and parroted months later in the commissioner's annual report.^

6. U.S., Department of the Interior, Office of Indian Affeirs, Annual Report of the Commis- sioner of Indian Affairs to the Secretary of the Interior, ¡890 (Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office, 1890), pp, 32-33, 133-35; Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. ¡89¡, p. 285, Cooper gave his home address as Memphis. Tenn. Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, ¡890. p. 511. The troubleshooting role of the special agent is spotlighted in the auto- biography of another veteran. E. E. White (1885-1889), in his Experiences of a Special Indian Agent (Norman; University of Oklahoma Press, 1965), 7. Upon arriving at Pine Ridge Agency, Cooper sent a flurry of informadon to Commissioner Morgan, documents that are filed under Special Case No, 188, RC 75, NA. His telegram of 30 December 1891 briefed the commissioner on the Wounded Knee massacre and the subsequent fighting between soldiers and Indians, A ftill report followed on 10 January 1891. For an example of Cooper's dealings with the press, see "A Talk with Mr. Cooper." Washington Evening Star, 23 Jan. 1891. For Commissioner Morgan's recounting of the causes of the trouble, see Rfport of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. 189¡,pp. 132-35. Copyright © 1994 by the South Dakota State Historical Society. All Rights Reserved.

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On 21 April 1891, Cooper took his first affidavit in what would become a stream of property-damage claims. The task of gathering affidavits at the Pine Ridge, Rosebud, Cheyenne River, Standing Rock, and Tongue River agencies continued throughout that fall. The investigation did not conclude until Feb- ruary of 1892, when Cooper traveled to Washington to submit the claims along with his comments. The one-hundred-thousand-do liar appropriation of the year earlier—of which the anxious claimants had so far seen ne'er a penny—was oversubscribed by thousands of dollars. Cooper juggled the figures, adjusting them downward in order to partially satisfy all claims, until his superiors fmally concurred that the monies could be released and expended." When Cooper returned to Pine Ridge to council with Chief Red Cloud and his fellow Oglala leaders in April 1892, he assured them that the money would soon arrive. Before the summer was out, the claimants had been paid. A year later Cooper found himself on assignment in Michigan, carrying out another investigation on yet another reservation.^ Today, the results of j^ent Cooper's investigation are housed at the National Archives Civil Reference Branch in the main Washington, D.C, repository. Part of Record Group 75, the Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), they are dryly described in an archives' inventory as "deposi- tions, transcripts of testimony, and recommendations of the investigating agent."'" These items are enclosures to Cooper's report of 25 February 1892, numbered 7805-92 in the general incoming correspondence of the BLA. The number of claims totals 755 (a good cartload of documents). Apparently, these records were moved from the Land Division of the BIA to its Accounts Division in 1892 and then back again in about 1928 for use by the Claims Section of the Land Division before they were finally transferred to the National Archives. None of the records have been microfilmed." Although Cooper's records itemized the expenditure of large sums of federal money, surprisingly few details have surfaced on how they were pro- duced, other than those clues found in the documents themselves. Each claim consisted of a standard sworn statement that included the name of the claimant, place of residence, date of loss, date of claim filing, names of sup- porting witnesses, name of interpreter, and a boiler-plate denial that the

8. "Abstract L, Claims," 25 Feb. 1892, enclosed in James W. Noble, Secretary of the Interior, to CIA, 8 Apr. 1892, l.etten Received. RG 75, NA. This abstract of depredation claims was later published In U.S., Congress, Senate, Claims of Friendly Indians for Depreiíations Committed during the Pine Ridge Disturbance, Ex. Doc. 93, 52d Cong., 2d sess., 1893. pp. 4-14. 9. Capt. George L. Brown, acting agent, Pine Ridge Agency, to CIA, 30 Apr. 1892, Lenets Sent. Pine Ridge Agency, 1875-1914, National Archives Microfilm Publication. No. 1282 (hereafter cited M1282), Roil 15; Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, ¡894, pp. 37-38. 10. Edward E. Hill, cotnp.. Preliminary Inventory of the Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (Washington, D.C: National Archives and Records Service, 1965), p. 160. 11. Ibid., pp. 158-59; Edward E. Hill, comp.. Guide to Records in the National Archives of the United States Relating to American Indians (Washington, D.C: National Archives and Records Service, 1981), p. 91. Copyright © 1994 by the South Dakota State Historical Society. All Rights Reserved.

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affiant was at any time hostile to the government during the Ghost Dance trouble. Attached was a detailed list of property lost, destroyed, and stolen, along with the claimant's valuation for each item, figures that could range from a few dollars to several thousand. Also included was a transcript of testimony from the claimant and his witnesses, which varied in depth and detail. Next came a document in which Cooper recapitulated the property list and figured the dollar amounts he would allow per item, figures that were nearly always considerably less than those being claimed. Each set of papers concluded with Cooper's recommendation for or against payment and the amount to be awarded. Tbese 755 claims and Cooper's accompanying report are a new source for the study of Lakota history; new, at least, in the sense that the documents have been underutilized in the past. While the existence of Indian depredation claims is relatively well known, rarely do we fmd instances oí Indian claims being made for Indian depredations.'^ Sworn testimonies, a common-enough feature in any claim against the federal government, are always a potentially valuable source of biographical information. The information included in these claims may be especially sig- nificant, coming on the heels of one of the most famous conflicts in western history and from reservation residents whose lives are often little documented in the written record. Moreover, the affidavits identify members of a sizeable and overlooked faction in the Chost Dance troubles—those considered loyal to the government. Knowing the identities of those who were not adherents of the Ghost Dance may be as important to our understanding of the relig- ious movement as knowing who actively participated. These documents help. Immediately, they give ethnohistorians fodder for testing currently popular notions of solidarity, i.e., that in the winter of 1890-1891 all Lakotas adopted the teachings of the Paiute teacher Wovoka. Here, we find, are people who apparently did not. The information found in these claims can be important to any project involving Lakota ethnohistory because of the clues they can provide on political factions and social and family alliances, many of them longstanding. In their writings, civil and military officials rarely appear to be aware of these factions and alliances or of their composition. The fact that a particular per- son served as a witness implies a personal or genealogical association with the claimant that may not be otherwise known. These relationships become even more interesting and curious when they involve coalitions of mixed bloods and full bloods as claimants and witnesses.'^

12. Case files for other Indian depredation cases are found in the Records of the United States Coun of Claims (RG 123) and Records of the Court of Ciaitns Section of the Department of Justice (RG 205). See Constance Potter and Jean West, "Indian Depredation Cases under the Acts of 1891 and l^l'j," Prologue: Quarterly of the National Archives 22 (\990): 396-99. 13. Fortunately for historians, a handwritten notation stating whether the claimant was a full blood, mixed blood, or white accompanied each claimant's signature or mark. Copyright © 1994 by the South Dakota State Historical Society. All Rights Reserved.

218 South Dakota History

Considerable information in the claims pertains to material culture. The implications for determining the economic status of individuals or groups I leave to the cultural anthropologist, except to note that material culture appears to be an area in which not all Indian residents resisted acculturation. Many notable individuals from Lakota history made claims: Red Cloud and his son Jack Red Cloud; Young Man Afraid of His Horses; George Sword; Woman's Dress; Red Tomahawk, one of the Standing Rock policemen involved in the killing of Sitting Bull; and Hump, a Miniconjou leader on the Cheyenne River reservation who escaped Big Foot's fate.''' American Horse, a prominent Pine Ridge personality, suffered substantial losses and received considerable newspaper attention at the time. The correspondent for the Saint Louis Post-Dispatch described the chiefs house as having been "lined inside with cloth, [and] a photograph of himself, neatly framed, hung upon the wall. There was a clock and a rocking-chair, a cooking stove, and the bunks on which they slept were raised instead of being on the ground. The mode of life of the white people was imitated so far as the means of the man would permit." Because American Horse was considered friendly to the whites, the correspondent reported, "the Brûles went to his deserted home, tore down the cloth linings, threw his photograph on the floor and shot holes through it, and utterly demolished every piece of furniture the house con- tained."'^ Over a year later, American Horse received a seventeen-hundred- dollar settlement, including five dollars for the clock, for which he had asked twenty-five. "" The claims of lesser-known persons are often far more interesting. Trader Louis P. Mousseau had a part interest in a store at Wounded Knee, and Agent Cooper's questions elicited details about the workings of the business, how it had begun, and how well it had done. Mousseau's claim for lost property included a long list of sale goods, providing a rare glimpse into such a business establishment of the time: ten gross of brass tacks, two boxes of looking glasses, five dozen eye goggles, four nursing bottles, two dozen bottles of ink, twelve pounds of chocolate, thirty-eight Indian pipes, and twenty-five boxes of "Kickapoo Indian Worm Killer."'^ An Oglala claimant named Cloud Shield lost, among other things, a thirty-dollar suit of clothes, parenthetically noted "from Cody's show." Ghost

14. The claim numbers for these individuals correspond to those listed in the appendix: Red Cloud (no. 296), Jack Red Cloud (no. 453), Young Man Afraid of His Horses (no. 339), George Sword (no. 15), Woman's Dress (no. 48), Red Tomahawk (no. 678, or Standing Rock Agency no. 18), and Hump (no. 647, or Cheyenne River Agency no. 16). 15. Saint Louis Post-Dispatch, 23 Jan. 1891. 16. Claim no. 348. 17. Claim no. 5. For more information on Mousseau's establishment, see Donald F. Danker, ed., "The Wounded Knee Interviews of Eli S. Ricker." Nebraska History 62 (Summer 1981): 228-33. Copyright © 1994 by the South Dakota State Historical Society. All Rights Reserved.

Dakota Resources 219

Dog lost a picture of Colonel Cody, for which he eventually received fifty cents. These men may have been among the forty-five Indian performers from Buffalo Bill's Wild West show who returned to Pine Ridge prior to Wounded Knee and served as intermediaries during the troubles. Several individuals who listed themselves as scouts or policemen also filed claims. One Ogiala claimant, a recent widow named Mrs. High Back, testified that her husband, a United States Army scout, had been killed at Wounded Knee.'« Cooper disallowed six applicants' claims, writing the word "hostile" several times on one of the documents. Afraid of Hawk, an Oglala, was one claimant who never saw a cent of his six-hundred-dollar request. When asked his

The home of American Horse is pictured here as it looked prior to the Ghost Dance troubles. whereabouts during the Ghost Dance trouble, he unwisely reported being "with Short Bull [a Ghost Dance leader] in the Bad Lands."^'' These and other tidbits border on the trivial, but, for anyone tracing the persons, places, and events of Wounded Knee and their photographic man- ifestations, such trivia can be invaluable, dovetailing neatly with other his-

18. Cloud Shield (claim no. 97); Ghost Dog (listed "Dog Ghost") (claim no. 328); Mrs. High Back (claim no. 57); Jensen, Paul, and Carter. Eyewitness at Wounded Knee, pp. 28-30. 19. Claim no. 191. Copyright © 1994 by the South Dakota State Historical Society. All Rights Reserved.

220 South Dakota History

VS.

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Dakota Resources 221

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222 South Dakota History

torical sources. This resource will not answer all questions, but when used judiciously and imaginatively with comparable data, it can be immensely valuable.^" In conclusion. Agent Cooper's investigation provides a general snapshot of reservation politics and society, another frozen frame in the long reel of tbe ethnohistorical moving picture. This group of claimants joins a number of lists that have rarely been analyzed together. One roster contemporaneous to Cooper's is the list of signatories of the 1889 Sioux I^nd Commission agreement between the Lakota and the United States government. This document, which exchanged land for economic benefits, drastically reduced Sioux land holdings and became another example of government failure to deliver immediately on its promises. Many government officials, in fact, believed the leaders of the Ghost Dance to be those who had refused to sign the agreement.^' Another group of contemporary documents is tbe 1890 "enemies" lists of Ghost Dance leaders whom various agents had slated for arrest prior to Wounded Knee.^^ Also of interest to researchers is the roll of Indian prisoners, all presumably Ghost Dancers, taken to Fort Sheridan, Illinois, in Jan- uary 1891. These men remained in prison for two months before "Buffalo Bill" Cody convinced government officials to place them with him for a year- long tour of Europe.^^ Other lists from the period include the yearly roll of

20. It is indeed hcanening to see interest in seemingly tedious lists of names suddenly emerge elsewhere, especially when that interest is found with the descendants of those originally enumerated. I refer specifically to a recently funded research effon at Oglala Lakota College in Kyle, South Dakota, to assemble, index, and describe information about Pine Ridge iamilies and com- munities. The result is a manuscript guide, always a helpful genealogical and historical assistant, focusing on the life histories of past residents. Indian Country Today, 24 Mar. 1993; The Jeanne Smith Collection. Pine Ridge Reservation Families and Community Histories (Kyle, S.Dak.: Oglala Lakota College Archives, 1993). 21. U.S., Congress, Senate, Reports Relative to the Proposed Division of the Great Sioux Reserva' tion, and Recommending Certain Legislation, S. Doc. 51, 51st Cong., 1st sess., 1889, pp. 242- 307. The observation about the Ghost Dance leaders appeared frequently. See, for example, A.sst. Adj. Gen. R. Williams, Headquarters, Division of the Missouri, to Maj. Gen. Nelson A. Miles, 16 Nov. 1890, and Miles to the Adjutant General, containing a report from Brig. Gen. John R. Brooke at Pine Ridge Agency, 22 Nov. 1890, in Reports and Correspondence Relating to the Army Investigations of the Battle of Wounded Knee and to the Sioux Campaign of ¡890-91, National Archives Microfilm Publication. No. 983 (hereafter cited M983). Roll 1, Frames 167-68, 262- 63. 22. James McLaughlin, Standing Rock Agency, to CIA, 20 Nov. 1890, Roll 1, Frame 173; Perain P. Palmet, Cheyenne River Agency, to CIA, 21 Nov. 1890, Roll 2, Frame 962; E. B. Reynolds, Rosebud Agency, to CIA, 21 Nov. 1890, Roll 2. Frame 962; A. P. Dixon, Crow Creek and Lower Brule Agency, to Brig. Gen. Thomas H. Riiger. 15 Dec. 1890, Roll 1, Frame 650. all in M983- A list of sixty-six Pine Ridge leaders also exists but has not been mictofilmed. See R. V. Belt, acting CIA, to Secretary of the Interior, 2 Dec. 1890, File 5412, Records of the Adjutant General's OiFice, RG 94, NA. 23. Jensen, Paul, and Carter, Eyewitness at Wounded Knee, p. 171. The names of the Fort Sheridan prisoners appeared on vint^e photographs of the group. Copyright © 1994 by the South Dakota State Historical Society. All Rights Reserved.

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Indian performers, primarily Sioux, in Buffalo Bill's troupe and other shows; the 1891 inventory of owners of surrendered guns; muster rolls for the newly formed companies of Indian soldiers recruited in 1891 from the Sioux reservations; and, finally, the report of the Harries Commission, formed in the summer of 1891 to determine the home reservation for the hundreds of Brûlés who had remained with the Oglalas following the Ghost Dance troubles. The commission's report listed those Oglalas who permitted former Rosebud reservation residents—mostly members of the Wazhazha band, whose names were also Usted—to remain permanently on Pine Ridge reservation.^^ These lists, along with details about the claimants discussed here, may give researchers valuable insights into Lakota group dynamics and personal alliances.

24. Capí. Charles G. Penney to T. J. Morgan, 21, 26 Mar. 1891, Roll 11; Penney to Morgan, 4 Sept. 1891, Roll 12; R. O. Pugh, issue clerk. Pine Ridge Agency, to Brown, 18 Mar. 1892, Roll 14, all in MI282; Robert Lee, "Warriors in Ranks: American Indian Units in the Regular Army, 1891-1897," South Dakota History 1\ (Fall 1991): 303-16; U.S., Congress, Senate, Affairs of the Indians at the Pine Ridge and Rosebud Reservations in South Dakota, S. Doc. 58, 52d Cong., 1st sess., 1891, pp. 84-100. Copyright © 1994 by the South Dakota State Historical Society. All Rights Reserved.

224 South Dakota History

Appendix List of Claimants and Witnesses

Special Agent Cooper's report of 25 February 1892, numbered 7805-92 in the general incoming correspondence of the BIA, included 755 property claims. The claim of Fast Horse is the first enclosure to the report, and subsequent claims follow In numerical order. Two claims are numbered 610, hence the discrepancy between the total number of claims (755) and the last claim in the list (Bear Tusk, no. 754). Cooper hegan caking claims at Pine Ridge before moving on to the other Indian ^encics. After claim no. 610, he used a duplicate numbering system. The claim of Red Dog (no. 627), for example, is six hundred twenty seventh in the total compilation but is also enumerated as the eighteenth taken on the Rosebud reservation (R18). The agent employed a similar numbering scheme at Cheyenne River (claim nos. 632-660, or C1-C29), Standing Rock (nos. 661-679, or S1-S19), and Tongue River (nos. 680-754, or T1-T75). When requesting copies of afHdavics from the National Archives, researchers should include both numbers. In all instances, the names of claimants and witnesses have been listed exactly as they appear on the property claims. In addition to a few obvious misspellings in the original documents, researchers will note that in some instances the same or similar names are spelled in various ways. For example, the surname that frequently appears today as "Bissonette" appears in various claims as "Bissinnette" (no. 60), "Bessinnette" (no. 63), "Bessonette" (no. 112), and "Bissnette" (no. 230). The author has not attempted to son out the genealogies of these family branches or rhe inconsistencies of these and other spellings.

CLAIM ClAIMANT WiTNtSSLS CLAIM CLAIMANT WITNESSES NUMBER NUMBtR 1 Fast Horse Goes in Center, Run- 19 John O'Rourke Adolph F. Helwick, ning Shield William L. Parton. 2 Alex Adams Black Bear, WKLrtwind John Roth Horse 20 Lirtle Wolf Bear Eagle. Red E^e 3 Iron Crow Helper. Iron Horse 21 Juan Marstos Johnnie Bouyer, Elk 4 Lame Dog Dady. Yankton Eagle 5 Louis P. Moiuscau Charlie Provosi, Zella 22 Haify Bird Afraid of Bear, Roan Ves pud a Eagle 6 Edwin Li Vermont Philip Romero, 23 Black Elk Kills Alone, Wounding William Vlandry Horse 7 Yellow Eyes Eagle Bear, Red Eagle 24 Red Nest Not Afraid of Pawnees. 8 Samuel Dcon Manuel Romeio, Philip White Blanket Romero 25 Roocher Bird Neck Lace, Star 9 Bear Eagle Little Wolf, Yellow E>^ 26 Rocky Bear Linie Bald Eagle, War 10 Red Eagle Noisy Walk. Yellow Bonnet Eyes 27 Little Dog Newton Big Road, One 11 No Braid Black Fox, Spaniard Feather 12 Medicine Dance Little Wolf, YeUow Eyes 28 Many Wounds Bear Feet, Good Boy 13 Manuel Romero Samuel Deon, Francis 29 Yankton Elk Black [Black Elk?], Mayoclc Chasing Hawk 14 Iron Hoise Black Elk, Iron Crow 30 White Blanket Kills Enemy 15 Capt. George Sword Fire, Little Bull, Roan 31 Chafing Hawk Yanklon, Casper Eagle Yankton 16 Fire AlTud of Bear, Roan 32 Henry Jones Crazy Horse. James Eagle Ea^e Head One Elk 17 Ghost Bear Chief, Two Lance 33 Spotted Elk Elk Voice Walking. 18 Afraid of Bear Fire, Roan Eagle Swift Shield Copyright © 1994 by the South Dakota State Historical Society. All Rights Reserved.

Dakota Resources 225

CLAIM CLAIMANT WITNESSES ClAlU CLAIMANT WITNESSES NUMBER NUMBER 34 William D, McGaa George R. Brown, John 64 John Conroy Jack LaPoint, Stands T, Darr, Louis Shan- First greau, Richard Stirks 65 Iron Bull Chasing Near House, 35 Not AJiiid of Red Nest, White Blan- Spotted Horse Pawnees ket 66 Elk Voice Walking Spotted Elk, Swift 36 George Harvey Manuel Romero, Spot- Shield ted Elk 67 Looks Twice Craiy Thunder, Little 37 Black Whirlwind Eagle Bull. Owl Bull Qoud 38 One Feather Little Dog, Thomas 68 Biack Spotted rine. Running Shield Scout Horse 39 Joseph Brown, jr. George R, Brown, 69 jack LaPoint Moses Red Kettle, William D, McGaa Three Star 40 John Hard Ground Moon Bear, Joe Smith 70 Running Shield Goes in Cenier, Pine 41 Joe Smith Eagle Bull, Many 71 George ColhofF Hand, Red Ear Horses Arrows 72 Torn Belly No Dress, Part Robe 42 Bad Hair Dismounts Three 73 Holy Tail Hard Heart, Marrow Times, Eagle Bull Bone 43 Moon Bear John Ha(d Ground, 74 Face Bull Bonnel, Good Boy Kills Encmj'At 75 Yellow Wolf Cut Hay, Spotted Elk Daybreak 76 Oliver Morrissette Steve Amiotte, Antoine 44 Little Beai Moon Bear, Yellow Jan i s Wolf 77 Fire Thunder Between Lodges, Hard 45 Hunts His Horses Ghost Bear, Bird Neck Hean Lace 78 Grass Cutter Big Foot. Yellow Wolf 46 Little BuU Alben Eagle Otter 79 Bird Neck Lace Black Horse, Fast Horse 47 Owl Bull Many Arrows, Black 80 Bdl Bonnet Iron Wing. Thick Bread Whirlwirid 81 Marrow Bone Hard Heart, Holy Tail 48 Woman's Dress Bitd Neck Lace, George 82 Steve Amiotte Antoine Jan is, Oliver White Face Morrissette 49 Henry Red Shirt Hohert Bissoneite, 83 Pretty Weasel Hard Heart, Red Lone Elk Feather 50 Goes in Center Pine, Runtiing Shield 84 Mrs. Jarvis Red Feather. Joseph 51 White Deer Sleeping Bear, Wooden Silver 85 Plenty Marphrodite Charging Enemy, Iron 52 Li tile Cloud Looks Twice, While Shell Cow S6 Charging Enemy Henry Red Shirt, 53 Crazy Horse Little Wolf, Loves War Shoulder 54 Utile Wolf Crazy Horse, Loves 87 Bear Stops Blue Hawk, Plenty War Marphrodite 55 Loves War Crazy Horse, Runs 88 Big Turnip Bear Stops, Blue Hawk Against 89 Shoulder Charging Enemy, Big 56 Eagle Bull Bad Hair, Joe Smith Turnip 57 Mrs. High Back Part Robe, Sleeping 90 Kills Hundred Iron Shell, Spotted Bear Horse 58 Peter Comes Again Louis Hawkins, Peter 91 Hard Heart Between Lodges, Fire Bissinnetre Thunder 59 Louis Hawkins Peter Bissinnette, Peter 92 Revenger Hard Ground, Poor Comes Again Bear 60 Peter Biss in nette Fire Thunder, Louis 93 Kills the Cow Calico, Marrow Bone Hawkins 94 Calico Kills the Cow, Part 61 White Wolf Corn Man, Red Ear Rohe Horse 95 Bad Cobb Cross Dog, Standing 62 Richard Stirk L, Fisher, Amel L Soldier Frederick, William D. 96 Swilt Bird Eagle Horse, Use His McGaa, Two Bulls Arrows 63 Between Lodges Peter Bessinnette, Hard 97 Cloud Shield Bear Looks Back, Quick Hean Bear Copyright © 1994 by the South Dakota State Historical Society. All Rights Reserved.

226 South Dakota History

ClAIM CLAIMANT WITNESSES CLAIM CLAIMANT W!TNF_SSE,S NUMBER NUMBER 98 Hand Corn Man. Red Ear 132 John Bird Head Big Mouih, Standing Horses Soldier 99 Cheyenne Butcher Pacer, Thick Bread 133 Big Mouth Mountain Bird. Stand- 100 Mrs, Josephine Mrs. Louisa Girard, ing Soldier Cuny Mrs. Shosha 134 Philip F. Wells Charles Galligher, 101 Thomas T)^n Bird Neck Lace, Chey- Joseph Girard, enne Butcher Austin W. Means, 102 Horse Bear Iron Tail, Red Ear Robcri O. Pugh Horse 135 Turning Bear Battle, Red Fly i 03 Lucy B. Aniold Mrs. S. E. Harris, P. F. 136 ScandJng Soldier Levi Blue Horse, Wells Andrew Russell 104 Mitch Annijo Douglas Pai nu, Frank 137 Chas. Lone Wolf Holy Elk, Ydlow Horse McMahon 138 Singing Bear No Dress, Thunder 105 Running Eagle Prairie Chicken, Little Beard Spotted Horse L39 Coming Ghost Little Bull, Two Face 106 Two Dogs Hunts His Horses, 140 No Dress Singing Beat, Thunder White Bear Beard 107 White Bear Two Dogs, Yellow Bull 141 Distribution Black Elk, Shot His 108 Enos (jhoxi Grant Red Hai^, Char- Horse lie Plume 142 Iron Tail Good Weasel, Hone 109 Charlie Plume Enos Ghost, Grant Red Bear Hawk 143 Mrs. Louise Pablo Afraid of Bear, Joe 110 David Linie American Horse No. 2, Pablo Spotted Horse Prairie Chicken 144 Stands Up Distribution, Horned 111 Yellow Hair Red Shell, Singing Bear Horse 112 Gram Red Hawk John Bessonctte, Runs 145 William Brown F.agle Louse, Medicine Against Tail 113 High White Man David Utde Spotted 146 Julia Patton David Gillispie, Horse, Running Eagle William L Patton 114 Clear Little Cloud, Tree Leg 147 Mrs. Emma H. Good Eagle, Red Ear 115 Little Cloud Clear, Runningjumper Means Horse 116 White Bear Black Deer, Brown Ears 148 Silas Red Dog John Bessonette, Lone 117 Sam Smith Afraid of Bear. Hairy Elk Bird 149 Eagle Louse Black Feather, William 118 Running Jumper Little Cloud, Sleeps Brown With Him 150 Whistler Stinking Bear, White 119 Black Deer Runningjumper, Shot Calf Close 151 Black Hill Iron Tail, White Face 120 Thunder Beard Red Shell, Runs After Owner Cat 152 Little Horse Big Leggins, Eagle 121 Whirlwind Man Two Dog. White Bear Horn 122 Little Dog Red Shell, Whirlwind 153 Bear Track Red Hair, Two E^le Man 154 Little Hawk Iron Tait, Little Soldier 123 Red Shell Runs After Cat, Thun- 155 Two Eagle Bear Track, t^ft Hand der Beard 156 Big Head Fasl, Red Bear 124 White Elk Litde Dog, Whirlwind 157 Utile Soldier Little Hawk, Medicine Man Tail 125 Peter Richard Bad Heart Bull, Thun- 158 Yellow Wolf Big Head, Little Soldier der Beard 159 Black Feather Eagle Louse, Whistler 126 Walking Bull Two Bull, White Wolf 160 Weasel Bear Good Eagle, Horned 127 Strike With Nose Badger, Iron Bird Horse 128 Standing Bull Ribbs, Yellow Wolf 161 Howling Horse Covering Ghost, Little 129 Ribbs Luke Lictle Hawk, Bull Standing Bull 162 Blue Horse Comes Trom Amongst 130 Mrs. Red Elk Red Cow, Runs Above Them, Thunder Hawk 131 Country Traveler Eagle Elk, White 163 Julia No Flesh Bear's Foot, John Butterfly Bcssonnce Copyright © 1994 by the South Dakota State Historical Society. All Rights Reserved.

Dakota Resources 227

Ci^uM CLAIMANT WITNESSES ClAlM CMIMANT WlTNF-SSES NUMBER NUMBER 164 Red Ear Horse Afraid of Hawk, Lives 197 Apple Bear's Track, Stand Up Out Doors 198 Red Hair Apple, Little Horse 165 Back Scabby Face, Thunder 199 Standing Soldier Big Mouth, Mountain Tail No. 2 Bird 166 Chase in Sight White Face Horse, Yel- 200 Sleeping Beat Iron White Man, low Wolf Yellow Wolf 167 Eagle Horn Guy Belt, Newton Big 201 Thunder Hawk Weasel Bear, White Road Hawk 168 Medicine Tail Joe Kettle Colt, Litde 202 Sitting Weasel John Bessonette, John Soldier Long Dog 169 Joe Kettle Coat William Brown, Med- 203 Horse Running Good Eagle. Little Bull icine Tail Ahead 170 John Long Dog John Bessonette, Sitting 204 Red Blanket White Calf, Yellow Weasel Wolf 171 Black Coyote Howling Horse, White 205 Corn Man Crazy Head, Flat Iron Rabbit 206 Rock Mountain Paints Yellow, Two 172 Little Wolf Crow, Grant Red Hawk Face 173 Singing Bear John Ledeau, Lick 207 Moccasin Top Bad Heatt Bull, Short 174 John Bessonette Little Wolf, Lone Elk Bull 175 Lick John Ladeau, Singing 208 Paint Yellow Rock Mountain, Two Bear Face 176 White Face Horse Two Bear, Horned 209 Two Face Rock Mountain, Horse Tongue 177 Homed Horse Linie Horse, Weasel 210 Standing Bear Big Road, Crazy Ghost Bear 211 Mrs. Bowman Gap, Red Bear 178 Newton Big Road Guy Belt, JefFBlue Bird 212 Pawnee Leggins Cloud Horse, Parts His 179 Black Road Afi'aid of Hawk, Good Hair Eagle 213 Short Horn Guy Belt, Newton Big 180 White Horse John Long Dog, Sitting Road Weasel 214 Mrs. Z. A. Parker Black Elk. Mary L 181 White Calf Catches Enemy, Eldridge Whisder 215 Black Wolf Yellow Bull, YeUow 182 Good Weasel Iron Tail, Litde Thunder 183 Bear's Foot John Bessonette, Lone 216 Jule Ecoffey Charles Cuny.J.J. Peck Elk 217 Guy Belt Newton Big Road, 184 Scabby Face Back, Stands Up Short Horn 185 Thunder Tail Chase in Winter, 218 Charging Wolf Black Mountain Sheep, Stinking Bear Broken Leg 186 Chase in Winter Back, Howling Horse 219 Deet Woman Clear, Two Bull 187 Stinking Bear Chase in Winter, 220 Fly Chief, White Face Thunder Tail Horse 188 Jeff Blue Bird Lef^ Hand Bull, 221 Yellow Bull Shon Pine, Yellow Long Soldier Til under 189 Fast Big Head, Howling 222 Red Hawk, Sr. Hollow Horn Bull, Red Horse Hawk, Jr. 190 Lotig Soldier Jeff Blue Bird, Long 223 Gives Away Alone Eagle Bear, Fire Bear Lightning 191 Afraid of Hawk Black Road, Good 224 Corn Man, Jr. Sleeping Bear, Two Buil Eagle 225 Dearly Blind. Yeliow Elk 192 Pacer Cross Dog, Yellow 226 W. C. Smoot H. E. Brown, Amos Wolf Ross 193 Wooden Leg Pacer, Sleeping Bear 227 Blue Shield Lone Dog, Wolf Ears 194 Cross Dog Pacer, Tree Leg 228 M. S. Foutch C. J, Davis, Geo. M. [Wooden L^?] Fisher, A T. Lea. Wm. 195 American Bear Cross Dog, Iron White M. Robertson, W. C. Man Smoot 196 Iron White Man Luke Little Hawk, 229 A&aid of Eagle Uttle Shield. Short Bull Sleeping Bear Copyright © 1994 by the South Dakota State Historical Society. All Rights Reserved.

228 South Dakota History

CLAIM ClAJMANT WITNESSES CLMM CLAIMANT Wn"NI'5Sl'5 NUMBER NUMBER 230 Mrs. Bissnette John La Deaux, Peter 262 Pan Rope Quit Her, Walking Bull La Deaux 263 Jonas Holy Rock Boy Elk, Red Hawk 231 Gap Peter Ladeaux, Beaver 264 Joe Bush Chost Bear, Thunder Monteau Bear 232 Owl Eagle Foam, Shoots the Ghost 265 John Graham Between Lodge. Red 233 Cha£. Giroux Loafer Joe. Thunder Hawk Beard 266 Henry Spotted Medicine Elk. Henry 254 Mrs. Kate Gibbons Very Good, Young Eagle Three Stars Man Airaid of His 267 White Beaver Between Lodge, Red Horses Hawk 235 John Bouyer John Cottier. John 268 Shield Good Thunder, White O'Kourkc Cow Chief 236 William Siecs Henry Kims, Uizie 269 Alfred C. Smith Black Elk, Standing Kims on behalf of Soldier 237 Brown Eyes Black Elk, Return Protestant Ghost Episcopal Church 238 Standing Bear Clown Woman, White 270 Julia Siers Henry Kirns, William Cow Chief Siers 239 Clown Woman White Cow Chief, 271 Fire Lightning Short Horn, Two Standing Bear Lance. Jr. 240 A. W. Means John T. Darr, Jack 272 Charging Shield Thomas Black Bull, ORourke Rock 241 Running Bear Bird Neck Lace, Bull 273 Jacob White Eyes Thomas American Bonnet Horse, John Roolu 242 Alexander Baxter H. E. Brown. W. C. 274 Thomas American John Rooks, Jacob Smoot HorM While Eyes 243 Black Whirlwina Good Lance, Bill Walks 275 Bull Bear Thunder Bull, Yellow Under Ground Bull 244 Bill Waib Under Black Whirlwind, Good 276 Parts His Hair Pawnee Leggins, Strikes Ground Lance Plenty 245 Peter Ladeaux Kills in the Lodge, Rock 277 Red Eagle LeiT Hand Bull, Lone Man Dog 246 American Horse Black Road, Yankton 278 No Neck Bad Yellow Hair. No. 2 Turning Bear 247 Amelia Gleason John Ladea lilt, Peter 279 Hawk's Wing Black Bear, Little Moon Ladeaux 280 Iron Shell Licile Bear, Lone Elk 248 Beaver Monteau John Ladeaux, Rock 281 Kills in Winter Chief, Good I^nce Man 282 Fast Thunder Red Elk, Yellow Boy 249 Shoocs (he Ghost Chief, Fast Elk 283 Black Bear Eagle Bull, Hawk Wing 250 Gray Grass Between the Lodges. 284 Under the Baggage Fast Elk. Gray Gra&s Fast Elk 285 Big Wolf Ghost Dog, Roan 251 Loafer Joe Charles Giroux, Horse Thunder Beard 286 Roan Horse Big Wolf. Good LarKe 252 Julia Koccr H. E. Brown, 287 Two Bull Foam, Shoot the Ghosi John M. Sweeney 288 Six Feathers Big Fooi, Plenty Bear 253 Cut Hand Pacer, Yankton 289 Bob Tail Horse Little Moon. Sun Bear 254 Blue Hawk Beat Stops, Red Hawk 290 Black Chicken Samuel Broken Rope. 255 Fay Running Horse Samuel Broken Rope, Roben White Medicine Horse 291 Hollow Horn Real Hawk, Rib Man 256 Medicine Horse Samuel Broken Rope, 292 Real Hawk Hollow Horn, Rib Man Steals Horses 293 Big Road Rihb Man. Strikes 257 Blind Dearly, Yellow Elk Crow 258 Joseph Bissnette, ST. Foam, Owl Eagle 294 Rib Man Elk Boy, Strikes Crow 259 Foam Crazy Horse, Owl Eagle 295 Boy Elk Bear Stops, Crazy 260 Samuel Broken Rope Joe Broken Rope, Ghost Spotted Crow 296 Red Cloud FUt Iron, Wolf Ears 261 Good Lance Big Wolf, Roan Horse Copyright © 1994 by the South Dakota State Historical Society. All Rights Reserved.

Dakota Resources 229

CU\1M CLAIMANT WrrNEssEs CIAIM CLAIMANT WITNESSES NUMBER NUMBER 297 Charles Cuny George R, Brown. 330 Chasing Bear Crazy Head, Carter William D. McGaa 331 Plenty Antelope Three Stars. William 298 Moves Her Lodge Iron Tail. Little Dog Three S tais 299 Mrs. Linie Blind. Dearly 332 Willie Three Stars Plenty Antelope. Three 300 Runs Against Red Hawk, Ribbs Stars 301 Mrs. Lizzie Kim Julia Siers. William 333 Shining Ground Black Mountain Sheep. Siers Howling Hone 302 Long Woman Owns While Face, Two 334 Eagle Horse High Bull, Swift Bird Bear 335 Bear Looks Back Diet Kertle. Swimmer 303 Black Horse Bird Neck Uce, 336 Charlotte Chausse J.C, Croslcy.J.J.Peck Iron Wing 337 KiUs Ahead Linie Bull, Lone Dog 304 Alexander l.ebuff William Bird Head, 338 Linie Shield Bear Looks Back, High Antoine Marshall White Man 305 Little Moon Brave Heart, Whetstone 339 Young Man Afraid Red Blinket. Running 306 Sophia White Cow Cut Hand, Little Moon of His Horses Hawk 307 Struck hy Crow Big fload. 340 Red Fly Tree Leg. White Calf Standing Bear 341 Running Hawk Red Blanket. Young 308 Crazy Ghost Boy Elk, Strikes Crow Man Afraid of His 309 Frank Young A. W. Means, Horses Jack O'Rourke 342 Pacer Bad Heart Bull, Pacer 310 Henry Crow Eyes. Hubert Bisncne 343 Clown Horse Horse Runs Ahead, 311 Hubert Bissnette Black Elk, Eyes Red Star 312 High Chief Black Hawk, Lone Bear 344 Fool Head Runs Above, Shot Close 313 Bell Ear-ring Gall. His Running 345 Nellie Shining Hotse Runs Ahead, Horse Ground Red Star 314 John Cottier John Bouycr. Jack 346 Mrs. Jessie Craven George H, Demon, O'Rourke John Farnham 315 Whetstone Brave Heart, Uitlc 347 Crow Ukes Water Claj^on Brave, Walking Moon Elk 316 George R. Brown L. Fisher, William D. 348 American Horse Grotind Morrison, McGaa Z, Z, Morrison 317 Sarah Thunder Fil lie Garnett, Henry 349 Red Horn Bull Short Bull. Spotted H unter Horse 318 Mrs. Phil Hunter Henry Hunter. Sarah 350 Manuel Arcunia Placido Lujan, White [same as Mrs. Wm. H unter Bird Garnet t] 351 Red Star Charging Wolf. Clown 319 Frank Feather William Bird Head. Horïe Red Rabbit 352 Black Sheep Broken Leg, Red Star 320 Red Cloud. Jr. Plenty Antelope, Three 353 Ground Morrison American Horse. Z. Z. Stars Morrison 321 Bad Yellow Hair Brave. Litde Bull 354 Z. Z. Morrison American Horse, 322 Unie Bull Kills (hi Head, Ground Morrison Thunder Bull 355 Red Owl JeffBlue Bird. Brown 323 Kills Alone Black Elk, Cas pet F,ars Yankion 356 Mrs. L, George John Bisnene, Makes 324 Moses Red Kettle Joseph Lone Wolf, Charger Good Robert White 357 Charles Jan is Bob Uttle Bear, Makes 325 Bear Robe Spotted Elk. Standing Enemy Soldier 358 Mrs, Edgar M, Elaine Eastman, Mrs. 326 Iron Wing Ghost Dog. Pacer Keith Two Lance 327 Litde Bull Good Eagle. Bad 359 Breaking In Little Killer. Saves Bear Yellow Hair 360 Fast Elk Gray Grass, Kills Btave 328 Dog Ghost Bad Hair, Iron Wing 361 Shot Close Red Hom Bull. Shon [Ghost Dog] BuU 329 Three Stars Plenty Deer, William 362 Short Bull Bad Heart Bull, Shot Three Stars Close Copyright © 1994 by the South Dakota State Historical Society. All Rights Reserved.

230 South Dakota History

CLAIM CLAIMANT WITNESSES CLAIM CLMMANT WITNESSES NUMBER NUMBER 363 Eagle Elk Levi Blue Horse. Coun- 396 Arapahoe Walks Under the try Traveler Ground. White Belly 364 Yellow Bird Charles Cuny. White 397 James Grass Arapahoe. White Belly Butterfly 398 Young Iron james Gra^s, Iron 365 Henry J anís Jarties Janis, John Cloud Nelson 399 Brave Hean Tom Gnus. William 366 Long Cat Poor Bear, Revenger Twiss 367 Kills Brave Fast Elk, Gray Grass 400 Charles G, Jennie B, Dickson. 368 Two Lance, Jt, Dismounts Thrice, Sterling for the Liitle Spotted Horse Short Horn Presbyterian 369 He Bear William Eagle Feather, Board of Foreign Standing Bull Missions 370 Good Bull Bad Cobb, Crow Like* 401 Charging Bear Young Bad Wound. Water George White Face 371 Big Crow Flat Iron, Singing Bear 402 White Mouse Bear Goes in Woods. 372 Keeps Battle Lone Bull, Running Running Horse Shield 403 Young Bad Wound Charging Bear, Charles 373 Kills in Winter Bird Neck Lace, Two Lone Wolf Lance 404 John La Dew Levi Blue Horse. Licks 374 Spotted Horse Bad Hean Bull, Short [Udeau] Bull 405 No Water Moccasin Top, Takes 375 WalUng Elk Clayton Brave, Crows the Enemy Like Warer 406 Flat Iron Bad Cobb. Singing Bear 376 Clayton Brave Corn Man. Walking 407 Lone Dog Left Hand Bull, Red Elk Eagle 377 Bad Heart Bull Shon Bull, Sponed 408 White Bird Bad Cx>bb, Red Shell Horse 409 White Whirlwind Afraid of Eagle. Homed 378 Din Kenle Cloud Shield, Crazy Horse Head 410 Chas, A, Eastman H, I-, Brown, Wm, M, 379 Baptiste Poirier Joseph Knight, Jr,, John Robertson Poirier 411 Wind Shawl Big Mouth, Bird Head 380 Thick Bread Bird Neck Lace, unie 412 Big Bend Afraid of Hawk, Smoke Wolf 413 Takes Enemy Red Paint, White Elk 381 Henry Twist Charley Lone Wolf, 414 Horse Goes Out Black Road, High [Twiss] Walk White Man 382 toolish Woman Dog on Butte. Saliva 415 Broken Leg He Bear. Horse 383 Dog on Bune Foolish Woman. Saliva Running Ahead 384 Mrs. Few Tails Foolish Woman. Saiiva 4!6 Whirl Wind Bear Jumping Eagle. White 385 Bad Moccasin Big Leggins, Eagle Bird Whirl Wind 386 Spotted Eagle Guy Belt, Yellow Bull 417 Jumping Eagle Chief Eagle, Whirl 387 Joseph Knight, Jr. Baptiste Pourier, Johti Wmd Bear Pourier 418 Chief Real Bull. Running 388 Amos Rasi H, E, Brown. John M. Shield Sweeney 419 Chase Close the Good Eagle, Good 389 Smoke Aüaid ofHawk, Big House Soldier Bend 420 Sound Sleeper Chief. He Bear 390 John Sitting Bear Guy Belt, Red Ear 421 Tongue Chaining Wolf. Two 391 Mrs. Long Wolf Iron Wing, Rocky Bear Face 393 L, Fisher Richard Stirk. Peter 422 He Dog Urtle Shield. Running Vlandry Eagle 393 Yellow Boy Afraid of Hawk, Little 423 Red Bear Biting Bear, Runs on Bald F^gle Edge 394 William Vlandry William D, MtGaa, 424 Gail Crow Likes Water, Kills Richard Stirk White Cow 395 Red Elk Fast Whirlwind. Yellow 425 Goes in the Center Crazy Bear, Dearly Boy 426 Iron Cloud Holy Bear. Rattle Snake Copyright © 1994 by the South Dakota State Historical Society. All Rights Reserved.

Dakota Resources 231

CLAIM CLMMANT WfTNESStS CLAIM CLAIMANT Wn"NESSF5 NUMBER NUMBER 427 Wounded Bear Running Horse, 462 Big Foot Fast Watket, Plenty Stands First Bear 428 Stands First Pretty Elk. White 463 Alex Sal ois Joseph A. Mousseau, Mouse Standing Soldier 429 Pretty Elk Bear Goes in the 464 Plenty Bear Big Foot, Fast Walker Woods, Stands Fitst 465 Mrs. Clement J. Big Foot. Plenty Bear, 430 Bear Runs in the Running Horse, Davis Mrs. Robert Puf^ Woods White Mouse 466 H, E. Btown John M. Sweeney, 431 Pumpkin Seed Thomas Black Bull, P. F. Wells White Cloud 467 John M. Sweeney Henrv E, Brown. 432 Joseph Richaids Kïlls the Bull, Rock P, F. Wells 433 Chas« Alone Kills Brave, Shcx>rs 468 Spotted Cow Afraid of Eagle, Yellow 434 Kills the Bull Albert Kills the Bull. Horse Antoine Manhall 469 George Fire Paul Bear Robe, John 435 Alfred Shield Kills in Lodge. Thunder Bisnette Wounded Bear 470 Big Owl Standing Soldier. 436 Knife Chief Arapahoe. Holy Bear Thunder Beard 437 Eê Chief Jumping Eagle. Shell 471 Bank Red Beet, Slow Bull Boy 472 Mrs. Plenty Wolf Red Hair. White Bird 438 Red Beet Bank, Slow Bull 473 Lucy Day Flying Hawk. White 439 Crow Woman Thomas Black Bull, Cow Chief Dog 474 Flying Hawk Good Thunder, White 440 Scabby Woman Last Horse. Sand Cow Chief 441 Shell Woman Little Hawk, LJttie 475 Gotjd Thunder Flying Hawk, WTiite Soldier Cow Chief 442 Little Bald Eagle Bear Ghost, Rocky Beat 476 Bird Eaê Big Leggins. Strong 443 White Hawk Sounding Side, Talk Thunder Hawk 477 James Lone Elk Crow. Eyes 444 Whice Cow Man Running Horse, 478 Joseph Marshall Badger. Bear Goes in Whetstone the Woods 445 Joseph Mertival Hand, Red Ear Horse, 479 Red Feathet Calico. Little Soldier Manuel Romero, 480 Placado Luhan Mountain Bird, Philip White Bird [Placido Lujan] Romero 446 William Twiss Peter Blue Cloud, 481 Chief Eagle Left Hand Bull, Strikes Thomas Grass (Eagle Chien Plenty 447 WUIiam Bird Head Frank Feather, Red 482 B. L. Condelario Pawnee Leggins. Jacob Rabbii Sheller 448 Alexander Medicine Bad Wound, Châties 483 Strikes Plenty ChiefEaê. Left Hand Elk Lone Elk Bull 449 Red Paint Blind, Sounding Side 484 Albert Burning Eagle Bear, Kills Bear 450 Sounding Side Blind, Red Paint 485 Eê Pipe Beat Goes in the 451 Red Shirt Frank McMahan, Peter Woods, Kills Bear Shangreau 486 Shell Boy Dog. Eagle Pipe 452 Brave Heart Black Road, Sounding 487 Kills Himself Eagle Pipe. Shell Boy Side [same as Dog] 453 Jack Red Cloud Brave Heart, Bull Ghost 488 Ettie Bingham Thunder Beard, 454 Craiy Bear Takes the Enemy. White Elk White Elk 489 Rock Dog. Walks Under the 455 Aftaid of Hawk Big Bear, Looking Ground Cloud 490 Badger Running Horse„ Trou- 456 Frank Bear Nose Boy, James Harris blesome Hawk 457 Breast Cedar Face, Iron 491 Stabber Jumping Eagie, 458 Iron Breast. Kills Across Wheistone 459 Cedar Face Breast, iron 492 Yellow Bull Crow on the Head. 460 Old Horse Crow on Head. Yellow Lewis Crow on the Bull Head 461 Saves the Bear Litde Wolf. Struck by 493 Catching Bear Iron Qoud, Kills Bear Crow Copyright © 1994 by the South Dakota State Historical Society. All Rights Reserved.

232 South Dakota History

CLAIM CIAIMANT W[TNE,SSE.5 CLAIM CLAIMANT W1TNESSÜS NUMBER NUMBER 494 Yellow Thunder Cloud Horse, Red Owl 525 Thunder Bear Bird Necklace, Ghost 495 Broken Arm Top Bear, Yeliow Bear Bear 496 Yellow Bear Broken Arm, Little 526 Slow Bull Plenty Wound. Little Wound Soldier 497 Kills Enemy Black Hawk, Real BuU 527 Blue Hone Red Fly, Standing 498 Little Wound Top Bear, Yellow Bear Soldier 499 Standing Elk Jumping Eagle, Alfred 528 Bear Comes Out Bear Eagle, Iron Cloud Shield 529 John Rondo Manual Arcunia, Old 500 Poor Elk Guy Belt, Hunts His Eagle Horses 530 Goes OUI Bad F.agle Shield, Kills Bear 501 Red Willow Walb First, Whirl 531 Bear Eagle Bear Goes Out, Holy Wind Bear 502 Two Crow Whirlwind Bear, White 532 Charles Tumirig Chaises in the Morn- Whirl Wind Hawk ing, Amos Ross 503 Black Hawk Kills Enemy, Yellow 533 Kill Bear Catching Bear, Eagle Bear Pipe 504 Young D(^ Bear Comes Out, Iron 534 Frank GaUgo Black Fox, Craiy Horse Cloud 535 Too Too Eagle, Standing Soldier 505 Poor Bear Black Whirl Wind, No. 2 Long Cat 536 White Cow Chief Bird Neck Lace. John 506 Top Bear Broken Arm, Little Bisnette Wound 537 Jumping E^e Conquoring Bear. 507 Conquoring Bear Jumping Eagle, Strikes With Nose Whetstone 538 His Whirlwind Iron Tail, Joe Kettle 508 Last Horse Big Foot, Allen White Horse Dress 539 Alfred C Smith John Bisnette. White 509 Eagle Elk Jumping Elagle, Cow Chief Whetstone 540 Little Soldier Grass, Nellie Whetstone 510 White Rabhit Bird Neck Uce, Red 541 Shot in the Eye Tramped by Mice, Feather Troublesome Hawk 511 White Bull Little Soldier, Tramped 542 Mrs. Twss Brave Heart, Mrs. by Mice Brewer 512 Tramped by Mice Strikes With Nose, 543 Linie Elk Shoi in the Eye. White Bull Tramped hy Mice 513 Millie White Cow William Eagle Feather, 544 Hollow Wood Black Elk, Brave Heart Rock 545 Fast Whirl Wind l..ast Bear, Little Soldier 514 Nellie Whetstone Ringing Cloud, White 546 Mrs. Allman William Hughes. Cow John Lee 515 Grass Rock, Shell Boy 547 Old Eagle Little Soldier, Swifi 516 Peter Shangreau Antoin Janis, Nick Janis Bird 517 Brings Plenty Sitting Bear, White 548 Patrick Sor Little Bear. Geo^ Feather While Face 518 White Feather Brings Plenty, Struck by 549 Tilomas Crown Black Elk, Short Horn [or Plume] Crow 550 John Lee Litde Bear, William 519 Mrs. Brewer Brave Heart. William Shangrau Twisi 551 William Shangreau John Lee, Little Bear 520 Frank McMahan Peter Shangreau, Red 552 Little Bear William Shangrau, Shin Paddy Scar 521 Her Holy Shawl Blue Horse, Standing 553 Slow Bear Bull Ghost, Close to Soldier No. 2 Lodge 522 Mrï. Armijo Nick Janis, Frank 554 White Belly Linie Soldier, White McMahan, Peter Shan- Cow Man greau, Red Shirt 555 Red Bear Fast, Howling Horse 523 Alice Pallardy Andrew Russell, Stand- 556 Red Rabbit Eagle Hean, Lone Bear ing Soldier 557 E^agle Heart Lone Bear. Red Rabbit 524 John Rooks Antyn [Antoine?] Mar- 558 Une Wolf Takes Shield, White Elk shall. Alexander La Buff 559 Mrs. Red Crane Black Elk, Kills Alone Copyright © 1994 by the South Dakota State Historical Society. All Rights Reserved.

Dakota Resources 233

CLAIM ClAJMANT WITNESSES CLAIM CLAIMANT WITNESSES NUMBER NUMBER 560 Ea^e Hawk He Dog, Red Rabbit 596 Hawk Head Chips, Holy Bear 561 Returns from Scouc Black Elk, F!ai Iron 597 Blue Heart Eagle Bear, Short Tree 362 Red Bear Gap, Singing Bear 598 Real Bull Long Bull, Short Horn 563 Elesh Back, Tongue 599 Lone Elk Crazy Head, Shot At 564 Henry Standing John Daylight, 600 Cherry Stone Hand, Looking Cloud Bear Noisy Wind 601 Thomas Mills John T. Darr, Too Too 565 Foot Frog, Red Owl 602 W. R. Jones H.CCliffbrd, R.O. 566 Lone Bear E^c Hean, Red Pugh Rabbit 603 John Crass Badger, Joe Bush 567 Red Sack Fast Whir! Wind, 604 John Shangrau for Big Crow, John Lee White Bird William Shangrau 568 Edgar Fire Guy Bell, 605 James Clincher John Grafs, Rims on Thunder Newton Big Road the Edge 569 Makes Enemy His Running Horse, 606 Red Horse Grass, Thunder Bear Sleeping Bear 607 Mrs. No Neck F!al Iron, William 570 Thunder Bull Guy Belt, Black War Shangrau Bonnet 608 Mrs. Sarah John Lamott, William 571 Red Blanket Petet Blue Cloud, Gillispie L. Paiton Thomas Crow 609 Ice Clinches, Revenger, 572 A. L. Fredrick Country Traveler, Thunder Beat James Ferguson 610 Mrs. Jennie Whelan Manuel Romero, White 573 James F. Asay White Bird, Framk Horse Young 610 (Rl) AlexComric David W. Parmalee, 574 Alice Two Elks Running Hawk, Frank Robinson Tongue 611 (R2) RuFusC-Bauer Hugh J. Caton, Augusi 575 War Bonnet Little Dog, Wants To J. Heizer Be Chief 612 IR3) Minnie E. Meade A.J. Morris, David W. 576 Swimmer Cloud Shield, Crow Parmalee Likes Water 613 {R4) Absalom D. Harpold Rose W. Harpold, 577 White Hawk Cloud Shield. Swimmer Louis Roubideau 578 Straight Forelock Boy Elk, Red Hawk 6i4(R5) HenryE. Eaion Hugh J. Caron, Aaron 579 White Eyes Eagle Bear, Medicine B. Qark Fly 615 (R6) Henty Young Guts, Litde Tail 580 Black War Bonnet Guy Belt, Thunder Bull 616 (R7) Up Cut, Spotted Bear 581 Abe Sommers Eagle Bear, White Eyes 617 (R8) Man With Homs Good Bird, Wooden 582 Eagle Elk Boy Elk, Eagle Man Knitc 583 Charles Richards James Richards, Joseph 618 (R9) William C Garrett Hugh J. Caton, Aaron Richards B, Clark 584 James Richards Charles Richards, 619 (RIO) Eagte Hawk Man With Horns. Med- Joseph Richardi icine Whirlwind 585 Nick Janb. Jr. George Brown, John 620 (Rll) Frank L. Locke Black Bear, Aaron B. Sitting Bear Clark 586 Knee Eagle Elk, Eagle Man 621 (R12)Cut Up, spotted Bear 587 Whirlwind Bear Boy E!k, Red Hawk 622 (R13) Bull Walks Behind Eagle Horse, Plenty 588 Mrs. White Wing Boy Elk, Eagle Man Bull 589 Running Above Breaks the Arrow, 623 (R14) Plenty Bull Bull Walks Behind. Cloud Comes Oui Eagle Horse 590 Two Men Blue Heart. Plays Holy 624(R15)Mu^ns Ground, Standing 591 William Black Bear Good Hotse, White Cloud Beat 625 (R16) Stands for Them Ground, Standing 592 Mrs. Blind Man Cloud Shield, Red Cloud Hawk 626 (R17) John B.G.Vettal Leading Woman, Thigh 593 Mrs. Adams Alex Adams, Cloud 627 (R18) Red Dog Bull Man Shield 628 {R19) Coffee High Pipe, Tall 594 Hawk Blue Heart, Eagle Bear Woman 595 Kilb in Wood Kills Enemy in Winter, 629 {R20) Yellow Wooden Ring He Dog, Ranling Short Horn Copyright © 1994 by the South Dakota State Historical Society. All Rights Reserved.

234 South Dakota History

CLAIM CLAIMANT WITNESSES CLAIM CLAIMANT WITNLSSES NUMBER NUMBER 630 (R2 ocharles Smith Pawnee, Wm. F, 663 (S3) White Bufíiio Man Eagle Man. One Schmidt Feather 631 (R22) Mrs. Ada M.Clark H. E. Eaton, Hattie F, 664 (S4} One Feather Eagle Man, Holy Eaton Medicine 632 (Cl) Bridges Hump. Straight Head 665 (S5) Louis Primeau One Feather, Weasel 633 (C2) Lazy White Bull Fred Dupui, Kills Bear Twice 66a (S6) WeazelBear Pretty Woman, Louis 634 {C3) Acts the Bear Bull Man, Red Horse Primeau 635 (C4) Eagle Chasing Black Hawk, Charger 667 (S7) Bear's Rib Black Bear, Rooster 636 (C5) Touch Cloud Bridges. Bull Man 668 (S8) High Eagle Roostet, Running 637 (C6) Charger Eagle Chasing. White Hawk Thunder 669(59) Running Hawk High Eagle. Swift 638 (C7) Litde Crow Hump, Narcisse Hawk NarceUe 670 (SIO) Looking Elk Brown White Man, 639 (C8) Pretty Ctow Bear Growling. John High Eagle BUck Hawk 67I(SH) White Bird Red Bear. Sitting 640 (C9) FredDupui Kills Twice, Lazy White Woman Bull 672 (SI2) Red Bear Sitting Woman. While 641 (CIO) Bear Ea^e Bear Arm Necklace, Bird Turtle 673 (SI3) Rooster High Eagle, Running 642 (Cl 1) Bear Growling John Black Hawk. Hawk Pretty Crow 674 (Sl4) Swift Hawk High Eagle, Running 643 (C12) Straight Head Narcisse Narceile. Hawk White Thunder 675 (S15) Louis Sitting Bull Eagle Horn. Return 644 (C13) Red Horse Acts the Bear, Bull Man Victorious 645 (C14) Yellow Hair Horse Kate Hunter, White 676 (SI6) Adam Hona High Eagle. Little Thunder Soldier 646 (C15)John Black Hawk Bear Standing, Pretty 677 (S17) Paints Brown High Eagle, Running Crow Hawk 647(C16) Hump Charger, Little Crow 678 (S18) Red Tomahawk High Eagle, Paints 648(C17) Owns the Boh John Black Hawk, Brown Tail Horse Pretty Crow É79(S19) Louis Hat High Eagle, Red 649(C18) Bun of the Horn John Black Hawk. Tomahawk Pretty Ciow 680 (Tl) Uttle Head Linie Hawk. No Brains 65O(C19} High Lodge Bare Arm Necklace. 681 (T2) No Brains Grasshopper. Bob Bear Eagle Standing Elk 651(C20) Bull Man Acts the Beat. Red 682 a3) Utrle Chief Old Bull, She Bear Horse 683 (T4) Red Neck Unie Chief, Linie 652(C21} Narcisie Narceile Acts the Bear. Beai White Man Eagle 684 (T5) Oil Gum Unie Chief, Old Bull 653{C22) Bare Arm Necklace Bear Eagle, Turtle 685 (T6) Old She Bear Crawling, Oil Gum 654{C23) Red Rabbit Eagle Chasing, Hump 686 (T7) Hollow Wood Sharp Nose, Woman's 655{C24) Takes His Snot Bear Growling. Owns Leggins the Boh Tail Horse 687 (T8) Little White Man Bear Chum, Shin Sioux 656(C25) KiUi Twice Fted Dupui, Lazy 688 (T9) Beaver Hean Black Bird, Oil Gum White Bull 689 (TIO) Black Bird Beaver Hean, White 657{C26) White Thunder Narcisse Narceile. Bird Straight Head 690 (Til) Big L^ Bear Churn, Loves His 658(C27) Brown Thunder Narcisse Narceile, Knife White Thunder 691 (TI2) Old Bear Crawling, Hollow 659{C2a) Tunle Bare Arm Necklace, Wood Bear Eagle 692 {T13) Crawling She Bear, Standing Elk 660(C29) Makes Him Long John Black Hawk, 693 (TH) Red Fox Medicine Man, Sharp Pretty Crow Nose 661 (SI) Eagle Man Gray Cow Man, One 694 (Tl 5) Unie Hawk Bear Churn, Eagle Wolf Eeather 695 (Tt6) Old Bull Black Man, Woman's 662 (S2) Holy Medicine Eagle Mar, Gray Cow Lef^ins Man Copyright © 1994 by the South Dakota State Historical Society. All Rights Reserved.

Dakota Resources 235

CLAIM CLMMANT WITNESSES CLAIM ClAIMANT Wn"NtSSES NUMBER NUMBER 6% (TI7) Arapahoe Chief, Crawling, Red Neck 727 (T48) Crooked Neck Lame Woman, Bessie Sr. Standing Elk 697(T18)GraMhopper His Bad Horse. Shin 728 (T49) Bear Churns Tangle Hair, Woman's Sioux Logins 698 (TI9) Black Whetstone Bear Churn. Little 729 (T50) Black Rea Red Neck. Sharp Nose Chief 730 (T5n Wolf Chief Old Bear, Red Fox 699 (T20) Long Tooth Pawnee, Plenty Crows 731 {T52) Benjamin Rowland Black Stone, Crawling 700 (T21) Black Man Beavet Heart. Hollow 732 (T53) Women's Leggins Loves His Knife. Tangle Wood Hair 701 (T22) Wounded Eyes Crawling, Shitp Nose 733 {T54) Mrs. WUd Hog Airapahoe Chief, Big 702 (T23) White Bird Beaver Hean. Black Foot Bird 734 (T55) Bessie Standing Pawnee, Standing Elk 703 (T24) Buffalo Rih Crawling, Scanding Elk Elk 704 (T25) His Bad Horse Bear Churn, Little 735 (T56) Bull Elk Bbck Whetstone, White Man Standing Elk 705 (T26) Medicine Man Standing Elk. Wounded 736 (T57) Black Stone Crawling. Little Wolf Eye 737 (T58) Black Horse Black Whetstone. Litde 706 (T27) Standing Elk Little Wolf, White Bird Hawk 707 {T28} Short Sioux Black Horse. Hollow 738 (T59) Eugene Standing TaU Bull. Wooden Leg Wood Elk 708 {T29) Elk Shoulder Crawling. Medicine 739 (T60) Round Stone Eugene Standing Elk, Man Tall Bull 709 (T30) SKarp Nose Standing Eik, Wounded 740 (T61) Sponed Elk Eugene Standing Elk. Eyes Tall Bull 710 (T31) Rising Elk Elk Shoulder, Loves His 741 (T62} Walks Fanning Mexican Cheyenne, Knife Tall Bull 711 (T32) Rock Forehead Pawnee, Standing F.Ik 742 (T63) Wooden Leg Mexican CKeyenne, 712 (T33) Big Foot Black Whetstone, Old Spotted EJk She Bear 743 {T64) Mrs, Cut Nose Mexican Cheyenne, 713 {T34) Walking Woman Crooked Neck, Tall Bull Standing Elk 744 (T65) Mexican Cheyenne Eugene Standing Elk, 714 ÍT35) Plenty Camps Beavet Hean, Big Fool Tall Bull 715 (T36) Mrs. KilU Back Black Hone, Little 745 {T66) Tall Bull Arthur Standing Elk, Hawk Wooden Leg 716 (T37) Loves His Knife Pawnee. Standing Elk 746 (T67) Arapaho Chief. ]i. Eugene Standing Elk, 717 (T38) Plenty Crow Crawling, Standing Elk Wooden Leg 718 (T39) Lone Chief Black Man. Wolf Chief 747 (T68) Arthur Standing Tall Bull, Wooden Leg 7l9(T40)TangleHait Loves His Knife, Elk Woman's Leggins 748 {T69) Lone Elk Eugene Standing Elk. 720 (T41) White Sky Crawling. Standing Elk Wooden L^ 721 {T42} Lame Woman Crawling, Pawnee 749 (T70) Sweet Grass Eugene Standing Elk, 722 (T43) Eagle Wolf Loves His Knife, Tall Bull Tangle Hair 750 (T7I) Burns Big Foot. Little Chief 723 (T44) Mrs. Iron Teeth Crawling. Standing Elk 751 (T72) Bites Bear Tusk, l,one Chief 724 (T45) Twenty Stands Crooked Neck. Bessie 752 (T73) Gray Blanket Bear Tusk, No Brains Standing Elk 753 (T74) Bull Thigh Bear Tusk, Bites 725 a46) Pawnee Crawling. Wounded 754 075) Bear Tusk Black Stone. Lone Eyes Chief 726 fT47) Red Breath Crooked Neck, Twenty Stands Copyright © 1994 by the South Dakota State Historical Society. All Rights Reserved.

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